+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Universal Music Group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Warner Music Group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain "
+"summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, "
+"<quote>five companies control 85 percent of our media sources.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The five recording labels of "
+"Universal Music Group, BMG, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, "
+"and EMI control 84.8 percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The <quote>five largest cable companies pipe "
+"programming to 74 percent of the cable subscribers nationwide.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
+"\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"6\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"7\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 174
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the "
+"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than seventy-"
+"five stations. Today <emphasis>one</emphasis> company owns more than 1,200 "
+"stations. During that period of consolidation, the total number of radio "
+"owners dropped by 34 percent. Today, in most markets, the two largest "
+"broadcasters control 74 percent of that market's revenues. Overall, just "
+"four companies control 90 percent of the nation's radio advertising revenues."
+msgstr ""
+"historien med radio er enda mer dramatisk. før dereguleringen, landets "
+"største radio sendinger konglomerat eid færre enn sytti-fem stasjoner. i dag "
+"eier en selskapet mer enn 1 200 stasjoner. i denne perioden av "
+"konsolidering, det totale antallet radio eiere droppet av 34 prosent. i dag, "
+"i de fleste markeder styre de to største broadcasters 74 prosent av dette "
+"markedet inntekter. Total, bare fire selskaper styre 90 prosent av landets "
+"radio annonsering inntekter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are "
+"six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were "
+"eighty years ago, and ten companies control half of the nation's "
+"circulation. There are twenty major newspaper publishers in the United "
+"States. The top ten film studios receive 99 percent of all film revenue. The "
+"ten largest cable companies account for 85 percent of all cable revenue. "
+"This is a market far from the free press the framers sought to protect. "
+"Indeed, it is a market that is quite well protected— by the market."
+msgstr ""
+"avisen eierskap er i ferd med å bli mer konsentrert også. i dag, er det seks "
+"hundre færre daglige aviser i USA enn det var åtti år siden og ti selskaper "
+"kontroll halvparten av landets sirkulasjon. Det er tjue stor avis utgivere i "
+"USA. topp ti film studioer motta 99 prosent av alle inntekter for filmen. ti "
+"største kabelselskaper konto for 85 prosent av alle inntekter for kabel. "
+"Dette er et marked langt fra fri presse underskrev søkt å beskytte. Det er "
+"faktisk et marked som er svært godt beskyttet—av markedet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Fallows, James"
+msgstr "Fallows, James"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in "
+"the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent "
+"article about Rupert Murdoch, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"konsentrasjon i størrelse alene er én ting. mer invidious endringen er i "
+"natur at konsentrasjon. som forfatter james fallows sette den i en fersk "
+"artikkel om rupert murdoch,"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" <citetitle>Atlantic Monthly</"
+#| "citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+#| "\"0\"/>"
+msgid ""
+"James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic "
+"Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" <citetitle>Atlantic Monthly</"
+"citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+msgid ""
+"Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its "
+"integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows "
+"… Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They "
+"sell the content to the public and to advertisers—in newspapers, on "
+"the broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical "
+"distribution system through which the content reaches the customers. "
+"Murdoch's satellite systems now distribute News Corp. content in Europe and "
+"Asia; if Murdoch becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that system will "
+"serve the same function in the United States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large "
+"companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many "
+"outlets of media as possible. A picture describes this pattern better than a "
+"thousand words could do:"
+msgstr ""
+"mønsteret med murdoch er mønsteret av moderne medier. ikke bare store "
+"selskaper å eie mange radiostasjoner, men noen selskaper å eie så mange "
+"uttak av media som mulig. et bilde beskriver bedre enn tusen ord kunne gjøre "
+"dette mønsteret:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership."
+msgstr "Mønster for moderne mediaeierskap."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 175
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is "
+"distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute "
+"content?"
+msgstr ""
+"Betyr denne konsentrasjonen noe? Påvirker det hva som blir laget, eller hva "
+"som blir distribuert? Eller er det bare en mer effektiv måte å produsere og "
+"distribuere innhold?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing "
+"more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and "
+"listening to a barrage of creators try to convince me to the contrary, I am "
+"beginning to change my mind."
+msgstr ""
+"Mitt syn var at konsentrasjonen ikke betød noe. Jeg tenkte det ikke var noe "
+"mer enn en mer effektiv finansiell struktur. Men nå, etter å ha lest og "
+"hørt på en haug av skapere prøve å overbevise meg om det motsatte, har jeg "
+"begynt å endre mening."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration "
+"may matter."
+msgstr ""
+"Her er en representativ historie som kan foreslå hvorfor denne integreringen "
+"er viktig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Lear, Norman"
+msgstr "Lear, Norman"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "All in the Family"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the Family</"
+"citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too "
+"edgy, they told Lear. Make it again. Lear made a second pilot, more edgy "
+"than the first. ABC was exasperated. You're missing the point, they told "
+"Lear. We wanted less edgy, not more."
+msgstr ""
+"I 1969 laget Norman Lear en polit for <citetitle>All in the Family</"
+"citetitle>. Han tok piloten til ABC, og nettverket likte det ikke. Da sa "
+"til Lear at det var for på kanten. Gjør det om igjen. Lear lagde piloten på "
+"nytt, mer på kanten enn den første. ABC ble fra seg. Du får ikke med deg "
+"poenget, fortalte de Lear. Vi vil ha det mindre på kanten, ikke mer."
+
+#. f29
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum "
+"Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> "
+"St. Louis, Missouri, 3 April 2003 (transcript of prepared remarks available "
+"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #28</ulink>; for the "
+"Lear story, not included in the prepared remarks, see <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #29</ulink>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to "
+"have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that "
+"Lear held assured an independence from network control.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"I stedet for å føye seg, to Lear ganske enkelt serien sin til noen andre. "
+"CBS var glad for å ha seriene, og ABC kunne ikke stoppe Lear fra å gå til "
+"andre. Opphavsretten som Lear hadde sikret uavhengighet fra nettverk-"
+"kontroll.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 176
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the "
+"networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a "
+"separation between the networks and the content producers; that separation "
+"would guarantee Lear freedom. And as late as 1992, because of these rules, "
+"the vast majority of prime time television—75 percent of it—was "
+"<quote>independent</quote> of the networks."
+msgstr ""
+"nettverket ikke kontrollere m├Ñte av opphavsrettighetene fordi lov forbød "
+"nettverk fra controlling the content de skal grupperes. loven kreves et "
+"skille mellom nettverkene og innhold produsenter; at separasjon ville "
+"garantere lear frihet. og så sent som i 1992, på grunn av disse reglene, det "
+"store flertallet av prime-time TV—75 prosent av det—var "
+"\"uavhengige\" av nettverk."
+
+#. f30
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media "
+"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. "
+"(2003) (testimony of Gene Kimmelman on behalf of Consumers Union and the "
+"Consumer Federation of America), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #30</ulink>. Kimmelman quotes Victoria Riskin, "
+"president of Writers Guild of America, West, in her Remarks at FCC En Banc "
+"Hearing, Richmond, Virginia, 27 February 2003."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After "
+"that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were "
+"twenty-five independent television production studios; in 2002, only five "
+"independent television studios remained. <quote>In 1992, only 15 percent of "
+"new series were produced for a network by a company it controlled. Last "
+"year, the percentage of shows produced by controlled companies more than "
+"quintupled to 77 percent.</quote> <quote>In 1992, 16 new series were "
+"produced independently of conglomerate control, last year there was one.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In 2002, 75 percent of prime "
+"time television was owned by the networks that ran it. <quote>In the ten-"
+"year period between 1992 and 2002, the number of prime time television hours "
+"per week produced by network studios increased over 200%, whereas the number "
+"of prime time television hours per week produced by independent studios "
+"decreased 63%.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the Family</"
+"citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show less "
+"edgy or to be fired: The content of any show developed for a network is "
+"increasingly owned by the network."
+msgstr ""
+"i dag, en annen norman lear med en annen alle i familien ville finne at han "
+"måtte velge å gjøre showet mindre irritabel eller sparken: innholdet i et "
+"hvilket som helst Vis utviklet for et nettverk er i økende grad eid av "
+"nettverket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Diller, Barry"
+msgstr "Diller, Barry"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Moyers, Bill"
+msgstr "Moyers, Bill"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of "
+"those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry "
+"Diller said to Bill Moyers, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Mens antall kanaler har økt dramatisk, har eierskapet til disse kanalene "
+"snevret inn fra få til stadig færre. Som Barry Diller sa til Bill Moyers, "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. f32
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill "
+#| "Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript "
+#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</"
+#| "ulink>."
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with "
+"Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill "
+"Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, redigert avskrift "
+"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</"
+"ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+msgid ""
+"Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their "
+"channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their "
+"controlled distribution system, then what you get is fewer and fewer actual "
+"voices participating in the process. [We u]sed to have dozens and dozens of "
+"thriving independent production companies producing television programs. Now "
+"you have less than a handful.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large "
+"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly safe. "
+"Increasingly sterile. The product of news shows from networks like this is "
+"increasingly tailored to the message the network wants to convey. This is "
+"not the communist party, though from the inside, it must feel a bit like the "
+"communist party. No one can question without risk of consequence—not "
+"necessarily banishment to Siberia, but punishment nonetheless. Independent, "
+"critical, different views are quashed. This is not the environment for a "
+"democracy."
+msgstr ""
+"dette begrense har en effekt på det som produseres. produktet av slike store "
+"og konsentrert nettverk er stadig mer homogene. stadig mer trygg. stadig "
+"sterilt. produktet av nyhetsprogrammer fra nettverk som dette er stadig "
+"skreddersydd til meldingen nettverket ønsker å formidle. Dette er ikke det "
+"kommunistiske parten, selv om fra innsiden, må det føles litt som det "
+"kommunistiske parten. Ingen kan spørsmålet uten risiko for konsekvens—"
+"ikke nødvendigvis banishment til Sibir, men straff likevel. uavhengige, "
+"kritiske, forskjellige visninger er ødela. Dette er ikke miljø for et "
+"demokrati."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Clark, Kim B."
+msgstr "Clark, Kim B."
+
+#. f33
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The "
+"Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do Business</"
+"citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press, 1997). Christensen "
+"acknowledges that the idea was first suggested by Dean Kim Clark. See Kim B. "
+"Clark, <quote>The Interaction of Design Hierarchies and Market Concepts in "
+"Technological Evolution,</quote> <citetitle>Research Policy</citetitle> 14 "
+"(1985): 235–51. For a more recent study, see Richard Foster and Sarah "
+"Kaplan, <citetitle>Creative Destruction: Why Companies That Are Built to "
+"Last Underperform the Market—and How to Successfully Transform Them</"
+"citetitle> (New York: Currency/Doubleday, 2001)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration "
+"affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the "
+"<quote>Innovator's Dilemma</quote>: the fact that large traditional firms "
+"find it rational to ignore new, breakthrough technologies that compete with "
+"their core business. The same analysis could help explain why large, "
+"traditional media companies would find it rational to ignore new cultural "
+"trends.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Lumbering giants not only "
+"don't, but should not, sprint. Yet if the field is only open to the giants, "
+"there will be far too little sprinting. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say "
+"with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies "
+"are important, and the effect on culture is hard to measure."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg tror ikke vi vet nok om økonomien i media markedet å si med sikkerhet "
+"hva konsentrasjon og integrering vil gjøre. effektiviteten er viktig, og "
+"effekten på kultur er vanskelig å måle."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest "
+"the concern."
+msgstr "men det er en typiske åpenbare eksempel som sterkt at bekymringen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug wars. "
+"Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; criminal "
+"and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle."
+msgstr ""
+"i tillegg til opphavsrett krigene er vi midt i narkotika-krigene. "
+"regjeringens politikk er sterkt rettet mot narkotika cartels; straffesaker "
+"og sivile domstolene er fylt med konsekvensene av denne kampen."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 178
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any "
+"position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I "
+"am not pro drugs. Indeed, I come from a family once wrecked by drugs—"
+"though the drugs that wrecked my family were all quite legal. I believe this "
+"war is a profound mistake because the collateral damage from it is so great "
+"as to make waging the war insane. When you add together the burdens on the "
+"criminal justice system, the desperation of generations of kids whose only "
+"real economic opportunities are as drug warriors, the queering of "
+"constitutional protections because of the constant surveillance this war "
+"requires, and, most profoundly, the total destruction of the legal systems "
+"of many South American nations because of the power of the local drug "
+"cartels, I find it impossible to believe that the marginal benefit in "
+"reduced drug consumption by Americans could possibly outweigh these costs."
+msgstr ""
+"La meg herved diskvalifisere meg selv fra en hvilken som helst mulig avtale "
+"til enhver posisjon i regjeringen ved å si jeg tror denne krigen er en dyp "
+"feil. Jeg er ikke pro narkotika. faktisk, jeg kommer fra en familie en gang "
+"havarerte av narkotika—om narkotika som havarerte familien min var "
+"alle helt lovlig. Jeg tror at denne krigen er en dyp feil fordi "
+"sikkerhetsstillelse skade fra det som er så stor at gjøre føre krig galskap. "
+"Når du legger til sammen byrdene på det strafferettslige systemet, "
+"desperasjon generasjoner av barna som har bare ekte økonomiske muligheter er "
+"som narkotika krigere, queering av konstitusjonelle vern på grunn av "
+"konstant overvåking krever at denne krigen, og, mest dypt total ødeleggelse "
+"av juridiske systemer av mange søramerikanske land på grunn av kraften i "
+"lokale stoffet cartelsJeg finner det umulig å tro at marginal nytte i "
+"redusert narkotikabruk av amerikanerne kunne muligens oppveier disse "
+"kostnadene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is "
+"through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend "
+"fundamentally upon the press to help inform Americans about these issues."
+msgstr ""
+"Det kan hende du ikke overbevist. Det er fint. Vi lever i et demokrati, og "
+"det er gjennom stemmer at vi skal velge policyen. men for å gjøre det, vi "
+"avhengig fundamentalt pressen for å informere amerikanerne om disse "
+"problemene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a "
+"media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign "
+"produced scores of short film clips about issues related to illegal drugs. "
+"In one series (the Nick and Norm series) two men are in a bar, discussing "
+"the idea of legalizing drugs as a way to avoid some of the collateral damage "
+"from the war. One advances an argument in favor of drug legalization. The "
+"other responds in a powerful and effective way against the argument of the "
+"first. In the end, the first guy changes his mind (hey, it's television). "
+"The plug at the end is a damning attack on the pro-legalization campaign."
+msgstr ""
+"starten i 1998, office of nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll lansert en "
+"kampanje for media som en del av \"krigen mot narkotika.\" kampanjen "
+"produsert score til kort film klipp om problemer i forbindelse med illegale "
+"rusmidler. i én serie (nick og normen-serie) to menn er i en bar, diskuterer "
+"ideen om legalizing narkotika som en måte å unngå noen av "
+"sikkerhetsstillelse skade fra krigen. en avanserer et argument for narkotika "
+"legalization. de andre svarer på en kraftig og effektiv måte mot argumentet "
+"av første. til slutt, den første mann forandrer mening (Hei, det er TV). "
+"pluggen på slutten er en damning angrep på pro-legalization kampanjen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its "
+"message well. It's a fair and reasonable message."
+msgstr ""
+"Fair nok. Det er en god annonse. ikke veldig misvisende. Det gir sin melding "
+"godt. Det er en rettferdig og rimelig melding."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a "
+"countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to "
+"demonstrate the extraordinary collateral harm that comes from the drug war. "
+"Can you do it?"
+msgstr ""
+"men la oss si at du tror det er en feil melding, og du ønsker å kjøre en "
+"countercommercial. si du vil kjøre en rekke annonser som prøver å "
+"demonstrere den ekstraordinære sikkerhetsstillelse skaden som kommer fra "
+"stoffet krigen. kan du gjøre det?"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 179
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the money. "
+"Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the world to "
+"help you get your message out. Can you be sure your message will be heard "
+"then?"
+msgstr ""
+"Vel, tydeligvis, koste disse annonsene massevis av penger. Anta du heve "
+"penger. Anta at en gruppe av berørte borgere donerer alle pengene i verden "
+"for å hjelpe deg å få budskapet. kan du være sikker på at meldingen vil "
+"deretter bli hørt?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Comcast"
+msgstr "Comcast"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Marijuana Policy Project"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "NBC"
+msgstr "NBC"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "WJOA"
+msgstr "WJOA"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "WRC"
+msgstr "WRC"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that "
+"directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the "
+"Washington, D.C., area. Comcast rejected the ads as <quote>against [their] "
+"policy.</quote> The local NBC affiliate, WRC, rejected the ads without "
+"reviewing them. The local ABC affiliate, WJOA, originally agreed to run the "
+"ads and accepted payment to do so, but later decided not to run the ads and "
+"returned the collected fees. Interview with Neal Levine, 15 October 2003. "
+"These restrictions are, of course, not limited to drug policy. See, for "
+"example, Nat Ives, <quote>On the Issue of an Iraq War, Advocacy Ads Meet "
+"with Rejection from TV Networks,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</"
+"citetitle>, 13 March 2003, C4. Outside of election-related air time there "
+"is very little that the FCC or the courts are willing to do to even the "
+"playing field. For a general overview, see Rhonda Brown, <quote>Ad Hoc "
+"Access: The Regulation of Editorial Advertising on Television and Radio,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Yale Law and Policy Review</citetitle> 6 (1988): "
+"449–79, and for a more recent summary of the stance of the FCC and the "
+"courts, see <citetitle>Radio-Television News Directors Association</"
+"citetitle> v. <citetitle>FCC</citetitle>, 184 F. 3d 872 (D.C. Cir. 1999). "
+"Municipal authorities exercise the same authority as the networks. In a "
+"recent example from San Francisco, the San Francisco transit authority "
+"rejected an ad that criticized its Muni diesel buses. Phillip Matier and "
+"Andrew Ross, <quote>Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni Rejects Ad,</quote> "
+"SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #32</ulink>. The ground was that the criticism was <quote>too "
+"controversial.</quote> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding "
+"<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed "
+"uncontroversial; ads disagreeing with the government are controversial. "
+"This selectivity might be thought inconsistent with the First Amendment, but "
+"the Supreme Court has held that stations have the right to choose what they "
+"run. Thus, the major channels of commercial media will refuse one side of a "
+"crucial debate the opportunity to present its case. And the courts will "
+"defend the rights of the stations to be this biased.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a "
+"media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws "
+"that condition into doubt. If a handful of companies control access to the "
+"media, and that handful of companies gets to decide which political "
+"positions it will allow to be promoted on its channels, then in an obvious "
+"and important way, concentration matters. You might like the positions the "
+"handful of companies selects. But you should not like a world in which a "
+"mere few get to decide which issues the rest of us get to know about."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg ville være glad for å forsvare nettverk rettigheter, samt—hvis vi "
+"bodde i en medier markedet som var virkelig mangfoldig. men konsentrasjon i "
+"media kaster den betingelsen i tvil. Hvis en håndfull selskaper kontrollere "
+"tilgangen til media, og at håndfull selskaper kommer til å bestemme hvilke "
+"politiske holdninger som den gjør det mulig å bli forfremmet på sine "
+"kanaler, så i en åpenbare og viktig måte, konsentrasjon teller. du kanskje "
+"liker posisjoner håndfull selskaper velger. men du bør ikke liker en verden "
+"der bare en noen kommer til å bestemme hvilke problemer med resten av oss få "
+"vite om."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+msgid "Together"
+msgstr "Sammen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright "
+"warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In "
+"the abstract, it is obviously true and, ordinarily, totally harmless. No "
+"sane sort who is not an anarchist could disagree."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er noe uskyldig og åpenbar om kravet om opphavsrett warriors at "
+"regjeringen bør \"beskytte min egenskapen.\" i abstrakt, det er åpenbart "
+"sann og, vanligvis helt ufarlig. Ingen forstandig sortering som ikke er en "
+"Anarkisten kan uenige."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 180
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has "
+"changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both "
+"technology and markets to mean that the effective constraint on the liberty "
+"to cultivate our culture is dramatically different—the claim begins to "
+"seem less innocent and obvious. Given (1) the power of technology to "
+"supplement the law's control, and (2) the power of concentrated markets to "
+"weaken the opportunity for dissent, if strictly enforcing the massively "
+"expanded <quote>property</quote> rights granted by copyright fundamentally "
+"changes the freedom within this culture to cultivate and build upon our "
+"past, then we have to ask whether this property should be redefined."
+msgstr ""
+"men når vi ser hvor dramatisk denne \"property\" er endret—når vi "
+"innser hvor den kan nå kommunisere med både teknologi og markeder å bety at "
+"effektiv begrensningen på den frihet å dyrke vår kultur er dramatisk "
+"annerledes—kravet begynner å synes mindre uskyldig og åpenbar. gitt "
+"(1) den kraftige teknologi til å supplere lovens kontroll, og (2) makt "
+"konsentrert markeder for å svekke muligheten for dissens, hvis strengt "
+"håndheve massivt utvidet \"property\"-rettigheter som er gitt av copyright "
+"fundamentalt endres frihet i denne kulturen til å dyrke og bygge på vår "
+"fortid, så må vi spørre om denne egenskapen skal defineres."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright "
+"or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, "
+"disastrous for the most important creative enterprises within our culture "
+"today."
+msgstr ""
+"ikke starkly. eller absolutt. Mitt poeng er ikke at vi bør avskaffe "
+"copyright eller gå tilbake til 1700-tallet. det ville være en totalt feil, "
+"katastrofalt for de viktigste kreative bedriftene i vår kultur i dag."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture "
+"notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of "
+"copyright regulation, tied to increased concentration of the content "
+"industry and resting in the hands of technology that will increasingly "
+"enable control over the use of culture, should drive us to consider whether "
+"another adjustment is called for. Not an adjustment that increases "
+"copyright's power. Not an adjustment that increases its term. Rather, an "
+"adjustment to restore the balance that has traditionally defined copyright's "
+"regulation—a weakening of that regulation, to strengthen creativity."
+msgstr ""
+"men det er et mellomrom mellom null og én, Internett-kultur til tross for. "
+"og disse massiv Skift i effektiv kraft av opphavsrett regulering, knyttet "
+"til økt konsentrasjon av innhold industrien og hvile i hendene på teknologi "
+"som i økende grad vil aktivere kontroll over bruken av kultur, bør kjøre oss "
+"til å vurdere om en annen justering kalles for. ikke en justering som øker "
+"copyright's strøm. ikke en justering som øker sin sikt. snarere en justering "
+"for å gjenopprette balansen som tradisjonelt har definert copyright's "
+"regulering—en svekkelse av den reguleringen, å styrke kreativitet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant "
+"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now flout. "
+"Instead, copyright power has grown dramatically in a short period of time, "
+"as the technologies of distribution and creation have changed and as "
+"lobbyists have pushed for more control by copyright holders. Changes in the "
+"past in response to changes in technology suggest that we may well need "
+"similar changes in the future. And these changes have to be "
+"<emphasis>reductions</emphasis> in the scope of copyright, in response to "
+"the extraordinary increase in control that technology and the market enable."
+msgstr ""
+"lov om opphavsrett har ikke vært en rock of gibraltar. Det er ikke et sett "
+"med konstant forpliktelser gir at for noen mystisk grunn, tenåringer og "
+"geeks nå blaffen. i stedet, opphavsrett makt har vokst dramatisk i en kort "
+"periode, som teknologien av distribusjons- og etableringen er endret og som "
+"lobbyister har presset for mer kontroll av innehaver av opphavsrett. "
+"endringer i siste endringene i teknologi tyder på at vi kan godt trenger "
+"lignende endringer i fremtiden. og disse endringene må være reduksjoner i "
+"omfanget av opphavsrett, svar på det ekstraordinære økning i kontrollen som "
+"teknologi og markedet aktivere."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 181
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we "
+"see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together "
+"the effect of changing law, concentrated markets, and changing technology, "
+"together they produce an astonishing conclusion: <emphasis>Never in our "
+"history have fewer had a legal right to control more of the development of "
+"our culture than now</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"for enkeltpunkt som er tapt i denne krigen mot pirater er et punkt som vi "
+"ser bare etter kartlegging på rekke disse endringene. Når du legger sammen "
+"til effekten av å endre loven, konsentrert markeder, og endre teknologien, "
+"sammen de produserer en forbløffende konklusjon: aldri i vår historie har "
+"færre hadde en lovfestet rett til å styre flere av utviklingen av vår kultur "
+"enn nå."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of "
+#| "copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. "
+#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgid ""
+"Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his <quote>four surrenders</"
+"quote> of copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, "
+"159–60. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Siva Vaidhyanathan fanger et lignende poeng i hans \"fire kapitulasjoner\" "
+"for opphavsrettsloven i den digitale tidsalder. Se Vaidhyanathan, "
+"159–60. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they "
+"affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the "
+"tools to publish, for the market then was much more diverse. Not when there "
+"were only three television networks, for even then, newspapers, film "
+"studios, radio stations, and publishers were independent of the networks. "
+"<emphasis>Never</emphasis> has copyright protected such a wide range of "
+"rights, against as broad a range of actors, for a term that was remotely as "
+"long. This form of regulation—a tiny regulation of a tiny part of the "
+"creative energy of a nation at the founding—is now a massive "
+"regulation of the overall creative process. Law plus technology plus the "
+"market now interact to turn this historically benign regulation into the "
+"most significant regulation of culture that our free society has known."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated."
+msgstr "Dette har vært en lang kapittel. sitt punkt kan nå kort oppgis."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and "
+"noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished "
+"between copying a work and transforming it. We can now combine these two "
+"distinctions and draw a clear map of the changes that copyright law has "
+"undergone. In 1790, the law looked like this:"
+msgstr ""
+"i starten av denne boken skilte jeg mellom kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell "
+"kultur. i løpet av dette kapitlet, har jeg skilte mellom kopiere et arbeid "
+"og transformerer det. Vi kan nå kombinere disse to utmerkelser og tegne en "
+"Fjern tilordning av endringene som har gjennomgått en lov om opphavsrett. i "
+"1790, loven så ut som dette:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+msgid "PUBLISH"
+msgstr "Publisere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+msgid "TRANSFORM"
+msgstr "Omforme"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+msgid "Commercial"
+msgstr "Kommersiell"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+msgid "©"
+msgstr "©"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+msgid "Free"
+msgstr "Fri"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+msgid "Noncommercial"
+msgstr "Ikke-kommersiell"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 182
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright law. "
+"Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached only "
+"with registration, and only those who intended to benefit commercially would "
+"register, copying through publishing of noncommercial work was also free."
+msgstr ""
+"loven av publisering på et kart, diagram og boken var regulert av lov om "
+"opphavsrett. ingenting annet var. transformasjoner var gratis. og som "
+"copyright tilknyttet bare med registrering, og bare de som ment å gagne "
+"kommersielt ville registrere, kopiere gjennom publisering av ikke-"
+"kommersielt arbeid var også gratis."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:"
+msgstr ""
+"På slutten av det nittende århundre hadde loven blitt endret til dette:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, "
+"which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered "
+"commercially. But noncommercial publishing and transformation were still "
+"essentially free."
+msgstr ""
+"avledede var nå regulert av lov om opphavsrett—Hvis publisert, som "
+"igjen, gitt økonomien i publisering på tiden, betyr hvis tilbudt "
+"kommersielt. men ikke-kommersiell publisering og transformasjon var fortsatt "
+"hovedsakelig gratis."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this "
+"change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of "
+"copying became more prevalent, the reach of the law expanded. Thus by 1975, "
+"as photocopying machines became more common, we could say the law began to "
+"look like this:"
+msgstr ""
+"i 1909 loven endres til regulere Kopier, ikke publisere, og etter denne "
+"endringen omfanget av loven var knyttet til teknologi. som teknologi med å "
+"kopiere ble mer utbredt, utvidet rekkevidden av loven. dermed ved 1975, "
+"kunne som fotokopiering maskiner ble mer vanlig, vi si loven begynte å se "
+"slik ut:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+msgid "COPY"
+msgstr "Kopiere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+msgid "©/Free"
+msgstr "©/Fri"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy "
+"machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market "
+"remained free. But the consequence of the emergence of digital technologies, "
+"especially in the context of a digital network, means that the law now looks "
+"like this:"
+msgstr ""
+"loven ble tolket for å nå reklamefrie kopiering gjennom, si, kopimaskiner, "
+"men fortsatt mye med å kopiere utenfor det kommersielle markedet vært "
+"gratis. men konsekvensen av fremveksten av digitale teknologier, spesielt i "
+"sammenheng med en digital network, betyr at loven nå ser slik ut:"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 183
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was "
+"not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or "
+"not, transformative or not—with the same rules designed to regulate "
+"commercial publishers."
+msgstr ""
+"hver riket er underlagt lov om opphavsrett, mens før de fleste kreativitet "
+"ikke var. loven regulerer nå hele omfanget av kreativitet—kommersielle "
+"eller ikke, transformative eller ikke – med de samme reglene som er utformet "
+"for å regulere kommersielle utgivere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does "
+"no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether "
+"extending the regulations of copyright law into each of these domains "
+"actually does any good."
+msgstr ""
+"tydeligvis er lov om opphavsrett ikke fienden. fienden er regulering som "
+"virker ikke godt. Så spørsmålet som vi bør spørre akkurat nå er enten utvide "
+"forskrifter om opphavsrett i hver av disse domenene faktisk gjør noe bra."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I "
+"also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it "
+"regulates just now) noncommercial copying and, especially, noncommercial "
+"transformation. And increasingly, for the reasons sketched especially in "
+"chapters <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/> and "
+"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"transformers\"/>, one "
+"might well wonder whether it does more harm than good for commercial "
+"transformation. More commercial transformative work would be created if "
+"derivative rights were more sharply restricted."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg har ingen tvil om at den gjør bra i regulerer kommersielle kopiering. "
+"men jeg har ingen tvil om at det gjør mer skade enn bra når regulerer (som "
+"den regulerer akkurat nå) ikke-kommersiell kopiering og, spesielt, ikke-"
+"kommersiell transformasjon også. og i økende grad av årsaker som skisserte "
+"spesielt i kapitlene 7 og 8, en kan vel rart om det gjør mer skade enn godt "
+"for kommersielle transformasjon. mer kommersielt transformative arbeid vil "
+"bli opprettet hvis avledede rettigheter ble mer kraftig begrenset."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "legal realist movement"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement "
+"to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public "
+"and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, <quote>The Disintegration of "
+"Property,</quote> in <citetitle>Nomos XXII: Property</citetitle>, J. Roland "
+"Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds. (New York: New York University Press, "
+"1980). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Det var enkelt viktigste bidrag av juridiske realist-bevegelse for å "
+"demonstrere at alle eiendomsrettigheter alltid er laget for å balansere "
+"offentlige og private interesser. se thomas c. grey, \"oppløsningen av "
+"eiendom,\" i nomos xxii: eiendom, j. roland pennock og john w. Chapman, Red. "
+"(new york: new york university press, 1980)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course "
+"copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any "
+"property, the state ought to protect it. But first impressions "
+"notwithstanding, historically, this property right (as with all property "
+"rights<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>) has been crafted to "
+"balance the important need to give authors and artists incentives with the "
+"equally important need to assure access to creative work. This balance has "
+"always been struck in light of new technologies. And for almost half of our "
+"tradition, the <quote>copyright</quote> did not control <emphasis>at all</"
+"emphasis> the freedom of others to build upon or transform a creative work. "
+"American culture was born free, and for almost 180 years our country "
+"consistently protected a vibrant and rich free culture."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 184
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on "
+"the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very "
+"birth of <quote>copyright</quote> as a statutory right recognized those "
+"limits, by granting copyright owners protection for a limited time only (the "
+"story of chapter 6). The tradition of <quote>fair use</quote> is animated by "
+"a similar concern that is increasingly under strain as the costs of "
+"exercising any fair use right become unavoidably high (the story of chapter "
+"7). Adding statutory rights where markets might stifle innovation is another "
+"familiar limit on the property right that copyright is (chapter 8). And "
+"granting archives and libraries a broad freedom to collect, claims of "
+"property notwithstanding, is a crucial part of guaranteeing the soul of a "
+"culture (chapter 9). Free cultures, like free markets, are built with "
+"property. But the nature of the property that builds a free culture is very "
+"different from the extremist vision that dominates the debate today."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi oppnådde at fri kultur fordi vår lov respektert viktig begrensninger på "
+"omfanget av interessene beskyttet av \"egenskapen.\" svært fødselen av "
+"\"copyright\" som en lovfestet rett gjenkjennes disse grensene, ved å gi "
+"eiere av opphavsretter beskyttelse for en begrenset tid bare (historien om "
+"kapittel 6). tradisjonen med \"fair use\" animert av et lignende problem som "
+"er stadig under press som kostnadene for å utøve noen rettferdig bruk høyre "
+"bli uunngåelig høy (historien om kapittel 7). legge lovbestemte rettigheter "
+"der markeder kan kveler innovasjon er en annen kjent grensen på eiendommen "
+"høyre at opphavsretten er (kapittel 8). og gi arkiver og biblioteker en bred "
+"frihet til å samle inn, påstander om egenskapen tross, er en avgjørende del "
+"av garanterer sjelen til en kultur (kapittel 9). gratis kulturer, som gratis "
+"markeder, er bygget med egenskapen. men innholdet i egenskapen som bygger en "
+"fri kultur er svært forskjellig fra ekstremistgrupper visjonen som dominerer "
+"debatten i dag."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response "
+"to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the "
+"Internet present to twentieth-century business models for producing and "
+"distributing culture, the law and technology are being transformed in a way "
+"that will undermine our tradition of free culture. The property right that "
+"is copyright is no longer the balanced right that it was, or was intended to "
+"be. The property right that is copyright has become unbalanced, tilted "
+"toward an extreme. The opportunity to create and transform becomes weakened "
+"in a world in which creation requires permission and creativity must check "
+"with a lawyer."
+msgstr ""
+"fri kultur er stadig havariet i denne krigen mot piratkopiering. som svar på "
+"en ekte, hvis ikke kvantifisert, trusselen som teknologien av Internett "
+"presentere til 1900-tallet forretningsmodeller for produksjon og "
+"distribusjon av kultur, blir lov og teknologi forvandlet på en måte som vil "
+"undergrave vår tradisjon for fri kultur. eiendommen er copyright ikke lenger "
+"rettigheten balansert som det var, eller var ment å være. egenskapen akkurat "
+"det vil si opphavsrett har blitt ubalansert, skråstilt mot en ekstrem. "
+"muligheten til å opprette og transformere blir svekket i en verden der "
+"oppretting krever tillatelse og kreativitet må kontrollere med en advokat."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
+msgid "PUZZLES"
+msgstr "Nøtter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera"
+msgstr "Kapittel elleve: Chimera"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "chimeras"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Wells, H. G."
+msgstr "Wells, H. G."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f1.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, "
+#| "<citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, "
+#| "Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)."
+msgid ""
+"H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See H. G. "
+"Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, "
+"Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)."
+msgstr ""
+"H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). Se H. G. Wells, "
+"<citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, Michael "
+"Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez "
+"trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in "
+"the Peruvian Andes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The valley is "
+"extraordinarily beautiful, with <quote>sweet water, pasture, an even "
+"climate, slopes of rich brown soil with tangles of a shrub that bore an "
+"excellent fruit.</quote> But the villagers are all blind. Nunez takes this "
+"as an opportunity. <quote>In the Country of the Blind,</quote> he tells "
+"himself, <quote>the One-Eyed Man is King.</quote> So he resolves to live "
+"with the villagers to explore life as a king."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight "
+"to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are <quote>blind."
+"</quote> They don't have the word <citetitle>blind</citetitle>. They think "
+"he's just thick. Indeed, as they increasingly notice the things he can't do "
+"(hear the sound of grass being stepped on, for example), they increasingly "
+"try to control him. He, in turn, becomes increasingly frustrated. "
+"<quote>`You don't understand,' he cried, in a voice that was meant to be "
+"great and resolute, and which broke. `You are blind and I can see. Leave me "
+"alone!'</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"ting går ikke helt som han har planlagt. han prøver å forklare idéen om "
+"synet til landsbyboere. de forstår ikke. Han forteller dem at de er \"blind."
+"\" de ikke har word-blind. de tror han er bare tykk. faktisk, som de stadig "
+"mer merke tingene han ikke kan gjøre (høre lyden av gress å bli trappet på, "
+"for eksempel), de stadig prøver å kontrollere ham. han, i sin tur blir "
+"stadig mer frustrert. \"du ikke forstår, han gråt, i en stemme som var ment "
+"å være stor og resolutt, og som brøt. ' du er blind, og jeg kan se. La meg "
+"være! \"\""
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 187
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the "
+"virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, "
+"a young woman who to him seems <quote>the most beautiful thing in the whole "
+"of creation,</quote> understands the beauty of sight. Nunez's description of "
+"what he sees <quote>seemed to her the most poetical of fancies, and she "
+"listened to his description of the stars and the mountains and her own sweet "
+"white-lit beauty as though it was a guilty indulgence.</quote> <quote>She "
+"did not believe,</quote> Wells tells us, and <quote>she could only half "
+"understand, but she was mysteriously delighted.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"landsbyboere la ikke ham være. heller ikke har de ser (så å si) kraft av sin "
+"spesielle kraft. ikke engang ultimate målet for hans hengivenhet, en ung "
+"kvinne som til ham synes \"det vakreste tingen i hele skapelse,\" forstår "
+"skjønnheten av syne. nunez's beskrivelse av det han ser \"syntes å henne de "
+"mest poetiske liker, og hun lyttet til hans beskrivelse av stjerner og "
+"fjellene og hennes egen søte hvite tent skjønnhet som om det var en skyldig "
+"overbærenhet.\" \"hun ikke tro,\" brønner forteller oss, og \"hun kunne bare "
+"halvparten forstår, men hun var mysteriously glad.\""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously delighted</"
+"quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, my dear,</"
+"quote> her father instructs, <quote>he's an idiot. He has delusions. He "
+"can't do anything right.</quote> They take Nunez to the village doctor."
+msgstr ""
+"Når nunez kunngjør hans ønske om å gifte seg med hans \"mysteriously glad\" "
+"kjærlighet, Faderen og landsbyen-objekt. \"du se, min kjære,\" hennes far "
+"instruerer, \"han er en idiot. Han har delusions. han kan ikke gjøre noe "
+"høyre. \"de tar nunez til landsbyen legen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain "
+"is affected,</quote> he reports."
+msgstr ""
+"etter en forsiktig eksamen gir legen sin mening. \"hans hjernen er berørt,\" "
+"rapporterer han."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things "
+"that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to "
+"affect his brain.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"\"hva påvirker det?\" spør Faderen. \"de skeiv ting som kalles øynene... er "
+"sykelig... på en måte som påvirker hans hjernen.\""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty "
+"that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and "
+"easy surgical operation—namely, to remove these irritant bodies [the "
+"eyes].</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"legen fortsetter: \"Jeg tror jeg kan si med rimelig sikkerhet at for å "
+"helbrede ham helt, alt vi trenger å gjøre er en enkel og lett kirurgisk "
+"operasjon – nemlig å fjerne disse irriterende organer [øynene].\""
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 188
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They "
+"inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. "
+"(You'll have to read the original to learn what happens in the end. I "
+"believe in free culture, but never in giving away the end of a story.) It "
+"sometimes happens that the eggs of twins fuse in the mother's womb. That "
+"fusion produces a <quote>chimera.</quote> A chimera is a single creature "
+"with two sets of DNA. The DNA in the blood, for example, might be different "
+"from the DNA of the skin. This possibility is an underused plot for murder "
+"mysteries. <quote>But the DNA shows with 100 percent certainty that she was "
+"not the person whose blood was at the scene. …</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"\"thank heaven for science!\", sier faren til legen. de informere nunez av "
+"denne tilstanden som er nødvendig for ham å være tillatt hans brud. (du må "
+"lese den opprinnelige Hvis du vil vite hva som skjer i slutten. jeg tror i "
+"fri kultur, men aldri i slutten av en historie for utdeling.) det skjer noen "
+"ganger at egg med tvillinger sikring i en mors mage. at fusion produserer en "
+"\"chimera.\" en chimera er en enkelt skapning med to sett med dna. dna i "
+"blodet, for eksempel, kan være forskjellig fra dna av huden. Denne "
+"muligheten er en underused tomten for mordet mysteriene. \"men dna viser med "
+"100 prosent sikkerhet at hun ikke var personen med blod ble på scenen....\""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A "
+"single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is "
+"the code of an individual. Yet in fact, not only can two individuals have "
+"the same set of DNA (identical twins), but one person can have two different "
+"sets of DNA (a chimera). Our understanding of a <quote>person</quote> should "
+"reflect this reality."
+msgstr ""
+"før jeg hadde lest om regenererende, ville jeg sagt de var umulig. en enkelt "
+"person kan ikke ha to sett med dna. selve idéen om dna er at det er koden "
+"for en person. men faktisk, ikke bare kan to personer har samme sett med dna "
+"(identisk tvillinger), men en person kan ha to forskjellige sett med dna (en "
+"chimera). vår forståelse av en \"person\" skal gjenspeile denne "
+"virkeligheten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and "
+"culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly "
+"enough, <quote>the copyright wars,</quote> the more I think we're dealing "
+"with a chimera. For example, in the battle over the question <quote>What is "
+"p2p file sharing?</quote> both sides have it right, and both sides have it "
+"wrong. One side says, <quote>File sharing is just like two kids taping each "
+"others' records—the sort of thing we've been doing for the last thirty "
+"years without any question at all.</quote> That's true, at least in part. "
+"When I tell my best friend to try out a new CD that I've bought, but rather "
+"than just send the CD, I point him to my p2p server, that is, in all "
+"relevant respects, just like what every executive in every recording company "
+"no doubt did as a kid: sharing music."
+msgstr ""
+"Jo mer jeg arbeider for å forstå gjeldende kampen over copyright og kultur, "
+"som jeg har noen ganger kalt urettferdig, og noen ganger ikke urettferdig "
+"nok, \"copyright krigene,\" jo mer jeg tror vi arbeider med en chimera. for "
+"eksempel i strid om spørsmålet \"Hva er p2p fildeling?\" begge sider har det "
+"rett, og begge sider har det galt. ene siden sier, \"fildeling er akkurat "
+"som to barn taping hverandres poster—slags ting vi har gjort de siste "
+"tretti årene uten spørsmål ved alt.\" som er sann, i det minste delvis. Når "
+"jeg forteller min beste venn å prøve ut en ny cd som jeg har kjøpt, men i "
+"stedet for å bare sende cd, jeg peke ham til p2p-serveren, det vil si i alle "
+"relevante henseender, akkurat som hva hver executive i hver innspilling "
+"selskapet uten tvil gjorde som en unge: deling av musikk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a "
+"p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my "
+"friends can get access, but it stretches the meaning of <quote>friends</"
+"quote> beyond recognition to say <quote>my ten thousand best friends</quote> "
+"can get access. Whether or not sharing my music with my best friend is what "
+"<quote>we have always been allowed to do,</quote> we have not always been "
+"allowed to share music with <quote>our ten thousand best friends.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"men beskrivelsen er også falske delvis. for når min p2p-serveren er på en "
+"p2p kan nettverk som alle kan få tilgang til min musikk, deretter sikker, "
+"mine venner kan få tilgang, men det strekker seg betydningen av \"venner\" "
+"det ugjenkjennelige å si \"mine ti tusen beste venner\" få tilgang. om dele "
+"min musikk med min beste venn er hva \"vi har alltid vært tillatt å gjøre,\" "
+"vi har ikke alltid vært tillatt å dele musikk med \"våre ti tusen beste "
+"venner.\""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking "
+"into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,</"
+"quote> that's true, at least in part. If, after Lyle Lovett (finally) "
+"releases a new album, rather than buying it, I go to Kazaa and find a free "
+"copy to take, that is very much like stealing a copy from Tower. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"på samme måte når den andre siden, sier, \"fildeling er akkurat som å vandre "
+"inn i en tower records og tar en cd av sokkelen og vandre ut med det,\" som "
+"er sann, i det minste delvis. Hvis, etter at lyle lovett (endelig) slipper "
+"et nytt album, heller enn å kjøpe det, jeg går til kazaa og finne en gratis "
+"kopi til å ta, det er veldig mye som å stjele en kopi fra tårnet."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 189
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from "
+"Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from "
+"Tower Records, I get a bit of plastic and a cover, and something to show on "
+"my shelves. (And, while we're at it, we could also note that when I take a "
+"CD from Tower Records, the maximum fine that might be imposed on me, under "
+"California law, at least, is $1,000. According to the RIAA, by contrast, if "
+"I download a ten-song CD, I'm liable for $1,500,000 in damages.)"
+msgstr ""
+"men det er ikke helt stjele fra tårnet. tross alt, når jeg tar en cd fra "
+"tower records, har tårnet en mindre cd å selge. og når jeg tar en cd fra "
+"tower records, får jeg en bit av plast og et dekke, og noe å vise på min "
+"hyller. (og mens vi er i gang, vi kan også oppmerksom på at når jeg tar en "
+"cd fra tower records, maksimum fine som kan bli pålagt på meg, under "
+"california lov, i det minste er $1000. Ifølge riaa, derimot, er hvis jeg "
+"dataoverføre en ti-sang-cd, jeg ansvarlig for $1,500,000 i skader.)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it "
+"is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is "
+"a chimera. And rather than simply denying what the other side asserts, we "
+"need to begin to think about how we should respond to this chimera. What "
+"rules should govern it?"
+msgstr ""
+"Poenget er ikke at det er som verken side beskriver. Poenget er at det er "
+"både—både som riaa beskriver det og som kazaa beskriver den. Det er en "
+"chimera. og i stedet for bare nekte på den andre siden hevder, vi trenger "
+"for å begynne å tenke på hvordan vi skal reagere på denne chimera. hvilke "
+"regler bør styre det?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Conyers, John, Jr."
+msgstr "Conyers, John, Jr."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Berman, Howard L."
+msgstr "Berman, Howard L."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the "
+"Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, "
+"<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> 27 June "
+"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #33</"
+"ulink>. Reps. John Conyers Jr. (D-Mich.) and Howard L. Berman (D-Calif.) "
+"have introduced a bill that would treat unauthorized on-line copying as a "
+"felony offense with punishments ranging as high as five years imprisonment; "
+"see Jon Healey, <quote>House Bill Aims to Up Stakes on Piracy,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 17 July 2003, available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #34</ulink>. Civil penalties are "
+"currently set at $150,000 per copied song. For a recent (and unsuccessful) "
+"legal challenge to the RIAA's demand that an ISP reveal the identity of a "
+"user accused of sharing more than 600 songs through a family computer, see "
+"<citetitle>RIAA</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Verizon Internet Services (In re. "
+"Verizon Internet Services)</citetitle>, 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). "
+"Such a user could face liability ranging as high as $90 million. Such "
+"astronomical figures furnish the RIAA with a powerful arsenal in its "
+"prosecution of file sharers. Settlements ranging from $12,000 to $17,500 for "
+"four students accused of heavy file sharing on university networks must have "
+"seemed a mere pittance next to the $98 billion the RIAA could seek should "
+"the matter proceed to court. See Elizabeth Young, <quote>Downloading Could "
+"Lead to Fines,</quote> redandblack.com, August 2003, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #35</ulink>. For an example of the "
+"RIAA's targeting of student file sharing, and of the subpoenas issued to "
+"universities to reveal student file-sharer identities, see James Collins, "
+"<quote>RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT to Name Students,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 8 August 2003, D3, available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>. <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, "
+"with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We "
+"could prosecute families for millions of dollars in damages just because "
+"file sharing occurred on a family computer. And we can get universities to "
+"monitor all computer traffic to make sure that no computer is used to commit "
+"this crime. These responses might be extreme, but each of them has either "
+"been proposed or actually implemented.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as "
+"though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no "
+"copyright liability, either civil or criminal, for making copyrighted "
+"content available on the Net. Make file sharing like gossip: regulated, if "
+"at all, by social norms but not by law."
+msgstr ""
+"Alternativt kan vi svare på fildeling måten mange barn handle som om vi har "
+"svart. Vi kunne helt legalisere det. La det være ingen opphavsrett ansvar, "
+"sivil- eller strafferettslige, for å gjøre opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold "
+"tilgjengelig på nettet. gjøre fildeling som sladder: regulert, hvis i det "
+"hele tatt, av sosiale normer, men ikke av loven."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than "
+"embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that "
+"recognizes the truth in both. And while I end this book with a sketch of a "
+"system that does just that, my aim in the next chapter is to show just how "
+"awful it would be for us to adopt the zero-tolerance extreme. I believe "
+"<emphasis>either</emphasis> extreme would be worse than a reasonable "
+"alternative. But I believe the zero-tolerance solution would be the worse "
+"of the two extremes."
+msgstr ""
+"enten svar er mulig. Jeg tror enten ville være feil. i stedet for å omfavne "
+"en av disse to ytterpunktene, bør vi omfavne noe som gjenkjenner sannheten i "
+"begge. og mens jeg ender denne boken med en skisse av et system som gjør "
+"bare at målet mitt i neste kapittel er å vise hvor forferdelig det ville "
+"være for oss å vedta nulltoleranse ekstreme. Jeg tror begge ekstrem ville "
+"være verre enn et rimelig alternativ. men jeg tror den nulltoleranse "
+"løsningen ville være verre av to ytterpunktene."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 190
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of "
+"the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is "
+"occurring. The law and technology are being shifted to give content holders "
+"a kind of control over our culture that they have never had before. And in "
+"this extremism, many an opportunity for new innovation and new creativity "
+"will be lost."
+msgstr ""
+"Nulltoleranse er ennå stadig våre regjeringens politikk. midt i kaoset som "
+"Internett har opprettet, skjer en ekstraordinære land grip. lov og teknologi "
+"er flyttet for å gi innhold holdere en type kontroll over vår kultur at de "
+"aldri har hatt før. og i denne ekstremisme, mange en mulighet for ny "
+"innovasjon og nye kreativitet går tapt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> "
+"music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this "
+"war will also kill. We have never seen the power to innovate spread so "
+"broadly among our citizens, and we have just begun to see the innovation "
+"that this power will unleash. Yet the Internet has already seen the passing "
+"of one cycle of innovation around technologies to distribute content. The "
+"law is responsible for this passing. As the vice president for global public "
+"policy at one of these new innovators, eMusic.com, put it when criticizing "
+"the DMCA's added protection for copyrighted material,"
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg snakker ikke om mulighetene for barn å \"stjele\" musikk. mitt fokus i "
+"stedet er kommersielle og kulturelle innovasjon som denne krigen vil også "
+"drepe. Vi har aldri sett makt til å skape noe nytt spredning så bredt blant "
+"våre borgere, og vi har bare begynt å se innovasjon som denne myndighet vil "
+"utløse. ennå har Internett allerede sett bestått av en syklus av innovasjon "
+"rundt teknologier for å distribuere innhold. loven er ansvarlig for denne "
+"bestått. som vice president for global public policy på en av disse nye "
+"innovators sette emusic.com, det når kritiserer dmca ekstra beskyttelse for "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale,"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, "
+"and we want to protect those rights."
+msgstr ""
+"eMusic motsetter musikk piratkopiering. Vi er distributør av "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale, og vi ønsker å beskytte disse rettighetene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major "
+"labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it "
+"necessarily the best. It is simply too early to answer that question. Market "
+"forces operating naturally may very well produce a totally different "
+"industry model."
+msgstr ""
+"men bygge en teknologi festning som låser i innflytelse av de store "
+"etikettene er ikke den eneste måten å beskytte opphavsretten interesser, og "
+"heller ikke er det nødvendigvis best. Det er rett og Slett for tidlig å "
+"besvare det spørsmålet. markedskrefter operere naturlig kan godt gi en helt "
+"annen industri-modell."
+
+#. f3.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital "
+"Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the "
+"Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection, House "
+"Committee on Commerce, 106th Cong. 29 (1999) (statement of Peter Harter, "
+"vice president, Global Public Policy and Standards, EMusic.com), available "
+"in LEXIS, Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony File."
+msgstr ""
+"WIPO og dmca ett år senere: vurdering av forbruker tilgang til digital "
+"underholdning på Internett og andre medier: høre før subcommittee on "
+"telekommunikasjon, handel og consumer protection, huset committee on "
+"commerce, 106th cong. 29 (1999) (setning av peter harter, vice president, "
+"global offentlig politikk og standarder, emusic.com), tilgjengelig i lexis, "
+"føderale dokumentet å fjerne huset Kongressens vitnesbyrd fil."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with "
+"respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for "
+"digital media and the manner in which digital media are distributed. This in "
+"turn will directly influence the options that are available to consumers, "
+"both in terms of the ease with which they will be able to access digital "
+"media and the equipment that they will require to do so. Poor choices made "
+"this early in the game will retard the growth of this market, hurting "
+"everyone's interests.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Vivendi Universal"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of "
+"<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now "
+"changed. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"i april 2001, ble emusic.com kjøpt av vivendi universal, en av \"den store "
+"etiketter.\" posisjonen på disse sakene er nå endret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It "
+"will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill "
+"opportunities that could be extraordinarily valuable."
+msgstr ""
+"snu vår tradisjon toleranse nå vil ikke bare quash piratkopiering. det vil "
+"ofre verdier som er viktig for denne kulturen og vil drepe muligheter som "
+"kan være svært verdifull."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms"
+msgstr "Kapittel tolv: Skader"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"To fight <quote>piracy,</quote> to protect <quote>property,</quote> the "
+"content industry has launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign "
+"contributions have now brought the government into this war. As with any "
+"war, this one will have both direct and collateral damage. As with any war "
+"of prohibition, these damages will be suffered most by our own people."
+msgstr ""
+"for å bekjempe \"piratkopiering\", for å beskytte \"eiendom\" har innhold "
+"industrien lansert en krig. Lobbying og massevis av kampanjen bidrag har nå "
+"ført regjeringen i denne krigen. som med noen krig, vil dette ha både "
+"direkte og sikkerhetsstillelse skade. som med noen krig av forbudet, vil "
+"disse skader bli rammet mest av våre egne folk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in "
+"particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now "
+"is to extend this description of consequences into an argument. Is this war "
+"justified?"
+msgstr ""
+"Målet mitt hittil har vært å beskrive konsekvensene av denne krigen, "
+"spesielt konsekvenser for \"gratis kultur.\" men min målet nå er å utvide "
+"denne beskrivelsen av konsekvenser til et argument. er denne krigen "
+"rettferdiggjøres?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first "
+"time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of "
+"the property called <quote>intellectual property</quote> is at its greatest "
+"in our history."
+msgstr ""
+"i min mening er det ikke. Det er ingen god grunn hvorfor denne gangen, for "
+"første gang, loven skal forsvare gamle mot den nye, bare når strømmen av "
+"egenskap kalt \"intellectual property\" er på sitt største i vår historie."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is "
+"still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme "
+"claims of control in the name of property still resonate; the uncritical "
+"rejection of <quote>piracy</quote> still has play."
+msgstr ""
+"ennå se \"sunn fornuft\" ikke det på denne måten. sunn fornuft er fortsatt "
+"på siden av causbys og innhold industrien. ekstreme krav til kontroll i "
+"navnet på egenskapen fortsatt appellerer; ukritisk avvisningen av "
+"\"piratkopiering\" har fortsatt spille."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 193
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe "
+"just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident "
+"the third is unintended. I'm less sure about the first two. The first two "
+"protect modern RCAs, but there is no Howard Armstrong in the wings to fight "
+"today's monopolists of culture."
+msgstr ""
+"det vil være mange konsekvensene av fortsetter denne krigen. Jeg vil "
+"beskrive bare tre. alle tre kan sies å være utilsiktede. Jeg er ganske "
+"sikker på tredjepart er utilsiktet. Jeg er mindre sikker på om to første. to "
+"første beskytte moderne rcas, men det er ingen howard armstrong i vingene å "
+"bekjempe dagens monopolists kultur."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "Constraining Creators"
+msgstr "Begrensende skaperne"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. "
+"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share content. "
+"Capturing and sharing content, of course, is what humans have done since the "
+"dawn of man. It is how we learn and communicate. But capturing and sharing "
+"through digital technology is different. The fidelity and power are "
+"different. You could send an e-mail telling someone about a joke you saw on "
+"Comedy Central, or you could send the clip. You could write an essay about "
+"the inconsistencies in the arguments of the politician you most love to "
+"hate, or you could make a short film that puts statement against statement. "
+"You could write a poem to express your love, or you could weave together a "
+"string—a mash-up— of songs from your favorite artists in a "
+"collage and make it available on the Net."
+msgstr ""
+"i de neste ti årene vil vi se en eksplosjon av digitale teknologier. disse "
+"teknologiene kan nesten hvem som helst å fange opp og dele innhold. å fange "
+"og dele innhold, selvfølgelig, er det mennesker har gjort siden begynnelsen "
+"av mannen. Det er hvordan vi lære og kommunisere. men å fange og dele "
+"gjennom digital teknologi er forskjellig. gjengivelse og makt er "
+"forskjellige. Du kan sende en e-postmelding fortelle noen om en spøk-du så "
+"på comedy central, eller du kan sende klippet. Du kan skrive et essay om "
+"inkonsekvenser i argumentene politiker du mest elsker å hate, eller du kan "
+"lage en kortfilm som setter setning mot setningen. Du kan skrive et dikt for "
+"å uttrykke din kjærlighet, eller du kan veve sammen en streng—en "
+"Mashup—av sanger fra dine favoritt artister i en collage og gjøre den "
+"tilgjengelig på nettet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of "
+"the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and "
+"in part it is something new. It is continuous with the Kodak, but it "
+"explodes the boundaries of Kodak-like technologies. The technology of "
+"digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> promises a world of "
+"extraordinarily diverse creativity that can be easily and broadly shared. "
+"And as that creativity is applied to democracy, it will enable a broad range "
+"of citizens to use technology to express and criticize and contribute to the "
+"culture all around."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne digitale \"fange inn og dele\" er delvis en utvidelse for å registrere "
+"og dele det har alltid vært del av vår kultur, og delvis det er noe nytt. "
+"den er kontinuerlig med kodak, men den eksploderer grensene for kodak-"
+"lignende teknologier. teknologi for digital \"fange og deling av\" løfter en "
+"verden av svært mangfoldig kreativitet som kan enkelt og forstand deles. og "
+"så at kreativiteten brukes til demokrati, det vil muliggjøre et bredt "
+"spekter av borgere å bruke teknologi for å uttrykke og kritisere og bidra "
+"til kultur rundt."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 194
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture "
+"that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated "
+"from others. Think about an old man telling a story to a collection of "
+"neighbors in a small town. Now imagine that same storytelling extended "
+"across the globe."
+msgstr ""
+"Teknologien har dermed gitt oss en mulighet til å gjøre noe med kultur som "
+"bare har vært mulig for enkeltpersoner i små grupper, isolert fra andre "
+"grupper. Forestill deg en gammel mann som forteller en historie til en "
+"samling med naboer i en liten landsby. Forestill deg så den samme "
+"historiefortellingen utvidet til å nå over hele verden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the "
+"current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a "
+"moment. Think about your favorite amazing sites on the Net. Web sites that "
+"offer plot summaries from forgotten television shows; sites that catalog "
+"cartoons from the 1960s; sites that mix images and sound to criticize "
+"politicians or businesses; sites that gather newspaper articles on remote "
+"topics of science or culture. There is a vast amount of creative work spread "
+"across the Internet. But as the law is currently crafted, this work is "
+"presumptively illegal."
+msgstr ""
+"ennå er alt dette mulig bare hvis aktiviteten er presumptively lovlig. i "
+"dagens regime av juridiske regulering er det ikke. glem fildeling for et "
+"øyeblikk. Tenk på din favoritt fantastiske nettsteder på nettet. webområder "
+"som tilbyr tomten sammendrag fra glemt TV viser; områder katalogen "
+"tegneserier fra 1960-tallet; områder som blande bilder og lyd å kritisere "
+"politikere eller foretak. områder som samler avisartikler på ekstern emner "
+"av vitenskap eller kultur. Det er en enorm mengde skapende arbeid spredt "
+"over Internett. men som loven er nå laget, dette arbeidet er presumptively "
+"ugyldig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Worldcom"
+msgstr "Worldcom"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at "
+#| "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, "
+#| "204; for details of the settlement, see MCI press release, \"MCI Wins U."
+#| "S. District Court Approval for SEC Settlement\" (7 July 2003), available "
+#| "at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>. "
+#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgid ""
+"See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at "
+"WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; "
+"for details of the settlement, see MCI press release, <quote>MCI Wins U.S. "
+"District Court Approval for SEC Settlement</quote> (7 July 2003), available "
+"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Se Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom</"
+"citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; for "
+"detaljer om dette forliket, se pressemelding fra MCI, \"MCI Wins U.S. "
+"District Court Approval for SEC Settlement\" (7. juli 2003), tilgjengelig "
+"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Bush, George W."
+msgstr "Bush, George W."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the "
+"House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an "
+"overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: `We'll Be "
+"Back,' Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, and "
+"<quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #39</ulink>. "
+"President Bush has continued to urge tort reform in recent months. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of "
+"extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is "
+"impossible to get a clear sense of what's allowed and what's not, and at the "
+"same time, the penalties for crossing the line are astonishingly harsh. The "
+"four students who were threatened by the RIAA ( Jesse Jordan of chapter 3 "
+"was just one) were threatened with a $98 billion lawsuit for building search "
+"engines that permitted songs to be copied. Yet World-Com—which "
+"defrauded investors of $11 billion, resulting in a loss to investors in "
+"market capitalization of over $200 billion—received a fine of a mere "
+"$750 million.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And under legislation "
+"being pushed in Congress right now, a doctor who negligently removes the "
+"wrong leg in an operation would be liable for no more than $250,000 in "
+"damages for pain and suffering.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can "
+"common sense recognize the absurdity in a world where the maximum fine for "
+"downloading two songs off the Internet is more than the fine for a doctor's "
+"negligently butchering a patient? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f3.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" <citetitle>Wired</"
+#| "citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+#| "notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For an overview of the exhibition, see <ulink "
+#| "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</ulink>."
+msgid ""
+"See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For an overview of the "
+"exhibition, see <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</"
+"ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Se Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" <citetitle>Wired</"
+"citetitle>, 7. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For en oversikt over utstillingen, se <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high "
+"penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never "
+"be exercised, or never be exercised in the open. We drive this creative "
+"process underground by branding the modern-day Walt Disneys <quote>pirates.</"
+"quote> We make it impossible for businesses to rely upon a public domain, "
+"because the boundaries of the public domain are designed to be unclear. It "
+"never pays to do anything except pay for the right to create, and hence only "
+"those who can pay are allowed to create. As was the case in the Soviet "
+"Union, though for very different reasons, we will begin to see a world of "
+"underground art—not because the message is necessarily political, or "
+"because the subject is controversial, but because the very act of creating "
+"the art is legally fraught. Already, exhibits of <quote>illegal art</quote> "
+"tour the United States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In what "
+"does their <quote>illegality</quote> consist? In the act of mixing the "
+"culture around us with an expression that is critical or reflective."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing "
+"law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: "
+"labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>. But an even bigger part has to do "
+"with the increasing ease with which infractions can be tracked. As users of "
+"file-sharing systems discovered in 2002, it is a trivial matter for "
+"copyright owners to get courts to order Internet service providers to reveal "
+"who has what content. It is as if your cassette tape player transmitted a "
+"list of the songs that you played in the privacy of your own home that "
+"anyone could tune into for whatever reason they chose."
+msgstr ""
+"en del av årsaken til denne frykten for illegality har å gjøre med endring "
+"loven. jeg beskrevet den endringen i detalj i kapittel 10. men en enda "
+"større del har å gjøre med den økende enkelt som brudd kan spores. som "
+"brukere av fildelings-systemer som er oppdaget i 2002, det er en triviell "
+"sak for opphavsrett eiere å få domstoler å bestille Internett-leverandører å "
+"avsløre hvem som har hvilket innhold. Det er som hvis tape kassettspilleren "
+"sendt en liste over sanger som du har spilt i personvernet til din egen "
+"hjemmeside som noen kunne tune inn uansett grunn de valgte."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting "
+"infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the "
+"tools of Photoshop, sharing content on the Web, must worry all the time. "
+"Images are all around, but the only safe images to use in the act of "
+"creation are those purchased from Corbis or another image farm. And in "
+"purchasing, censoring happens. There is a free market in pencils; we needn't "
+"worry about its effect on creativity. But there is a highly regulated, "
+"monopolized market in cultural icons; the right to cultivate and transform "
+"them is not similarly free."
+msgstr ""
+"aldri i vår historie har en maler hadde å bekymre deg om hans maleri krenket "
+"på noen andre 's arbeid; men dagens maleren, ved hjelp av verktøyene i "
+"photoshop, deling av innhold på nettet, må bekymre deg hele tiden. bilder er "
+"rundt, men de eneste sikre bildene som skal brukes i loven av etableringen "
+"er de kjøpt fra corbis eller en annen bilde farm. og i å kjøpe, sensurere "
+"skjer. Det er et fritt marked i blyanter; Vi trenger ikke bekymre deg om sin "
+"effekt på kreativitet. men det er en svært regulert, monopolized markedet i "
+"kulturelle: ikoner; retten til å dyrke og forvandle dem er ikke på samme "
+"måte gratis."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described "
+"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, "
+"in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, I have been "
+"lectured again and again by lawyers who insist Else's use was fair use, and "
+"hence I am wrong to say that the law regulates such a use."
+msgstr ""
+"advokater se sjelden dette fordi advokater er sjelden empirisk. som jeg "
+"beskrevet i kapittel 7, som svar på historien om dokumentar filmskaper jon "
+"annet, jeg har vært forelest igjen og igjen av advokater som insisterer "
+"ellers har bruk var rettferdig bruk, og derfor er jeg feil å si at loven "
+"regulerer slik bruk."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 196
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend "
+"your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for "
+"defending rights such as fair use is astonishingly bad—in practically "
+"every context, but especially here. It costs too much, it delivers too "
+"slowly, and what it delivers often has little connection to the justice "
+"underlying the claim. The legal system may be tolerable for the very rich. "
+"For everyone else, it is an embarrassment to a tradition that prides itself "
+"on the rule of law."
+msgstr ""
+"men rimelig bruk i Amerika betyr ganske enkelt rett til å leie en advokat "
+"for å forsvare din rett til å opprette. og som advokater elsker å glemme, "
+"systemet vårt for å forsvare rettigheter for eksempel rimelig bruk er "
+"astonishingly dårlig—i praktisk talt alle sammenheng, men spesielt "
+"her. Det koster for mye, det leverer for tregt, og hva leverer ofte har "
+"liten forbindelse til rettferdighet underliggende kravet. Det kan hende at "
+"juridisk system utholdelig for de svært rike. for alle andre er det en "
+"forlegenhet til en tradisjon som prides seg på rettssikkerhet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate "
+"<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access "
+"the law should allow. But it is a measure of how out of touch our legal "
+"system has become that anyone actually believes this. The rules that "
+"publishers impose upon writers, the rules that film distributors impose upon "
+"filmmakers, the rules that newspapers impose upon journalists— these "
+"are the real laws governing creativity. And these rules have little "
+"relationship to the <quote>law</quote> with which judges comfort themselves."
+msgstr ""
+"dommere og advokater kan fortelle seg selv at fair use gir tilstrekkelig "
+"\"puste rommet\" mellom regulering av loven, og access loven skal tillate. "
+"men det er et mål på hvor ute av touch vår juridiske systemet har blitt noen "
+"faktisk mener dette. reglene som utgivere legger på forfattere, reglene som "
+"trevare legger på filmskapere, reglene at aviser legger på "
+"journalister—disse er de virkelige lovene som regulerer kreativitet. "
+"og disse reglene har lite i forhold til \"loven\" med hvilken dommere trøste "
+"seg."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of "
+"a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend "
+"against a copyright infringement claim, and which would never return to the "
+"wrongfully accused defendant anything of the costs she suffered to defend "
+"her right to speak—in that world, the astonishingly broad regulations "
+"that pass under the name <quote>copyright</quote> silence speech and "
+"creativity. And in that world, it takes a studied blindness for people to "
+"continue to believe they live in a culture that is free."
+msgstr ""
+"for i en verden som truer $150.000 for en enkelt willful brudd på "
+"opphavsretten, og som krever titusenvis av dollar til selv forsvar mot "
+"opphavsrettsstridig krav, og som ville aldri tilbake til wrongfully anklaget "
+"saksøkte noe av kostnadene lidd hun for å forsvare sin rett til å "
+"snakke—i denne verden, astonishingly bred regelverket at pass under "
+"navnet \"copyright\" stillhet tale og kreativitet. og i denne verden, det "
+"tar en studert blindhet for folk å fortsette å tro de bor i en kultur som er "
+"gratis."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me,"
+msgstr "som jed horovitz, forretningsmann bak video rørledning, sa til meg,"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 197
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are "
+"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being expressed. "
+"And while a lot of stuff may [still] be created, it still won't get "
+"distributed. Even if the stuff gets made … you're not going to get it "
+"distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note from a "
+"lawyer saying, <quote>This has been cleared.</quote> You're not even going "
+"to get it on PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which "
+"they control it."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi miste [kreative] muligheter høyre og venstre. kreative mennesker blir "
+"tvunget ikke til å uttrykke seg. tanker er ikke angitt. og mens mange ting "
+"kan [fortsatt] opprettes, den fremdeles ikke får distribuert. Selv om ting "
+"blir gjort... du ikke kommer til å få det distribueres i mainstream media, "
+"med mindre du har et lite notat fra en advokat sier, \"Dette er tømt.\" du "
+"skal ikke engang få det på pbs uten den typen tillatelse. Det er poenget som "
+"de kontrollen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "Constraining Innovators"
+msgstr "Begrensende innovators"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity "
+"quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you "
+"going. Maybe you think there's enough weird art out there, and enough "
+"expression that is critical of what seems to be just about everything. And "
+"if you think that, you might think there's little in this story to worry you."
+msgstr ""
+"historien om den siste delen var en crunchy lefty historie—kreativitet "
+"ødela, kunstnere som ikke kan snakke, yada babbelet. kanskje det ikke komme "
+"i gang. kanskje tror du det er nok rare kunst der ute, og nok uttrykk som er "
+"kritisk til hva synes å være omtrent alt. og hvis du tror at du kanskje tror "
+"det er lite i denne historien å bekymre deg over."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, "
+"it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket "
+"ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special one at that, 188 "
+"pages into a book like this), then you can see this other aspect by "
+"substituting <quote>free market</quote> every place I've spoken of "
+"<quote>free culture.</quote> The point is the same, even if the interests "
+"affecting culture are more fundamental."
+msgstr ""
+"men det er en del av denne historien ikke er lefty i noen betydning. Det er "
+"faktisk et aspekt som kan være skrevet av den mest ekstreme promarket "
+"ideologue. og hvis du er en av disse sorterer (og en spesiell en på at 188 "
+"sider i en bok som dette), så du kan se dette andre aspekter ved å erstatte "
+"\"fritt marked\" hvert sted som jeg har omtalt \"gratis kultur.\" poenget er "
+"det samme, selv om interesser som påvirker kultur er mer grunnleggende."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same "
+"charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, "
+"concedes that some regulation of markets is necessary—at a minimum, we "
+"need rules of property and contract, and courts to enforce both. Likewise, "
+"in this culture debate, everyone concedes that at least some framework of "
+"copyright is also required. But both perspectives vehemently insist that "
+"just because some regulation is good, it doesn't follow that more regulation "
+"is better. And both perspectives are constantly attuned to the ways in which "
+"regulation simply enables the powerful industries of today to protect "
+"themselves against the competitors of tomorrow."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg har vært å gjøre om regulering av kultur er samme tillegget gratis "
+"markedsførere gjøre om regulerer markeder. enhver, selvfølgelig innrømme at "
+"noen regulering av markeder er nødvendig—et minimum, vi trenger "
+"reglene for egenskapen og kontrakt og domstolene for å håndheve begge. på "
+"samme måte i denne kultur debatten innrømme enhver at minst noen rammen av "
+"copyright er også nødvendig. men begge perspektiver insisterer vehemently at "
+"bare fordi noen regulering er bra, ikke det følger at mer regulering er "
+"bedre. og begge perspektiver er stadig attuned til måtene i hvilke "
+"regulering aktiverer bare de kraftige industriene i dag for å beskytte seg "
+"mot konkurrenter i morgen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Barry, Hank"
+msgstr "Barry, Hank"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 198
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy "
+"that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend="
+"\"property-i\"/>. The consequence of this massive threat of liability tied "
+"to the murky boundaries of copyright law is that innovators who want to "
+"innovate in this space can safely innovate only if they have the sign-off "
+"from last generation's dominant industries. That lesson has been taught "
+"through a series of cases that were designed and executed to teach venture "
+"capitalists a lesson. That lesson—what former Napster CEO Hank Barry "
+"calls a <quote>nuclear pall</quote> that has fallen over the Valley—"
+"has been learned."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er single mest dramatiske effekten av skiftet i regulatoriske strategi "
+"som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10. konsekvens av denne massiv trussel av "
+"ansvar knyttet til skummel grensene om opphavsrett er at innovators som "
+"ønsker å skape noe nytt i denne plassen kan trygt innovate bare hvis de har "
+"avlogging fra siste generasjon dominerende bransjer. denne leksjonen har "
+"lært gjennom en rekke tilfeller som ble utformet og utført for å lære "
+"venture kapitalister en leksjon. denne leksjonen—hva tidligere napster "
+"ceo hank barry kaller en \"kjernefysisk pall\" som har falt over dalen—"
+"har blitt lært."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in "
+"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way "
+"that even I (pessimist extraordinaire) would never have predicted."
+msgstr ""
+"vurdere ett eksempel for å gjøre punktet, en historie som begynnelsen jeg "
+"fortalt i fremtiden for idéer og som har kommet i en måte at selv jeg "
+"(pessimist extraordinaire) ville aldri ha forutsett."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Roberts, Michael"
+msgstr "Roberts, Michael"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was "
+"keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new "
+"ways to get access to content. Their goal was also to facilitate new ways to "
+"create content. Unlike the major labels, MP3.com offered creators a venue to "
+"distribute their creativity, without demanding an exclusive engagement from "
+"the creators."
+msgstr ""
+"i 1997, michael roberts lansert et firma som heter mp3.com. MP3.com var "
+"opptatt av å remake musikkbransjen. deres mål var ikke bare for å lette nye "
+"måter å få tilgang til innhold. deres mål var også å lette nye måter å lage "
+"innhold. i motsetning til de store plateselskapene tilbudt mp3.com skaperne "
+"en arena for å distribuere sine kreativitet, uten å kreve en eksklusiv "
+"engasjement fra skaperne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to "
+"recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to "
+"leverage the revealed preferences of music listeners to recommend new "
+"artists. If you like Lyle Lovett, you're likely to enjoy Bonnie Raitt. And "
+"so on. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis du vil gjøre dette systemet fungerer, men trengte mp3.com en pålitelig "
+"måte å anbefale musikk til sine brukere. idéen bak denne alternative var å "
+"utnytte åpenbarte innstillingene av musikk lyttere å anbefale nye artister. "
+"Hvis du liker lyle lovett, sannsynligvis du til å nyte bonnie raitt. og så "
+"videre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. MP3."
+"com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference "
+"data. In January 2000, the company launched a service called my.mp3.com. "
+"Using software provided by MP3.com, a user would sign into an account and "
+"then insert into her computer a CD. The software would identify the CD, and "
+"then give the user access to that content. So, for example, if you inserted "
+"a CD by Jill Sobule, then wherever you were—at work or at home—"
+"you could get access to that music once you signed into your account. The "
+"system was therefore a kind of music-lockbox."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 199
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that "
+"opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com "
+"service was to give users access to their own content, and as a by-product, "
+"by seeing the content they already owned, to discover the kind of content "
+"the users liked."
+msgstr ""
+"ingen tvil kan noen bruker dette systemet til å kopiere ulovlig innhold. men "
+"at mulighet eksistert med eller uten mp3.com. målet for my.mp3.com-tjenesten "
+"var å gi brukere tilgang til sitt eget innhold, og er et biprodukt ved å se "
+"innholdet de allerede eid, til å oppdage hva slags innhold som brukerne "
+"likte."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to "
+"a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, "
+"but that would have taken a great deal of time, and would have produced a "
+"product of questionable quality.) It therefore purchased 50,000 CDs from a "
+"store, and started the process of making copies of those CDs. Again, it "
+"would not serve the content from those copies to anyone except those who "
+"authenticated that they had a copy of the CD they wanted to access. So while "
+"this was 50,000 copies, it was 50,000 copies directed at giving customers "
+"something they had already bought."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis du vil gjøre denne systemfunksjon, men mp3.com nødvendig å kopiere "
+"50.000 CDer til en server. (i prinsippet, det kunne ha vært brukeren som "
+"lastet opp musikken, men som ville ha tatt mye tid, og ville har produsert "
+"et produkt av tvilsom kvalitet.) Det er derfor kjøpt 50.000 CDer fra en "
+"butikk, og startet prosessen med å lage kopier av disse CDene. igjen, det "
+"ville ikke tjene innholdet fra de kopiene til alle bortsett fra de som "
+"godkjent at de hadde en kopi av cd de ønsket å få tilgang til. så selv om "
+"dette var 50 000 eksemplarer, det var 50,000 kopier som er rettet mot å gi "
+"kunder noe de hadde allerede kjøpt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed "
+"by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of "
+"the five. Nine months later, a federal judge found MP3.com to have been "
+"guilty of willful infringement with respect to the fifth. Applying the law "
+"as it is, the judge imposed a fine against MP3.com of $118 million. MP3.com "
+"then settled with the remaining plaintiff, Vivendi Universal, paying over "
+"$54 million. Vivendi purchased MP3.com just about a year later."
+msgstr ""
+"ni dager etter mp3.com lansert sin tjeneste, brakte de fem store etikettene, "
+"ledet av riaa, en sak mot mp3.com. MP3.com utlignet med fire av de fem. ni "
+"måneder senere, en føderal dommer funnet mp3.com å ha vært skyldig i willful "
+"brudd med hensyn til femte. å bruke loven som det er, pålagt dommeren en bot "
+"mot mp3.com av 118 millioner. MP3.com deretter utlignet med gjenstående "
+"saksøker, vivendi universal, betaler over $54 millioner. Vivendi kjøpt mp3."
+"com omtrent et år senere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion."
+msgstr "Den delen av historien har jeg fortalt før. Nå kommer konklusjonen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a "
+"malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a "
+"good faith claim that the service they wanted to offer would be considered "
+"legal under copyright law. This lawsuit alleged that it should have been "
+"obvious that the courts would find this behavior illegal; therefore, this "
+"lawsuit sought to punish any lawyer who had dared to suggest that the law "
+"was less restrictive than the labels demanded."
+msgstr ""
+"Etter at Vivendi kjøpte MP3.com, snudde Vivendi seg rundt og saksøkte for "
+"malpractice juristene som hadde anbefalt at de hadde en god tro hevder at de "
+"ønsket å tilby tjenesten vil bli vurdert juridiske lover om opphavsrett. "
+"Dette søksmålet påstått at det burde vært åpenbart at domstolene ville finne "
+"denne virkemåten ulovlig; Derfor var dette søksmålet søkt å straffe noen "
+"advokat som hadde våget å foreslå at loven mindre restriktive enn etikettene "
+"krevde."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 200
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified "
+"amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to "
+"send an unequivocal message to lawyers advising clients in this space: It is "
+"not just your clients who might suffer if the content industry directs its "
+"guns against them. It is also you. So those of you who believe the law "
+"should be less restrictive should realize that such a view of the law will "
+"cost you and your firm dearly."
+msgstr ""
+"Den åpenbare hensikten med dette søksmålet (som ble avsluttet med et forlik "
+"for et uspesifisert beløp like etter at saken ikke lenger fikk "
+"pressedekning), var å sende en melding som ikke kan misforstås til advokater "
+"som gir råd til klienter på dette området: Det er ikke bare dine klienter "
+"som får lide hvis innholdsindustrien retter sine våpen mot dem. Det får "
+"også du. Så de av dere som tror loven burde være mindre restriktiv bør "
+"innse at et slikt syn på loven vil koste deg og ditt firma dyrt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Hummer, John"
+msgstr "Hummer, John"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Hummer Winblad"
+msgstr "Hummer Winblad"
+
+#. f4.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel "
+"argument about the effects on innovation in the distribution of music, see "
+"Janelle Brown, <quote>The Music Revolution Will Not Be Digitized,</quote> "
+"Salon.com, 1 June 2001, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #42</ulink>. See also Jon Healey, <quote>Online Music "
+"Services Besieged,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 28 May "
+"2001."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal "
+"and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm "
+"(VC) that had funded Napster at a certain stage of its development, its "
+"cofounder ( John Hummer), and general partner (Hank Barry).<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The claim here, as well, was that the VC should have "
+"recognized the right of the content industry to control how the industry "
+"should develop. They should be held personally liable for funding a company "
+"whose business turned out to be beyond the law. Here again, the aim of the "
+"lawsuit is transparent: Any VC now recognizes that if you fund a company "
+"whose business is not approved of by the dinosaurs, you are at risk not just "
+"in the marketplace, but in the courtroom as well. Your investment buys you "
+"not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the "
+"environment become that even car manufacturers are afraid of technologies "
+"that touch content. In an article in <citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, "
+"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW: <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
+"\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "BMW"
+msgstr "BMW"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Needleman, Rafe"
+msgstr "Needleman, Rafe"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business 2.0</"
+#| "citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+#| "cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli "
+#| "for this example. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgid ""
+"Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. "
+"Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business 2.0</"
+"citetitle>, 16. juni 2003, tilgjengelig via <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot "
+"for dette eksemplet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+msgid ""
+"I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, "
+"there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany "
+"had rigged a new vehicle to play MP3s via the car's built-in sound system, "
+"but that the company's marketing and legal departments weren't comfortable "
+"with pushing this forward for release stateside. Even today, no new cars are "
+"sold in the United States with bona fide MP3 players. … <placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life"
+#| "\" offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the "
+#| "law empowers copyright holders to exercise. It is a system that will "
+#| "obviously and necessarily stifle new innovation. It is hard enough to "
+#| "start a company. It is impossibly hard if that company is constantly "
+#| "threatened by litigation."
+msgid ""
+"This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your "
+"life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats "
+"that the law empowers copyright holders to exercise. It is a system that "
+"will obviously and necessarily stifle new innovation. It is hard enough to "
+"start a company. It is impossibly hard if that company is constantly "
+"threatened by litigation."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er verden til mafiaen—fylt med \"penger eller livet\"-trusler, "
+"som ikke er regulert av domstolene men av trusler som loven gir "
+"rettighetsinnehaver mulighet til å komme med. Det er et system som åpenbart "
+"og nødvendigvis vil kvele ny innovasjon. Det er vanskelig nok å starte et "
+"selskap. Det blir helt umulig hvis selskapet er stadig truet av søksmål."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 201
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal "
+"enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law "
+"is a mess of uncertainty. We have no good way to know how it should apply to "
+"new technologies. Yet by reversing our tradition of judicial deference, and "
+"by embracing the astonishingly high penalties that copyright law imposes, "
+"that uncertainty now yields a reality which is far more conservative than is "
+"right. If the law imposed the death penalty for parking tickets, we'd not "
+"only have fewer parking tickets, we'd also have much less driving. The same "
+"principle applies to innovation. If innovation is constantly checked by this "
+"uncertain and unlimited liability, we will have much less vibrant innovation "
+"and much less creativity."
+msgstr ""
+"Poenget er ikke at virksomheter bør ha rett til å starte ulovlig bedrifter. "
+"Poenget er definisjonen av \"ulovlig.\" loven er et rot av usikkerhet. Vi "
+"har ingen god måte å vite hvordan den skal brukes på nye teknologier. ennå "
+"gir ved å snu vår tradisjon av juridisk deference, og ved å omfavne de "
+"astonishingly høyt straffene som pålegger lov om opphavsrett, det "
+"usikkerheten nå en realitet som er langt mer konservative enn det som er "
+"rett. Hvis loven pålagt dødsstraff for parkering billetter, vi ville ikke "
+"bare ha færre parkering billetter, ville vi også ha mye mindre kjøring. det "
+"samme prinsippet gjelder for innovasjon. Hvis innovasjon er stadig "
+"kontrolleres av denne usikker og ubegrenset ansvar, har vi mye mindre "
+"levende innovasjon og mye mindre kreativitet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair use. "
+"Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of law in "
+"both contexts is the same. This wildly punitive system of regulation will "
+"systematically stifle creativity and innovation. It will protect some "
+"industries and some creators, but it will harm industry and creativity "
+"generally. Free market and free culture depend upon vibrant competition. "
+"Yet the effect of the law today is to stifle just this kind of competition. "
+"The effect is to produce an overregulated culture, just as the effect of too "
+"much control in the market is to produce an overregulatedregulated market."
+msgstr ""
+"Poenget er direkte parallell til crunchy lefty punktet om fair use. Uansett "
+"\"ekte\" loven er, er realisme om effekten av loven i begge sammenhenger den "
+"samme. Denne vill straffende system av regulering vil systematisk kveler "
+"kreativitet og innovasjon. den vil beskytte noen bransjer og noen skapere, "
+"men det vil skade industri og kreativitet generelt. fritt marked og fri "
+"kultur, avhenger av levende konkurranse. enda er virkningen av loven i dag å "
+"undertrykke akkurat denne type konkurranse. effekten er å produsere en "
+"overregulated kultur, akkurat som effekten av for mye kontroll i markedet er "
+"å produsere en overregulatedregulated markedet."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 202
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the "
+"first important way in which the changes I have described will burden "
+"innovation. A permission culture means a lawyer's culture—a culture in "
+"which the ability to create requires a call to your lawyer. Again, I am not "
+"antilawyer, at least when they're kept in their proper place. I am certainly "
+"not antilaw. But our profession has lost the sense of its limits. And "
+"leaders in our profession have lost an appreciation of the high costs that "
+"our profession imposes upon others. The inefficiency of the law is an "
+"embarrassment to our tradition. And while I believe our profession should "
+"therefore do everything it can to make the law more efficient, it should at "
+"least do everything it can to limit the reach of the law where the law is "
+"not doing any good. The transaction costs buried within a permission culture "
+"are enough to bury a wide range of creativity. Someone needs to do a lot of "
+"justifying to justify that result. The uncertainty of the law is one burden "
+"on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is "
+"the effort by many in the content industry to use the law to directly "
+"regulate the technology of the Internet so that it better protects their "
+"content."
+msgstr ""
+"byggingen av en tillatelse-kultur, i stedet for en fri kultur, er den første "
+"viktige måten der vil endringene jeg har beskrevet byrden innovasjon. en "
+"tillatelse kultur betyr en advokat kultur—en kultur der muligheten til "
+"å opprette krever en telefonsamtale til din advokat. igjen, jeg er ikke "
+"antilawyer, minst når de er holdt i deres riktig sted. Jeg er sikkert ikke "
+"antilaw. Men vårt yrke har mistet følelsen av sine grenser. og ledere i vår "
+"profesjon har mistet en styrking av de høye kostnadene som vårt yrke "
+"pålegger over andre. ineffektiviteten i loven er en forlegenhet til vår "
+"tradisjon. og mens jeg tror vårt yrke bør derfor gjøre alt den kan for å "
+"effektivisere loven, det bør minst gjøre alt den kan for å begrense "
+"rekkevidden av loven der loven ikke gjør noe bra. transaksjonskostnader "
+"begravde innen en tillatelse kultur er nok å begrave et bredt spekter av "
+"kreativitet. noen må gjøre en masse rettferdiggjørende for å rettferdiggjøre "
+"dette resultatet. Usikkerheten av loven er en byrde på innovasjon. Det er en "
+"andre byrde som opererer mer direkte. Dette er innsats av mange i bransjen "
+"innhold for å bruke loven til å regulere direkte teknologi på Internett slik "
+"at det bedre beskytter innholdet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the "
+"efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's "
+"design. But from the perspective of the content industry, this feature is a "
+"<quote>bug.</quote> The efficient spread of content means that content "
+"distributors have a harder time controlling the distribution of content. "
+"One obvious response to this efficiency is thus to make the Internet less "
+"efficient. If the Internet enables <quote>piracy,</quote> then, this "
+"response says, we should break the kneecaps of the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+"motivasjon for dette svaret er åpenbart. Internett gjør det mulig for "
+"effektiv spredning av innhold. at effektiviteten er en funksjon av "
+"internetts design. men fra perspektiv av innhold industrien, denne "
+"funksjonen er en \"bug.\" effektiv spredning av innhold betyr at innhold "
+"distributører har en hardere tid kontrollere distribusjon av innhold. ettall "
+"åpenbare svaret å denne effektiviteten er derfor å gjøre Internett mindre "
+"effektivt. Hvis Internett gjør at \"piratkopiering\", deretter dette svaret "
+"sier, vi bør bryte kneecaps av Internett."
+
+#. f6.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> "
+"GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law "
+"School (2003), 33–35, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #44</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f7.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27."
+msgstr "gartnerg2, 2627."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the "
+"content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would "
+"require computers to determine whether the content they access is protected "
+"or not, and to disable the spread of protected content.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Congress has already launched proceedings to explore "
+"a mandatory <quote>broadcast flag</quote> that would be required on any "
+"device capable of transmitting digital video (i.e., a computer), and that "
+"would disable the copying of any content that is marked with a broadcast "
+"flag. Other members of Congress have proposed immunizing content providers "
+"from liability for technology they might deploy that would hunt down "
+"copyright violators and disable their machines.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 203
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why "
+"not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical "
+"infrastructure will always be tuned to the particular technology of the day. "
+"It will impose significant burdens and costs on the technology, but will "
+"likely be eclipsed by advances around exactly those requirements."
+msgstr ""
+"i en forstand synes disse løsningene fornuftig. Hvis problemet er koden, "
+"hvorfor ikke regulere koden for å fjerne problemet. men noen regulering av "
+"tekniske infrastruktur vil alltid er stilt inn på bestemt teknologi av "
+"dagen. det vil innføre betydelig byrder og kostnader på teknologi, men vil "
+"trolig være eclipsed av fremskritt rundt akkurat disse kravene."
+
+#. f8.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> "
+"Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)."
+msgstr ""
+"se david mcguire, \"tech execs torget off over piratkopiering,\" newsbytes, "
+"februar 2002 (underholdning)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Intel"
+msgstr "Intel"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, "
+"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would impose."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Their argument was obviously not "
+"that copyright should not be protected. Instead, they argued, any protection "
+"should not do more harm than good. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/"
+">"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed innovation—"
+"again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free market crowd."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er en tydeligere måte der denne krigen har skadet innovasjon - igjen, en "
+"historie som vil være ganske kjent for fritt marked publikum."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of "
+"regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When "
+"done right, it benefits creators and harms leeches. When done wrong, it is "
+"regulation the powerful use to defeat competitors."
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright kanskje eiendom, men som all eiendom, det er også en form for "
+"regulering. Det er en forordning som fordeler noen og skader andre. Når det "
+"gjøres riktig, det fordeler skaperne og skader leeches. Når gjort galt, det "
+"er regulering kraftig bruk å beseire konkurrenter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: "
+"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Jessica litman, digitale copyright (amherst, n.y.: prometheus bøker, 2001)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend="
+"\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, and "
+"subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica Litman in her book "
+"<citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle>,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 details, "
+"when new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance to "
+"assure that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or statutory, "
+"licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the case of "
+"the VCR) has been another."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the "
+"rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a "
+"new technology and the legitimate rights of content creators, both the "
+"courts and Congress have imposed legal restrictions that will have the "
+"effect of smothering the new to benefit the old."
+msgstr ""
+"men dette mønsteret av deference til nye teknologier er nå endret med "
+"veksten av Internett. i stedet for å treffe en balanse mellom kravene til en "
+"ny teknologi og legitime rettighetene til skapere av innhold, har både "
+"domstoler og Kongressen innført juridiske restriksjoner som vil ha effekten "
+"av smothering ny for å dra nytte av gamle."
+
+#. f10.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The only circuit court exception is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry "
+"Association of America (RIAA)</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia "
+"Systems</citetitle>, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th Cir. 1999). There the court of "
+"appeals for the Ninth Circuit reasoned that makers of a portable MP3 player "
+"were not liable for contributory copyright infringement for a device that is "
+"unable to record or redistribute music (a device whose only copying function "
+"is to render portable a music file already stored on a user's hard drive). "
+"At the district court level, the only exception is found in <citetitle>Metro-"
+"Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Grokster, Ltd</"
+"citetitle>., 259 F. Supp. 2d 1029 (C.D. Cal., 2003), where the court found "
+"the link between the distributor and any given user's conduct too attenuated "
+"to make the distributor liable for contributory or vicarious infringement "
+"liability."
+msgstr ""
+"Det eneste unntaket fra circuit court er funnet i innspillingen industry "
+"association of america (riaa) v. diamond multimedia systems, 180 f. 3d 1072 "
+"(9 cir. 1999). det begrunnet court of appeals for niende circuit at skaperne "
+"av en bærbar mp3-spiller ikke var ansvarlig for medvirkende opphavsretten "
+"for en enhet som ikke kan registrere eller videredistribuere musikk (en "
+"enhet Hvis bare kopiering funksjon er å gjengi bærbare en musikkfil som "
+"allerede er lagret på brukerens harddisk). på district court-nivå, er det "
+"eneste unntaket funnet i metro-goldwyn-mayer studios, inc. v. grokster, "
+"ltd., 259 f. supp. 2d 1029 (Deportivo klientadgangslisens (CAL), 2003), der "
+"domstolen fant koblingen mellom distributøren og noen gitt bruker 's "
+"gjennomføre for attenuated å gjøre distributøren ansvarlig for krenkelse av "
+"medvirkende eller stedfortredende erstatningsansvar."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Hollings, Fritz"
+msgstr "Hollings, Fritz"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-"
+"to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize copyright "
+"holders from liability for damage done to computers when the copyright "
+"holders use technology to stop copyright infringement. In August 2002, "
+"Representative Billy Tauzin introduced a bill to mandate that technologies "
+"capable of rebroadcasting digital copies of films broadcast on TV (i.e., "
+"computers) respect a <quote>broadcast flag</quote> that would disable "
+"copying of that content. And in March of the same year, Senator Fritz "
+"Hollings introduced the Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion "
+"Act, which mandated copyright protection technology in all digital media "
+"devices. See GartnerG2, <quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster "
+"World,</quote> 27 June 2003, 33–34, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses threatened and "
+"actually implemented by Congress. I won't catalog all of those responses "
+"here.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But there is one example that "
+"captures the flavor of them all. This is the story of the demise of Internet "
+"radio."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend="
+"\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording artist "
+"doesn't get paid for that <quote>radio performance</quote> unless he or she "
+"is also the composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded a "
+"version of <quote>Happy Birthday</quote>—to memorialize her famous "
+"performance before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then "
+"whenever that recording was played on the radio, the current copyright "
+"owners of <quote>Happy Birthday</quote> would get some money, whereas "
+"Marilyn Monroe would not. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 4, når en radiostasjon spiller en sang, får "
+"ikke innspillingen artisten betalt for at \"radio ytelse\" med mindre han "
+"eller hun er også komponisten. så, for eksempel hvis marilyn monroe hadde "
+"spilt inn en versjon av \"happy birthday\"—for å memorialize sin "
+"berømte opptreden før president kennedy i madison square garden—"
+"deretter når denne innspillingen ble spilt på radio, gjeldende opphavsrett "
+"eierne av \"happy birthday\" ville få noen penger, mens marilyn monroe ville "
+"ikke."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The "
+"justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist "
+"thus benefited because by playing her music, the radio station was making it "
+"more likely that her records would be purchased. Thus, the recording artist "
+"got something, even if only indirectly. Probably this reasoning had less to "
+"do with the result than with the power of radio stations: Their lobbyists "
+"were quite good at stopping any efforts to get Congress to require "
+"compensation to the recording artists."
+msgstr ""
+"begrunnelsen bak denne balansen truffet av Kongressen gjør noe fornuftig. "
+"Begrunnelsen var at radio var en form for annonsering. Plateartist nytte "
+"dermed fordi ved å spille musikken hennes, radiostasjonen var å gjøre det "
+"mer sannsynlig at hennes poster ville være kjøpt. dermed Plateartist fikk "
+"noe, selv om bare indirekte. sannsynligvis denne begrunnelsen hadde mindre å "
+"gjøre med resultatet enn med makten av radiostasjoner: deres lobbyister var "
+"ganske god til å stoppe enhver innsats for å få Kongressen til å kreve "
+"kompensasjon for artistene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to "
+"stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels "
+"across the Internet, not across the ether of radio spectrum. Thus, I can "
+"<quote>tune in</quote> to an Internet radio station in Berlin while sitting "
+"in San Francisco, even though there's no way for me to tune in to a regular "
+"radio station much beyond the San Francisco metropolitan area."
+msgstr ""
+"Skriv inn Internett-radio. som vanlige radio er Internett-radio en teknologi "
+"å direktesende innhold fra en kringkasteren til en lytter. kringkastingen "
+"reiser over Internett, ikke på tvers av Eter av radio spectrum. Således, jeg "
+"kan \"stille inn\" til Internett-radiostasjonen i berlin mens du sitter i "
+"san francisco, selv om det er ingen måte for meg å stille inn på en vanlig "
+"radiostasjon langt utover san francisco metropolitan area."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are "
+"potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in "
+"to using her computer, whereas under the existing architecture for broadcast "
+"radio, there is an obvious limit to the number of broadcasters and clear "
+"broadcast frequencies. Internet radio could therefore be more competitive "
+"than regular radio; it could provide a wider range of selections. And "
+"because the potential audience for Internet radio is the whole world, niche "
+"stations could easily develop and market their content to a relatively large "
+"number of users worldwide. According to some estimates, more than eighty "
+"million users worldwide have tuned in to this new form of radio."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne funksjonen i arkitekturen av Internett-radio betyr at det er "
+"potensielt et ubegrenset antall radiostasjoner at en bruker kan stille inn "
+"til å bruke sin datamaskin, mens under den eksisterende arkitekturen for "
+"kringkasting, det er en åpenbar grense for hvor mange broadcasters og fjerne "
+"kringkastingsfrekvenser. Internett-radio kan derfor være mer "
+"konkurransedyktige enn vanlige radio; den kunne gi et bredere spekter av "
+"valgene. og fordi potensielle publikum for Internett-radio er hele verden, "
+"nisje-stasjoner kan lett utvikle og markedsføre innholdet til et relativt "
+"stort antall brukere over hele verden. Ifølge noen anslag har mer enn åtti "
+"millioner brukere over hele verden stilt inn på denne nye formen for radio."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 205
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement "
+"potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since "
+"not only is the technology better, so, too, is the competition. Indeed, "
+"there is a direct parallel between the fight to establish FM radio and the "
+"fight to protect Internet radio. As one author describes Howard Armstrong's "
+"struggle to enable FM radio,"
+msgstr ""
+"Internett-radio er dermed til radio hva fm var å am. Det er en forbedring "
+"potensielt vesentlig større betydning enn fm-forbedring over am, siden ikke "
+"bare er teknologien bedre, så, også, er konkurransen. faktisk er det en "
+"direkte parallell mellom kampen for å etablere fm-radio og kampen for å "
+"beskytte Internett-radio. som en forfatter beskriver howard Armstrongs kamp "
+"for å aktivere fm-radio,"
+
+#. f12.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "Lessing, 239."
+msgstr "Lessing, 239."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+msgid ""
+"An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, "
+"thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded "
+"longwaves. If FM were freely developed, the number of stations would be "
+"limited only by economics and competition rather than by technical "
+"restrictions. … Armstrong likened the situation that had grown up in "
+"radio to that following the invention of the printing press, when "
+"governments and ruling interests attempted to control this new instrument of "
+"mass communications by imposing restrictive licenses on it. This tyranny was "
+"broken only when it became possible for men freely to acquire printing "
+"presses and freely to run them. FM in this sense was as great an invention "
+"as the printing presses, for it gave radio the opportunity to strike off its "
+"shackles.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f13.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "Ibid., 229."
+msgstr "ibid., 229."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong "
+"was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of "
+"<quote>vested interests, habits, customs and legislation</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> to retard the growth of this competing "
+"technology."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there "
+"is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio "
+"stations. The only restrictions on Internet radio are those imposed by the "
+"law. Copyright law is one such law. So the first question we should ask is, "
+"what copyright rules would govern Internet radio?"
+msgstr ""
+"nå kunne samme kravet gjort om Internett-radio. for på nytt finnes det ingen "
+"teknisk begrensning som kan begrense hvor mange Internett-radiostasjoner. de "
+"eneste begrensningene på Internett-radio som er pålagt av loven. lov om "
+"opphavsrett er en slik lov. så det første spørsmålet som vi bør spørre er, "
+"hvilke opphavsrett regler ville styre Internett-radio?"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 206
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new "
+"industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful "
+"lobby, the RIAA. Thus when Congress considered the phenomenon of Internet "
+"radio in 1995, the lobbyists had primed Congress to adopt a different rule "
+"for Internet radio than the rule that applies to terrestrial radio. While "
+"terrestrial radio does not have to pay our hypothetical Marilyn Monroe when "
+"it plays her hypothetical recording of <quote>Happy Birthday</quote> on the "
+"air, <emphasis>Internet radio does</emphasis>. Not only is the law not "
+"neutral toward Internet radio—the law actually burdens Internet radio "
+"more than it burdens terrestrial radio."
+msgstr ""
+"men her kraften i lobbyister tilbakeføres. Internett-radio er en ny "
+"industri. artister, derimot, har en svært kraftig lobby, riaa. dermed hadde "
+"Kongressen vurdert når fenomenet Internett-radio i 1995, lobbyister primed "
+"Kongressen å adoptere en annen regel for Internett-radio enn regelen som "
+"gjelder bakkesendte radio. mens bakkesendte radio ikke trenger å betale våre "
+"hypotetisk marilyn monroe når den spilles hennes hypotetisk innspillingen av "
+"\"happy birthday\" på luften, Internett-radio gjør. ikke bare er loven ikke "
+"nøytral mot Internett-radio—loven faktisk byrder Internettradio mer "
+"enn det byrder bakkesendte radio."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration "
+"Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by "
+"Professor William Fisher. Conference Proceedings, iLaw (Stanford), 3 July "
+"2003, on file with author. Professors Fisher and Zittrain submitted "
+"testimony in the CARP proceeding that was ultimately rejected. See Jonathan "
+"Zittrain, Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings and Ephemeral "
+"Recordings, Docket No. 2000-9, CARP DTRA 1 and 2, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #45</ulink>. For an excellent "
+"analysis making a similar point, see Randal C. Picker, <quote>Copyright as "
+"Entry Policy: The Case of Digital Distribution,</quote> <citetitle>Antitrust "
+"Bulletin</citetitle> (Summer/Fall 2002): 461: <quote>This was not confusion, "
+"these are just old-fashioned entry barriers. Analog radio stations are "
+"protected from digital entrants, reducing entry in radio and diversity. Yes, "
+"this is done in the name of getting royalties to copyright holders, but, "
+"absent the play of powerful interests, that could have been done in a media-"
+"neutral way.</quote> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher "
+"estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to "
+"(on average) ten thousand listeners, twenty-four hours a day, the total "
+"artist fees that radio station would owe would be over $1 million a year."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A regular radio station "
+"broadcasting the same content would pay no equivalent fee."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were "
+"proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) "
+"would have to collect the following data from <emphasis>every listening "
+"transaction</emphasis>:"
+msgstr ""
+"byrden er ikke økonomiske bare. under de opprinnelige reglene som ble "
+"foreslått, Internett-radiostasjonen (men ikke en terrestriske radiostasjon) "
+"ville ha til å samle inn følgende data fra hver lytting transaksjon:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "name of the service;"
+msgstr "navn på tjenesten,"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);"
+msgstr "kanalen til programmet (AM/FM-stasjoner bruker stasjons-ID);"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);"
+msgstr "type program (fra arkivet/i løkke/direkte);"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "date of transmission;"
+msgstr "dato for sending;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "time of transmission;"
+msgstr "tidspunkt for sending;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;"
+msgstr "tidssone til opprinnelsen for sending;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;"
+msgstr "numeriske angivelsen av i stedet for lydopptak programmet;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);"
+msgstr "varigheten av sending (til nærmeste sekund):"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "sound recording title;"
+msgstr "lydinnspilling-tittel;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "ISRC code of the recording;"
+msgstr "ISRC-kode for opptaket;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of "
+"compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of "
+"the track;"
+msgstr ""
+"gi år av albumet per opphavsrett og når det gjelder samlealbum, utgivelsesår "
+"av albumet og kopi høyre datoen for spor;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "featured recording artist;"
+msgstr "spillende plateartist;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "retail album title;"
+msgstr "tittel på album i butikker;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "recording label;"
+msgstr "plateselskap;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "UPC code of the retail album;"
+msgstr "UPC-koden for albumet i butikker;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "catalog number;"
+msgstr "katalognummer;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "copyright owner information;"
+msgstr "informasjon om opphavsrettsinnehaver;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);"
+msgstr "musikksjanger for kanal eller programmet (stasjonsformat);"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "name of the service or entity;"
+msgstr "navn på tjenesten eller selskap;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "channel or program;"
+msgstr "kanal eller program;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);"
+msgstr "datoen og klokkeslettet da brukeren logget på (i brukerens tidssone);"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);"
+msgstr "datoen og klokkeslettet da brukeren logget ut (i brukerens tidssone);"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);"
+msgstr "tidssone der signalet ble mottatt (bruker);"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "unique user identifier;"
+msgstr "unik bruker-identifikator;"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions."
+msgstr "landet til brukeren som mottok sendingene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, "
+"pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the "
+"arbitration panel charged with setting rates. But the basic difference "
+"between Internet radio and terrestrial radio remains: Internet radio has to "
+"pay a <emphasis>type of copyright fee</emphasis> that terrestrial radio does "
+"not."
+msgstr ""
+"bibliotekaren til Kongressen stoppet til slutt disse rapportering krav, "
+"ventende videre studium. og han endret også de opprinnelige prisene ved "
+"voldgift panelet belastet med angivelse av priser. men den grunnleggende "
+"forskjellen mellom Internett-radio og bakkesendte radio gjenstår: Internett "
+"radio har å betale en type opphavsrett gebyr som bakkesendte radio ikke."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic "
+"consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was "
+"the motive to protect artists against piracy?"
+msgstr ""
+"hvorfor? Hva rettferdiggjør denne forskjellen? var det noen studier av "
+"økonomiske konsekvensene fra Internett-radio som ville forsvare disse "
+"forskjellene? var motivet å beskytte kunstnere mot piratkopiering?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Real Networks"
+msgstr "Real Networks"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to "
+"everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at "
+"Real Networks, told me,"
+msgstr ""
+"i sjeldne litt candor innrømmet én riaa ekspert hva syntes åpenbar for alle "
+"samtidig. som alex alben fortalte visepresident for public policy på real "
+"networks, meg:"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 208
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony "
+"about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and "
+"it was much higher. It was ten times higher than what radio stations pay to "
+"perform the same songs for the same period of time. And so the attorneys "
+"representing the webcasters asked the RIAA, … <quote>How do you come "
+"up with a rate that's so much higher? Why is it worth more than radio? "
+"Because here we have hundreds of thousands of webcasters who want to pay, "
+"and that should establish the market rate, and if you set the rate so high, "
+"you're going to drive the small webcasters out of business. …</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"riaa, som var som representerer plateselskapene, presentert noen vitnesbyrd "
+"om hva de tenkte en villig kjøper betaler til en villig selger, og det var "
+"mye høyere. Det var ti ganger høyere enn hva radiostasjoner betale for å "
+"utføre de samme sangene i samme periode av tid. og så advokater som "
+"representerer webcasters spurte riaa... \"hvordan kan du komme opp med en "
+"hastighet som er så mye høyere? Hvorfor er det verdt mer enn radio? fordi "
+"her har vi hundretusener av webcasters som ønsker å betale, og som bør "
+"etablere markedet rate, og hvis du angir satsen så høyt, du kommer til å "
+"drive små webcasters ut av business.... \""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an "
+"industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an "
+"industry with, you know, five or seven big players who can pay a high rate "
+"and it's a stable, predictable market</emphasis>.</quote> (Emphasis added.)"
+msgstr ""
+"og riaa eksperter sa, \"Vel, vi ikke virkelig modell dette som industri med "
+"tusenvis av webcasters, vi tror det bør være en bransje med, du vet, fem "
+"eller sju store spillere som kan betale en høy hastighet, og det er en "
+"stabil, forutsigbar marked.\" (vekt legges)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that "
+"this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the "
+"diversity and range of content available to explode, would not cause pain to "
+"the dinosaurs of old. There is no one, on either the right or the left, who "
+"should endorse this use of the law. And yet there is practically no one, on "
+"either the right or the left, who is doing anything effective to prevent it."
+msgstr ""
+"oversettelse: målet er å bruke loven til å eliminere konkurranse, slik at "
+"denne plattformen av potensielt enorme konkurransen, som ville føre til "
+"mangfoldet og omfanget av innholdet tilgjengelig til å eksplodere, ikke "
+"ville forårsake smerte til dinosaurs av gamle. Det er ingen, enten til høyre "
+"eller venstre, som bør bifaller denne bruken av loven. og ennå er det "
+"praktisk talt ingen, enten til høyre eller venstre, som gjør noe effektivt "
+"for å hindre den."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "Corrupting Citizens"
+msgstr "ødelegge borgere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives "
+"dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity "
+"for a democratic creativity that digital technology enables."
+msgstr ""
+"overregulation stifles kreativitet. det smothers innovasjon. Det gir "
+"dinosaurer vetorett over fremtiden. det avfall ekstraordinær mulighet for en "
+"demokratisk kreativitet som digital teknologi gjør det mulig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important "
+"to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts "
+"citizens and weakens the rule of law."
+msgstr ""
+"i tillegg til disse viktige skadene er det en mer som var viktig for våre "
+"forfedre, men synes glemt i dag. overregulation skader borgere og svekker "
+"rettssikkerhet."
+
+#. f15.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> "
+"Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #46</ulink>. The Pew Internet "
+"and American Life Project reported that 37 million Americans had downloaded "
+"music files from the Internet by early 2001."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 209
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war "
+"of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number "
+"of citizens. According to <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, 43 "
+"million Americans downloaded music in May 2002.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/> According to the RIAA, the behavior of those 43 million "
+"Americans is a felony. We thus have a set of rules that transform 20 percent "
+"of America into criminals. As the RIAA launches lawsuits against not only "
+"the Napsters and Kazaas of the world, but against students building search "
+"engines, and increasingly against ordinary users downloading content, the "
+"technologies for sharing will advance to further protect and hide illegal "
+"use. It is an arms race or a civil war, with the extremes of one side "
+"inviting a more extreme response by the other."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f16.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, Business."
+msgstr ""
+"Alex pham, \"etikettene streik tilbake: ny jente settles riaa tilfelle,\" "
+"los angeles times, 10 september 2003, business."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal "
+"system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in "
+"Jordan it had found a scapegoat, not a defendant. The threat of having to "
+"pay either all the money in the world in damages ($15,000,000) or almost all "
+"the money in the world to defend against paying all the money in the world "
+"in damages ($250,000 in legal fees) led Jordan to choose to pay all the "
+"money he had in the world ($12,000) to make the suit go away. The same "
+"strategy animates the RIAA's suits against individual users. In September "
+"2003, the RIAA sued 261 individuals—including a twelve-year-old girl "
+"living in public housing and a seventy-year-old man who had no idea what "
+"file sharing was.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As these "
+"scapegoats discovered, it will always cost more to defend against these "
+"suits than it would cost to simply settle. (The twelve year old, for "
+"example, like Jesse Jordan, paid her life savings of $2,000 to settle the "
+"case.) Our law is an awful system for defending rights. It is an "
+"embarrassment to our tradition. And the consequence of our law as it is, is "
+"that those with the power can use the law to quash any rights they oppose."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f17.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During "
+"Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, no. "
+"2 (1991): 242."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeffrey a. miron og jeffrey zwiebel, \"alkoholforbruk under forbudstiden,\" "
+"amerikanske økonomiske anmeldelse 81, no. 2 (1991): 242."
+
+#. f18.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform "
+"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John P. "
+"Walters, director of National Drug Control Policy)."
+msgstr ""
+"nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll: høre før house government reform "
+"committee, 108th cong., 1 sess. (5 mars 2003) (setning av john p. walters, "
+"direktør for nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll)."
+
+#. f19.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax "
+"Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 "
+"(1998): 818 (survey of compliance literature)."
+msgstr ""
+"se james andreoni, brian Eberhard og jonathon feinstein, \"skatt samsvar,\" "
+"journal av økonomiske litteratur 36 (1998): 818 (undersøkelse av samsvar "
+"litteratur)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "alcohol prohibition"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something "
+"more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol "
+"prohibition, at a time when the per capita consumption of alcohol was 1.5 "
+"gallons per capita per year. The war against drinking initially reduced that "
+"consumption to just 30 percent of its preprohibition levels, but by the end "
+"of prohibition, consumption was up to 70 percent of the preprohibition "
+"level. Americans were drinking just about as much, but now, a vast number "
+"were criminals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> We have launched a "
+"war on drugs aimed at reducing the consumption of regulated narcotics that 7 "
+"percent (or 16 million) Americans now use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"1\"/> That is a drop from the high (so to speak) in 1979 of 14 percent of "
+"the population. We regulate automobiles to the point where the vast majority "
+"of Americans violate the law every day. We run such a complex tax system "
+"that a majority of cash businesses regularly cheat.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our <quote>free society,</"
+"quote> but an endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated within our "
+"society. And as a result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate "
+"at least some law. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "law schools"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly "
+"salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students "
+"about the importance of <quote>ethics.</quote> As my colleague Charlie "
+"Nesson told a class at Stanford, each year law schools admit thousands of "
+"students who have illegally downloaded music, illegally consumed alcohol and "
+"sometimes drugs, illegally worked without paying taxes, illegally driven "
+"cars. These are kids for whom behaving illegally is increasingly the norm. "
+"And then we, as law professors, are supposed to teach them how to behave "
+"ethically—how to say no to bribes, or keep client funds separate, or "
+"honor a demand to disclose a document that will mean that your case is over. "
+"Generations of Americans—more significantly in some parts of America "
+"than in others, but still, everywhere in America today—can't live "
+"their lives both normally and legally, since <quote>normally</quote> entails "
+"a certain degree of illegality. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"denne tilstanden av saker er ikke uten konsekvens. Det er en spesielt "
+"fremtredende spørsmålet for lærere som meg, hvis jobb er det å undervise law "
+"studenter om betydningen av \"etikk.\" som min kollega charlie nesson "
+"fortalte en klasse ved stanford, hvert år lov skoler innrømme tusenvis av "
+"studentene som har ulovlig lastet ned musikk, ulovlig konsumert alkohol og "
+"noen ganger narkotika, ulovlig arbeidet uten å betale skatt, ulovlig drevet "
+"biler. disse er barna som oppfører seg ulovlig er stadig normen. og deretter "
+"vi, som loven professorer, skal lære dem hvordan å oppføre seg etisk—"
+"hvordan å si nei til bestikkelser, holde klienten midler atskilt eller ære "
+"et krav til å avsløre et dokument som betyr at ditt tilfelle er over. "
+"generasjoner av amerikanere—mer betydelig i enkelte deler av Amerika "
+"enn i andre, men likevel, overalt i Amerika i dag—ikke kan lever sine "
+"liv både normalt og lovlig, siden \"normalt\" innebærer en viss grad av "
+"illegality."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more "
+"severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make "
+"that choice more rationally. Whether a law makes sense depends, in part, at "
+"least, upon whether the costs of the law, both intended and collateral, "
+"outweigh the benefits. If the costs, intended and collateral, do outweigh "
+"the benefits, then the law ought to be changed. Alternatively, if the costs "
+"of the existing system are much greater than the costs of an alternative, "
+"then we have a good reason to consider the alternative."
+msgstr ""
+"response til denne generelle illegality er å håndheve loven mer alvorlig "
+"eller endre loven. Vi har som et samfunn å lære hvordan du gjør mer "
+"rasjonelt. om en lov er fornuftig avhenger, delvis i det minste om "
+"kostnadene ved loven, både tiltenkte og sikkerhetsstillelse, oppveier "
+"fordelene. Hvis kostnader, ment og sikkerhetsstillelse, oppveier fordelene, "
+"burde loven endres. Alternativt, hvis kostnadene for eksisterende systemet "
+"er mye større enn kostnadene for et alternativ, vi har en god grunn til å "
+"vurdere alternativet."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 211
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we "
+"should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics "
+"dramatically by legalizing murder on Wednesdays and Fridays. But that "
+"wouldn't make any sense, since murder is wrong every day of the week. A "
+"society is right to ban murder always and everywhere."
+msgstr ""
+"Mitt poeng er ikke den idiotisk: bare fordi folk bryter en lov, vi bør "
+"derfor oppheve den. Vi kan selvfølgelig redusere mord statistikk dramatisk "
+"ved legalizing drap for på onsdager og fredager. men det ville ikke gi noen "
+"mening, siden drap er galt hver dag i uken. et samfunn er rett å utestenge "
+"drap alltid og overalt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but "
+"that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people "
+"obeying the law. The more often, and more repeatedly, we as citizens "
+"experience violating the law, the less we respect the law. Obviously, in "
+"most cases, the important issue is the law, not respect for the law. I don't "
+"care whether the rapist respects the law or not; I want to catch and "
+"incarcerate the rapist. But I do care whether my students respect the law. "
+"And I do care if the rules of law sow increasing disrespect because of the "
+"extreme of regulation they impose. Twenty million Americans have come of "
+"age since the Internet introduced this different idea of <quote>sharing.</"
+"quote> We need to be able to call these twenty million Americans "
+"<quote>citizens,</quote> not <quote>felons.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Mitt poeng er i stedet en som demokratier forstått i generasjoner, men som "
+"vi nylig har lært å glemme. rettssikkerhet, er avhengig av folk som følge "
+"loven. Jo oftere og mer gjentatte ganger, vi som borgere oppleve brudd på "
+"loven, jo mindre vi respekterer loven. Tydeligvis, i de fleste tilfeller, "
+"det viktige spørsmålet er lov, ikke respekt for loven. jeg ikke bryr seg om "
+"voldtektsforbryter respekterer loven eller ikke; Jeg ønsker å fange og "
+"fengsle voldtektsforbryter. men jeg bryr seg om mine studenter respekterer "
+"loven. og jeg bryr seg Hvis reglene for loven purke økende aktelse på grunn "
+"av ekstreme regulering de innføre. fem millioner amerikanere har kommet av "
+"alder siden Internett innført denne annen idé om \"deling.\" vi trenger å "
+"kunne ringe disse fem millioner amerikanere \"borgere,\" ikke \"felons\"."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the "
+"Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways "
+"unauthorized by copyright holders, the first question we should be asking is "
+"not how best to involve the FBI. The first question should be whether this "
+"particular prohibition is really necessary in order to achieve the proper "
+"ends that copyright law serves. Is there another way to assure that artists "
+"get paid without transforming forty-three million Americans into felons? "
+"Does it make sense if there are other ways to assure that artists get paid "
+"without transforming America into a nation of felons?"
+msgstr ""
+"Når minst førti - tre millioner innbyggere dataoverføre innhold fra "
+"Internett, og når de bruker verktøy til å kombinere at innhold på måter "
+"uautorisert ved innehaver av opphavsrett, det første spørsmålet som vi bør "
+"spørre ikke er hvordan man best kan innebære fbi. det første spørsmålet bør "
+"være om dette bestemte forbudet er virkelig nødvendig for å oppnå riktig "
+"ender som serverer lov om opphavsrett. er det en annen måte å forsikre at "
+"artister får betalt uten å transformere førti - tre millioner amerikanere i "
+"felons? betyr det fornuftig hvis det finnes andre måter å sikre at artister "
+"får betalt uten å transformere Amerika til en nasjon av felons?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example."
+msgstr "Denne abstrakte punkt kan gjøres mer tydelig med en bestemt eksempel."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 212
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of "
+"plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law "
+"protects our right to buy and sell that plastic: It is not a copyright "
+"infringement for me to sell all my classical records at a used record store "
+"and buy jazz records to replace them. That <quote>use</quote> of the "
+"recordings is free."
+msgstr ""
+"vi alle egne CDer. mange av oss fortsatt eier fonograf poster. disse bitene "
+"av plast kode musikk at i en viss forstand vi har kjøpt. loven beskytter vår "
+"rett til å kjøpe og selge den plasten: det er ikke en krenkelse av "
+"opphavsrett for meg å selge min klassisk poster på en brukte platebutikk og "
+"kjøpe jazz poster hvis du vil erstatte dem. \"Bruk\" av opptak er gratis."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph "
+"records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without "
+"copy-protection technologies, I am <quote>free</quote> to copy, or "
+"<quote>rip,</quote> music from my records onto a computer hard disk. Indeed, "
+"Apple Corporation went so far as to suggest that <quote>freedom</quote> was "
+"a right: In a series of commercials, Apple endorsed the <quote>Rip, Mix, "
+"Burn</quote> capacities of digital technologies."
+msgstr ""
+"men som mp3-Mani har vist, er det en annen bruk av fonogram som er effektivt "
+"gratis. Disse opptakene ble gjort uten kopibeskyttelse teknologier, og jeg "
+"er det \"gratis\" for å kopiere eller \"rip\" musikk fra min poster på en "
+"harddisk på datamaskinen. faktisk apple corporation gikk så langt som å "
+"foreslå at \"friheten\" var en rett: i en rekke reklamefilmer, apple "
+"godkjent \"rip, mikse, brenne\" kapasiteter digitale teknologier."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Adromeda"
+msgstr "Adromeda"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a "
+"large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing "
+"them in one archive. Then, using Apple's iTunes, or a wonderful program "
+"called Andromeda, we can build different play lists of our music: Bach, "
+"Baroque, Love Songs, Love Songs of Significant Others—the potential is "
+"endless. And by reducing the costs of mixing play lists, these technologies "
+"help build a creativity with play lists that is itself independently "
+"valuable. Compilations of songs are creative and meaningful in their own "
+"right."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne \"Bruk\" av min poster er absolutt verdifull. Jeg har begynt en stor "
+"prosess hjemme med ripping av alle mine og min kones CDer, og lagre dem i en "
+"arkiv. deretter bruker Apples itunes eller en praktfull program kalt "
+"andromeda, kan vi bygge forskjellige spillelister over våre musikk: bach, "
+"barokk, love songs, love songs av betydelige andre—potensialet er "
+"uendelige. og ved å redusere kostnadene ved å blande spillelister, disse "
+"teknologier hjelpe bygge en kreativitet med spille lister som selv er "
+"uavhengig verdifull. samlinger av sanger er kreative og meningsfull i egen "
+"rett."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But "
+"unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so "
+"the content industry believes) the ability of creators to earn a fair return "
+"from their creativity. And thus, many are beginning to experiment with "
+"technologies to eliminate unprotected media. These technologies, for "
+"example, would enable CDs that could not be ripped. Or they might enable spy "
+"programs to identify ripped content on people's machines."
+msgstr ""
+"denne bruken er aktivert av ubeskyttet media—CDer eller poster. men "
+"ubeskyttet media også aktivere fildeling. fildeling truer (eller så innhold "
+"industrien mener) evne til skaperne å tjene en god avkastning fra sin "
+"kreativitet. og dermed mange begynner å eksperimentere med teknologier for å "
+"eliminere ubeskyttet media. disse teknologiene, for eksempel ville aktivere "
+"CDer som ikke blir rippet. eller de kan aktivere spion programmer å "
+"identifisere rippede innhold på folks maskiner."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 213
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your "
+"own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, "
+"and get technology to disable the technologies that protect the content. "
+"Trading in those technologies is illegal, but maybe that doesn't bother you "
+"much. In any case, for the vast majority of people, these protection "
+"technologies would effectively destroy the archiving use of CDs. The "
+"technology, in other words, would force us all back to the world where we "
+"either listened to music by manipulating pieces of plastic or were part of a "
+"massively complex <quote>digital rights management</quote> system."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis disse teknologiene tok av, ville og bygging av store arkiver av din "
+"egen musikk bli ganske vanskelig. Du kan henge i hacker sirkler, og få "
+"teknologi for å deaktivere teknologier som beskytter innholdet. handel i "
+"disse teknologiene er ulovlig, men kanskje som bry ikke deg mye. i alle fall "
+"for de aller fleste mennesker ville disse beskyttelse teknologiene effektivt "
+"ødelegge arkivering bruk av CDer. teknologi, med andre ord, vil tvinge oss "
+"alle tilbake til verden der vi lyttet til musikk ved å manipulere stykker av "
+"plast eller var del av en svært kompleks \"digital rights management\" "
+"systemet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the "
+"ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with "
+"the freedom to move content would be justifiable. But what if there were "
+"another way to assure that artists are paid, without locking down any "
+"content? What if, in other words, a different system could assure "
+"compensation to artists while also preserving the freedom to move content "
+"easily?"
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis den eneste måten å sikre at artister får betalt var eliminering av "
+"muligheten til å fritt flytte innhold, ville så disse teknologiene å "
+"forstyrre bevege innhold være forsvarlig. men hva hvis det var en annen måte "
+"å forsikre at kunstnere er betalt, uten å låse ned innhold? Hva om, med "
+"andre ord, et annet system kan forsikre kompensasjon til kunstnere samtidig "
+"som du beholder også bevege innhold lett?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a "
+"version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only "
+"point is the relatively uncontroversial one: If a different system achieved "
+"the same legitimate objectives that the existing copyright system achieved, "
+"but left consumers and creators much more free, then we'd have a very good "
+"reason to pursue this alternative—namely, freedom. The choice, in "
+"other words, would not be between property and piracy; the choice would be "
+"between different property systems and the freedoms each allowed."
+msgstr ""
+"Mitt poeng er akkurat nå ikke for å bevise at det er et slikt system. Jeg "
+"tilbyr en versjon av slikt system i det siste kapitlet av denne boken. for "
+"nå, det eneste punktet er den relativt ukontroversiell: Hvis et annet system "
+"oppnådd målene er samme legitime som eksisterende opphavsretten til systemet "
+"oppnådd, men forlot forbrukere og skaperne mye mer gratis, så vi ville ha en "
+"svært god grunn til å forfølge denne alternative—nemlig frihet. valg, "
+"med andre ord, ville ikke være mellom eiendom og piratkopiering; valget "
+"ville være mellom forskjellige eiendom systemer og frihetene hver tillatt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning "
+"forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this "
+"alternative is that it would lead to a very different market for producing "
+"and distributing creativity. The dominant few, who today control the vast "
+"majority of the distribution of content in the world, would no longer "
+"exercise this extreme of control. Rather, they would go the way of the horse-"
+"drawn buggy."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg tror det er en måte å sikre at kunstnere er betalt uten å slå førti - "
+"tre millioner amerikanere i felons. men funksjonen fremspringende i denne "
+"alternativ er at det ville føre til en svært forskjellige markedet for "
+"produksjon og distribusjon av kreativitet. de dominerende få, som i dag "
+"kontrollerer det store flertallet av distribusjon av innhold i verden, ville "
+"ikke lenger utøve denne ekstreme av kontroll. de ville heller gå veien for "
+"hest trukket buggy."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled "
+"Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form "
+"of competition. For them the choice is between fortythree million Americans "
+"as criminals and their own survival."
+msgstr ""
+"bortsett fra at denne generasjon vognen produsenter har allerede saddled "
+"Kongressen, og sykle loven for å beskytte seg mot denne nye formen for "
+"konkurranse. for dem er valget mellom fortythree millioner amerikanere som "
+"kriminelle og deres egen overlevelse."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable "
+"why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; "
+"but not so charming as to justify giving up a tradition as deep and "
+"important as our tradition of free culture. There's one more aspect to this "
+"corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows "
+"directly from any war of prohibition. As Electronic Frontier Foundation "
+"attorney Fred von Lohmann describes, this is the <quote>collateral damage</"
+"quote> that <quote>arises whenever you turn a very large percentage of the "
+"population into criminals.</quote> This is the collateral damage to civil "
+"liberties generally. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Det er forståelig hvorfor de velger som de gjør. Det er ikke forståelig "
+"hvorfor vi som et demokrati fortsette å velge som vi gjør. Jack valenti er "
+"sjarmerende; men ikke så sjarmerende som å rettferdiggjøre å gi opp en "
+"tradisjon som dypt og viktig som vår tradisjon for fri kultur. Det er en mer "
+"aspekt til dette kan føre til minnefeil som er spesielt viktig for "
+"borgerrettigheter, og følger direkte fra noen krig av forbudet. som "
+"electronic frontier foundation advokat fred von sang beskriver, dette er den "
+"\"sikkerhetsstillelse skaden\" som \"oppstår når du slår en veldig stor "
+"prosentandel av befolkningen i kriminelle.\" Dette er sikkerhetsstillelse "
+"skader på borgerrettigheter vanligvis."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "von Lohmann, Fred"
+msgstr "von Lohmann, Fred"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann "
+#| "explains, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgid ""
+"<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von "
+"Lohmann explains, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"\"Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatt lovbryter,\" forklarer von "
+"Lohmann, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to "
+"one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you "
+"hope to have any privacy rights? If you're a copyright infringer, how can "
+"you hope to be secure against seizures of your computer? How can you hope to "
+"continue to receive Internet access? … Our sensibilities change as "
+"soon as we think, <quote>Oh, well, but that person's a criminal, a "
+"lawbreaker.</quote> Well, what this campaign against file sharing has done "
+"is turn a remarkable percentage of the American Internet-using population "
+"into <quote>lawbreakers.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"så plutselig en rekke grunnleggende frihet for sivil beskyttelse fordampe "
+"til en grad eller annen.... Hvis du er en opphavsrett på lovgivningen, "
+"hvordan kan du håper å ha noen personvernet? Hvis du er en opphavsrett på "
+"lovgivningen, hvordan kan du håper å bli sikker mot beslag av datamaskinen? "
+"Hvordan kan du håper å fortsette å motta Internett-tilgang? ... vår "
+"sensibilities endre så snart vi tror, \"oh, vel, men denne personen er en "
+"kriminell, lawbreaker.\" Vel, hva denne kampanjen mot fildeling har gjort er "
+"å slå en bemerkelsesverdig prosent av den amerikanske internett-bruker "
+"befolkningen i \"lawbreakers.\""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into "
+"criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to "
+"effectively erase much of the privacy most would presume."
+msgstr ""
+"og konsekvens av denne transformasjonen av den amerikanske offentligheten "
+"til kriminelle er at den blir triviell, som et spørsmål om grunn prosessen "
+"til å effektivt viske ut mye av personvernet mest ville anta."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA "
+"launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the "
+"names of customers who the RIAA believed were violating copyright law. "
+"Verizon fought that demand and lost. With a simple request to a judge, and "
+"without any notice to the customer at all, the identity of an Internet user "
+"is revealed."
+msgstr ""
+"brukere av Internett begynte å se dette vanligvis i 2003 som riaa lanserte "
+"sin kampanje for å tvinge nettleverandører til å snu navnene på kundene som "
+"riaa trodde var bryter loven om opphavsrett. Verizon kjempet som krever, og "
+"tapte. med en enkel forespørsel til en dommer, og uten varsel til kunden i "
+"det hele tatt, er identiteten til en Internett-bruker avslørt."
+
+#. f20.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single "
+"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, "
+"<quote>Worried Parents Pull Plug on File `Stealing'; With the Music Industry "
+"Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software from Home PCs "
+"to Avoid Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</"
+"citetitle>, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, <quote>Recording Industry "
+"Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 15 September 2003, "
+"4D; John Schwartz, <quote>She Says She's No Music Pirate. No Snoop Fan, "
+"Either,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 25 September 2003, "
+"C1; Margo Varadi, <quote>Is Brianna a Criminal?</quote> <citetitle>Toronto "
+"Star</citetitle>, 18 September 2003, P7."
+msgstr ""
+"se frank ahrens, \"riaa's søksmål møte overrasket over mål; enkelt mor i "
+"California, 12-år gammel jente i ny blant saksøkte,\"washington post, 10 "
+"september 2003, e1; Chris cobbs, \"bekymret foreldre trekke pluggen på filen"
+"\"stjele\"; med musikkbransjen cracking ned på Filbytte, er foreldre prøver "
+"å lure programvare fra hjemme-PC å unngå blir saksøkte,\"orlando sentinel "
+"tribune, 30 august 2003, c1; Jefferson graham, \"innspillingen industri sues "
+"foreldre,\" usa today, 15 september 2003, 4 d; John schwartz, \"hun sier hun "
+"er ingen musikk pirat. ikke snoop fan, enten,\"new york times, 25 september "
+"2003, c1; Margo varadi, \"er brianna en kriminell?\" toronto star, 18 "
+"september 2003, p7."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to "
+"sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded "
+"copyrighted music from file-sharing systems. But as we've seen, the "
+"potential damages from these suits are astronomical: If a family's computer "
+"is used to download a single CD's worth of music, the family could be liable "
+"for $2 million in damages. That didn't stop the RIAA from suing a number of "
+"these families, just as they had sued Jesse Jordan.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f21.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" "
+#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</"
+#| "ulink>."
+msgid ""
+"See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses "
+"Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #47</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Se Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" "
+"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</"
+"ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A "
+"report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted "
+"to track Napster users.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Using a "
+"sophisticated hashing algorithm, the RIAA took what is in effect a "
+"fingerprint of every song in the Napster catalog. Any copy of one of those "
+"MP3s will have the same <quote>fingerprint.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f22.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; "
+"Frank Ahrens, <quote>Four Students Sued over Music Sites; Industry Group "
+"Targets File Sharing at Colleges,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</"
+"citetitle>, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, <quote>Students `Rip, "
+"Mix, Burn' at Their Own Risk,</quote> <citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</"
+"citetitle>, 2 September 2003, 20; Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, "
+"<quote>Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two Students Names Are Handed "
+"Over; Lawsuit Possible,</quote> <citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16 "
+"July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, <quote>RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities,"
+"</quote> <citetitle>Internet News</citetitle>, 30 January 2003, available at "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny "
+"Evangelista, <quote>Download Warning 101: Freshman Orientation This Fall to "
+"Include Record Industry Warnings Against File Sharing,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 11 August 2003, E11; "
+"<quote>Raid, Letters Are Weapons at Universities,</quote> <citetitle>USA "
+"Today</citetitle>, 26 September 2000, 3D."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a "
+"CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you "
+"used to make as a kid. You don't know, and neither does your daughter, where "
+"these songs came from. But she copies these songs onto her computer. She "
+"then takes her computer to college and connects it to a college network, and "
+"if the college network is <quote>cooperating</quote> with the RIAA's "
+"espionage, and she hasn't properly protected her content from the network "
+"(do you know how to do that yourself ?), then the RIAA will be able to "
+"identify your daughter as a <quote>criminal.</quote> And under the rules "
+"that universities are beginning to deploy,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> your daughter can lose the right to use the university's computer "
+"network. She can, in some cases, be expelled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a "
+"lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that "
+"she didn't know anything about the source of the songs or that they came "
+"from Napster. And it may well be that the university believes her. But the "
+"university might not believe her. It might treat this <quote>contraband</"
+"quote> as presumptive of guilt. And as any number of college students have "
+"already learned, our presumptions about innocence disappear in the middle of "
+"wars of prohibition. This war is no different. Says von Lohmann, "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"nå, selvfølgelig, hun vil ha rett til å forsvare seg selv. Du kan leie en "
+"advokat for henne (på $300 per time, hvis du er heldig), og hun kan erkjenne "
+"at hun ikke visste noe om kilden til sangene eller at de kom fra napster. og "
+"det kan godt være at universitetet mener henne. Men universitetet kan ikke "
+"tro henne. Det kan behandle denne \"Kontrabande\" som presumptive av skyld. "
+"og som mange studenter har allerede lært, våre arrogante forutsetningen om "
+"uskyld forsvinne i midten av krigene om forbud. denne krigen er ikke "
+"annerledes. sier von sang,"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans "
+"that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the "
+"civil liberties of those people are very much in peril in a general matter. "
+"[I don't] think [there is any] analog where you could randomly choose any "
+"person off the street and be confident that they were committing an unlawful "
+"act that could put them on the hook for potential felony liability or "
+"hundreds of millions of dollars of civil liability. Certainly we all speed, "
+"but speeding isn't the kind of an act for which we routinely forfeit civil "
+"liberties. Some people use drugs, and I think that's the closest analog, "
+"[but] many have noted that the war against drugs has eroded all of our civil "
+"liberties because it's treated so many Americans as criminals. Well, I think "
+"it's fair to say that file sharing is an order of magnitude larger number of "
+"Americans than drug use. … If forty to sixty million Americans have "
+"become lawbreakers, then we're really on a slippery slope to lose a lot of "
+"civil liberties for all forty to sixty million of them."
+msgstr ""
+"så når vi snakker om tall som førti til seksti millioner amerikanere som er "
+"egentlig opphavsrett varemerkerettigheter, oppretter du en situasjon der "
+"borgerrettigheter av dem er svært mye i fare i en generell sak. [jeg ikke] "
+"[det er noen] analog hvor du kunne tilfeldig velge en person av gaten og "
+"være trygg på at de var begå en ulovlig handling som kan sette dem på kroken "
+"for potensielle forbrytelse erstatningsansvar eller hundrevis av millioner "
+"av dollar til sivilrettslig ansvar. sikkert vi alle hastighet, men fart er "
+"ikke typen en handling som vi miste rutinemessig borgerrettigheter. noen "
+"mennesker bruker narkotika, og jeg tror det er den nærmeste analoge, [men] "
+"mange har bemerket at krigen mot narkotika har eroded alle våre "
+"borgerrettigheter fordi det har behandlet så mange amerikanere som "
+"kriminelle. Vel, jeg tror det er rimelig å si at fildeling er en bestilling "
+"av omfanget større antall amerikanere enn narkotikabruk.... Hvis førti til "
+"seksti millioner amerikanere har blitt lawbreakers, da er vi virkelig på en "
+"glatt skråning å miste mye av borgerrettigheter for alle førti til seksti "
+"millioner av dem."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When forty to sixty million Americans are considered <quote>criminals</"
+"quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the same "
+"objective— securing rights to authors—without these millions "
+"being considered <quote>criminals,</quote> who is the villain? Americans or "
+"the law? Which is American, a constant war on our own people or a concerted "
+"effort through our democracy to change our law?"
+msgstr ""
+"Når førti til seksti millioner amerikanere anses \"kriminelle\" under loven, "
+"og når loven kan oppnå det samme målet—sikre rettighetene til "
+"forfattere—uten disse millioner blir betraktet som \"kriminelle\", som "
+"er skurk? amerikanere eller loven? som er amerikansk, en konstant krig på "
+"våre egne folk eller en felles innsats gjennom vårt demokrati for å endre "
+"vår lov?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
+msgid "BALANCES"
+msgstr "Maktfordeling"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+msgid ""
+"So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is "
+"on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the fire. "
+"Now you don't know how to put it out. Next to you is a bucket, filled with "
+"gasoline. Obviously, gasoline won't put the fire out."
+msgstr ""
+"Så her er bildet: Du står på siden av veien. Bilen din er på brann. Du er "
+"sint og opprørt fordi du delvis bidro til å starte brannen. Nå vet du ikke "
+"hvordan du slokker den. Ved siden av deg er en bøtte, fylt med bensin. "
+"Bensin vil åpenbart ikke slukke brannen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+msgid ""
+"As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the "
+"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she "
+"understands just why she should stop—the bucket is in the air. The "
+"gasoline is about to hit the blazing car. And the fire that gasoline will "
+"ignite is about to ignite everything around."
+msgstr ""
+"Mens du tenker over situasjonen, kommer noen andre forbi. I panikk griper "
+"hun bøtta, og før du har hatt sjansen til å be henne stoppe—eller før "
+"hun forstår hvorfor hun bør stoppe—er bøtten i svevet. Bensinen er på "
+"tur mot den brennende bilen. Og brannen som bensinen kommer til å fyre opp "
+"vil straks sette fyr på alt i omgivelsene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+msgid ""
+"A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the "
+"wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. "
+"No doubt they may threaten artists. But technologies change. The industry "
+"and technologists have plenty of ways to use technology to protect "
+"themselves against the current threats of the Internet. This is a fire that "
+"if let alone would burn itself out."
+msgstr ""
+"En krig om opphavsrett pågår over alt— og vi fokuserer alle på feil "
+"ting. Det er ingen tvil om at dagens teknologier truer eksisterende "
+"virksomheter. Uten tvil kan de true artister. Men teknologier endrer seg. "
+"Industrien og teknologer har en rekke måter å bruke teknologi til å beskytte "
+"dem selv mot dagens trusler på Internet. Dette er en brann som overlatt til "
+"seg selv vil brenne ut."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 219
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+msgid ""
+"Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with "
+"plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the "
+"problem they perceive. But the problem they perceive is not the real threat "
+"this culture faces. For while we watch this small fire in the corner, there "
+"is a massive change in the way culture is made that is happening all around."
+msgstr ""
+"Likevel er ikke besluttningstagere villig til å la denne brannen i fred. "
+"Ladet med masse penger fra lobbyister er de lystne på å gå i mellom for å "
+"fjerne problemet slik de oppfatter det. Men problemet slik de oppfatter det "
+"er ikke den reelle trusselen som denne kulturen står med ansiktet mot. For "
+"mens vi ser på denne lille brannen i hjørnet er det en massiv endring i "
+"hvordan kultur blir skapt som pågår over alt. "
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+msgid ""
+"Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and "
+"fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline "
+"onto this fire."
+msgstr ""
+"På en eller annen måte må vi klare å snu oppmerksomheten mot dette mer "
+"viktige og fundametale problemet. Vi må finne en måte å unngå å helle "
+"bensin på denne brannen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, "
+"binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more "
+"broadly, it is the simple, binary view that remains. We rubberneck to look "
+"at the fire when we should be keeping our eyes on the road."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi har ikke funne denne måten ennå. Istedet synes vi å være fanget i en "
+"enklere og sort-hvit tenkning. Uansett hvor mange folk som presser på for å "
+"gjøre rammen for debatten litt bredere, er det dette enkle sort-hvit-synet "
+"som består. Vi kjører sakte forbi og stirrer på brannen når vi i stedet "
+"burde holde øynene på veien."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+msgid ""
+"This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my "
+"failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of "
+"efforts, so far failed, to find a way to refocus this debate. We must "
+"understand these failures if we're to understand what success will require."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne utfordringen har vært livet mitt de siste årene. Det har også vært "
+"min falitt. I de to neste kapittlene, beskriver jeg en liten innsats, så "
+"langt uten suksess, på å finne en måte å endre fokus på denne debatten. Vi "
+"må forstå disse mislyktede forsøkene hvis vi skal forstå hva som kreves for "
+"å lykkes."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred"
+msgstr "Kapittel tretten: Eldred"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel"
+msgstr "Hawthorne, Nathaniel"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like "
+"Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one "
+"did something about it. Eric Eldred, a retired computer programmer living in "
+"New Hampshire, decided to put Hawthorne on the Web. An electronic version, "
+"Eldred thought, with links to pictures and explanatory text, would make this "
+"nineteenth-century author's work come alive."
+msgstr ""
+"i 1995 var en far frustrert at hans døtre ikke synes å ha hawthorne. uten "
+"tvil var det flere slike far, men minst én gjorde noe med det. Eric eldred, "
+"en pensjonert datamaskinen programmerer bor i new hampshire, besluttet å "
+"sette hawthorne på nettet. en elektronisk versjon eldred trodde, med "
+"koblinger til bilder og forklarende tekst, ville gjøre av 1800-tallet "
+"forfatterens arbeid blir levende."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne "
+"any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a "
+"hobby, and his hobby begat a cause: Eldred would build a library of public "
+"domain works by scanning these works and making them available for free."
+msgstr ""
+"den gjorde ikke arbeide—minst for hans døtre. de finner ikke hawthorne "
+"noe mer interessant enn før. men eldred's eksperimentet fødte en hobby og "
+"hans hobby fikk en årsak: eldred ville bygge et bibliotek med bøker ved "
+"skanning disse verkene og gjøre dem tilgjengelig gratis."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 221
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, "
+"though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world "
+"who can't get access to printed versions of these works. Instead, Eldred was "
+"producing derivative works from these public domain works. Just as Disney "
+"turned Grimm into stories more accessible to the twentieth century, Eldred "
+"transformed Hawthorne, and many others, into a form more accessible—"
+"technically accessible—today."
+msgstr ""
+"eldred's biblioteket var ikke bare en kopi av visse bøker, men ville ha vært "
+"enda en kopi av stor verdi til folk over hele verden som ikke kan få tilgang "
+"til trykte versjoner av disse verkene. eldred var i stedet brukes til å "
+"produsere avledede produkter fra disse offentlige verker. akkurat som disney "
+"omgjort grimm til historier mer tilgjengelig for det tjuende århundre, "
+"eldred transformert hawthorne, og mange andre, til et skjema som er mer "
+"tilgjengelig—teknisk tilgjengelig—i dag."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source "
+"as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed "
+"into the public domain in 1907. It was free for anyone to take without the "
+"permission of the Hawthorne estate or anyone else. Some, such as Dover Press "
+"and Penguin Classics, take works from the public domain and produce printed "
+"editions, which they sell in bookstores across the country. Others, such as "
+"Disney, take these stories and turn them into animated cartoons, sometimes "
+"successfully (<citetitle>Cinderella</citetitle>), sometimes not "
+"(<citetitle>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</citetitle>, <citetitle>Treasure "
+"Planet</citetitle>). These are all commercial publications of public domain "
+"works."
+msgstr ""
+"eldred's frihet til å gjøre dette med hawthorne's arbeid vokste fra den "
+"samme kilden som disney's. hawthorne's sange hadde gått inn i den offentlige "
+"sfæren, i 1907. Det var gratis for alle å ta uten tillatelse fra den "
+"hawthorne eiendommen eller noen andre. noen, for eksempel dover trykk og "
+"penguin klassikere, ta works fra public domain og produsere trykte utgavene, "
+"som de selger i bokhandler over hele landet. andre, for eksempel disney, ta "
+"disse historiene og slå dem i animerte-tegneserier, noen ganger lykkes "
+"(cinderella), noen ganger ikke (hunchback i notre dame, skatt planeten). "
+"disse er alle kommersielle publikasjoner av offentlige verker."
+
+#. f1.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but "
+"it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of "
+"noncommercial pornographers—people who were distributing porn but were "
+"not making money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a "
+"class didn't exist before the Internet came into being because the costs of "
+"distributing porn were so high. Yet this new class of distributors got "
+"special attention in the Supreme Court, when the Court struck down the "
+"Communications Decency Act of 1996. It was partly because of the burden on "
+"noncommercial speakers that the statute was found to exceed Congress's "
+"power. The same point could have been made about noncommercial publishers "
+"after the advent of the Internet. The Eric Eldreds of the world before the "
+"Internet were extremely few. Yet one would think it at least as important to "
+"protect the Eldreds of the world as to protect noncommercial pornographers."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er en parallell her med pornografi som er litt vanskelig å beskrive, men "
+"det er en sterk en. ett fenomen som Internett opprettet var en verden av "
+"ikke-kommersiell pornographers—personer som var distribuere porno, men "
+"var ikke å gjøre penger direkte eller indirekte fra at distribusjonen. slike "
+"en klasse eksisterte ikke før Internett kom til å være fordi kostnadene ved "
+"å distribuere porno var så høy. ennå fikk dette ny klasse med distributører "
+"spesiell oppmerksomhet i Høyesterett, når domstolen slått ned kommunikasjon "
+"sømmelighet act of 1996. Det var delvis på grunn av byrden på ikke-"
+"kommersiell høyttalere som Vedtektene ble funnet for å overgå Kongressens "
+"makt. samme punkt kunne vært gjort om ikke-kommersiell utgivere etter advent "
+"av Internett. eric eldreds av verden før Internett var svært få. ennå skulle "
+"en tro det minst like viktig å beskytte eldreds av verden som beskytter ikke-"
+"kommersiell pornographers."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public "
+"domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of "
+"others. Hundreds of thousands from across the world have discovered this "
+"platform of expression and now use it to share works that are, by law, free "
+"for the taking. This has produced what we might call the "
+"<quote>noncommercial publishing industry,</quote> which before the Internet "
+"was limited to people with large egos or with political or social causes. "
+"But with the Internet, it includes a wide range of individuals and groups "
+"dedicated to spreading culture generally.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection "
+"of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the "
+"public domain. Eldred wanted to post that collection in his free public "
+"library. But Congress got in the way. As I described in chapter <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, in 1998, for the "
+"eleventh time in forty years, Congress extended the terms of existing "
+"copyrights—this time by twenty years. Eldred would not be free to add "
+"any works more recent than 1923 to his collection until 2019. Indeed, no "
+"copyrighted work would pass into the public domain until that year (and not "
+"even then, if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, in the same "
+"period, more than 1 million patents will pass into the public domain."
+msgstr ""
+"som jeg sa, bor eldred i new hampshire. i 1998, var robert frost samling av "
+"dikt i new hampshire slated skjedde i public domain. Eldred ønsket å legge "
+"samlingen i hans gratis offentlig bibliotek. men landsmøtet fått i veien. "
+"som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10, i 1998, for ellevte gang i førti år, "
+"utvidet Kongressen vilkårene i eksisterende opphavsrettigheter—denne "
+"tiden av tjue år. Eldred ville ikke være fri til å legge til et hvilket som "
+"helst works som er nyere enn 1923 i sin samling 2020. Faktisk ville ingen "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttede passere i public domain til samme år (og ikke engang "
+"deretter, hvis Kongressen utvider sikt igjen). derimot i samme periode, vil "
+"mer enn 1 million patenter passere i public domain."
+
+#. f2.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright "
+"protection to last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would "
+"violate the Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me to strengthen "
+"our copyright laws in all of the ways available to us. As you know, there is "
+"also Jack Valenti's proposal for a term to last forever less one day. "
+"Perhaps the Committee may look at that next Congress,</quote> 144 Cong. Rec. "
+"H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998)."
+msgstr ""
+"hele teksten er: \"sonny [bono] ønsket av opphavsrettslig vern til å vare "
+"evig. Jeg informert av ansatte at slik endring ville bryte Grunnloven. Jeg "
+"inviterer alle til å arbeide med meg å styrke våre lover om opphavsrett i "
+"alle måter som er tilgjengelig for oss. som du vet, er det også jack valenti "
+"forslag til et uttrykk til å vare evig mindre en dag. Komiteen kan kanskje "
+"se på at neste Kongressen,\"144 cong. REC h9946, 9951-2 (7. oktober 1998)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in "
+"memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, "
+"Mary Bono, says, believed that <quote>copyrights should be forever.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through "
+"civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he "
+"would publish as planned, CTEA notwithstanding. But because of a second law "
+"passed in 1998, the NET (No Electronic Theft) Act, his act of publishing "
+"would make Eldred a felon—whether or not anyone complained. This was a "
+"dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer to undertake."
+msgstr ""
+"Eldred besluttet å kjempe denne loven. han først løst å bekjempe den gjennom "
+"sivil ulydighet. i en rekke intervjuer kunngjort eldred at han vil publisere "
+"som planlagt, ctea til tross for. men på grunn av en andre lov vedtatt i "
+"1998, net (ingen elektronisk tyveri)-act hans handling av publisering ville "
+"gjøre eldred en forbryter—om noen klaget. Dette var en farlig strategi "
+"for en deaktivert programmerer å gjennomføre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a "
+"constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional "
+"interpretation. And though constitutional law courses never focus upon the "
+"Progress Clause of the Constitution, it had always struck me as importantly "
+"different. As you know, the Constitution says,"
+msgstr ""
+"Det var her at jeg ble involvert i slaget ved eldred's. Jeg var en "
+"konstitusjonelle lærd der første lidenskap var konstitusjonelle tolkning. og "
+"selv om konstitusjonell rett kurs aldri fokus på setningsdelen fremdriften "
+"av Grunnloven, hadde det alltid slo meg som viktigere forskjellige. som du "
+"vet, Grunnloven sier,"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by "
+"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their "
+"… Writings. …"
+msgstr ""
+"Kongressen har makt til å fremme utviklingen av vitenskap... ved å sikre for "
+"begrenset ganger til forfattere... eksklusive rett til deres... skrifter...."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of "
+"Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power "
+"to Congress simply says Congress has the power to do something—for "
+"example, to regulate <quote>commerce among the several states</quote> or "
+"<quote>declare War.</quote> But here, the <quote>something</quote> is "
+"something quite specific—to <quote>promote … Progress</"
+"quote>—through means that are also specific— by <quote>securing</"
+"quote> <quote>exclusive Rights</quote> (i.e., copyrights) <quote>for limited "
+"Times.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"som jeg har beskrevet, denne bestemmelsen er unikt innenfor strøm-granting-"
+"setningsdel i artikkelen i, Seksjon 8 av vår grunnlov. hver andre "
+"setningsdelen gi strøm til Kongressen sier bare Kongressen har makt til å "
+"gjøre noe—for eksempel, å regulere \"handel mellom flere stater\" "
+"eller \"erklærer krig\" men her, \"noe\" er noe helt spesielt—å "
+"\"fremme... fremgang\"—gjennom betyr at er også spesifikke—av "
+"\"sikre\" \"enerett\" (det vil si opphavsrett) \"for begrenset ganger.\""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
+msgstr "Jaszi, Peter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending "
+"existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if "
+"Congress has the power to extend existing terms, then the Constitution's "
+"requirement that terms be <quote>limited</quote> will have no practical "
+"effect. If every time a copyright is about to expire, Congress has the power "
+"to extend its term, then Congress can achieve what the Constitution plainly "
+"forbids—perpetual terms <quote>on the installment plan,</quote> as "
+"Professor Peter Jaszi so nicely put it. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"i de siste 40 årene, har Kongressen fått i praksis for å utvide eksisterende "
+"vilkår for opphavsrettslig vern. Hva rådvill meg om dette var, hvis "
+"Kongressen har makt til å utvide eksisterende vilkår, så for grunnlovens "
+"krav at vilkårene være \"begrenset\" vil ha noen praktiske effekten. Hvis "
+"hver gang en opphavsrett er om å opphøre, Kongressen har makt til å utvide "
+"sin sikt, Kongressen kan oppnå hva Grunnloven tydelig forbyr—"
+"evigvarende vilkår \"på avbetaling plan,\" som professor peter jaszi så pent "
+"sette den."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting "
+"late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration "
+"of the question. No one had ever challenged Congress's practice of extending "
+"existing terms. That failure may in part be why Congress seemed so "
+"untroubled in its habit. That, and the fact that the practice had become so "
+"lucrative for Congress. Congress knows that copyright owners will be willing "
+"to pay a great deal of money to see their copyright terms extended. And so "
+"Congress is quite happy to keep this gravy train going."
+msgstr ""
+"som en akademiker var min første reaksjon å trykke bøker. Jeg husker "
+"sittende sent på kontoret, scouring on-line databaser for noen seriøs "
+"vurdering av spørsmålet. Ingen hadde noen gang utfordret congress's praksis "
+"for å utvide eksisterende vilkår. at feil kan delvis være grunnen kongress "
+"syntes så untroubled i sin vane. det, og det faktum at praksis hadde blitt "
+"så lukrative for Kongressen. landsmøtet vet at eiere av opphavsretter vil "
+"være villig til å betale mye penger å se sine opphavsrett vilkår utvidet. og "
+"så congress er ganske fornøyd med å holde denne Kjøttsaft tog går."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of government. "
+"<quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives are bribed. "
+"Rather, <quote>corruption</quote> in the sense that the system induces the "
+"beneficiaries of Congress's acts to raise and give money to Congress to "
+"induce it to act. There's only so much time; there's only so much Congress "
+"can do. Why not limit its actions to those things it must do—and those "
+"things that pay? Extending copyright terms pays."
+msgstr ""
+"for dette er kjernen i korrupsjon i vår nåværende system av regjeringen. "
+"\"ødelagt\" ikke i den forstand at representanter er bribed. snarere "
+"\"corruption\" i den forstand at systemet leder beneficiaries av congress's "
+"handlinger for å øke og gi penger til Kongressen for å få det til å handle. "
+"Det er bare så mye tid; Det er bare så mye kongress kan gjøre. Hvorfor ikke "
+"begrense handlingene til disse tingene det må gjøre— og de tingene som "
+"betaler? forlengelse av lønner seg."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the "
+"very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one "
+"hundred years after it was created. The Estate of Robert Frost is a good "
+"example. Frost died in 1963. His poetry continues to be extraordinarily "
+"valuable. Thus the Robert Frost estate benefits greatly from any extension "
+"of copyright, since no publisher would pay the estate any money if the poems "
+"Frost wrote could be published by anyone for free."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis det ikke er åpenbart for deg, kan du vurdere følgende: si du er en av "
+"svært få heldige opphavsrett eierne som har copyright fortsetter å gjøre "
+"penger ett hundre år etter at den ble opprettet. eiendom av robert frost er "
+"et godt eksempel. Frost døde i 1963. hans poesi fortsetter å være svært "
+"verdifull. Dermed kan robert frost eiendom fordelene sterkt fra noen "
+"utvidelse av opphavsrett, siden ingen publisher vil betale eiendom noen "
+"penger hvis dikt frost skrev publiseres av alle gratis."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of "
+"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to expire. "
+"You sit on the board of the Robert Frost estate. Your financial adviser "
+"comes to your board meeting with a very grim report:"
+msgstr ""
+"så forestille robert frost eiendom er tjener $100.000 i året fra tre av "
+"frost's dikt. og forestille seg opphavsretten for disse diktene er i ferd "
+"med å utløpe. du sitter i styret for robert frost eiendom. finansiell "
+"rådgiver kommer til din styremøte med en svært dystre rapport:"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 224
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in "
+"works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no "
+"longer be receiving the annual royalty check of $100,000 from the publishers "
+"of those works.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"\"neste år,\" rådgiver kunngjør, \"våre opphavsrett i works a, b og c vil "
+"utløpe. Det betyr at etter neste år, vi vil ikke lenger motta årlige royalty "
+"kontroll av $100.000 fra utgivere av disse fungerer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, "
+"<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to "
+"extend the terms of copyright by twenty years. That bill would be "
+"extraordinarily valuable to us. So we should hope this bill passes.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"\"det er et forslag i Kongressen, men,\" hun fortsetter, \"som kan endre "
+"dette. noen congressmen flyter en regning å utvide vilkårene i copyright ved "
+"tjue år. at regningen ville være ekstremt verdifullt for oss. så vi bør håpe "
+"passerer denne regningen.\""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing "
+"something about it?</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"\"håper?\" styremedlem stipendiat sier. \"kan ikke vi gjøre noe med det?\""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could "
+"contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure "
+"that they support the bill.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"\"Vel, tydeligvis ja,\" rådgiver svarer. \"vi kunne bidra til kampanjene av "
+"en rekke representanter å prøve å sikre at de støtter regningen.\""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know "
+"whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get "
+"if this extension were passed?</quote> you ask the adviser. <quote>How much "
+"is it worth?</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"du hater politikk. du hater at bidra til kampanjer. så du ønsker å vite om "
+"denne motbydelig praksis er verdt det. \"hvor mye ville vi få Hvis denne "
+"utvidelsen ble passert?\" du be rådgiver. \"hvor mye er det verdt?\""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you "
+"will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you "
+"use the `discount rate' that we use to evaluate estate investments (6 "
+"percent), then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the estate.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"\"Vel,\" rådgiver sier, \"Hvis du er sikker på at du vil fortsette å få "
+"minst $100.000 i året fra disse opphavsrett, og du bruker 'diskontosats' som "
+"vi bruker til å evaluere eiendom investeringer (6 prosent), og denne loven "
+"vil være verdt $1,146,000 til eiendom.\""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct "
+"conclusion:"
+msgstr ""
+"du er litt sjokkert av nummeret, men du komme raskt til riktig konklusjon:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than "
+"$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those "
+"contributions would assure that the bill was passed?</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"så du sier det ville være verdt det for oss å betale mer enn $1,000,000 i "
+"kampanjen bidrag om vi var sikker på disse bidragene vil forsikre at "
+"regningen ble sendt?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to "
+"you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from "
+"these copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"\"absolutt\", svarer rådgiver. \"det er verdt det for deg å bidra med opp "
+"til stede verdien av inntekten du forventer fra disse opphavsrettigheter. "
+"som for oss betyr over $1,000,000.\""
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 225
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, "
+"you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary "
+"in the position of the Robert Frost estate faces the same choice: If they "
+"can contribute to get a law passed to extend copyrights, they will benefit "
+"greatly from that extension. And so each time copyrights are about to "
+"expire, there is a massive amount of lobbying to get the copyright term "
+"extended."
+msgstr ""
+"du raskt få poeng—du som medlem av styret, og jeg stoler du leseren. "
+"hver gang opphavsrett er om å opphøre, hver mottaker i posisjon av robert "
+"frost eiendom står overfor det samme valget: Hvis de kan bidra til å få en "
+"lov vedtatt for å utvide opphavsrettigheter, de vil ha stor nytte fra denne "
+"filtypen. og så hver gang opphavsrett er om å opphøre, det er en enorm "
+"mengde lobbyvirksomhet for å få opphavsrett begrepet utvidet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be "
+"bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to "
+"buy further extensions of copyright."
+msgstr ""
+"dermed en Kongressens evighetsmaskin maskin: så lenge lovgivning kan kjøpes "
+"(riktignok indirekte), vil det være alle ansporingen i verden til å kjøpe "
+"ytterligere utvidelser av copyright."
+
+#. f3.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey "
+#| "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" "
+#| "<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17 October 1998, 22."
+msgid ""
+"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey "
+"Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17 October 1998, 22."
+msgstr ""
+"Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse "
+"Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" "
+"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17. oktober 1998, 22."
+
+#. f4.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" "
+#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</"
+#| "ulink>."
+msgid ""
+"See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,</"
+"quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</"
+"ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Se Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" "
+"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</"
+"ulink>."
+
+#. f5.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" "
+#| "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, "
+#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</"
+#| "ulink>."
+msgid ""
+"Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" "
+"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8. august 1990, "
+"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</"
+"ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term "
+"Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved real. "
+"Ten of the thirteen original sponsors of the act in the House received the "
+"maximum contribution from Disney's political action committee; in the "
+"Senate, eight of the twelve sponsors received contributions.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The RIAA and the MPAA are estimated to have "
+"spent over $1.5 million lobbying in the 1998 election cycle. They paid out "
+"more than $200,000 in campaign contributions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> Disney is estimated to have contributed more than $800,000 to "
+"reelection campaigns in the cycle.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not "
+"be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the "
+"never-ending incentives to increase the copyright term was central to my "
+"thinking. In my view, a pragmatic court committed to interpreting and "
+"applying the Constitution of our framers would see that if Congress has the "
+"power to extend existing terms, then there would be no effective "
+"constitutional requirement that terms be <quote>limited.</quote> If they "
+"could extend it once, they would extend it again and again and again."
+msgstr ""
+"konstitusjonelle loven er ikke oblivious til det åpenbare. eller i det "
+"minste, det trenger ikke være. så når jeg var vurderer eldred's klage, denne "
+"virkeligheten om never-ending insentiver til å øke opphavsrett begrepet var "
+"sentral til min tenkning. i min mening, vil en pragmatisk domstol forpliktet "
+"til å tolke og bruke Grunnloven av våre underskrev se at hvis Kongressen har "
+"makt til å utvide eksisterende vilkår, og det vil være ingen effektiv "
+"konstitusjonelle krav at vilkårene være \"begrenset.\" Hvis de kunne "
+"forlenge det en gang, de ville utvide den igjen og igjen og igjen."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 226
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would "
+"not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme "
+"Court's work knows, this Court has increasingly restricted the power of "
+"Congress when it has viewed Congress's actions as exceeding the power "
+"granted to it by the Constitution. Among constitutional scholars, the most "
+"famous example of this trend was the Supreme Court's decision in 1995 to "
+"strike down a law that banned the possession of guns near schools."
+msgstr ""
+"Det var også mitt skjønn at denne Høyesterett ikke ville tillate at "
+"Kongressen til å utvide eksisterende vilkår. alle nær Høyesterett arbeid "
+"vet, har denne retten i økende grad begrenset kraften i Kongressen når det "
+"har sett congress's handlinger som overstiger makt som er gitt til det av "
+"Grunnloven. blant konstitusjonelle forskere var det mest kjente eksempelet "
+"av denne trenden Høyesterett beslutning i 1995 å ramme en lov som forbød "
+"besittelse av våpen i nærheten av skoler."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very "
+"broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate "
+"only <quote>commerce among the several states</quote> (aka <quote>interstate "
+"commerce</quote>), the Supreme Court had interpreted that power to include "
+"the power to regulate any activity that merely affected interstate commerce."
+msgstr ""
+"siden 1937, hadde Høyesterett tolket congress's gitt krefter svært bredt; så "
+"mens Grunnloven gir Kongressen makt til å regulere bare \"handel mellom "
+"flere stater\" (aka \"utdanningen handel\"), Høyesterett hadde tolket som "
+"makt til å inkludere makt til å regulere alle aktiviteter som bare berørt "
+"utdanningen handel."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no "
+"limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when "
+"considered on a national scale, affects interstate commerce. A Constitution "
+"designed to limit Congress's power was instead interpreted to impose no "
+"limit."
+msgstr ""
+"som økonomien vokste, mente denne standarden stadig at det var ingen grense "
+"congress's makt til å regulere, siden omtrent hver aktivitet, når det i "
+"nasjonal skala, påvirker utdanningen handel. en konstitusjon som er utformet "
+"for å begrense Kongressens makt ble i stedet tolket for å innføre ingen "
+"grense."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Rehnquist, William H."
+msgstr "Rehnquist, William H."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in "
+"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The "
+"government had argued that possessing guns near schools affected interstate "
+"commerce. Guns near schools increase crime, crime lowers property values, "
+"and so on. In the oral argument, the Chief Justice asked the government "
+"whether there was any activity that would not affect interstate commerce "
+"under the reasoning the government advanced. The government said there was "
+"not; if Congress says an activity affects interstate commerce, then that "
+"activity affects interstate commerce. The Supreme Court, the government "
+"said, was not in the position to second-guess Congress."
+msgstr ""
+"Høyesterett, under chief justice rehnquist kommando, endret som i USA v. "
+"lopez. regjeringen hadde hevdet at ha våpen i nærheten av skoler berørt "
+"utdanningen handel. våpen i nærheten av skoler øke kriminalitet, "
+"kriminalitet senker egenskapsverdier, og så videre. i argumentet muntlig "
+"bedt justisministeren regjeringen om det var noen aktivitet som ikke vil "
+"påvirke utdanningen handel under begrunnelsen regjeringen Avansert. "
+"regjeringen sa det var ikke; Hvis Kongressen sier en aktivitet påvirker "
+"utdanningen handel, påvirker den aktiviteten utdanningen handel. "
+"Høyesterett, regjeringen sa, var ikke i posisjon til å second-guess "
+"Kongressen."
+
+#. f6.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 U."
+"S. 549, 564 (1995)."
+msgstr "USA v. lopez, 514 amerikanske 549, 564 (1995)."
+
+#. f7.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 "
+"U.S. 598 (2000)."
+msgstr "USA v. morrison, 529 amerikanske 598 (2000)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,</"
+"quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If "
+"anything Congress says is interstate commerce must therefore be considered "
+"interstate commerce, then there would be no limit to Congress's power. The "
+"decision in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> was reaffirmed five years later in "
+"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f8.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries "
+"from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of "
+"the Commerce Clause was that the interpretation offered by the government "
+"would allow the government unending power to regulate commerce—the "
+"limitation to interstate commerce notwithstanding. The same point is true in "
+"the context of the Copyright Clause. Here, too, the government's "
+"interpretation would allow the government unending power to regulate "
+"copyrights—the limitation to <quote>limited times</quote> "
+"notwithstanding."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis det er et prinsipp om nummerert kreftene, deretter bærer prinsippet fra "
+"en nummerert power til en annen. animert poenget i konteksten av handel-"
+"setningsdelen var at tolkningen tilbys av regjeringen ville tillate "
+"regjeringen unending makt til å regulere handel—begrenset til "
+"utdanningen handel til tross for. det samme punktet er sant i forbindelse "
+"med opphavsrett-setningsdel. her også, regjeringens tolkning ville tillate "
+"regjeringen unending makt til å regulere opphavsrett—begrenset til "
+"\"begrenset ganger\" til tross for."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 227
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress "
+"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> And if it is applied to the Progress Clause, the principle should "
+"yield the conclusion that Congress can't extend an existing term. If "
+"Congress could extend an existing term, then there would be no "
+"<quote>stopping point</quote> to Congress's power over terms, though the "
+"Constitution expressly states that there is such a limit. Thus, the same "
+"principle applied to the power to grant copyrights should entail that "
+"Congress is not allowed to extend the term of existing copyrights."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in "
+"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the "
+"decision in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for politics—a "
+"conservative Supreme Court, which believed in states' rights, using its "
+"power over Congress to advance its own personal political preferences. But I "
+"rejected that view of the Supreme Court's decision. Indeed, shortly after "
+"the decision, I wrote an article demonstrating the <quote>fidelity</quote> "
+"in such an interpretation of the Constitution. The idea that the Supreme "
+"Court decides cases based upon its politics struck me as extraordinarily "
+"boring. I was not going to devote my life to teaching constitutional law if "
+"these nine Justices were going to be petty politicians."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis, det vil si at prinsippet annonsert i lopez stod for et prinsipp. mange "
+"trodde beslutningen i lopez stod for politikk—en konservativ "
+"Høyesterett, som trodde på states rettigheter, ved hjelp av sin makt over "
+"Kongressen for å fremme sine egne personlige politiske preferanser. men jeg "
+"har avvist denne visningen av Høyesterett beslutning. faktisk, kort tid "
+"etter vedtaket skrev jeg en artikkel demonstrere \"kvalitet\" i en slik "
+"tolkning av Grunnloven. idéen at Høyesterett bestemmer tilfeller basert på "
+"sin politikk slo meg som svært kjedelig. Jeg hadde ikke tenkt å vie livet "
+"til undervisning statsrett Hvis disse ni justiariusene skulle være smålig "
+"politikere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in "
+"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not about. By insisting on the "
+"Constitution's limits to copyright, obviously Eldred was not endorsing "
+"piracy. Indeed, in an obvious sense, he was fighting a kind of piracy—"
+"piracy of the public domain. When Robert Frost wrote his work and when Walt "
+"Disney created Mickey Mouse, the maximum copyright term was just fifty-six "
+"years. Because of interim changes, Frost and Disney had already enjoyed a "
+"seventy-five-year monopoly for their work. They had gotten the benefit of "
+"the bargain that the Constitution envisions: In exchange for a monopoly "
+"protected for fifty-six years, they created new work. But now these entities "
+"were using their power—expressed through the power of lobbyists' "
+"money—to get another twenty-year dollop of monopoly. That twenty-year "
+"dollop would be taken from the public domain. Eric Eldred was fighting a "
+"piracy that affects us all."
+msgstr ""
+"Nå la oss pause for et øyeblikk å sørge for at vi forstår hva argumentet i "
+"eldred ikke var om. ved å insistere på grunnlovens grenser for opphavsrett, "
+"var åpenbart eldred ikke støttet piratkopiering. faktisk i en åpenbar "
+"forstand kjemper han en form for piratkopiering—piratkopiering av den "
+"offentlige sfæren. da robert frost skrev hans arbeid og når walt disney "
+"opprettet Mikke Mus, maksimal opphavsrett begrepet var bare femtiseks år. på "
+"grunn av midlertidige endringer, hadde frost og disney allerede likte "
+"monopol sytti-fem år for deres arbeid. de hadde fått fordelen av handel som "
+"Grunnloven ser for seg: i bytte for et monopol som er beskyttet for femti-"
+"seks år, de opprettet nytt arbeid. men nå disse enhetene bruker deres "
+"makt—uttrykt gjennom strømmen av lobbyister penger—for å få en "
+"annen tyve års dollop av monopol. at tyve års Dollop dollop ville bli Hentet "
+"fra public domain. Eric eldred var kjemper en piratkopiering som påvirker "
+"oss alle."
+
+#. f9.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, <citetitle>Eldred</"
+"citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. "
+"01-618), n.10, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #51</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the "
+"Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public "
+"domain is nothing more than <quote>legal piracy.</quote><placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it is not piracy when the law allows it; and in "
+"our constitutional system, our law requires it. Some may not like the "
+"Constitution's requirements, but that doesn't make the Constitution a "
+"pirate's charter. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a "
+"way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the "
+"development and distribution of our culture. Yet, as Eric Eldred discovered, "
+"we have set up a system that assures that copyright terms will be repeatedly "
+"extended, and extended, and extended. We have created the perfect storm for "
+"the public domain. Copyrights have not expired, and will not expire, so long "
+"as Congress is free to be bought to extend them again."
+msgstr ""
+"som vi har sett, krever systemet vårt konstitusjonelle begrensninger på "
+"opphavsrett som en måte å sikre at innehaver av opphavsrett ikke for sterkt "
+"påvirke utviklingen og distribueringen av vår kultur. ennå, som eric eldred "
+"oppdaget, har vi satt opp et system som sikrer at opphavsrett vilkårene vil "
+"være gjentatte ganger utvidet, og utvidet, og utvidet. Vi har opprettet den "
+"perfekte stormen for public domain. opphavsrett er utløpt ikke, og utløper "
+"ikke, så lenge congress er gratis kjøpes for å utvide dem igjen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. "
+"Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in Blue.</quote> These works are too "
+"valuable for copyright owners to ignore. But the real harm to our society "
+"from copyright extensions is not that Mickey Mouse remains Disney's. Forget "
+"Mickey Mouse. Forget Robert Frost. Forget all the works from the 1920s and "
+"1930s that have continuing commercial value. The real harm of term extension "
+"comes not from these famous works. The real harm is to the works that are "
+"not famous, not commercially exploited, and no longer available as a result."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er verdifull opphavsrett som er ansvarlig for vilkårene blir utvidet. "
+"Mikke Mus og \"rhapsody in blue.\" disse verkene er også nyttig for eiere av "
+"opphavsretter å ignorere. men reell skade samfunnet fra opphavsrett "
+"servertilleggene er ikke at Mikke Mus forblir disney. glem Mikke Mus. glem "
+"robert frost. Glem alle verker fra 1920- og 1930-tallet som har fortsetter "
+"kommersiell verdi. reell skade sikt-utvidelsen kommer ikke fra disse berømte "
+"verk. reell skade er Works ikke er kjent, ikke kommersielt utnyttede og ikke "
+"lenger tilgjengelig som et resultat."
+
+#. f10.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the "
+"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal ranges. "
+"See Brief of Petitioners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. "
+"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 7, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) "
+"affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that "
+"work has any continuing commercial value. It was the copyright holders for "
+"that 2 percent who pushed the CTEA through. But the law and its effect were "
+"not limited to that 2 percent. The law extended the terms of copyright "
+"generally.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 229
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, "
+"as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, "
+"10,047 books were published. In 2000, 174 of those books were still in "
+"print. Let's say you were Brewster Kahle, and you wanted to make available "
+"to the world in your iArchive project the remaining 9,873. What would you "
+"have to do?"
+msgstr ""
+"Tenk praktisk talt konsekvens av denne utvidelsen—praktisk talt, som "
+"en businessperson, og ikke som en advokat ivrige etter å få mer juridisk "
+"arbeid. i 1930, ble 10,047 bøker utgitt. i 2000 var 174 av bøkene fortsatt i "
+"utskriften. La oss si at du var brewster kahle, og du vil gjøre tilgjengelig "
+"for verden i iarchive prosjektet gjenværende 9,873. Hva ville du trenger å "
+"gjøre?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still "
+"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not on-"
+"line) and paging through tomes of books, cross-checking the titles and "
+"authors of the 9,873 books with the copyright registration and renewal "
+"records for works published in 1930. That will produce a list of books still "
+"under copyright."
+msgstr ""
+"Vel, først, ville du har til å bestemme hvilke av de 9,873 bøkene var "
+"fortsatt under copyright. som krever skal et bibliotek (disse dataene ikke "
+"er on-line) og sidevekslingsfilen gjennom tomes bøker, på tvers av "
+"kontrollere titler og forfatterne av 9,873 bøker med copyright registrering "
+"og fornyelse postene for verk utgitt i 1930. som vil produsere en liste over "
+"bøker som fortsatt under opphavsrett."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the "
+"current copyright owners. How would you do that?"
+msgstr ""
+"deretter for bøkene fortsatt under opphavsrett trenger du å finne gjeldende "
+"opphavsrett eiere. How 'd du gjøre det?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners "
+"somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and "
+"thousands of government monopolies without there being at least a list?"
+msgstr ""
+"de fleste mennesker tror at det må være en liste over disse eiere av "
+"opphavsretter et sted. praktisk folk tror på denne måten. Hvordan kunne det "
+"være tusenvis og tusenvis av regjeringen monopoler uten det er minst en "
+"liste?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of "
+"the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about "
+"how impossibly difficult it would be to track down thousands of such "
+"records—especially since the person who registered is not necessarily "
+"the current owner. And we're just talking about 1930!"
+msgstr ""
+"men det er ingen liste. Det kan være et navn fra 1930, og deretter i 1959, "
+"på personen som registrerte opphavsretten. men det er bare tenke praktisk "
+"talt på hvordan impossibly vanskelig det ville være å spore opp tusenvis av "
+"slike poster—spesielt siden personen som registrert ikke er "
+"nødvendigvis gjeldende eier. og vi snakker bare om 1930!"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the "
+"apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of "
+"copyright owners?</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"\"men det er ikke en liste av hvem som eier egenskapen vanligvis\" "
+"apologists for systemet svarer. \"Hvorfor skulle det være en liste over "
+"eiere av opphavsretter?\""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty "
+"of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles "
+"to cars. And where there isn't a list, the code of real space is pretty "
+"good at suggesting who the owner of a bit of property is. (A swing set in "
+"your backyard is probably yours.) So formally or informally, we have a "
+"pretty good way to know who owns what tangible property."
+msgstr ""
+"Vel, egentlig, er Hvis du tenker på det, det masse av lister av hvem som "
+"eier hva egenskapen. Tenk på gjerninger på hus eller titler til biler. og "
+"der det ikke finnes en liste, koden for virkelige rommet er ganske god til å "
+"foreslå som eieren av en bit av egenskapen er. (en sving i bakgården er "
+"sannsynligvis ditt.) så har formelt eller uformelt, vi en ganske god måte å "
+"vite hvem som eier hvilke konkrete-egenskapen."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 230
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house "
+"by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is "
+"ordinarily a license plate that will link the owner to the car. If you see a "
+"bunch of children's toys sitting on the front lawn of a house, it's fairly "
+"easy to determine who owns the toys. And if you happen to see a baseball "
+"lying in a gutter on the side of the road, look around for a second for some "
+"kids playing ball. If you don't see any kids, then okay: Here's a bit of "
+"property whose owner we can't easily determine. It is the exception that "
+"proves the rule: that we ordinarily know quite well who owns what property."
+msgstr ""
+"slik: du gå ned en gate og ser et hus. du vet hvem som eier huset ved slå "
+"opp i courthouse registret. Hvis du ser en bil, er det vanligvis en lisens "
+"plate som skal knytte eieren til bilen. Hvis du ser en rekke barneleker "
+"sitter på fremsiden plen av et hus, er det ganske enkelt å finne ut hvem som "
+"eier leketøy. og hvis du tilfeldigvis ser en baseball liggende i en "
+"innbindingsmarg på siden av veien, se deg rundt for andre for noen barn "
+"spille ball. Hvis du ikke ser noen barn, deretter OK: Her er litt av eiendom "
+"der eieren vi ikke finner lett. Det er unntaket som beviser regelen: at vi "
+"vanligvis vet svært godt hvem som eier hva egenskapen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The "
+"library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already "
+"described, there's no list of copyright owners. There are authors' names, of "
+"course, but their copyrights could have been assigned, or passed down in an "
+"estate like Grandma's old jewelry. To know who owns what, you would have to "
+"hire a private detective. The bottom line: The owner cannot easily be "
+"located. And in a regime like ours, in which it is a felony to use such "
+"property without the property owner's permission, the property isn't going "
+"to be used."
+msgstr ""
+"sammenligne denne historien til immaterielle eiendom. du går inn i et "
+"bibliotek. biblioteket eier bøkene. men hvem som eier opphavsretten? som jeg "
+"allerede har beskrevet, er det ingen liste over eiere av opphavsretter. Det "
+"finnes forfatternes navn, selvfølgelig, men sine opphavsrettigheter kan er "
+"tilordnet, eller gått ned i en eiendom som grandma's gamle smykker. Hvis du "
+"vil vite hvem som eier hva, ville du har til å ansette en privat "
+"etterforsker. Bunnlinjen: eieren ikke lett blir funnet. og i et regime som "
+"vårt, der er det en forbrytelse å bruke slike eiendom uten egenskapen "
+"eierens tillatelse, egenskapen er ikke skal brukes."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, "
+"and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other "
+"creative works is much more dire."
+msgstr ""
+"konsekvens med hensyn til gamle bøker er at de ikke digitalisert, og dermed "
+"vil bare rot bort på hyller. men konsekvensen for andre kreative verker er "
+"mye mer dire."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Agee, Michael"
+msgstr "Agee, Michael"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Hal Roach Studios"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f11.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David "
+"Streitfeld, <quote>Classic Movies, Songs, Books at Stake; Supreme Court "
+"Hears Arguments Today on Striking Down Copyright Extension,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 9 October 2002."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis du vil se david g. savage, \"high court scene av showdown på lov om "
+"opphavsrett\" los angeles times, 6 oktober 2002; David streitfeld, "
+"\"klassiske filmer, sanger, bøker på spill; Høyesterett hører argumenter i "
+"dag på støtning ned opphavsrett forlengelsen,\"orlando sentinel tribune, 9 "
+"oktober 2002."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Lucky Dog, The"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which "
+"owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct "
+"beneficiary of the Bono Act. The Laurel and Hardy films were made between "
+"1921 and 1951. Only one of these films, <citetitle>The Lucky Dog</"
+"citetitle>, is currently out of copyright. But for the CTEA, films made "
+"after 1923 would have begun entering the public domain. Because Agee "
+"controls the exclusive rights for these popular films, he makes a great deal "
+"of money. According to one estimate, <quote>Roach has sold about 60,000 "
+"videocassettes and 50,000 DVDs of the duo's silent films.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
+"\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this "
+"culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that "
+"the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act will, if left standing, destroy "
+"a whole generation of American film."
+msgstr ""
+"ennå imot agee ctea. hans grunner demonstrere en sjelden dyd i denne "
+"kulturen: selflessness. Han hevdet i en kort før Høyesterett at sonny bono "
+"opphavsrett begrepet filtypen act vil, hvis stå stående, ødelegge en hel "
+"generasjon av american film."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 231
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any "
+"continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at "
+"all—sits in vaults gathering dust. It may be that some of this work "
+"not now commercially valuable will be deemed to be valuable by the owners of "
+"the vaults. For this to occur, however, the commercial benefit from the work "
+"must exceed the costs of making the work available for distribution."
+msgstr ""
+"hans argument er enkelt. en liten brøkdel av dette arbeidet har noen "
+"vedvarende kommersiell verdi. resten—i den grad det er blitt bevart på "
+"alle—sitter i vaults samle støv. Det kan være at noe av dette arbeidet "
+"ikke nå kommersielt verdifull, anses for å være verdifulle av eierne av "
+"vaults. for at dette skal skje, men må kommersiell fordel fra arbeidet "
+"overskride kostnadene ved å gjøre arbeidet tilgjengelig for distribusjon."
+
+#. f12.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the "
+"Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</"
+"citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See also Brief of Amicus "
+"Curiae filed on behalf of Petitioners by the Internet Archive, "
+"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, available "
+"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most "
+"of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital "
+"technology has lowered these costs substantially. While it cost more than "
+"$10,000 to restore a ninety-minute black-and-white film in 1993, it can now "
+"cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of mm film.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. "
+"Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In "
+"addition to preserving the film, a distributor needs to secure the rights. "
+"And to secure the rights for a film that is under copyright, you need to "
+"locate the copyright owner."
+msgstr ""
+"restaurering teknologien er ikke den eneste kostnaden, og heller ikke det "
+"viktigste. advokater, er også en kostnad, og i økende grad, en meget "
+"betydelig ettall. i tillegg til bevare filmen, må en distributør å sikre "
+"rettighetene. og for å sikre rettighetene for en film som er under "
+"opphavsrett, du trenger å finne eieren av opphavsretten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't "
+"only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't "
+"a single person whom you can contact about those copyrights; there are as "
+"many as can hold the rights, which turns out to be an extremely large "
+"number. Thus the costs of clearing the rights to these films is "
+"exceptionally high."
+msgstr ""
+"eller mer nøyaktig, eiere. som vi har sett, det er ikke bare en enkelt "
+"copyright tilknyttet en film; Det er mange. Det er ikke en eneste person "
+"hvem du kan kontakte om m├Ñte av opphavsrettighetene; Det er så mange som "
+"kan holde rettigheter, som viser seg for å være et svært stort tall. dermed "
+"kostnadene ved å fjerne rettighetene til disse filmene er usedvanlig høy."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the "
+"copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a "
+"felony. And even if you're not worried about committing a felony, when she "
+"does show up, she'll have the right to sue you for all the profits you have "
+"made. So, if you're successful, you can be fairly confident you'll be "
+"getting a call from someone's lawyer. And if you're not successful, you "
+"won't make enough to cover the costs of your own lawyer. Either way, you "
+"have to talk to a lawyer. And as is too often the case, saying you have to "
+"talk to a lawyer is the same as saying you won't make any money."
+msgstr ""
+"\"men ikke kan du bare gjenopprette filmen, distribuere den, og deretter "
+"betale eieren av opphavsretten når hun viser?\" sikker, hvis du vil utføre "
+"en forbrytelse. og selv om din ikke ' bekymret når hun viser, begår du en "
+"forbrytelse, hun vil ha rett til å saksøke deg for alle fortjeneste du har "
+"gjort. så, hvis du lykkes, du kan være ganske sikker på at du får et anrop "
+"fra noens advokat. og hvis du ikke er vellykket, kan du gjøre ikke nok til å "
+"dekke kostnadene for din egen advokat. Uansett, du har å snakke med en "
+"advokat. og som for ofte er tilfellet, sier du har til å snakke med en "
+"advokat er det samme som å si du ikke gjøre noen penger."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 232
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these "
+"costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would "
+"outweigh the legal costs. Thus, for the vast majority of old films, Agee "
+"argued, the film will not be restored and distributed until the copyright "
+"expires."
+msgstr ""
+"for noen filmer, kan fordelen av å slippe filmen godt overskride disse "
+"kostnadene. men for de aller fleste av dem, det er ikke mulig nytte ville "
+"oppveier saksomkostninger. Således, for de aller fleste av gamle filmer, "
+"agee hevdet, filmen vil ikke bli restaurert og distribuert til opphavsretten "
+"utløper."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have "
+"expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock "
+"dissolves over time. They will be gone, and the metal canisters in which "
+"they are now stored will be filled with nothing more than dust."
+msgstr ""
+"men da opphavsretten for disse filmene utløper, vil filmen har utløpt. disse "
+"filmene ble produsert på nitrat-basert lager, og nitrat lager oppløser over "
+"tid. de vil være borte, og metall canisters der de er nå lagret bli fylt med "
+"noe mer enn støv."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has "
+"continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a "
+"crucially important legal device. For that tiny fraction, the copyright "
+"creates incentives to produce and distribute the creative work. For that "
+"tiny fraction, the copyright acts as an <quote>engine of free expression.</"
+"quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"av alle kreative arbeidet produsert av mennesker overalt, har en liten "
+"brøkdel fortsetter kommersiell verdi. for at liten brøkdel er opphavsretten "
+"en svært viktig juridisk enhet. for at liten brøkdel oppretter opphavsretten "
+"incentiver til å produsere og distribuere skapende arbeid. for at liten "
+"brøkdel fungerer opphavsretten som en \"motoren i fri ytring.\""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative "
+"work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books "
+"go out of print within one year. The same is true of music and film. "
+"Commercial culture is sharklike. It must keep moving. And when a creative "
+"work falls out of favor with the commercial distributors, the commercial "
+"life ends."
+msgstr ""
+"men selv for at liten brøkdel, den faktiske tiden da skapende arbeid har en "
+"kommersiell levetid er ekstremt kort. som jeg har angitt, vil de fleste "
+"bøker gå ut av Skriv ut innen ett år. det samme gjelder av musikk og film. "
+"kommersielle kultur er sharklike. Det må bevege. og når en skapende arbeid "
+"faller ut av tjeneste med kommersielle distributører, kommersiell levetid "
+"slutter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep "
+"libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't "
+"have archives of films because we expect people to choose between spending "
+"Friday night watching new movies and spending Friday night watching a 1930 "
+"news documentary. The noncommercial life of culture is important and "
+"valuable—for entertainment but also, and more importantly, for "
+"knowledge. To understand who we are, and where we came from, and how we have "
+"made the mistakes that we have, we need to have access to this history."
+msgstr ""
+"Det betyr ennå ikke livet av endene skapende arbeid. vi holde ikke "
+"biblioteker av bøker for å konkurrere med barnes & noble, og vi har ikke "
+"arkiver av filmer fordi forventer vi folk til å velge mellom utgifter fredag "
+"kveld å se nye filmer og utgifter fredag kveld å se en 1930 nyheter "
+"dokumentar. ikke-kommersiell livet av kultur er viktig og verdifull—"
+"for underholdning men også, og enda viktigere, for kunnskap. for å forstå "
+"hvem vi er, og der vi kom fra, og hvordan vi har gjort feil som vi har, "
+"trenger vi å ha tilgang til denne historien."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 233
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In "
+"this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this "
+"context do no good."
+msgstr ""
+"opphavsrettigheter i denne konteksten Kjør ikke en motor gratis "
+"uttrykksmåter. i denne sammenheng er det ikke behov for en eksklusiv rett. "
+"opphavsrettigheter i denne konteksten ikke nytter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our "
+"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no "
+"<emphasis>copyright-related use</emphasis> that would be inhibited by an "
+"exclusive right. When a book went out of print, you could not buy it from a "
+"publisher. But you could still buy it from a used book store, and when a "
+"used book store sells it, in America, at least, there is no need to pay the "
+"copyright owner anything. Thus, the ordinary use of a book after its "
+"commercial life ended was a use that was independent of copyright law."
+msgstr ""
+"Likevel, for det meste av vår historie, de også gjorde lite skade. for de "
+"fleste av vår historie, når et arbeid endte sin kommersielle liv, var det "
+"ingen copyright-relaterte bruk som ville være inhibited med en eksklusiv "
+"rett. Når en bok gikk ut av print, kan du ikke kjøpe det fra en utgiver. men "
+"du kan fortsatt kjøpe den fra brukt boka store, og når brukt boka store "
+"selger den, i Amerika, minst, det er ikke nødvendig å betale eieren av "
+"opphavsretten noe. dermed var vanlig bruk av en bok etter sin kommersiell "
+"levetid avsluttet en bruk som var uavhengig av lov om opphavsrett."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a "
+"film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, "
+"it was never at all feasible to preserve or restore film. Like the remains "
+"of a great dinner, when it's over, it's over. Once a film passed out of its "
+"commercial life, it may have been archived for a bit, but that was the end "
+"of its life so long as the market didn't have more to offer."
+msgstr ""
+"det samme var effektivt sant av film. fordi kostnadene for å gjenopprette en "
+"film—den virkelige økonomiske kostnader, ikke advokat kostnadene—"
+"var så høyt, det var aldri i det hele tatt mulig å beholde eller "
+"gjenopprette filmen. som restene av en stor middag, når det er over, er "
+"over. Når en film gikk ut av sine kommersielle livet, det kan ha blitt "
+"arkivert for litt, men det var slutten av sitt liv så lenge markedet ikke "
+"har mer å tilby."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our "
+"history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost "
+"their commercial value. Long copyrights for these works would not have "
+"interfered with anything."
+msgstr ""
+"med andre ord, om copyright har vært relativt kort for mesteparten av vår "
+"historie, ville ikke lang opphavsrett ha mattered for arbeider som mistet "
+"sin kommersiell verdi. lang opphavsretten for disse arbeider ville ikke har "
+"interfered med noe."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "But this situation has now changed."
+msgstr "men denne situasjonen er nå endret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies "
+"is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital "
+"technologies now make it possible to preserve and give access to all sorts "
+"of knowledge. Once a book goes out of print, we can now imagine digitizing "
+"it and making it available to everyone, forever. Once a film goes out of "
+"distribution, we could digitize it and make it available to everyone, "
+"forever. Digital technologies give new life to copyrighted material after it "
+"passes out of its commercial life. It is now possible to preserve and assure "
+"universal access to this knowledge and culture, whereas before it was not."
+msgstr ""
+"en svært viktig konsekvens av fremveksten av digital teknologi er å aktivere "
+"arkivet at brewster kahle drømmer om. Digital teknologi gjør det nå mulig å "
+"bevare og gi tilgang til alle slags kunnskap. Når en bok går ute av print, "
+"kan vi nå forestille digitalisere det og gjøre den tilgjengelig for alle, "
+"evig. Når en film går ut av distribusjon, kunne vi digitalisere det og gjøre "
+"den tilgjengelig for alle, evig. Digital teknologi gi nytt liv til "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale når den sender ut av sin kommersiell "
+"levetid. Det er nå mulig å bevare og forsikrer særlige til denne kunnskap og "
+"kultur, mens før det ikke var."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 234
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this "
+"digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of "
+"copyright. To digitize a book is to copy it. To do that requires permission "
+"of the copyright owner. The same with music, film, or any other aspect of "
+"our culture protected by copyright. The effort to make these things "
+"available to history, or to researchers, or to those who just want to "
+"explore, is now inhibited by a set of rules that were written for a "
+"radically different context."
+msgstr ""
+"og nå lov om opphavsrett komme i veien. hvert trinn for å produsere denne "
+"digitalt arkiv av vår kultur krenker på eksklusive rett er copyright. Hvis "
+"du vil digitalisere en bok er å kopiere den. Hvis du vil gjøre som krever "
+"tillatelse fra eieren av opphavsretten. det samme med musikk, film eller "
+"noen andre aspekter av vår kultur som er beskyttet av opphavsrett. innsatsen "
+"for å gjøre disse tingene tilgjengelig til historien, forskere, eller til de "
+"som ønsker å utforske, er nå inhibited med et sett med regler som ble "
+"skrevet for en radikalt annen sammenheng."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that "
+"technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in "
+"the way. And it doesn't get in the way for any useful <emphasis>copyright</"
+"emphasis> purpose, for the purpose of copyright is to enable the commercial "
+"market that spreads culture. No, we are talking about culture after it has "
+"lived its commercial life. In this context, copyright is serving no purpose "
+"<emphasis>at all</emphasis> related to the spread of knowledge. In this "
+"context, copyright is not an engine of free expression. Copyright is a brake."
+msgstr ""
+"Her er kjernen av skade kommer fra utvide vilkår: nå som teknologi gjør det "
+"mulig for oss å gjenoppbygge biblioteket i alexandria, loven kommer i veien. "
+"og det ikke komme i veien for nyttig opphavsrett formål, med det formål å "
+"copyright er å aktivere det kommersielle markedet som sprer kultur. Nei, vi "
+"snakker om kultur etter at det har bodd sin kommersiell levetid. i denne "
+"sammenhengen er copyright serverer ingen formål på alle relatert til "
+"spredning av kunnskap. i denne sammenheng er copyright ikke en motor gratis "
+"uttrykksmåter. Copyright er en brems."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for "
+"Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So "
+"won't Random House do as well as Brewster Kahle in spreading culture widely?"
+"</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Du kan også spørre, \"men hvis digital teknologi lavere kostnader for "
+"brewster kahle, deretter de vil lavere kostnader for random house, også. så "
+"ikke random house gjøre samt brewster kahle i å spre kultur allment?\""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that "
+"publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered "
+"to lend books from its stores for a low price, would that eliminate the need "
+"for libraries? Only if you think that the only role of a library is to serve "
+"what <quote>the market</quote> would demand. But if you think the role of a "
+"library is bigger than this—if you think its role is to archive "
+"culture, whether there's a demand for any particular bit of that culture or "
+"not—then we can't count on the commercial market to do our library "
+"work for us."
+msgstr ""
+"kanskje. en dag. men det er absolutt ingen bevis som tyder på at utgivere "
+"ville være så fullstendig som biblioteker. Hvis barnes & noble tilbudt å "
+"låne bøker fra sine butikker for en lav pris, ville som eliminerer behovet "
+"for biblioteker? bare hvis du mener at et bibliotek eneste rolle er å tjene "
+"\"markedet\" ville kreve. men hvis du tror rollen til et bibliotek er større "
+"enn dette—hvis du tror sin rolle er å arkivere kultur, om det er en "
+"etterspørsel etter en bestemt bit av denne kulturen eller ikke— så vi "
+"ikke stole på det kommersielle markedet å gjøre arbeidet vårt bibliotek for "
+"oss."
+
+#. f13.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 "
+#| "December 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+#| "\">link #54</ulink>."
+msgid ""
+"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> "
+"20 December 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #54</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 "
+"December 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #54</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should "
+"rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My "
+"message is absolutely not antimarket. But where we see the market is not "
+"doing the job, then we should allow nonmarket forces the freedom to fill the "
+"gaps. As one researcher calculated for American culture, 94 percent of the "
+"films, books, and music produced between and 1946 is not commercially "
+"available. However much you love the commercial market, if access is a "
+"value, then 6 percent is a failure to provide that value.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal "
+"district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny "
+"Bono Copyright Term Extension Act unconstitutional. The two central claims "
+"that we made were (1) that extending existing terms violated the "
+"Constitution's <quote>limited Times</quote> requirement, and (2) that "
+"extending terms by another twenty years violated the First Amendment."
+msgstr ""
+"i januar 1999 anlagt vi en sak på eric eldred vegne i federal district court "
+"i washington, DC, spør domstolen å erklære sonny bono opphavsrett begrepet "
+"forlengelse loven unconstitutional. to sentrale krav som vi gjorde var (1) "
+"at utvide eksisterende vilkårene krenket av Grunnloven \"begrenset ganger\" "
+"krav, og (2) at utvide vilkårene ved en annen tjue år krenket first endring."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A "
+"panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our "
+"claims, though after hearing an extensive argument. But that decision at "
+"least had a dissent, by one of the most conservative judges on that court. "
+"That dissent gave our claims life."
+msgstr ""
+"district court avvist påstander om våre uten å selv høre et argument. et "
+"panel av court of appeals for DC-kretsen også oppsagt våre krav, men etter "
+"høre et omfattende argument. men at beslutningen hadde minst en dissens, av "
+"en av de mest konservative dommerne på at domstolen. at ga dissens livet "
+"vårt krav."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights "
+"be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it "
+"was simple: If Congress can extend existing terms, then there is no "
+"<quote>stopping point</quote> to Congress's power under the Copyright "
+"Clause. The power to extend existing terms means Congress is not required to "
+"grant terms that are <quote>limited.</quote> Thus, Judge Sentelle argued, "
+"the court had to interpret the term <quote>limited Times</quote> to give it "
+"meaning. And the best interpretation, Judge Sentelle argued, would be to "
+"deny Congress the power to extend existing terms."
+msgstr ""
+"dommer david sentelle sa ctea brutt kravet opphavsrett være for \"begrenset "
+"ganger\" bare. hans argument var like elegant som den var enkel: Hvis "
+"Kongressen kan utvide eksisterende vilkår, så det er ingen \"stoppe poeng\" "
+"til Kongressens makten under opphavsrett-setningsdel. strøm for å forlenge "
+"eksisterende vilkårene betyr Kongressen ikke er nødvendig å gi vilkårene at "
+"er \"begrenset.\" derfor dømme sentelle hevdet, domstolen hadde å tolke "
+"begrepet \"begrenset ganger\" å gi den mening. og beste tolkningen, dommer "
+"sentelle hevdet, ville være å nekte Kongressen makt til å utvide "
+"eksisterende vilkår."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the "
+"case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important "
+"cases or cases that raise issues specific to the circuit as a whole, where "
+"the court will sit <quote>en banc</quote> to hear the case."
+msgstr ""
+"vi spurte court of appeals for DC-kretsen som helhet å høre tilfelle. "
+"tilfeller er vanligvis hørt i paneler med tre, med unntak av viktige saker "
+"eller tilfeller som øke problemer som er spesifikke for kretsen som helhet, "
+"der domstolen skal sitte \"no banc\" for å høre tilfelle."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 236
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This "
+"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the D.C. "
+"Circuit, Judge David Tatel. Both the most conservative and the most liberal "
+"judges in the D.C. Circuit believed Congress had overstepped its bounds."
+msgstr ""
+"lagmannsrett avvist vår anmodning om å høre case no banc. Denne gangen "
+"vurdere sentelle ble med seg mest liberale medlem av DC-krets, bedømme david "
+"tatel. både den mest konservative og mest liberale dommere i DC-krets mente "
+"Kongressen hadde overstepped sin grensene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme "
+"Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one "
+"hundred cases a year, out of more than five thousand appeals.) And it "
+"practically never reviews a decision that upholds a statute when no other "
+"court has yet reviewed the statute."
+msgstr ""
+"Det var her at de fleste forventet eldred v. ashcroft ville dø, for "
+"Høyesterett vurderinger sjelden noen avgjørelse av en domstol i appeller. "
+"(det hører rundt hundre tilfeller et år, ut av mer enn fem tusen appeller.) "
+"og det praktisk talt aldri vurderinger en beslutning som opprettholder en "
+"vedtekt når ingen andre domstolen har gjennomgått vedtektene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our "
+"petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of "
+"2002. The summer would be spent writing briefs and preparing for argument."
+msgstr ""
+"men i februar 2002, Høyesterett overrasket verden ved å gi vår "
+"underskriftskampanje for å gå gjennom DC krets oppfatning. argumentet ble "
+"satt for oktober 2002. sommeren ville være utbrent skrive truser og "
+"forberede for argumentet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly "
+"hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost "
+"the appeal. And if you know something more than just the minimum, you "
+"probably think there was no way this case could have been won. After our "
+"defeat, I received literally thousands of missives by well-wishers and "
+"supporters, thanking me for my work on behalf of this noble but doomed "
+"cause. And none from this pile was more significant to me than the e-mail "
+"from my client, Eric Eldred."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er over et år senere som jeg skriver disse ordene. Det er fortsatt "
+"astonishingly vanskelig. Hvis du vet noe om denne historien, vet du at vi "
+"mistet appell. og hvis du vet noe mer enn bare minste, du tror sannsynligvis "
+"det var ingen måte dette tilfellet kunne ha blitt vunnet. etter vårt "
+"nederlag fikk jeg bokstavelig talt tusenvis av missives ved godt wishers og "
+"støttespillere, takke meg for mitt arbeid på vegne av denne edle men dømt "
+"årsaken. og ingen fra jordhaugen var mer betydelig for meg enn e-post fra "
+"min klient, eric eldred."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been won. "
+"It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this story "
+"to myself, I can never escape believing that my own mistake lost it."
+msgstr ""
+"Men min klient og disse vennene tok feil. Denne saken kunne vært vunnet. Det "
+"burde ha vært vunnet. Og uansett hvor hardt jeg prøver å fortelle den "
+"historien til meg selv, kan jeg aldri unnslippe troen på at det er min feil "
+"at vi ikke vant."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Steward, Geoffrey"
+msgstr "Steward, Geoffrey"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 237
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very end. "
+"Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary "
+"lawyer, Geoffrey Stewart, and by the law firm he had moved to, Jones, Day, "
+"Reavis and Pogue. Jones Day took a great deal of heat from its copyright-"
+"protectionist clients for supporting us. They ignored this pressure "
+"(something that few law firms today would ever do), and throughout the case, "
+"they gave it everything they could."
+msgstr ""
+"Feil ble gjort tidlig, skjønt den ble først åpenbart på slutten. Vår sak "
+"hadde støtte hos en ekstraordinær advokat, Geoffrey Stewart, helt fra "
+"starten, og hos advokatfirmaet hadde han flyttet til, Jones, Day, Reavis og "
+"Pogue. Jones Day mottok mye press fra sine opphavsrettsbeskyttende klienter "
+"på grunn av sin støtte til oss. De ignorert dette presset (noe veldig få "
+"advokatfirmaer noen sinne ville gjøre), og ga alt de hadde gjennom hele "
+"saken."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Ayer, Don"
+msgstr "Ayer, Don"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Bromberg, Dan"
+msgstr "Bromberg, Dan"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart "
+#| "was the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite involved. "
+#| "Bromberg and Ayer in particular had a common view about how this case "
+#| "would be won: We would only win, they repeatedly told me, if we could "
+#| "make the issue seem \"important\" to the Supreme Court. It had to seem as "
+#| "if dramatic harm were being done to free speech and free culture; "
+#| "otherwise, they would never vote against \"the most powerful media "
+#| "companies in the world.\""
+msgid ""
+"There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was "
+"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite involved. "
+"Bromberg and Ayer in particular had a common view about how this case would "
+"be won: We would only win, they repeatedly told me, if we could make the "
+"issue seem <quote>important</quote> to the Supreme Court. It had to seem as "
+"if dramatic harm were being done to free speech and free culture; otherwise, "
+"they would never vote against <quote>the most powerful media companies in "
+"the world.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Det var tre viktige advokater på saken fra Jones DaY. Geoff Stewart var den "
+"først, men siden ble Dan Bromberg og Don Ayer ganske involvert. Bromberg og "
+"Ayer spesielt hadde en felles oppfatning om hvordan denne saken ville bli "
+"vunnet: vi ville bare vinne, fortalte de gjentatte ganger til meg, hvis vi "
+"få problemet til å virke \"viktig\" for Høyesterett. Det måtte synes som om "
+"dramatisk skade ble gjort til ytringsfriheten og fri kultur, ellers ville de "
+"aldri stemt mot \"de mektigste mediaselskapene i verden\"."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a "
+"dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it "
+"is. But the idea that the Supreme Court decides the law based on how "
+"important they believe the issues are is just wrong. It might be "
+"<quote>right</quote> as in <quote>true,</quote> I thought, but it is "
+"<quote>wrong</quote> as in <quote>it just shouldn't be that way.</quote> As "
+"I believed that any faithful interpretation of what the framers of our "
+"Constitution did would yield the conclusion that the CTEA was "
+"unconstitutional, and as I believed that any faithful interpretation of what "
+"the First Amendment means would yield the conclusion that the power to "
+"extend existing copyright terms is unconstitutional, I was not persuaded "
+"that we had to sell our case like soap. Just as a law that bans the "
+"swastika is unconstitutional not because the Court likes Nazis but because "
+"such a law would violate the Constitution, so too, in my view, would the "
+"Court decide whether Congress's law was constitutional based on the "
+"Constitution, not based on whether they liked the values that the framers "
+"put in the Constitution."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg hater dette synet på loven. Selvfølgelig trodde jeg Sonny Bono-loven var "
+"en dramatisk skade på ytringsfriheten og fri kultur. Selvfølgelig tror jeg "
+"fortsatt dette. Men idéen om at Høyesterett bestemmer loven basert på hvor "
+"viktig de tror problemene er er bare galt. Det kan være \"riktig\" som i "
+"\"sann,\" jeg tenkte, men det er \"galt\" som i \"det bare bør ikke være den "
+"måten.\" som jeg mente at alle trofaste tolkning av forfatterne av vår "
+"grunnlov gjorde gi konklusjonen at ctea var forfatningsstridig, og som jeg "
+"mente at alle trofaste tolkning av hva den første endring betyr ville gi "
+"konklusjonen som strøm for å forlenge eksisterende opphavsrett vilkårene er "
+"unconstitutionalJeg var ikke overbevist om at vi måtte selge vårt tilfelle "
+"som såpe. akkurat som en lov som forbud swastika er unconstitutional ikke "
+"fordi retten liker nazistene, men fordi slik lov ville bryte Grunnloven, så "
+"også, i min mening, ville domstol bestemmer om congress's lov var "
+"konstitusjonelle basert på Grunnloven, ikke basert på om de likte verdiene "
+"som underskrev de innlegge Grunnloven."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm "
+"caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no "
+"reason to hear the case in the Supreme Court if they weren't convinced that "
+"this regulation was harmful. So in my view, we didn't need to persuade them "
+"that this law was bad, we needed to show why it was unconstitutional."
+msgstr ""
+"Uansett, jeg tenkte, domstolen må allerede se faren og skade som skyldes "
+"denne typen lov. Hvorfor ville de gir gjennomgang? Det var ingen grunn å "
+"høre tilfelle i Høyesterett hvis de ikke var overbevist om at denne "
+"reguleringen var skadelig. så etter min mening, vi ikke trenger å overtale "
+"dem at denne loven var ille, vi trengte å vise hvorfor det var "
+"forfatningsstridig."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 238
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in "
+"which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court "
+"would not hear our arguments if it thought these were just the arguments of "
+"a group of lefty loons. This Supreme Court was not about to launch into a "
+"new field of judicial review if it seemed that this field of review was "
+"simply the preference of a small political minority. Although my focus in "
+"the case was not to demonstrate how bad the Sonny Bono Act was but to "
+"demonstrate that it was unconstitutional, my hope was to make this argument "
+"against a background of briefs that covered the full range of political "
+"views. To show that this claim against the CTEA was grounded in "
+"<emphasis>law</emphasis> and not politics, then, we tried to gather the "
+"widest range of credible critics—credible not because they were rich "
+"and famous, but because they, in the aggregate, demonstrated that this law "
+"was unconstitutional regardless of one's politics."
+msgstr ""
+"Det var en måte, men i som jeg følte politikk ville saken og som jeg trodde "
+"et svar var riktig. Jeg var overbevist om at domstolen ikke ville høre våre "
+"argumenter Hvis det trodde disse var bare argumentene i en gruppe av lefty "
+"loons. Denne Høyesterett var ikke om å lansere i et nytt felt med juridisk "
+"vurdering Hvis det syntes at dette feltet av nytt var bare preferanse av et "
+"lite politisk mindretall. Selv om mitt fokus i tilfelle var ikke til å "
+"demonstrere hvor ille sonny bono handle var, men for å demonstrere at det "
+"var forfatningsstridig, mitt håp var å gjøre dette argumentet mot et "
+"bakteppe av truser som dekket hele spekteret av politiske synspunkter. å "
+"vise at denne påstanden mot ctea ble jordet i loven og ikke politikk, så vi "
+"prøvde å samle så mange søkeordresultater troverdig kritikere—"
+"troverdig ikke fordi de var rike og berømte, men fordi de, i samlet, vist at "
+"denne loven var forfatningsstridig uavhengig av ens politikk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Eagle Forum"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis"
+msgstr "Schlafly, Phyllis"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
+"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. Mrs. "
+"Schlafly viewed the CTEA as a sellout by Congress. In November 1998, she "
+"wrote a stinging editorial attacking the Republican Congress for allowing "
+"the law to pass. As she wrote, <quote>Do you sometimes wonder why bills that "
+"create a financial windfall to narrow special interests slide easily through "
+"the intricate legislative process, while bills that benefit the general "
+"public seem to get bogged down?</quote> The answer, as the editorial "
+"documented, was the power of money. Schlafly enumerated Disney's "
+"contributions to the key players on the committees. It was money, not "
+"justice, that gave Mickey Mouse twenty more years in Disney's control, "
+"Schlafly argued. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"det første trinnet skjedde alt av seg selv. Phyllis schlafly organisasjon, "
+"eagle forum, hadde vært motstander av ctea fra begynnelsen. Mrs. schlafly "
+"sett ctea som en sellout av Kongressen. i november 1998 skrev hun en "
+"stinging redaksjonelle angripe det republikanske Kongressen for å la loven "
+"skjedde. som hun skrev, \"noen ganger lurer du hvorfor regninger som "
+"oppretter en finansiell nedfallsfrukt for å begrense spesielle interesser "
+"skyv lett gjennom den intrikate lovgivende prosessen, mens regninger at "
+"fordelen allmennheten synes å komme bogged ned?\", som de redaksjonelle "
+"dokumentert, var svaret strømmen av penger. schlafly nummerert disney's "
+"bidrag til sentrale aktører på komiteene. Det var penger, ikke "
+"rettferdighet, som ga Mikke Mus tjue år i disney's kontroll, schlafly hevdet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting "
+"our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in "
+"the Supreme Court: If Congress can extend the term of existing copyrights, "
+"there is no limit to Congress's power to set terms. That strong "
+"conservative argument persuaded a strong conservative judge, Judge Sentelle."
+msgstr ""
+"i lagmannsrett var eagle forum ivrig etter å inngi en kort som støtter vår "
+"posisjon. sine kort gjort argumentet om at ble kjernen kravet i Høyesterett: "
+"Hvis Kongressen kan forlenge eksisterende opphavsrettigheter, det er ingen "
+"grense for Kongressens makt til å angi vilkår. som sterkt konservativ "
+"argumentet overtalt en sterk konservative dommer, dommer sentelle."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it "
+"gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software "
+"Foundation (home of the GNU project that made GNU/ Linux possible). They "
+"included a powerful brief about the costs of uncertainty by Intel. There "
+"were two law professors' briefs, one by copyright scholars and one by First "
+"Amendment scholars. There was an exhaustive and uncontroverted brief by the "
+"world's experts in the history of the Progress Clause. And of course, there "
+"was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "American Association of Law Libraries"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "National Writers Union"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, "
+"there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including "
+"the Internet Archive, the American Association of Law Libraries, and the "
+"National Writers Union. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"disse truser innrammet et juridisk argument. deretter for å støtte "
+"argumentet juridiske, var det en rekke kraftige truser av biblioteker og "
+"arkiver, inkludert internet archive, american association av loven "
+"biblioteker og den nasjonale forfattere unionen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've "
+"already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law "
+"was struck, a whole generation of American film would disappear. The other "
+"made the economic argument absolutely clear."
+msgstr ""
+"men to truser fanget argumentet policyen best. en gjort argumentet jeg har "
+"allerede beskrevet: en kort av hal mort studios hevdet at med mindre loven "
+"ble truffet, en hel generasjon av american film ville forsvinne. den andre "
+"gjort argumentet økonomiske helt klart."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Akerlof, George"
+msgstr "Akerlof, George"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Arrow, Kenneth"
+msgstr "Arrow, Kenneth"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Buchanan, James"
+msgstr "Buchanan, James"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Coase, Ronald"
+msgstr "Coase, Ronald"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Friedman, Milton"
+msgstr "Friedman, Milton"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five "
+"Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton "
+"Friedman, Kenneth Arrow, and George Akerlof. The economists, as the list of "
+"Nobel winners demonstrates, spanned the political spectrum. Their "
+"conclusions were powerful: There was no plausible claim that extending the "
+"terms of existing copyrights would do anything to increase incentives to "
+"create. Such extensions were nothing more than <quote>rent-seeking</"
+"quote>—the fancy term economists use to describe special-interest "
+"legislation gone wild."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne økonomer kort ble signert av sytten økonomer, inkludert fem "
+"Nobelprisen vinnerne, inkludert ronald Coases, james buchanan, milton "
+"friedman, kenneth pilen og george akerlof. økonomer, spredte som viser "
+"listen over nobel vinnere, det politiske spektret. deres konklusjoner var "
+"kraftig: det var ingen sannsynlig hevder at utvide vilkårene i eksisterende "
+"opphavsrettigheter ville gjøre noe for å øke insentiver til å opprette. "
+"slike utvidelser var ingenting mer enn \"leie-søker\"—fancy sikt "
+"økonomer bruk å beskrive spesielle interesser lovgivning gone wild."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Fried, Charles"
+msgstr "Fried, Charles"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Morrison, Alan"
+msgstr "Morrison, Alan"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Public Citizen"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Reagan, Ronald"
+msgstr "Reagan, Ronald"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to "
+"write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from "
+"the start. But when the case got to the Supreme Court, we added three "
+"lawyers to help us frame this argument to this Court: Alan Morrison, a "
+"lawyer from Public Citizen, a Washington group that had made constitutional "
+"history with a series of seminal victories in the Supreme Court defending "
+"individual rights; my colleague and dean, Kathleen Sullivan, who had argued "
+"many cases in the Court, and who had advised us early on about a First "
+"Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"samme innsats på balanse ble reflektert i det juridiske teamet vi samles for "
+"å skrive våre truser i tilfelle. jones dag advokater hadde blitt med oss fra "
+"starten. men da saken kom til Høyesterett, vi har lagt tre advokater for å "
+"hjelpe oss ramme dette argumentet til denne retten: alan morrison, en "
+"advokat fra offentlige borger, en washington gruppe som hadde gjort "
+"konstitusjonelle historie med en rekke banebrytende seire i Høyesterett "
+"forsvare rettigheter; Min kollega og dean, kathleen sullivan, som hadde "
+"hevdet mange tilfeller i domstol, og som hadde informert oss tidlig om en "
+"første endring strategi; og endelig, tidligere advokat general charles stekt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor "
+"general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
+"companies the special favor of extended copyright terms. Fried was the only "
+"one who turned down that lucrative assignment to stand up for something he "
+"believed in. He had been Ronald Reagan's chief lawyer in the Supreme Court. "
+"He had helped craft the line of cases that limited Congress's power in the "
+"context of the Commerce Clause. And while he had argued many positions in "
+"the Supreme Court that I personally disagreed with, his joining the cause "
+"was a vote of confidence in our argument. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"stekt var en spesiell seier for vår side. hver andre tidligere advokat "
+"generelt ble ansatt av den andre siden, å forsvare congress's kraft til å gi "
+"medieselskaper spesiell gunst utvidet opphavsrett vilkårene. stekt var den "
+"eneste som slått ned lukrative tildelingen til å stå opp for noe han mente "
+"i. han hadde vært ronald reagan's sjef advokat i Høyesterett. Han hadde "
+"bidratt til å skape linjen i tilfeller som begrenset Kongressens makt i "
+"forbindelse med handel-setningsdel. og mens han hadde hevdet mange "
+"posisjoner i Høyesterett som jeg personlig uenige med, hans begynte årsaken "
+"var en stemme av tilliten i vår argumentet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as "
+"well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included "
+"historians or economists. The briefs on the other side of the case were "
+"written exclusively by major media companies, congressmen, and copyright "
+"holders."
+msgstr ""
+"regjeringen, i å forsvare statutten, hadde sin samling av venner, også. "
+"betydelig, men ingen av disse \"vennene\" inkludert historikere eller "
+"økonomer. truser på den andre siden av saken ble skrevet utelukkende av "
+"store medieselskaper, congressmen og innehaver av opphavsrett."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the "
+"law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending "
+"their power and, indirectly, the gravy train of contributions such power "
+"induced. And of course it was not surprising that the copyright holders "
+"would defend the idea that they should continue to have the right to control "
+"who did what with content they wanted to control."
+msgstr ""
+"media selskapene var ikke overraskende. de har mest å tjene på loven. "
+"congressmen var ikke overraskende enten—de var å forsvare sin makt, og "
+"indirekte, Kjøttsaft tog av bidrag slik makt indusert. og selvfølgelig var "
+"det ikke overraskende at rettighetshavere ville forsvare idéen om at de bør "
+"fortsette å ha rett til å kontrollere hvem som gjorde hva med innhold de "
+"ønsket å kontroll."
+
+#. f14.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. "
+"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19."
+msgstr ""
+"kort av gikk dr. seuss enterprise et al., eldred v. ashcroft, 537 "
+"amerikanske (2003) (nr 01-618), 19."
+
+#. f15.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse "
+"Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March "
+"1998, B7."
+msgstr ""
+"dinitia smith, \"udødelig ord, udødelig royalties? selv Mikke Mus tiltrer "
+"fray,\"new york times, 28 mars 1998, b7."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Gershwin, George"
+msgstr "Gershwin, George"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
+"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better "
+"than allowing it to fall into the public domain—because if this "
+"creativity were in the public domain, then people could use it to "
+"<quote>glorify drugs or to create pornography.</quote><placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That was also the motive of the Gershwin estate, "
+"which defended its <quote>protection</quote> of the work of George Gershwin. "
+"They refuse, for example, to license <citetitle>Porgy and Bess</citetitle> "
+"to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the cast.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this part of American "
+"culture should be controlled, and they wanted this law to help them effect "
+"that control. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. "
+"When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is "
+"making a choice about which speakers it will favor. Famous and beloved "
+"copyright owners, such as the Gershwin estate and Dr. Seuss, come to "
+"Congress and say, <quote>Give us twenty years to control the speech about "
+"these icons of American culture. We'll do better with them than anyone else."
+"</quote> Congress of course likes to reward the popular and famous by giving "
+"them what they want. But when Congress gives people an exclusive right to "
+"speak in a certain way, that's just what the First Amendment is "
+"traditionally meant to block."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette argumentet gjort klart et tema som er sjelden merke i denne debatten. "
+"Når Kongressen beslutter å forlenge eksisterende opphavsrettigheter, gjør "
+"Kongressen et valg om hvilke høyttalere det prioriteres. berømte og elskede "
+"opphavsrett eiere, for eksempel gershwin eiendom og dr. seuss, komme til "
+"Kongressen og si, \"gi oss tjue år å kontrollere tale om disse ikonene av "
+"den amerikanske kulturen. Vi vil gjøre bedre med dem enn noen andre."
+"\"Kongressen liker selvfølgelig å belønne de populære og berømte ved å gi "
+"dem det de ønsker. men når Kongressen gir folk en eksklusiv rett til å "
+"snakke på en bestemt måte, det er akkurat hva den første endringen er "
+"tradisjonelt ment å blokkere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean "
+"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend copyrights—"
+"extensions that would further concentrate the market; it would also mean "
+"that there was no limit to Congress's power to play favorites, through "
+"copyright, with who has the right to speak. Between February and October, "
+"there was little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, "
+"I set the strategy."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi hevdet så mye i en endelige kort. ikke bare vil opprettholde ctea bety at "
+"det var ingen grense for strøm av Kongressen for å forlenge "
+"opphavsrett—utvidelser som ytterligere konsentrere seg markedet; det "
+"vil også bety at det var ingen grense congress's kraft til å spille "
+"favoritter, gjennom opphavsrett, med som har rett til å snakke. mellom "
+"februar og oktober var det lite jeg gjorde utover forbereder for denne "
+"saken. tidlig som jeg sa, satt jeg strategien."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called "
+"<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the Rest.</"
+"quote> The Conservatives included Chief Justice Rehnquist, Justice O'Connor, "
+"Justice Scalia, Justice Kennedy, and Justice Thomas. These five had been the "
+"most consistent in limiting Congress's power. They were the five who had "
+"supported the <citetitle>Lopez/Morrison</citetitle> line of cases that said "
+"that an enumerated power had to be interpreted to assure that Congress's "
+"powers had limits."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Breyer, Stephen"
+msgstr "Breyer, Stephen"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 242
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on "
+"Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
+"Ginsburg, and Justice Breyer—had repeatedly argued that the "
+"Constitution gives Congress broad discretion to decide how best to implement "
+"its powers. In case after case, these justices had argued that the Court's "
+"role should be one of deference. Though the votes of these four justices "
+"were the votes that I personally had most consistently agreed with, they "
+"were also the votes that we were least likely to get."
+msgstr ""
+"resten var fire justiariusene som hadde sterkt imot begrensninger på "
+"Kongressens makt. disse fire—rettferdighet stevens, rettferdighet "
+"souter, rettferdighet ginsburg og rettferdighet breyer—hadde gjentatte "
+"ganger hevdet at grunnloven gir Kongressen bred skjønn å bestemme hvordan du "
+"best å implementere sin myndighet. i sak etter sak, hadde disse to andre "
+"justiariusene hevdet at retten rolle bør være en av deference. om stemmene "
+"til disse fire justiariusene var stemmene som jeg personlig hadde mest "
+"konsekvent avtalt med, var de også stemmene som vi var minst sannsynlig å få."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her "
+"general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are "
+"involved), she had been particularly deferential in the context of "
+"intellectual property protections. She and her daughter (an excellent and "
+"well-known intellectual property scholar) were cut from the same "
+"intellectual property cloth. We expected she would agree with the writings "
+"of her daughter: that Congress had the power in this context to do as it "
+"wished, even if what Congress wished made little sense."
+msgstr ""
+"spesielt var minst sannsynlig rettferdighet ginsburg. i tillegg til hennes "
+"Generelt-visningen om deference Kongressen (unntatt der utgaver av kjønn er "
+"involvert), hadde hun vært spesielt deferential i forbindelse med "
+"beskyttelse av intellektuell eiendom. Hun og hennes datter (en glimrende og "
+"velkjente immaterielle scholar) ble kuttet fra samme immaterielle klut. vi "
+"ventet Hun vil være enig med skriftene til datteren: at Kongressen hadde "
+"makt i denne sammenheng å gjøre som det ønsket, selv om hva Kongressen "
+"ønsket gjort lite fornuftig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as "
+"unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored "
+"deference to Congress, as did Justice Breyer. But both were also very "
+"sensitive to free speech concerns. And as we strongly believed, there was a "
+"very important free speech argument against these retrospective extensions."
+msgstr ""
+"Lukk bak rettferdighet ginsburg var to justiariusene hvem vi også sett på "
+"som usannsynlig allierte, om mulig overraskelser. rettferdighet souter "
+"favoriserte sterkt deference Kongressen, som gjorde rettferdighet breyer. "
+"men begge var også svært sensitive til ytringsfriheten bekymringer. og som "
+"vi sterkt mente, det var en svært viktig ytringsfriheten argument mot disse "
+"retrospektiv utvidelser."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice Stevens. "
+"History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges on this "
+"Court. His votes are consistently eclectic, which just means that no simple "
+"ideology explains where he will stand. But he had consistently argued for "
+"limits in the context of intellectual property generally. We were fairly "
+"confident he would recognize limits here."
+msgstr ""
+"den eneste stemme som vi kan være trygg på var at for rettferdighet stevens. "
+"historie registrerer rettferdighet stevens som en av de største dommerne på "
+"denne retten. hans stemmer er konsekvent variert, som betyr bare at ingen "
+"enkel ideologi forklarer hvor han vil stå. men han hadde konsekvent "
+"argumentert for grenser i forbindelse med immaterielle generelt. Vi var "
+"ganske trygg på han ville anerkjenne grenser her."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus "
+"had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open "
+"these five and get at least a majority to go our way. Thus, the single "
+"overriding argument that animated our claim rested on the Conservatives' "
+"most important jurisprudential innovation—the argument that Judge "
+"Sentelle had relied upon in the Court of Appeals, that Congress's power must "
+"be interpreted so that its enumerated powers have limits."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne analysen av \"resten\" viste mest tydelig der vårt fokus måtte være: "
+"på høyre. for å vinne dette tilfellet, vi hadde å sprekk åpne disse fem og "
+"få minst et flertall å gå på vår måte. dermed enkelt overstyrende argument "
+"som animert våre krav hvilte på Høyres viktigste jurisprudential innovasjon "
+"- argumentet at dommer sentelle hadde grunnlag i lagmannsrett, at "
+"Kongressens makt må tolkes slik at dens nummerert kreftene har begrensninger."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 243
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am "
+"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the "
+"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, under the government's argument here, "
+"Congress would always have unlimited power to extend existing terms. If "
+"anything was plain about Congress's power under the Progress Clause, it was "
+"that this power was supposed to be <quote>limited.</quote> Our aim would be "
+"to get the Court to reconcile <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> with "
+"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>: If Congress's power to regulate commerce was "
+"limited, then so, too, must Congress's power to regulate copyright be "
+"limited."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette var deretter kjernen i vår strategi—en strategi som jeg er "
+"ansvarlig. Vi ville få retten å se at akkurat som du er med under "
+"regjeringens argument her i tilfelle lopez, Kongressen ville alltid ha "
+"ubegrenset makt til å utvide eksisterende vilkår. Hvis noe var vanlig om "
+"Kongressens makt under setningsdelen fremdrift, det var at dette makt var "
+"ment for å være \"begrenset.\" vårt mål vil være å få retten å avstemme "
+"eldred med lopez: Hvis Kongressens makt til å regulere handel var begrenset, "
+"deretter så, også, congress's makt til å regulere copyright skal begrenses."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done "
+"it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that "
+"from the very beginning, Congress has been extending the term of existing "
+"copyrights. So, the government argued, the Court should not now say that "
+"practice is unconstitutional."
+msgstr ""
+"argumentet på regjeringens side kom ned til dette: Kongressen har gjort det "
+"før. det skal være tillatt å gjøre det igjen. regjeringen hevdet at helt fra "
+"starten, Kongressen har blitt utvidelse av eksisterende opphavsrettigheter. "
+"så regjeringen hevdet, domstolen bør ikke nå si at praksis er "
+"unconstitutional."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly "
+"agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of "
+"course, in 1962, Congress began extending existing terms regularly—"
+"eleven times in forty years."
+msgstr ""
+"Det var noen sannhet til regjeringens krav, men ikke mye. Vi absolutt avtalt "
+"at Kongressen hadde utvidet eksisterende vilkårene i og i 1909. og "
+"selvfølgelig, i 1962, Kongressen begynte utvide eksisterende "
+"regelmessig—betingelser elleve ganger i førti år."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 244
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress "
+"extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It "
+"then extended existing terms once again in the next fifty. Those rare "
+"extensions are in contrast to the now regular practice of extending existing "
+"terms. Whatever restraint Congress had had in the past, that restraint was "
+"now gone. Congress was now in a cycle of extensions; there was no reason to "
+"expect that cycle would end. This Court had not hesitated to intervene where "
+"Congress was in a similar cycle of extension. There was no reason it "
+"couldn't intervene here. Oral argument was scheduled for the first week in "
+"October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During those two "
+"weeks, I was repeatedly <quote>mooted</quote> by lawyers who had volunteered "
+"to help in the case. Such <quote>moots</quote> are basically practice "
+"rounds, where wannabe justices fire questions at wannabe winners."
+msgstr ""
+"men dette \"konsistens\" bør holdes i perspektiv. Kongressen utvidet "
+"eksisterende vilkårene en gang i første hundre år av Republikken. det "
+"deretter utvidet eksisterende vilkårene igjen i de neste femti. disse "
+"sjeldne utvidelser er i motsetning til nå vanlig praksis for å utvide "
+"eksisterende vilkår. Uansett selvbeherskelse Kongressen hadde hatt i siste, "
+"at selvbeherskelse nå var borte. Kongressen var nå i en syklus av "
+"utvidelser; Det var ingen grunn til å forvente at syklus ville end. denne "
+"domstolen hadde ikke vil nøle med å intervenere der Kongressen var i en "
+"lignende syklus av filtypen. Det var ingen grunn det ikke kunne gripe inn "
+"her. muntlig argumentet var planlagt for den første uken i oktober. Jeg "
+"ankom i DC to uker før argumentet. i løpet av de to ukene, ble jeg gjentatte "
+"ganger \"mooted\" av advokater som hadde frivillig til å hjelpe i tilfelle. "
+"slike \"moots\" er i utgangspunktet praksis runder, der wannabe "
+"justiariusene brann spørsmål på wannabe vinnere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single "
+"point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the "
+"power to set terms. Going with the government would mean that terms would be "
+"effectively unlimited; going with us would give Congress a clear line to "
+"follow: Don't extend existing terms. The moots were an effective practice; I "
+"found ways to take every question back to this central idea."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg var overbevist om at for å vinne, jeg måtte holde domstolen fokusert på "
+"et enkelt punkt: at hvis denne utvidelsen er tillatt, så det er ingen grense "
+"makt til å angi vilkår. Going med regjeringen ville bety at vilkårene vil "
+"være effektivt ubegrenset; Going med oss ville gi Kongressen en klar linje å "
+"følge: ikke utvide eksisterende vilkår. moots var en effektiv praksis, Jeg "
+"har funnet måter å ta alle spørsmål tilbake til dette sentrale idéen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He "
+"had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles "
+"Fried. He had argued many cases before the Supreme Court. And in his review "
+"of the moot, he let his concern speak: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"en moot var før jurister på jones dag. Don ayer var skeptisk. Han "
+"tjenestegjorde i Justisdepartementet reagan med advokat general charles "
+"stekt. Han hadde hevdet mange tilfeller før Høyesterett. og han la sin "
+"bekymring snakke i sin anmeldelse av moot:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be "
+"willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a "
+"consistent practice for two hundred years. You have to make them see the "
+"harm—passionately get them to see the harm. For if they don't see "
+"that, then we haven't any chance of winning.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg er bare redd at med mindre de ser virkelig skade, de ikke vil være "
+"villig til å opprørt denne praksis som regjeringen sier har vært en "
+"konsekvent praksis for to hundre år. du har å gjøre dem se skade—"
+"passionately få dem til å se skaden. for hvis de ser ikke som, så vi har "
+"ikke noen sjanse til å vinne."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 245
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't "
+"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right "
+"thing—not because of politics but because it was right. As a law "
+"professor, I had spent my life teaching my students that this Court does the "
+"right thing—not because of politics but because it is right. As I "
+"listened to Ayer's plea for passion in pressing politics, I understood his "
+"point, and I rejected it. Our argument was right. That was enough. Let the "
+"politicians learn to see that it was also good. The night before the "
+"argument, a line of people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The "
+"case had become a focus of the press and of the movement to free culture. "
+"Hundreds stood in line for the chance to see the proceedings. Scores spent "
+"the night on the Supreme Court steps so that they would be assured a seat."
+msgstr ""
+"han kanskje har hevdet mange tilfeller før denne retten, jeg tenkte, men han "
+"forstod ikke sin sjel. Jeg hadde sett justiariusene gjøre rette—ikke "
+"på grunn av politikk som en kontorist, men fordi det var rett. Jeg hadde "
+"tilbrakt livet undervise elevene mine at denne retten gjør rette—ikke "
+"på grunn av politikk som en lov professor, men fordi det er riktig. da jeg "
+"lyttet til ayer's påstand om lidenskap i presserende politikk, jeg forsto "
+"hans punkt, og jeg avviste den. Vårt argument var rett. Det var nok. La "
+"politikerne lære å se at det var også god. natten før argumentet, en linje "
+"av mennesker begynte å form foran Høyesterett. saken hadde blitt et fokus av "
+"pressen og bevegelse for fri kultur. hundrevis sto i kø for sjansen til å se "
+"proceedings. score tilbragte natten på Høyesterett trinnene slik at de ville "
+"være trygg på et sete."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for "
+"seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my "
+"parents, for example.) Members of the Supreme Court bar can get a seat in a "
+"special section reserved for them. And senators and congressmen have a "
+"special place where they get to sit, too. And finally, of course, the press "
+"has a gallery, as do clerks working for the Justices on the Court. As we "
+"entered that morning, there was no place that was not taken. This was an "
+"argument about intellectual property law, yet the halls were filled. As I "
+"walked in to take my seat at the front of the Court, I saw my parents "
+"sitting on the left. As I sat down at the table, I saw Jack Valenti sitting "
+"in the special section ordinarily reserved for family of the Justices."
+msgstr ""
+"ikke alle har til å vente på linjen. folk som vet de to andre justiariusene "
+"kan be om seter de kontroll. (jeg spurte rettferdighet scalia kamre for "
+"plasser for mine foreldre, for eksempel.) medlemmer av Høyesterett baren kan "
+"få et sete i en spesiell del reservert for dem. og senators og congressmen "
+"har et spesielt sted hvor de får å sitte, også. og til slutt, selvfølgelig, "
+"pressen har et galleri som gjør clerks som jobber for de to andre "
+"justiariusene på domstol. som vi har angitt den morgenen, var det ikke noe "
+"sted som ikke ble tatt. Dette var et argument om lovgivning for "
+"immaterielle, men hallene var fylt. så jeg gikk i å ta min plass på forsiden "
+"av retten, så jeg mine foreldre som sitter til venstre. som jeg satte meg "
+"ned ved bordet, så jeg jack valenti sitter i delen spesielle vanligvis "
+"forbeholdt familie av de to andre justiariusene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I "
+"intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This "
+"was a case about enumerated powers, I said, and whether those enumerated "
+"powers had any limit."
+msgstr ""
+"Når justisministeren ringte meg å starte mitt argument, jeg begynte hvor jeg "
+"skal bo: på spørsmålet om begrensninger på Kongressens makt. Dette var en "
+"sak om nummerert kreftene, jeg sa, og om de nummerert kreftene hadde noen "
+"grense."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history "
+"was bothering her."
+msgstr ""
+"rettferdighet o'connor stoppet meg ett minutts min åpning. historien var "
+"plaget henne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, "
+"and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions "
+"of time? I mean, this seems to be a practice that began with the very first "
+"act."
+msgstr ""
+"rettferdighet o'connor: Kongressen har utvidet begrepet så ofte gjennom "
+"årene, og hvis du har rett, ikke vi kjøre risikoen for upsetting tidligere "
+"utvidelser av tid? Jeg mener, dette synes å være en praksis som begynte med "
+"svært første akt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face "
+"of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was "
+"to emphasize limits on Congress's power."
+msgstr ""
+"Hun var ganske villig til å innrømme \"at dette flyr direkte i møte med hva "
+"underskrev hadde i tankene.\", men mitt svar var igjen og igjen å "
+"understreke begrensninger på Kongressens makt."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 246
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, "
+"then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives "
+"effect to what they had in mind, and the answer is yes."
+msgstr ""
+"Mr. lessig: Vel, hvis det flyr i ansiktet av hva underskrev hadde i tankene, "
+"så spørsmålet er, er det en måte å tolke sine ord som gir kraft til hva de "
+"hadde i tankene, og svaret er Ja."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the "
+"Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed,"
+msgstr ""
+"Det var to poeng i dette argumentet når jeg burde ha sett hvor domstolen "
+"skulle. Først var et spørsmål av rettferdighet kennedy, som observert,"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, "
+"too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone "
+"because of the disruption, is that for all these years the act has impeded "
+"progress in science and the useful arts. I just don't see any empirical "
+"evidence for that."
+msgstr ""
+"rettferdighet kennedy: Vel, jeg antar implisitt i argumentet at ' 76-loven, "
+"også, bør har blitt gjort ugyldige, og at vi kan la det være på grunn av "
+"avbrudd, er som for alle disse årene loven har hindret fremgang i vitenskap "
+"og nyttig kunst. Jeg ser ikke noen empiriske bevis for dette."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I "
+"answered,"
+msgstr ""
+"Her følger min klart feil. som professor korrigere en student, svarte jeg,"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing "
+"in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about "
+"impeding progress. Our only argument is this is a structural limit necessary "
+"to assure that what would be an effectively perpetual term not be permitted "
+"under the copyright laws."
+msgstr ""
+"Mr. lessig: rettferdighet, vi ikke gjør en empirisk krav på alle. ingenting "
+"i våre opphavsrett-setningsdel krav henger på empirisk påstanden om hindrer "
+"fremdrift. vår eneste argumentet er at dette er en strukturell begrensning "
+"som er nødvendig for å sikre at det ville være et effektivt evigvarende sikt "
+"ikke tillates under lover om opphavsrett."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer "
+"was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of "
+"briefs had been written about it. He wanted to hear it. And here was the "
+"place Don Ayer's advice should have mattered. This was a softball; my answer "
+"was a swing and a miss."
+msgstr ""
+"Det var riktig svar, men det var ikke riktig svar. riktig svar var i stedet "
+"at det var en opplagt og dyptgripende skade. en rekke truser hadde vært "
+"skrevet om den. han ønsket å høre den. og her var sted don ayer's råd skal "
+"ha mattered. Dette var en softball; mitt svar var en swing og en glipp."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been crafted. "
+"For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> ruling, "
+"and we hoped that he would see this case as its second cousin."
+msgstr ""
+"andre kom fra sjefen, som hele saken hadde blitt utformet. for "
+"justisministeren hadde utformet lopez avgjørelse, og vi håpet at ville han "
+"se denne saken som sin andre fetter."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 247
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. "
+"To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:"
+msgstr ""
+"Det var klart en andre i sin spørsmålet at han ikke var på alle sympatisk. "
+"til ham var vi en gjeng med anarkistene. så han spurte:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy "
+"verbatim other people's books, don't you?"
+msgstr ""
+"Chief justice: godt, men du ønsker mer enn som. du vil ha rett til å kopiere "
+"ordrett andres bøker, ikke du?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the "
+"public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that "
+"cannot be justified under ordinary First Amendment analysis or under a "
+"proper reading of the limits built into the Copyright Clause."
+msgstr ""
+"Mr. lessig: vi vil ha rett til å kopiere ordrett verk som bør være i den "
+"offentlige sfæren, og ville være allemannseie, men for en vedtekter som ikke "
+"kan begrunnes under vanlige første endring analyse eller under en riktig "
+"lesing av grensene som er innebygd i setningsdelen opphavsrett."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the "
+"Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor "
+"General Olson,"
+msgstr ""
+"ting gikk bedre for oss når regjeringen ga argumentet; for nå domstolen "
+"plukket opp på kjernen av våre krav. som rettferdighet spurte scalia advokat "
+"generelt olson"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time "
+"would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the "
+"argument that's being made by petitioners here, that a limited time which is "
+"extendable is the functional equivalent of an unlimited time."
+msgstr ""
+"rettferdighet scalia: du si at samme en ubegrenset tid ville være et brudd "
+"[av Grunnloven], men det er nettopp argumentet som gjøres av petitioners "
+"her, det en begrenset periode som er utvidbart er samme en ubegrenset tid."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's "
+"flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the "
+"academic, not the practical. The government was arguing as if this were the "
+"first case ever to consider limits on Congress's Copyright and Patent Clause "
+"power. Ever the professor and not the advocate, I closed by pointing out the "
+"long history of the Court imposing limits on Congress's power in the name of "
+"the Copyright and Patent Clause— indeed, the very first case striking "
+"a law of Congress as exceeding a specific enumerated power was based upon "
+"the Copyright and Patent Clause. All true. But it wasn't going to move the "
+"Court to my side."
+msgstr ""
+"Når olson var ferdig, var det min tur til å gi en avsluttende rebuttal. "
+"olson's flailing hadde gjenopplivet sinnet mitt. men min vrede fortsatt ble "
+"sendt til akademiske, ikke praktiske. regjeringen var kranglet som om dette "
+"var det første tilfellet noensinne å vurdere begrensninger på congress's "
+"copyright og patent-setningsdel makt. professoren og ikke talsmann, jeg "
+"lukket noensinne ved å peke på den lange historien av domstolen innføre "
+"begrensninger på Kongressens makt i navnet på opphavsrett og patent-"
+"setningsdel—faktisk, det aller første tilfellet støtning en lov av "
+"Kongressen som overskrider en bestemt, nummerert makt var basert på "
+"opphavsrett og patent-setningsdel. alle sanne. men det var ikke til å flytte "
+"retten til min side."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 248
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I "
+"could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered "
+"differently. But one way of thinking about this case left me optimistic."
+msgstr ""
+"som jeg venstre retten denne dagen, jeg visste det var en hundre punkter jeg "
+"ønsket at jeg kunne remake. var det en hundre spørsmål jeg ønsket at jeg "
+"hadde svart på en annen måte. men en måte å tenke på dette tilfellet forlatt "
+"meg optimistisk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over "
+"and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the "
+"answer I wanted the Court to hear. For I could not imagine how the Court "
+"could understand that the government believed Congress's power was unlimited "
+"under the terms of the Copyright Clause, and sustain the government's "
+"argument. The solicitor general had made my argument for me. No matter how "
+"often I tried, I could not understand how the Court could find that "
+"Congress's power under the Commerce Clause was limited, but under the "
+"Copyright Clause, unlimited. In those rare moments when I let myself believe "
+"that we may have prevailed, it was because I felt this Court—in "
+"particular, the Conservatives—would feel itself constrained by the "
+"rule of law that it had established elsewhere."
+msgstr ""
+"regjeringen hadde blitt spurt om og om igjen, hva er grensen? igjen og "
+"igjen, det hadde besvart det er ingen begrensning. Dette var nettopp svaret "
+"jeg ville retten å høre. for jeg ikke kan forestille meg hvordan domstol "
+"kunne forstå at regjeringen trodde congress's makt var ubegrenset under "
+"betingelsene i setningsdelen opphavsrett, og opprettholde regjeringens "
+"argumentet. advokat-general hadde gjort mitt argument for meg. uansett hvor "
+"ofte jeg forsøkt, kunne jeg ikke forstå hvordan domstol finner at "
+"Kongressens makt under handel-setningsdel var begrenset, men under den "
+"opphavsrett setningen, ubegrenset. i de sjeldne øyeblikkene når jeg la meg "
+"tro at vi kan ha kommet, det var fordi jeg følte denne retten—spesielt "
+"ville konservative—føle seg begrenset av rettssikkerhet at det hadde "
+"etablert andre steder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and "
+"missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the "
+"message, I could tell in an instant that she had bad news to report.The "
+"Supreme Court had affirmed the decision of the Court of Appeals. Seven "
+"justices had voted in the majority. There were two dissents."
+msgstr ""
+"15. januar 2003, morgenen jeg var fem minutter for sent til kontoret og "
+"ubesvarte anropet 7: 00 am fra Høyesterett kontorist. lytte til meldingen, "
+"jeg kunne fortelle på et øyeblikk at hun hadde dårlige nyheter til report."
+"the hadde Høyesterett bekreftet avgjørelsen til court of appeals. syv "
+"justiariusene hadde stemt i fleste. Det var to Dissensene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off "
+"the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I "
+"had been wrong in my reasoning."
+msgstr ""
+"noen sekunder senere, kom meninger via e-post. Jeg tok telefonen av kroken, "
+"postet en kunngjøring til vår blogg, og satte meg ned for å se hvor jeg "
+"hadde vært feil i mitt resonnement."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money "
+"in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last "
+"naïve law professor, scouring the pages, looking for reasoning."
+msgstr ""
+"mitt resonnement. Her var en sak som pitted alle pengene i verden mot "
+"resonnement. og her var den siste naivt lov professoren, scouring sider, på "
+"jakt etter resonnement."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the "
+"principle in this case from the principle in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. "
+"The argument was nowhere to be found. The case was not even cited. The "
+"argument that was the core argument of our case did not even appear in the "
+"Court's opinion."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg scoured først mening, ser for hvordan domstol vil skille prinsippet i "
+"dette tilfellet fra prinsippet i lopez. argumentet var ingensteds å bli "
+"funnet. saken ble ikke selv sitert. argumentet som ble argumentet kjernen i "
+"vårt tilfelle ikke engang vises i retten mening."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 249
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent "
+"with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found "
+"Congress's power not limited here."
+msgstr ""
+"rettferdighet ginsburg ganske enkelt ignorert argumentet nummerert kreftene. "
+"konsekvent med hennes syn at Kongressen makt var ikke begrenset Generelt, "
+"hun hadde funnet Kongressens makt ikke begrenset her."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice Souter. "
+"Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too much to "
+"expect them to write an opinion that recognized, much less explained, the "
+"doctrine they had worked so hard to defeat."
+msgstr ""
+"hennes mening var helt rimelig—for henne, og for rettferdighet souter. "
+"Ingen av dem tror på lopez. det ville være for mye å forvente dem til å "
+"skrive en uttalelse som gjenkjennes, mye mindre forklart, doktrine som de "
+"hadde arbeidet så hardt for å beseire."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was "
+"reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited "
+"powers with the Commerce Clause and unlimited powers with the Progress "
+"Clause. It had never even occurred to me that they could reconcile the two "
+"simply <emphasis>by not addressing the argument</emphasis>. There was no "
+"inconsistency because they would not talk about the two together. There was "
+"therefore no principle that followed from the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> "
+"case: In that context, Congress's power would be limited, but in this "
+"context it would not."
+msgstr ""
+"men som jeg hva som hadde skjedd, jeg kunne ikke helt tro hva jeg leser. Jeg "
+"hadde sagt det var ingen måte denne retten kan avstemme begrenset krefter "
+"med handel-setningsdelen og ubegrensede krefter med fremgang-setningsdelen. "
+"det hadde aldri skjedd for meg at de kunne forene to ved adressering ikke "
+"argumentet. Det var ingen inkonsekvens fordi de ikke ville snakker om to "
+"sammen. Det ble derfor ingen prinsippet som fulgt av lopez tilfelle: i den "
+"sammenhengen, Kongressens makt ville være begrenset, men i denne sammenheng "
+"vil det ikke."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they "
+"would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to "
+"select the part of the Constitution they would enforce based on the values "
+"they thought important? We were right back to the argument that I said I "
+"hated at the start: I had failed to convince them that the issue here was "
+"important, and I had failed to recognize that however much I might hate a "
+"system in which the Court gets to pick the constitutional values that it "
+"will respect, that is the system we have."
+msgstr ""
+"ennå ved hvilken rett de fikk til å velge hvilke av de underskrev verdiene "
+"de ville respekt? ved hvilken rett gjorde de—de stille fem—får å "
+"velge delen av Grunnloven de ville håndheve basert på verdiene de trodde "
+"viktig? Vi var tilbake til argumentet at jeg sa jeg hatet i starten: Jeg "
+"hadde mislyktes med å overbevise dem om at problemet her var viktig, og jeg "
+"hadde unnlot å innse at det er systemet vi har, men mye jeg kan hater et "
+"system der domstolen får velge konstitusjonelle verdiene som det vil "
+"respektere,."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion "
+"was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of "
+"intellectual property law should not support this unjustified extension of "
+"terms. He based his argument on a parallel analysis that had governed in the "
+"context of patents (so had we). But the rest of the Court discounted the "
+"parallel—without explaining how the very same words in the Progress "
+"Clause could come to mean totally different things depending upon whether "
+"the words were about patents or copyrights. The Court let Justice Stevens's "
+"charge go unanswered."
+msgstr ""
+"to andre justiariusene breyer og stevens skrev veldig sterk Dissensene. "
+"Stevens mening laget interne til loven: han hevdet at tradisjonen med "
+"lovgivning for immaterielle ikke bør støtter dette uberettiget forlengelse "
+"av vilkårene. han basert hans argument på en parallell analyse som hadde "
+"styrt i sammenheng med patenter (så hadde vi). men resten av domstolen "
+"nedsatte parallelt—uten å forklare hvordan de samme ord i fremgang-"
+"setningsdelen kan komme til å bety helt forskjellige ting som er avhengig av "
+"om ordene var om patenter eller opphavsrett. Retten la rettferdighet stevens "
+"kostnad gå ubesvart."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 250
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was "
+"external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has "
+"become so long as to be effectively unlimited. We had said that under the "
+"current term, a copyright gave an author 99.8 percent of the value of a "
+"perpetual term. Breyer said we were wrong, that the actual number was "
+"99.9997 percent of a perpetual term. Either way, the point was clear: If the "
+"Constitution said a term had to be <quote>limited,</quote> and the existing "
+"term was so long as to be effectively unlimited, then it was "
+"unconstitutional."
+msgstr ""
+"rettferdighet breyer oppfatning, kanskje den beste mening han noensinne har "
+"skrevet, var eksterne for Grunnloven. Han hevdet at begrepet av "
+"opphavsretten har blitt så lenge som å være effektivt ubegrenset. Vi hadde "
+"sagt at under gjeldende begrepet, opphavsretten ga en forfatter 99.8 prosent "
+"av verdien av et evigvarende begrep. Breyer sa vi var galt, at det faktiske "
+"antallet var 99.9997 prosent av en evigvarende sikt. Uansett, punktet var "
+"klart: Hvis grunnloven sa en term måtte være \"begrenset\", og eksisterende "
+"begrepet var så langt som å være effektivt ubegrenset, så det var "
+"forfatningsstridig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because "
+"neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was "
+"willing to push it as a reason to reject this extension. The case was "
+"decided without anyone having addressed the argument that we had carried "
+"from Judge Sentelle. It was <citetitle>Hamlet</citetitle> without the Prince."
+msgstr ""
+"disse to justiariusene forstått alle argumentene vi hadde gjort. men fordi "
+"ingen trodde i lopez-saken, heller ikke var villig til å skyve den som en "
+"grunn til å avvise denne utvidelsen. tilfellet var besluttet uten at noen "
+"har adressert argumentet om at vi hadde fraktet fra dommer sentelle. Det var "
+"hamlet uten prinsen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression "
+"gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the "
+"depression. This anger was of two sorts."
+msgstr ""
+"tap bringer depresjon. de sier det er et tegn på helse når depresjon gir "
+"måte å sinne. min vrede kom raskt, men det gjorde ikke kurere depresjon. "
+"Dette sinne var inälvor."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have "
+"been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of "
+"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> didn't apply in this case. That wouldn't have "
+"been a very convincing argument, I don't believe, having read it made by "
+"others, and having tried to make it myself. But it at least would have been "
+"an act of integrity. These justices in particular have repeatedly said that "
+"the proper mode of interpreting the Constitution is <quote>originalism</"
+"quote>—to first understand the framers' text, interpreted in their "
+"context, in light of the structure of the Constitution. That method had "
+"produced <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> and many other <quote>originalist</"
+"quote> rulings. Where was their <quote>originalism</quote> now?"
+msgstr ""
+"Det var første sinne på fem \"konservative.\" det ville ha vært en ting for "
+"dem å har forklart hvorfor prinsippet om lopez ikke bruk i dette tilfellet. "
+"ikke som ville vært et veldig overbevisende argument, jeg ikke tror, etter å "
+"ha lest det gjort av andre, og at de hadde prøvd å gjøre det selv. men i "
+"alle fall ville det ha vært en handling av integritet. disse to andre "
+"justiariusene spesielt har gjentatte ganger sagt at riktig tolke Grunnloven "
+"er \"originalism\"—å først forstå underskrev tekst, tolkes i sin "
+"sammenheng, i lys av strukturen av Grunnloven. Denne metoden hadde produsert "
+"lopez og mange andre \"originalist\" rulings. hvor var deres \"originalism\" "
+"nå?"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 251
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the "
+"framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined "
+"an opinion that never once tried to explain how the structure of that clause "
+"would affect the interpretation of Congress's power. And they joined an "
+"opinion that didn't even try to explain why this grant of power could be "
+"unlimited, whereas the Commerce Clause would be limited. In short, they had "
+"joined an opinion that did not apply to, and was inconsistent with, their "
+"own method for interpreting the Constitution. This opinion may well have "
+"yielded a result that they liked. It did not produce a reason that was "
+"consistent with their own principles."
+msgstr ""
+"her, de hadde med seg en oppfatning at aldri en gang prøvde å forklare hva "
+"underskrev hadde menes med laging setningsdelen fremgang som de gjorde; de "
+"sluttet seg en oppfatning at aldri en gang forsøkt å forklare hvordan "
+"strukturen i som ledd vil påvirke tolkningen av Kongressens makt. og de med "
+"seg en mening som ikke engang forsøke å forklare hvorfor dette stipendet av "
+"makt kan være ubegrenset, mens handel-setningsdel ville være begrenset. kort "
+"sagt, hadde de sluttet en uttalelse som ikke gjelde, og var inkonsekvent med "
+"sin egen metode for tolking av Grunnloven. denne mening kan også har gitt et "
+"resultat som de likte. det ikke produsere en grunn som var i samsvar med sin "
+"egen prinsipper."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I "
+"had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as "
+"it is."
+msgstr ""
+"mitt sinne med høyre raskt gitt til sinne med meg selv. for jeg hadde la en "
+"visning av loven som jeg likte forstyrre en visning av loven som det er."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism "
+"about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a "
+"much more pragmatic view. When Don Ayer said that this case would be won "
+"based on whether I could convince the Justices that the framers' values were "
+"important, I fought the idea, because I didn't want to believe that that is "
+"how this Court decides. I insisted on arguing this case as if it were a "
+"simple application of a set of principles. I had an argument that followed "
+"in logic. I didn't need to waste my time showing it should also follow in "
+"popularity."
+msgstr ""
+"de fleste jurister og de fleste lov professorer, har liten tålmodighet for "
+"idealismen om domstoler Generelt og denne Høyesterett spesielt. de fleste "
+"har mye mer pragmatisk. da don ayer sa at dette tilfellet ville bli vunnet "
+"basert på om jeg kunne overbevise de to andre justiariusene at verdiene for "
+"de underskrev var viktig, jeg kjempet idéen, fordi jeg ikke ønsker å tro at "
+"det er hvordan denne retten bestemmer. jeg insisterte på kranglet denne "
+"saken som om den var en enkel Påføring av et sett prinsipper. Jeg hadde et "
+"argument som fulgte i logikken. Jeg trengte ikke å kaste bort min tid viser "
+"det bør også følge i popularitet."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 252
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see "
+"a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in "
+"different directions, where the truth about the harm that this unchecked "
+"power will cause could have been made clear to this Court. Justice Kennedy "
+"in good faith wanted to be shown. I, idiotically, corrected his question. "
+"Justice Souter in good faith wanted to be shown the First Amendment harms. "
+"I, like a math teacher, reframed the question to make the logical point. I "
+"had shown them how they could strike this law of Congress if they wanted to. "
+"There were a hundred places where I could have helped them want to, yet my "
+"stubbornness, my refusal to give in, stopped me. I have stood before "
+"hundreds of audiences trying to persuade; I have used passion in that effort "
+"to persuade; but I refused to stand before this audience and try to persuade "
+"with the passion I had used elsewhere. It was not the basis on which a court "
+"should decide the issue."
+msgstr ""
+"som jeg leste tilbake over transkripsjon fra argumentet i oktober, kan jeg "
+"se hundre steder der svarene kan ha tatt samtalen i forskjellige retninger, "
+"der sannheten om skade som denne ukontrollert makt vil forårsake kunne vært "
+"gjort klart til denne retten. rettferdighet kennedy i god tro ville være "
+"vist. Jeg, idiotically, rettet opp sine spørsmål. rettferdighet souter i god "
+"tro ville være vist den første endringen skader. Jeg, reframed som en "
+"matematikk-lærer spørsmål for å gjøre det logiske punktet. Jeg hadde vist "
+"dem hvordan de kunne streik denne lov av Kongressen hvis de ville. Det var "
+"en hundre steder hvor jeg kunne ha hjulpet dem vil, men min vrangvilje, mine "
+"nektet å gi i, stoppet meg. Jeg har stått før hundrevis av målgrupper prøver "
+"å overtale; Jeg har brukt lidenskap i at forsøk på å overtale; men jeg "
+"nektet å stå denne målgruppen og prøver å overtale med lidenskap jeg hadde "
+"brukt et annet sted. Det var ikke grunnlag som en domstol bør avgjøre "
+"problemet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have "
+"been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen "
+"Sullivan? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"ville det ha vært annerledes hvis jeg hadde hevdet det annerledes? ville det "
+"ha vært annerledes hvis don ayer hadde hevdet det? eller charles stekt? "
+"eller kathleen sullivan?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not "
+"ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take "
+"a great deal more to show our society why our framers were right. And when "
+"we do that, we will be able to show that Court."
+msgstr ""
+"mine venner huddled rundt meg å insistere det ikke ville. domstolen ikke var "
+"klar, insisterte mine venner. Dette var et tap som var bestemt. det vil ta "
+"mye mer å vise vårt samfunn hvorfor våre underskrev hadde rett. og når vi "
+"gjør det, vil vi være i stand til å vise at domstolen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing "
+"anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little "
+"reason to resist doing right. I can't help but think that if I had stepped "
+"down from this pretty picture of dispassionate justice, I could have "
+"persuaded."
+msgstr ""
+"kanskje, men jeg tviler på det. disse to andre justiariusene har ingen "
+"økonomiske interesse i å gjøre noe annet enn rette. de er ikke planlagt. de "
+"har liten grunn til å motstå gjør akkurat. Jeg kan ikke hjelpe, men mener at "
+"hvis jeg hadde trappet ned fra denne pen bilde av dispassionate "
+"rettferdighet, jeg kunne har overbevist."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in January. "
+"For at the start of this case, one of America's leading intellectual "
+"property professors stated publicly that my bringing this case was a "
+"mistake. <quote>The Court is not ready,</quote> Peter Jaszi said; this issue "
+"should not be raised until it is. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"og selv om jeg ikke kunne, deretter som unnskylde ikke hva som skjedde i "
+"januar. for ved starten av dette tilfellet uttalt en av Amerikas ledende "
+"immaterielle professorer offentlig at mitt å bringe denne saken var en feil. "
+"-domstolen ikke er klar,\"sagt peter jaszi, Dette problemet bør ikke heves "
+"før det er."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 253
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, "
+"that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, "
+"then that is all the evidence that's needed to know that here again Peter "
+"was right. Either I was not ready to argue this case in a way that would do "
+"some good or they were not ready to hear this case in a way that would do "
+"some good. Either way, the decision to bring this case—a decision I "
+"had made four years before—was wrong. While the reaction to the Sonny "
+"Bono Act itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's "
+"decision was mixed. No one, at least in the press, tried to say that "
+"extending the term of copyright was a good idea. We had won that battle over "
+"ideas. Where the decision was praised, it was praised by papers that had "
+"been skeptical of the Court's activism in other cases. Deference was a good "
+"thing, even if it left standing a silly law. But where the decision was "
+"attacked, it was attacked because it left standing a silly and harmful law. "
+"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> wrote in its editorial,"
+msgstr ""
+"etter argumentet og etter vedtaket sa peter til meg, og offentlig, at han "
+"var galt. men hvis faktisk at domstolen ikke kunne er blitt overtalt, "
+"deretter som er alle bevis som trengs for å vite at her igjen peter var "
+"rett. Jeg var ikke klar til å argumentere denne saken på en måte som ville "
+"gjøre noen gode eller de var ikke klar til å høre dette tilfellet på en måte "
+"som ville gjøre noen gode. Uansett, beslutningen om å bringe denne "
+"saken—en beslutning om jeg hadde gjort fire år før—var galt. "
+"mens reaksjonen til sonny bono handle selv var nesten enstemmig negativ, var "
+"reaksjonen til domstolens avgjørelse blandet. Ingen, minst i pressen, prøvde "
+"å si at utvidelse av copyright var en god idé. Vi hadde vant den kampen over "
+"ideer. der beslutningen ble rost, ble det rost av papir som hadde vært "
+"skeptisk til retten aktivisme i andre tilfeller. ærbødighet var bra, selv om "
+"det igjen en dum lov. men der beslutningen ble angrepet, den ble angrepet "
+"fordi det igjen en dum og skadelig lov. new york times skrev i sin "
+"redaksjonell,"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing "
+"the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright "
+"perpetuity. The public domain has been a grand experiment, one that should "
+"not be allowed to die. The ability to draw freely on the entire creative "
+"output of humanity is one of the reasons we live in a time of such fruitful "
+"creative ferment."
+msgstr ""
+"i kraft gjør av Høyesterett beslutningen det sannsynlig at vi ser "
+"begynnelsen på slutten av public domain og fødselen av opphavsrett "
+"perpetuity. public domain har vært en store eksperimentet, som ikke skal "
+"tillates å dø. muligheten til å trekke fritt på hele kreativ produksjon av "
+"menneskeheten er en av grunnene til at vi lever i en tid med slike fruktbart "
+"kreative gjære."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Bolling, Ruben"
+msgstr "Bolling, Ruben"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious "
+"images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the "
+"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page (<xref linkend="
+"\"fig-18\"/>). The <quote>powerful and wealthy</quote> line is a bit unfair. "
+"But the punch in the face felt exactly like that. <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"de beste svarene var i tegneserier. Det var en gaggle av morsom bilder—"
+"av mickey i fengsel og lignende. best, fra min mening i saken, var ruben "
+"bolling, gjengis på neste side. linjen \"kraftige og velstående\" er en "
+"smule urettferdig. Men slag i ansiktet følte akkurat sånn."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
+msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from "
+"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand experiment</"
+"quote> we call the <quote>public domain</quote> is over? When I can make "
+"light of it, I think, <quote>Honey, I shrunk the Constitution.</quote> But I "
+"can rarely make light of it. We had in our Constitution a commitment to free "
+"culture. In the case that I fathered, the Supreme Court effectively "
+"renounced that commitment. A better lawyer would have made them see "
+"differently."
+msgstr ""
+"bildet som vil alltid holde i hodet mitt er som utløste ved sitat fra new "
+"york times. at \"store eksperimentet\" vi kaller \"public domain\" er over? "
+"Når jeg kan gjøre lys av det, tror jeg, \"Elskling, jeg krympet Grunnloven."
+"\", men jeg kan sjelden gjøre lyset av den. Vi hadde i vår grunnlov en "
+"engasjement for fri kultur. i tilfelle at jeg far, avkall Høyesterett "
+"effektivt at satsing. ha ville gjort en bedre advokat dem se annerledes."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II"
+msgstr "Kapittel fjorten: Eldred II"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I "
+"was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in "
+"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was denied—meaning the case was really "
+"finally over—fate would have it that I was giving a speech to "
+"technologists at Disney World.) This was a particularly long flight to my "
+"least favorite city. The drive into the city from Dulles was delayed because "
+"of traffic, so I opened up my computer and wrote an op-ed piece."
+msgstr ""
+"dag-eldred ble besluttet, men skjebnen ville at som jeg var å reise til "
+"washington, DC (dagen rehearing protestskriv i eldred ble nektet—noe "
+"som betyr at saken var virkelig endelig over—skjebnen ville at at jeg "
+"ga en tale til Teknologorganisasjon på disney verden.) dette var en spesielt "
+"lang flytur til min minst favoritt by. stasjonen til byen fra dulles ble "
+"forsinket på grunn av trafikk, så jeg åpnet opp min datamaskin, og skrev en "
+"op-ed brikke."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San "
+"Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same "
+"advice from Don Ayer: You need to make them see why it is important. And "
+"alternating with that command was the question of Justice Kennedy: "
+"<quote>For all these years the act has impeded progress in science and the "
+"useful arts. I just don't see any empirical evidence for that.</quote> And "
+"so, having failed in the argument of constitutional principle, finally, I "
+"turned to an argument of politics."
+msgstr ""
+"Det var en handling av contrition. under hele flyturen fra san francisco til "
+"washington, jeg hadde hørt om og om igjen i hodet mitt samme råd fra don "
+"ayer: du trenger å gjøre dem se hvorfor det er viktig. og alternerende med "
+"den samme kommandoen ble spørsmålet om rettferdighet kennedy: \"for alle "
+"disse år loven har hindret fremgang i vitenskap og nyttig kunst. Jeg ser "
+"ikke noen empiriske bevis for som.\", og så å ha mislyktes i argument av "
+"konstitusjonelle prinsippet, til slutt, jeg slått til et argument av "
+"politikk."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 256
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I "
+"proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the "
+"copyright owner would be required to register the work and pay a small fee. "
+"If he paid the fee, he got the benefit of the full term of copyright. If he "
+"did not, the work passed into the public domain."
+msgstr ""
+"new york times publisert arb. i den, jeg foreslått en enkel Fiks: femti år "
+"etter at et arbeid er publisert, eieren av opphavsretten ville være "
+"nødvendig å registrere arbeidet og betale en liten avgift. Hvis han betalt "
+"gebyret, fikk han fordelen med full sikt av opphavsrett. Hvis han ikke "
+"gjorde bestått arbeidet i public domain."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric "
+"Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said "
+"early on, it won't get passed unless it has another name."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi kalte denne loven eldred, men det var bare for å gi det et navn. Eric "
+"eldred var slag nok å la hans navn brukes igjen, men som han sa tidlig, det "
+"vil ikke få gått med mindre det er et annet navn."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either "
+"the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright "
+"Term Deregulation Act.</quote> Either way, the essence of the idea is clear "
+"and obvious: Remove copyright where it is doing nothing except blocking "
+"access and the spread of knowledge. Leave it for as long as Congress allows "
+"for those works where its worth is at least $1. But for everything else, let "
+"the content go."
+msgstr ""
+"eller en annen to navn. for avhengig av ditt perspektiv, dette er enten "
+"\"public domain forbedring act\" eller den \"copyright begrepet "
+"dereguleringen act.\" Uansett, essensen av idéen er klar og tydelig: fjerne "
+"copyright der det gjør ingenting bortsett fra blokkerer tilgang og spredning "
+"av kunnskap. La det for så lenge Kongressen tillater for disse arbeider der "
+"er verdt minst $1. men for alt annet, kan du la til innhold gå."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Forbes, Steve"
+msgstr "Forbes, Steve"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in "
+"an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing "
+"support. When you focus the issue on lost creativity, people can see the "
+"copyright system makes no sense. As a good Republican might say, here "
+"government regulation is simply getting in the way of innovation and "
+"creativity. And as a good Democrat might say, here the government is "
+"blocking access and the spread of knowledge for no good reason. Indeed, "
+"there is no real difference between Democrats and Republicans on this issue. "
+"Anyone can recognize the stupid harm of the present system."
+msgstr ""
+"reaksjon på denne idéen var utrolig sterk. Steve forbes vedtok det i en "
+"redaksjonell. Jeg mottok en skred av e-post og brev som uttrykker støtte. "
+"Når du fokuserer problemet på tapt kreativitet, kan folk se opphavsretten "
+"til systemet gir ingen mening. som en god republikansk kan si, komme her "
+"regjeringen regulering bare i veien innovasjon og kreativitet. og som en god "
+"demokratisk kan si, regjeringen blokkerer her tilgang og spredning av "
+"kunnskap for ingen god grunn. faktisk, det er ingen reell forskjell mellom "
+"demokratene og republikanerne på dette problemet. noen kan gjenkjenne de "
+"dumme skader som dagens ordning."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration "
+"requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for "
+"people who want to license content is that there is no obvious place to look "
+"for the current copyright owners. Since registration is not required, since "
+"marking content is not required, since no formality at all is required, it "
+"is often impossibly hard to locate copyright owners to ask permission to use "
+"or license their work. This system would lower these costs, by establishing "
+"at least one registry where copyright owners could be identified."
+msgstr ""
+"faktisk anerkjent mange den åpenbare fordelen med kravet om registrering. "
+"for en av de vanskeligste tingene om dagens system for folk som ønsker å "
+"lisens innholdet er at det er ingen åpenbare sted å lete etter gjeldende "
+"opphavsrett eierne. siden registrering ikke er nødvendig, siden merking "
+"innhold ikke er påkrevd, siden ingen formalitet i det hele tatt er "
+"nødvendig, er det ofte impossibly vanskelig å finne eiere av opphavsretter "
+"for å be om tillatelse til å bruke eller lisensierer sitt arbeid. Dette "
+"systemet vil redusere disse kostnadene ved å etablere minst én registret der "
+"eiere av opphavsretter kan identifiseres."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Berlin Act (1908)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Berne Convention (1908)"
+msgstr "Bern-konvensjonen (1908)"
+
+#. f1.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright "
+"legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with "
+"formalities such as registration, deposit, and affixation of notice of the "
+"author's claim of copyright. However, starting with the 1908 act, every text "
+"of the Convention has provided that <quote>the enjoyment and the exercise</"
+"quote> of rights guaranteed by the Convention <quote>shall not be subject to "
+"any formality.</quote> The prohibition against formalities is presently "
+"embodied in Article 5(2) of the Paris Text of the Berne Convention. Many "
+"countries continue to impose some form of deposit or registration "
+"requirement, albeit not as a condition of copyright. French law, for "
+"example, requires the deposit of copies of works in national repositories, "
+"principally the National Museum. Copies of books published in the United "
+"Kingdom must be deposited in the British Library. The German Copyright Act "
+"provides for a Registrar of Authors where the author's true name can be "
+"filed in the case of anonymous or pseudonymous works. Paul Goldstein, "
+"<citetitle>International Intellectual Property Law, Cases and Materials</"
+"citetitle> (New York: Foundation Press, 2001), 153–54."
+msgstr ""
+"før det 1908 berlin handle av berne konvensjonen, nasjonal opphavsrett "
+"lovgivning noen ganger gjort beskyttelse som er avhengige av samsvar med "
+"formaliteter som registrering, innskudd og affixation av forfatterens "
+"reklamasjon av opphavsrett. imidlertid, starter med 1908 act, hver tekst av "
+"konvensjonen gitt som \"få glede og øvelsen\" av rettigheter garanteres ved "
+"konvensjonen \"skal ikke være gjenstand for alle formalitet.\" forbud mot "
+"formaliteter gjenspeiles dag i 5 (2 artikkelen) av paris-teksten i berne "
+"konvensjonen. mange land fortsatt å innføre noen form for innskudd eller "
+"registrering kravet, om enn ikke som en betingelse for opphavsrett. Fransk "
+"lov, krever for eksempel innskudd på kopier av works i nasjonale, for, "
+"hovedsakelig nasjonalmuseet. Kopier av bøker som er utgitt i Storbritannia "
+"må settes i british library. tysk opphavsrett lov gir en registrar av "
+"forfattere der forfatterens sanne navn kan være arkivert i tilfelle av "
+"anonym eller pseudonymous fungerer. Paul goldstein, lovgivning for "
+"immaterielle, saker og materialer (new york: foundation press, 2001), 15354."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend="
+"\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, when "
+"Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal requirement before "
+"a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The "
+"Europeans are said to view copyright as a <quote>natural right.</quote> "
+"Natural rights don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-"
+"American tradition that required copyright owners to follow form if their "
+"rights were to be protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly "
+"respect the dignity of the author. My right as a creator turns on my "
+"creativity, not upon the special favor of the government."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd "
+"copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world "
+"without formalities harms the creator. The ability to spread <quote>Walt "
+"Disney creativity</quote> is destroyed when there is no simple way to know "
+"what's protected and what's not."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er stor retorikk. det høres usedvanlig romantiske. men det er absurd "
+"copyright policy. Det er absurd spesielt for forfattere, fordi en verden "
+"uten formaliteter skader skaperen. muligheten til å spre \"walt disney "
+"kreativitet\" er ødelagt når det er ingen enkel måte å vite hva er beskyttet "
+"og hva som ikke."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in "
+"1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, "
+"to require copyright terms of life plus fifty years, as well as the "
+"abolition of copyright formalities. The formalities were hated because the "
+"stories of inadvertent loss were increasingly common. It was as if a Charles "
+"Dickens character ran all copyright offices, and the failure to dot an "
+"<citetitle>i</citetitle> or cross a <citetitle>t</citetitle> resulted in the "
+"loss of widows' only income."
+msgstr ""
+"kampen mot formaliteter oppnådde sin første virkelige seier i berlin i 1908. "
+"internasjonal opphavsrett advokater endret berne konvensjonen i 1908, til å "
+"kreve opphavsrett vilkårene i livet pluss femti år, i tillegg til "
+"avskaffelse av opphavsrett formaliteter. formaliteter ble hatet fordi "
+"historiene til utilsiktet tap var stadig vanligere. Det var som om et "
+"charles dickens tegn kjørte alle opphavsrett kontorer, og unnlatelse av å "
+"dot en i eller på tvers av en t ført til tap av enker eneste inntekt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the "
+"formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should "
+"always have ways of forgiving innocent mistakes. There is no reason "
+"copyright law couldn't, as well. Rather than abandoning formalities totally, "
+"the response in Berlin should have been to embrace a more equitable system "
+"of registration."
+msgstr ""
+"disse klager var reelle og fornuftig. og kravene i formaliteter, særlig i "
+"USA, var absurd. loven skal alltid har måter å forgiving uskyldige feil. Det "
+"er ingen grunn lov om opphavsrett kunne også. i stedet for å forlate "
+"formaliteter helt, burde svaret i berlin vært å omfavne en mer rettferdig "
+"system for registrering."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the "
+"nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a "
+"hassle. The abolishment of formalities promised not only to save the "
+"starving widows, but also to lighten an unnecessary regulatory burden "
+"imposed upon creators."
+msgstr ""
+"selv som ville har vært motstått, men fordi registrering i 1800 og 1900-"
+"tallet var fortsatt dyrt. Det var også en problemfri. oppløsning av "
+"formaliteter lovet ikke bare å lagre sultende enker, men også å lette en "
+"unødvendig regulatoriske belastning påtvang skapere."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 258
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
+"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a second-"
+"class form of property. If a carpenter builds a table, his rights over the "
+"table don't depend upon filing a form with the government. He has a "
+"property right over the table <quote>naturally,</quote> and he can assert "
+"that right against anyone who would steal the table, whether or not he has "
+"informed the government of his ownership of the table."
+msgstr ""
+"i tillegg til praktiske klagen av forfattere i 1908 var det så vel moralsk "
+"krav. Det var ingen grunn at creative egenskapen, bør være en annenklasses "
+"form for egenskapen. Hvis en snekker bygger en tabell, avhenger ikke sine "
+"rettigheter over tabellen av innlevering et skjema med regjeringen. Han har "
+"en eiendomsrett over tabellen \"naturlig\", og han kan hevde at høyre mot "
+"alle som ville stjele tabellen, om han har informert regjeringen av sitt "
+"eierskap av tabellen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the "
+"argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property "
+"being second-class property. The argument in favor of formalities turns upon "
+"the special problems that creative property presents. The law of "
+"formalities responds to the special physics of creative property, to assure "
+"that it can be efficiently and fairly spread."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette argumentet er riktig, men dens implikasjoner er misvisende. for "
+"argumentet til fordel for formaliteter ikke avhenger av på kreative "
+"egenskapen blir annenklasses egenskapen. argumentet for formaliteter slår på "
+"spesielle problemer som creative egenskapen presenterer. loven om "
+"formaliteter svarer på spesielle fysikk av kreative eiendom, å sikre at det "
+"kan være effektivt og ganske spredt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because "
+"you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be "
+"effective. And few would think a car is second-class property just because "
+"you must register the car with the state and tag it with a license. In both "
+"of those cases, everyone sees that there is an important reason to secure "
+"registration—both because it makes the markets more efficient and "
+"because it better secures the rights of the owner. Without a registration "
+"system for land, landowners would perpetually have to guard their property. "
+"With registration, they can simply point the police to a deed. Without a "
+"registration system for cars, auto theft would be much easier. With a "
+"registration system, the thief has a high burden to sell a stolen car. A "
+"slight burden is placed on the property owner, but those burdens produce a "
+"much better system of protection for property generally."
+msgstr ""
+"Ingen mener for eksempel at landet er annenklasses egenskapen bare fordi du "
+"har å register en gjerning med en domstol Hvis din salg av land er å være "
+"effektive. og få tror en bil er annenklasses egenskapen bare fordi du må "
+"registrere bilen med staten og merke den med en lisens. i begge disse "
+"tilfellene ser alle at det er en viktig grunn til å sikre registrering—"
+"både fordi det gjør markedene mer effektiv, og fordi det sikrer bedre "
+"rettighetene til eieren. uten en registreringssystemet for land måtte "
+"grunneiere perpetually vokte deres eiendom. med registrering, kan de bare "
+"peker politiet til en gjerning. uten en registreringssystemet for biler, "
+"ville auto tyveri være mye enklere. med en registreringssystemet har tyven "
+"en høy belastning å selge en stjålet bil. en liten byrde er plassert på "
+"eiendommen eier, men de byrdene produserer et mye bedre system av "
+"beskyttelse for egenskapen generelt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in "
+"copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that "
+"makes it relatively obvious who might own a particular bit of creative "
+"property. A recording of Lyle Lovett's latest album can exist in a billion "
+"places without anything necessarily linking it back to a particular owner. "
+"And like a car, there's no way to buy and sell creative property with "
+"confidence unless there is some simple way to authenticate who is the author "
+"and what rights he has. Simple transactions are destroyed in a world without "
+"formalities. Complex, expensive, <emphasis>lawyer</emphasis> transactions "
+"take their place. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"på samme måte er det spesielle fysikk som gjør formaliteter viktig i lov om "
+"opphavsrett. i motsetning til en snekker tabell er det ingenting i naturen "
+"som gjør det relativt åpenbare som kan eie en bestemt bit av kreative-"
+"egenskapen. et opptak av lyle lovett siste albumet kan finnes i en milliard "
+"steder uten noe nødvendigvis knytte det tilbake til en bestemt eieren. og "
+"som en bil, det er ingen måte å kjøpe og selge kreative egenskapen med "
+"tillit med mindre det er noen enkel måte å godkjenne hvem er forfatter og "
+"hvilke rettigheter han har. enkle transaksjoner er ødelagt i en verden uten "
+"formaliteter. komplisert, dyrt, advokat transaksjoner ta sin plass."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we "
+"tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't <quote>get.</"
+"quote> Because we live in a system without formalities, there is no way "
+"easily to build upon or use culture from our past. If copyright terms were, "
+"as Justice Story said they would be, <quote>short,</quote> then this "
+"wouldn't matter much. For fourteen years, under the framers' system, a work "
+"would be presumptively controlled. After fourteen years, it would be "
+"presumptively uncontrolled."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette var forståelsen av problemet med sonny bono loven som vi prøvde å "
+"demonstrere for retten. Dette var delen som det ikke \"få.\" fordi vi lever "
+"i et system uten formaliteter, det er ingen måte lett å bygge på, eller bruk "
+"kultur fra vår fortid. Hvis opphavsrett vilkårene var, som rettferdighet "
+"historien sa de ville være, ville ikke \"kort\", da dette saken mye. i "
+"fjorten år, ville under underskrev system, et arbeid presumptively "
+"kontrolleres. etter fjorten år, ville det være presumptively ukontrollerte."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to "
+"know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious "
+"burden on the creative process. If the only way a library can offer an "
+"Internet exhibit about the New Deal is to hire a lawyer to clear the rights "
+"to every image and sound, then the copyright system is burdening creativity "
+"in a way that has never been seen before <emphasis>because there are no "
+"formalities</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"men nå som opphavsrett kan være omtrent et århundre lang, manglende evne til "
+"å vite hva er beskyttet og hva er ikke beskyttet blir en stor og åpenbare "
+"byrde på den kreative prosessen. Hvis det er den eneste måten et bibliotek "
+"kan tilby en Internett-utstilling om new deal til å ansette en advokat for å "
+"fjerne rettighetene til hver bildefil og lydfil, er opphavsretten til "
+"systemet bebyrde kreativitet på en måte som aldri har vært sett før fordi "
+"det er ingen formaliteter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is "
+"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer term. "
+"Others will know how to contact you and, therefore, how to get your "
+"permission if they want to use your work. And you will get the benefit of an "
+"extended copyright term."
+msgstr ""
+"eldred act ble utformet for å svare på akkurat dette problemet. Hvis det er "
+"verdt $1 til deg, deretter registrere ditt arbeid, og du kan få på lengre "
+"sikt. andre vil vite hvordan du kontakter du, og derfor, hvordan du får din "
+"tillatelse hvis de vil bruke arbeidet. og du vil få nytte av en utvidet "
+"opphavsrett sikt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended "
+"term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your "
+"monopoly over that work either. The work should pass into the public domain "
+"where anyone can copy it, or build archives with it, or create a movie based "
+"on it. It should become free if it is not worth $1 to you."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis det ikke er verdt det for deg å registrere for å få utbytte av en "
+"utvidet periode, bør ikke så det være verdt det for regjeringen å forsvare "
+"ditt monopol over som fungerer heller. arbeidet skal passere i public domain "
+"der alle kan kopiere den, eller bygge arkivet med det eller opprette en film "
+"basert på den. Det bør bli gratis hvis det ikke er verdt $1 for deg."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the "
+"work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than "
+"$1? Isn't that the real problem with registration?"
+msgstr ""
+"Noen bekymrer seg over byrden på forfattere. Gjør ikke byrden med å "
+"registrere verket at beløpet $1 egentlig er misvisende? Er ikke "
+"ekstraarbeidet verdt mer enn $1? Er ikke dette det virkelige problemet med "
+"registrering?"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 260
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I "
+"completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt "
+"because they are terribly funded) in enabling simple and cheap "
+"registrations. Any real solution to the problem of formalities must address "
+"the real problem of <emphasis>governments</emphasis> standing at the core of "
+"any system of formalities. In this book, I offer such a solution. That "
+"solution essentially remakes the Copyright Office. For now, assume it was "
+"Amazon that ran the registration system. Assume it was one-click "
+"registration. The Eldred Act would propose a simple, one-click registration "
+"fifty years after a work was published. Based upon historical data, that "
+"system would move up to 98 percent of commercial work, commercial work that "
+"no longer had a commercial life, into the public domain within fifty years. "
+"What do you think?"
+msgstr ""
+"Det stemmer. Ekstraarbeidet er forferdelig. Systemet som finnes nå er "
+"grufult. Jeg helt enig at opphavsrettkontoret har gjort en dårlig jobb "
+"(ingen tvil fordi de er dårlig finansiert) med å få på plass enkel og billig "
+"registrering. Alle fornuftige løsning på problemet med formaliteter må "
+"adressen den virkelige problemet av regjeringer stående i kjernen av et "
+"system av formaliteter. i denne boken tilby jeg en slik løsning. Denne "
+"løsningen remakes hovedsak copyright kontoret. for nå, kan du anta at det "
+"var amazon som kjørte registreringssystemet. anta det var ett klikk "
+"registrering. eldred act ville foreslå en enkel, ett klikk registrering "
+"femti år etter et arbeid ble offentliggjort. basert på historiske data, at "
+"systemet ville flytte opptil 98 prosent av kommersielle arbeid, kommersielle "
+"fungerer som ikke lenger hadde en kommersiell levetid, i public domain innen "
+"femti år. hva tror du?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay "
+"attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be "
+"willing to introduce the Eldred Act. And I had a few who directly suggested "
+"that they might be willing to take the first step."
+msgstr ""
+"Da Steve Forbes støttet idéen, begynte enkelte i Washington å følge med. "
+"Mange kontaktet meg med tips til representanter som kan være villig til å "
+"introdusere en Eldred-lov. og jeg hadde noen få som foreslo direkte at de "
+"kan være villige til å ta det første skrittet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
+msgstr "Lofgren, Zoe"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
+#| "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
+#| "imposed the simplest requirement upon copyright owners possible. In May "
+#| "2003, it looked as if the bill would be introduced. On May 16, I posted "
+#| "on the Eldred Act blog, \"we are close.\" There was a general reaction in "
+#| "the blog community that something good might happen here. <placeholder "
+#| "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgid ""
+"One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
+"bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
+"imposed the simplest requirement upon copyright owners possible. In May "
+"2003, it looked as if the bill would be introduced. On May 16, I posted on "
+"the Eldred Act blog, <quote>we are close.</quote> There was a general "
+"reaction in the blog community that something good might happen here. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"En representant, Zoe Lofgren fra California, gikk så langt som å få "
+"lovforslaget utarbeidet. Utkastet løste noen problemer med internasjonal "
+"lov. Det påla de enklest mulige forutsetninger på innehaverne av "
+"opphavsretter. I mai 2003 så det ut som om loven skulle være introdusert. "
+"16. mai, postet jeg på Eldred Act-bloggen, \"vi er nære\". Det oppstod en "
+"generell reaksjon i blogg-samfunnet om at noe godt kunne skje her. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the "
+"MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of "
+"the MPAA. Aided by his lawyer, as Valenti told me, Valenti informed the "
+"congresswoman that the MPAA would oppose the Eldred Act. The reasons are "
+"embarrassingly thin. More importantly, their thinness shows something clear "
+"about what this debate is really about."
+msgstr ""
+"men på dette stadiet, lobbyister begynte å intervenere. Jack valenti og mpaa "
+"sjefsjurist kom til congresswoman's office å gi oversikt over mpaa. hjulpet "
+"av sin advokat, som valenti fortalte meg, informert valenti i congresswoman "
+"at mpaa vil motsette seg eldred act. årsakene er embarrassingly tynn. enda "
+"viktigere, viser deres tykkelse noe klart om hva denne debatten er virkelig "
+"om."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 261
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central "
+"concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That "
+"was true, but irrelevant, as Congress's <quote>firm rejection</quote> had "
+"occurred long before the Internet made subsequent uses much more likely. "
+"Second, they argued that the proposal would harm poor copyright owners—"
+"apparently those who could not afford the $1 fee. Third, they argued that "
+"Congress had determined that extending a copyright term would encourage "
+"restoration work. Maybe in the case of the small percentage of work covered "
+"by copyright law that is still commercially valuable, but again this was "
+"irrelevant, as the proposal would not cut off the extended term unless the "
+"$1 fee was not paid. Fourth, the MPAA argued that the bill would impose "
+"<quote>enormous</quote> costs, since a registration system is not free. True "
+"enough, but those costs are certainly less than the costs of clearing the "
+"rights for a copyright whose owner is not known. Fifth, they worried about "
+"the risks if the copyright to a story underlying a film were to pass into "
+"the public domain. But what risk is that? If it is in the public domain, "
+"then the film is a valid derivative use."
+msgstr ""
+"mpaa hevdet først at Kongressen hadde \"fast avvist sentrale konseptet i "
+"lovforslaget\"—opphavsrett fornyes. Det var sant, men irrelevant, som "
+"congress's \"fast avvisning\" hadde skjedd lenge før Internett gjort "
+"etterfølgende bruker mye mer sannsynlig. for det andre, de hevdet at "
+"forslaget vil skade dårlig eiere av opphavsretter—tilsynelatende de "
+"som ikke hadde råd til $1 gebyret. tredje, de hevdet at Kongressen hadde "
+"bestemt at utvide en opphavsrett sikt vil oppfordre restaurering arbeid. "
+"kanskje når det gjelder en liten prosentdel av arbeid dekket av lov om "
+"opphavsrett som fortsatt er kommersielt verdifulle, men igjen dette var "
+"irrelevant, som forslaget ikke vil kuttet av på lengre sikt med mindre ikke "
+"ble betalt $1 gebyret. fjerde, mpaa hevdet at regningen ville innføre "
+"\"enorme\" kostnader, siden en registreringssystemet ikke er gratis. Sant "
+"nok, men disse kostnadene er sikkert mindre enn kostnadene ved å fjerne "
+"rettighetene for en copyright der eieren ikke er kjent. femte bekymret de om "
+"risikoene hvis opphavsretten til en historie underliggende en film var "
+"skjedde i public domain. men hva risikoen er at? Hvis det er allemannseie, "
+"deretter er filmen en gyldig avledet bruk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do "
+"this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of "
+"copyright owners who don't even know they have a copyright to give. Whether "
+"they are free to give away their copyright or not—a controversial "
+"claim in any case—unless they know about a copyright, they're not "
+"likely to."
+msgstr ""
+"Endelig, mpaa hevdet at eksisterende lov aktivert opphavsrett eiere til å "
+"gjøre dette hvis de ville. men hele poenget er at det er tusenvis av "
+"opphavsrett eiere som ikke selv vet de har opphavsretten til å gi. enten de "
+"er fri til å gi bort deres copyright eller ikke—kontroversielle krav i "
+"alle fall—hvis de ikke kjenner om opphavsretten, sannsynligvis de ikke."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to "
+"changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, "
+"common sense was delayed. The difference between the two stories was the "
+"power of the opposition—the power of the side that fought to defend "
+"the status quo. In both cases, a new technology threatened old interests. "
+"But in only one case did those interest's have the power to protect "
+"themselves against this new competitive threat."
+msgstr ""
+"i begynnelsen av denne boken fortalte jeg to historier om loven reagerer på "
+"endringer i teknologi. i den prevailed sunn fornuft. i den andre, ble sunn "
+"fornuft forsinket. forskjellen mellom to historiene var strømmen av "
+"opposisjonen—kraften til siden som kjempet for å forsvare status quo. "
+"i begge tilfeller truet en ny teknologi gamle interesser. men i bare ett "
+"tilfelle gjorde de interessen har makt til å beskytte seg mot denne nye "
+"konkurransedyktig trusselen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been "
+"about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And "
+"here, too, we should ask, is the law following or resisting common sense? If "
+"common sense supports the law, what explains this common sense?"
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg brukte disse to tilfellene som en måte å ramme inn krigen som denne "
+"boken har handlet om. For her er det også en ny teknologi som tvinger loven "
+"til å reagere. Og her bør vi også spørre, er loven i tråd med eller i strid "
+"med sunn fornuft. Hvis sunn fornuft støtter loven, hva forklarer denne "
+"sunne fornuften?"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 262
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright "
+"owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the "
+"law should work to eliminate it. When the issue is p2p sharing, it is easy "
+"to understand why the law backs the owners still: Much of this sharing is "
+"wrong, even if much is harmless. When the issue is copyright terms for the "
+"Mickey Mouses of the world, it is possible still to understand why the law "
+"favors Hollywood: Most people don't recognize the reasons for limiting "
+"copyright terms; it is thus still possible to see good faith within the "
+"resistance."
+msgstr ""
+"Når problemet er piratkopiering, er det riktig for loven tilbake opphavsrett "
+"eierne. kommersielle piratkopiering som jeg beskrevet er galt og skadelig, "
+"og loven bør arbeide for å fjerne den. Når problemet er p2p deling, det er "
+"lett å forstå hvorfor loven backs eierne fortsatt: mye av denne deling er "
+"feil, selv om mye er harmløse. Når problemet er copyright vilkår for Mikke "
+"Mus av verden, er det mulig for fortsatt å forstå hvorfor loven favoriserer "
+"hollywood: de fleste folk ikke gjenkjenner årsakene til å begrense "
+"opphavsrett vilkår; Det er derfor fremdeles mulig å se god tro i motstanden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Kelly, Kevin"
+msgstr "Kelly, Kevin"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, "
+"then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest "
+"driving this war. This act would free an extraordinary range of content that "
+"is otherwise unused. It wouldn't interfere with any copyright owner's desire "
+"to exercise continued control over his content. It would simply liberate "
+"what Kevin Kelly calls the <quote>Dark Content</quote> that fills archives "
+"around the world. So when the warriors oppose a change like this, we should "
+"ask one simple question: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"men når opphavsrett eierne motsette et forslag som eldred act, så, til "
+"slutt, er det et eksempel at legger bare naken selfinterest kjører denne "
+"krigen. Denne loven ville frigjøre en ekstraordinære rekke innhold som "
+"ellers er ubrukt. det ville ikke forstyrre noen opphavsrettsinnehaveren "
+"ønske om å utøve fortsatt kontroll over hans innhold. det vil bare frigjøre "
+"hva kevin kelly kall det \"mørke innholdet\" at fyll arkiver rundt om i "
+"verden. så når warriors motsette en endring som dette, bør vi ber ett enkelt "
+"spørsmål:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid "What does this industry really want?"
+msgstr "Hva ønsker denne industrien egentlig?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the "
+"effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting "
+"<emphasis>their</emphasis> content. The effort to block the Eldred Act is an "
+"effort to assure that nothing more passes into the public domain. It is "
+"another step to assure that the public domain will never compete, that there "
+"will be no use of content that is not commercially controlled, and that "
+"there will be no commercial use of content that doesn't require "
+"<emphasis>their</emphasis> permission first."
+msgstr ""
+"med svært liten innsats, kunne warriors beskytte deres innhold. så innsatsen "
+"for å blokkere noe som eldred loven er ikke virkelig om å beskytte sitt "
+"innhold. innsatsen for å blokkere eldred loven er et forsøk på å sikre at "
+"ingenting mer passerer i public domain. Det er et skritt for å sikre at den "
+"offentlige sfæren vil aldri konkurrere, at det vil være ingen bruk av "
+"innhold som ikke er kommersielt kontrollert, og at det vil være ingen "
+"kommersiell bruk av innhold som ikke krever at deres tillatelse først."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The "
+"most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not "
+"the protection of <quote>property</quote> but the rejection of a tradition. "
+"Their aim is not simply to protect what is theirs. <emphasis>Their aim is to "
+"assure that all there is is what is theirs</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"motstanden mot loven eldred avslører hvordan ekstreme den andre siden er. "
+"mektigste og sexy og godt elsket av lobbies virkelig har som målet ikke "
+"beskyttelse av \"property\" men avvisningen av en tradisjon. deres mål er "
+"ikke bare å beskytte hva er deres. deres mål er å sikre at alt er det er hva "
+"er deres."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 263
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard "
+"to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain "
+"tied to the Internet could somehow be quashed. Just as RCA feared the "
+"competition of FM, they fear the competition of a public domain connected to "
+"a public that now has the means to create with it and to share its own "
+"creation."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er ikke vanskelig å forstå hvorfor warriors ta denne visningen. Det er "
+"ikke vanskelig å se hvorfor det ville ha nytte dem. Hvis kunne noe ødela "
+"konkurransen av den offentlige sfæren knyttet til Internett. akkurat som rca "
+"fryktet konkurransen av fm, frykter de konkurransen av et offentlig-domene "
+"som er koblet til et offentlig som nå har mulighet til å opprette med det og "
+"dele sin egen etablering."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if "
+"the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and "
+"demands that their remote and useless property rights be respected, so that "
+"these remote and forgotten copyright holders might block the progress of "
+"others."
+msgstr ""
+"Det som er vanskelig å forstå er hvorfor folket innehar dette synet. Det er "
+"som om loven gjorde at flymaskiner tok seg inn på annen manns eiendom. MPAA "
+"står side om side med Causbyene og krever at deres fjerne og ubrukelige "
+"eierrettigheter blir respektert, slik at disse fjerne og glemte "
+"opphavsrettsinnehaverne kan blokkere fremgangen til andre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
+"<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, "
+"and so long as it does, the assaults will rain down upon the technologies of "
+"the Internet. The consequence will be an increasing <quote>permission "
+"society.</quote> The past can be cultivated only if you can identify the "
+"owner and gain permission to build upon his work. The future will be "
+"controlled by this dead (and often unfindable) hand of the past."
+msgstr ""
+"alt dette synes å følge lett fra denne untroubled aksept av \"eiendom\" i "
+"immaterielle. sunn fornuft støtter det, og så lenge den gjør det, assaults "
+"blir regn på teknologien av Internett. konsekvensen vil være et økende "
+"\"tillatelse samfunn.\" fortiden kan dyrkes bare hvis du kan identifisere "
+"eieren og få tillatelse til å bygge på hans arbeid. fremtiden vil bli "
+"kontrollert av denne døde (og ofte unfindable) hånden av fortiden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
+msgid "CONCLUSION"
+msgstr "Konklusjon"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-"
+"five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. Seventeen million have "
+"already died. Seventeen million Africans is proportional percentage-wise to "
+"seven million Americans. More importantly, it is seventeen million Africans."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er mer enn trettifem millioner mennesker over hele verden med AIDS-"
+"viruset. Tjuefem millioner av dem bor i Afrika sør for Sahara. Sytten "
+"millioner har allerede dødd. Sytten millioner afrikanere er prosentvis "
+"proporsjonalt med syv millioner amerikanere. Viktigere er det at dette er "
+"17 millioner afrikanere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. "
+"These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already "
+"had a dramatic effect. In the United States, AIDS patients who regularly "
+"take a cocktail of these drugs increase their life expectancy by ten to "
+"twenty years. For some, the drugs make the disease almost invisible."
+msgstr ""
+"Det finnes ingen kur for AIDS, men det finnes medisiner som kan hemme "
+"sykdommens utvikling. Disse antiretrovirale terapiene er fortsatt "
+"eksperimentelle, men de har hatt en dramatisk effekt allerede. I USA øker "
+"AIDS-pasienter som regelmessig tar en cocktail av disse medisinene sin "
+"levealder med ti til tjue år. For noen gjøre medisinene sykdommen nesten "
+"usynlig."
+
+#. f1.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating "
+#| "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), "
+#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #55</"
+#| "ulink>. According to a World Health Organization press release issued 9 "
+#| "July 2002, only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in the developing "
+#| "world receive them—and half of them are in Brazil."
+msgid ""
+"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating "
+"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #55</ulink>. "
+"According to a World Health Organization press release issued 9 July 2002, "
+"only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in the developing world receive "
+"them—and half of them are in Brazil."
+msgstr ""
+"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating "
+"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), "
+"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #55</"
+"ulink>. I følge en pressemelding fra verdens helseorganisasjon sendt ut 9. "
+"juli 2002, mottar kun 320 000 av de 6 millioner som trenger medisiner i "
+"utviklingsland dem de trenger—og halvparten av dem er i Brasil."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United "
+"States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, "
+"some cost $25,000 per year. At these prices, of course, no African nation "
+"can afford the drugs for the vast majority of its population: $15,000 is "
+"thirty times the per capita gross national product of Zimbabwe. At these "
+"prices, the drugs are totally unavailable.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Disse medisinene er dyre. Da de ble først introdusert i USA, kostet de "
+"mellom $10 000 og $15 000 pr. person hvert år. I dag koster noen "
+"av dem $25 000 pr. år. Med disse prisene har, selvfølgelig, ingen "
+"afrikansk stat råd til medisinen for det store flertall av sine innbyggere: "
+"$15 000 er tredve ganger brutto nasjonalprodukt pr. innbygger i "
+"Zimbabwe. Med slike priser er disse medisinene fullstendig utilgjengelig."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 265
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
+"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by patents. "
+"The drug companies that produced these life-saving mixes enjoy at least a "
+"twenty-year monopoly for their inventions. They use that monopoly power to "
+"extract the most they can from the market. That power is in turn used to "
+"keep the prices high."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse prisene er ikke høye fordi ingrediensene til medisinene er dyre. "
+"Disse prisene er høye fordi medisinene er beskyttet av patenter. "
+"Farmasiselskapene som produserer disse livreddende blandingene nyter minst "
+"tjue års monopol på sine oppfinnelser. De bruker denne monopolmakten til å "
+"hente ut så mye de kan fra markedet. Ved hjelp av denne makten holder de "
+"prisene høye."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
+"not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
+"patents, drug research is, in my view, the clearest case where patents are "
+"needed. The patent gives the drug company some assurance that if it is "
+"successful in inventing a new drug to treat a disease, it will be able to "
+"earn back its investment and more. This is socially an extremely valuable "
+"incentive. I am the last person who would argue that the law should abolish "
+"it, at least without other changes."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er mange som er skeptiske til patenter, spesielt patenter på medisiner. "
+"Det er ikke jeg. Faktisk av alle forskningsområder som kan være støttet av "
+"patenter, er forskning på medisiner, etter min mening, det klareste tilfelle "
+"der patenter er nødvendig. Patenter gir et farmasøytiske firma en viss "
+"forsikring om at hvis det lykkes i å finne opp et nytt medikament som kan "
+"behandle en sykdom, vil det kunne tjene tilbake investeringen og mer til. "
+"Dette ber sosialt et ekstremt verdifullt insentiv. Jeg er den siste personen "
+"som vil argumentere for at loven skal avskaffe dette, i det minste uten "
+"andre endringer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another "
+"thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders "
+"began to recognize the devastation that AIDS was bringing, they started "
+"looking for ways to import HIV treatments at costs significantly below the "
+"market price."
+msgstr ""
+"Men det er én ting å støtte patenter, selv patenter på medisiner. Det er en "
+"annen ting å avgjøre hvordan en best skal håndtere en krise. Og i det "
+"afrikanske ledere begynte å erkjenne ødeleggelsen AIDS brakte, begynte de å "
+"se etter måter å importere HIV-medisiner til kostnader betydelig under "
+"markedspris."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Braithwaite, John"
+msgstr "Braithwaite, John"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: "
+"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), "
+"37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
+"\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Se Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: <citetitle>Who "
+"Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), "
+"37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
+"\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
+#| "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in "
+#| "another nation's market with the consent of the patent owner. For "
+#| "example, if the drug was sold in India, it could be imported into Africa "
+#| "from India. This is called \"parallel importation,\" and it is generally "
+#| "permitted under international trade law and is specifically permitted "
+#| "within the European Union.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgid ""
+"In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
+"importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
+"nation's market with the consent of the patent owner. For example, if the "
+"drug was sold in India, it could be imported into Africa from India. This is "
+"called <quote>parallel importation,</quote> and it is generally permitted "
+"under international trade law and is specifically permitted within the "
+"European Union.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"I 1997 forsøkte Sør-Afrika seg på en tilnærming. Landet vedtok en lov som "
+"tillot import av patenterte medisiner som hadde blitt produsert og solgt i "
+"en annen nasjons marked med godkjenning fra patenteieren. For eksempel, "
+"hvis medisinen var solgt i India, så kunne den bli importert inn til Afrika "
+"fra India. Dette kalles \"parallellimport\" og er generelt tillatt i "
+"internasjonal handelslovgivning, og spesifikt tillatt i den europeiske union."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. f3.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
+"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
+"Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> "
+"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 14, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #56</ulink>. For a firsthand account of the struggle over "
+"South Africa, see Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug "
+"Policy, and Human Resources, House Committee on Government Reform, H. Rep., "
+"1st sess., Ser. No. 106-126 (22 July 1999), 150–57 (statement of James "
+"Love)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f4.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
+"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
+"Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> "
+"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 15."
+msgstr ""
+"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
+"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, en "
+"rapport forberedt for the World Intellectual Property Organization</"
+"citetitle> (Washington, D.C., 2000), 15."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
+#| "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
+#| "characterized it, \"The U.S. government pressured South Africa … "
+#| "not to permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder "
+#| "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States "
+#| "Trade Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the "
+#| "law—and to add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed "
+#| "South Africa for possible trade sanctions. That same year, more than "
+#| "forty pharmaceutical companies began proceedings in the South African "
+#| "courts to challenge the government's actions. The United States was then "
+#| "joined by other governments from the EU. Their claim, and the claim of "
+#| "the pharmaceutical companies, was that South Africa was violating its "
+#| "obligations under international law by discriminating against a "
+#| "particular kind of patent— pharmaceutical patents. The demand of "
+#| "these governments, with the United States in the lead, was that South "
+#| "Africa respect these patents as it respects any other patent, regardless "
+#| "of any effect on the treatment of AIDS within South Africa.<placeholder "
+#| "type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgid ""
+"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
+"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
+"characterized it, <quote>The U.S. government pressured South Africa … "
+"not to permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States Trade "
+"Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the law—"
+"and to add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed South Africa "
+"for possible trade sanctions. That same year, more than forty "
+"pharmaceutical companies began proceedings in the South African courts to "
+"challenge the government's actions. The United States was then joined by "
+"other governments from the EU. Their claim, and the claim of the "
+"pharmaceutical companies, was that South Africa was violating its "
+"obligations under international law by discriminating against a particular "
+"kind of patent— pharmaceutical patents. The demand of these "
+"governments, with the United States in the lead, was that South Africa "
+"respect these patents as it respects any other patent, regardless of any "
+"effect on the treatment of AIDS within South Africa.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Men USA var imot lovendringen. Og de nøyde seg ikke med å være imot. Som "
+"International Intellectual Property Association karakteriserte det, "
+"\"Myndighetene i USA presset Sør-Afrika … til å ikke tillate tvungen "
+"lisensiering eller parallellimport\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> Gjennom kontoret til USAs handelsrepresentant (USTR), ba myndighetene Sør-"
+"Afrika om å endre loven—og for å legge press bak den forespørselen, "
+"listet USTR i 1998 opp Sør-Afrika som et land som burde vurderes for "
+"handelsrestriksjoner. Samme år gikk mer enn førti farmasiselskaper til "
+"retten for å utfordre myndighetenes handlinger. USA fikk selskap av andre "
+"myndigheter fra EU. Deres påstand, og påstanden til farmasiselskapene, var "
+"at Sør-Afrika brøt sine internasjonale forpliktelser ved å diskriminere mot "
+"en bestemt type patenter—farmasøytiske patenter. Kravet fra disse "
+"myndighetene, med USA i spissen, var at Sør-Afrika skulle respektere disse "
+"patentene på samme måte som alle andre patenter, uavhengig av eventuell "
+"effekt på behandlingen av AIDS i Sør-Afrika.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt "
+"patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
+"drugs. Poverty and the total absence of an effective health care "
+"infrastructure matter more. But whether patents are the most important "
+"reason or not, the price of drugs has an effect on their demand, and patents "
+"affect price. And so, whether massive or marginal, there was an effect from "
+"our government's intervention to stop the flow of medications into Africa."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi bør sette intervensjonen til USA i sammenheng. Det er ingen tvil om at "
+"patenter ikke er den viktigste årsaken til at Afrikanere ikke har tilgang "
+"til medisiner. Fattigdom og den totale mangel på effektivt helsevesen betyr "
+"mer. Men uansett om patenter er en viktigste grunnen eller ikke, så har "
+"prisen på medisiner en effekt på etterspørselen, og patenter påvirker "
+"prisen. Så uansett, massiv eller marginal, så var det en effekt av våre "
+"myndigheters intervensjon for å stoppe flyten av medisiner inn til Afrika."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
+"government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not "
+"like wheat (if they eat it, we can't); instead, the flow that the United "
+"States intervened to stop was, in effect, a flow of knowledge: information "
+"about how to take chemicals that exist within Africa, and turn those "
+"chemicals into drugs that would save 15 to 30 million lives."
+msgstr ""
+"Ved å stoppe flyten av HIV-behandling til Afrika, sikret ikke myndighetene i "
+"USA medisiner til USA borgere. Dette er ikke som hvete (hvis de spise det så "
+"kan ikke vi spise det). Det som USA i effekt intervenerte for å stoppe, var "
+"flyten av kunnskap: Informasjon om hvordan en kan ta kjemikalier som finnes "
+"i Afrika og gjøre disse kjemikaliene om til medisiner som kan redde 15 til "
+"30 millioner liv."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
+"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was "
+"not as if these countries were in the position to buy the drugs for the "
+"prices the drug companies were charging. Again, the Africans are wildly too "
+"poor to afford these drugs at the offered prices. Stopping the parallel "
+"import of these drugs would not substantially increase the sales by U.S. "
+"companies."
+msgstr ""
+"Intervensjonen fra USA ville heller ikke beskytte fortjenesten til "
+"medisinselskapene i USA— i hvert fall ikke betydelig. Det var jo ikke "
+"slik at disse landene hadde mulighet til å kjøpe medisinene til de prisene "
+"som medisinselskapene forlangte. Igjen var afrikanerne for fattige til å ha "
+"råd til disse medisinene til de tilbudte prisene. Å blokkere for "
+"parallellimport av disse medisinene ville ikke øke salget til de amerikanske "
+"selskapene betydelig."
+
+#. f5.
+#. PAGE BREAK 333
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's "
+"Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco "
+"Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 May 1999, A1, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #57</ulink> (<quote>compulsory licenses and "
+"gray markets pose a threat to the entire system of intellectual property "
+"protection</quote>); Robert Weissman, <quote>AIDS and Developing Countries: "
+"Democratizing Access to Essential Medicines,</quote> <citetitle>Foreign "
+"Policy in Focus</citetitle> 4:23 (August 1999), available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #58</ulink> (describing U.S. policy); "
+"John A. Harrelson, <quote>TRIPS, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the HIV/AIDS "
+"Crisis: Finding the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and "
+"Compassion, a Synopsis,</quote> <citetitle>Widener Law Symposium Journal</"
+"citetitle> (Spring 2001): 175."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
+#| "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
+#| "sanctity of property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It was "
+#| "because \"intellectual property\" would be violated that these drugs "
+#| "should not flow into Africa. It was a principle about the importance of "
+#| "\"intellectual property\" that led these government actors to intervene "
+#| "against the South African response to AIDS."
+msgid ""
+"Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
+"which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
+"sanctity of property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It was "
+"because <quote>intellectual property</quote> would be violated that these "
+"drugs should not flow into Africa. It was a principle about the importance "
+"of <quote>intellectual property</quote> that led these government actors to "
+"intervene against the South African response to AIDS."
+msgstr ""
+"I stedet var argumentet til fordel for restriksjoner på denne flyten av "
+"informasjon, som var nødvendig for å redde millioner av liv, et argument om "
+"eiendoms ukrenkelighet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det var på "
+"grunn av at \"intellektuell eiendom\" ville bli krenket at disse medisinene "
+"ikke skulle flomme inn til Afrika. Det var prinsippet om viktigheten av "
+"\"intellektuell eiendom\" som fikk disse myndighetsaktørene til å "
+"intervenere mot Sør-Afrikas mottiltak mot AIDS."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from "
+#| "now when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
+#| "happen? How could we allow a policy to be pursued whose direct cost would "
+#| "be to speed the death of 15 to 30 million Africans, and whose only real "
+#| "benefit would be to uphold the \"sanctity\" of an idea? What possible "
+#| "justification could there ever be for a policy that results in so many "
+#| "deaths? What exactly is the insanity that would allow so many to die for "
+#| "such an abstraction?"
+msgid ""
+"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
+"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
+"happen? How could we allow a policy to be pursued whose direct cost would be "
+"to speed the death of 15 to 30 million Africans, and whose only real benefit "
+"would be to uphold the <quote>sanctity</quote> of an idea? What possible "
+"justification could there ever be for a policy that results in so many "
+"deaths? What exactly is the insanity that would allow so many to die for "
+"such an abstraction?"
+msgstr ""
+"La oss ta et skritt tilbake for et øyeblikk. En gang om tredve år vil våre "
+"barn se tilbake på oss og spørre, hvordan kunne vi la dette skje? Hvordan "
+"kunne vi tillate å gjennomføre en politikk hvis direkte kostnad var få 15 "
+"til 30 millioner afrikanere til å dø raskere, og hvis eneste virkelige "
+"fordel var å opprettholde \"ukrenkeligheten\" til en idé? Hva slags "
+"berettigelse kan noen sinne eksistere for en politikk som resulterer i så "
+"mange døde? Hva slags galskap er det egentlig som tillater at så mange dør "
+"for slik en abstraksjon?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their "
+"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a "
+"certain patent policy not because of ideals, but because it is the policy "
+"that makes them the most money. And it only makes them the most money "
+"because of a certain corruption within our political system— a "
+"corruption the drug companies are certainly not responsible for."
+msgstr ""
+"Noen skylder på farmasiselskapene. Det gjør ikke jeg. De er selskaper, og "
+"deres ledere er lovpålagt å tjene penger for selskapene. De presser på for "
+"en bestemt patentpolitikk, ikke på grunn av idealer, men fordi det er dette "
+"som gjør at de tjener mest penger. Og dette gjør kun at de tjener mest "
+"penger på grunn av en slags korrupsjon i vårt politiske system— en "
+"korrupsjon som farmasiselskapene helt klart ikke er ansvarlige for."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
+"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their "
+"drugs as cheaply as they can to countries in Africa and elsewhere. There "
+"are issues they'd have to resolve to make sure the drugs didn't get back "
+"into the United States, but those are mere problems of technology. They "
+"could be overcome."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne korrupsjonen er våre egne politikeres manglende integritet. For "
+"medisinprodusentene ville elske—sier de selv, og jeg tror dem — "
+"å selge sine medisiner så billig som de kan til land i Afrika og andre "
+"steder. Det er utfordringer de må løse å sikre at medisinene ikke kommer "
+"tilbake til USA, men dette er bare teknologiske utfordring. De kan bli "
+"overvunnet."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 268
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of "
+#| "the grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug "
+#| "companies before a Senate or House hearing, and ask, \"How is it you can "
+#| "sell this HIV drug in Africa for only $1 a pill, but the same drug would "
+#| "cost an American $1,500?\" Because there is no \"sound bite\" answer to "
+#| "that question, its effect would be to induce regulation of prices in "
+#| "America. The drug companies thus avoid this spiral by avoiding the first "
+#| "step. They reinforce the idea that property should be sacred. They adopt "
+#| "a rational strategy in an irrational context, with the unintended "
+#| "consequence that perhaps millions die. And that rational strategy thus "
+#| "becomes framed in terms of this ideal—the sanctity of an idea "
+#| "called \"intellectual property.\""
+msgid ""
+"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
+"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
+"before a Senate or House hearing, and ask, <quote>How is it you can sell "
+"this HIV drug in Africa for only $1 a pill, but the same drug would cost an "
+"American $1,500?</quote> Because there is no <quote>sound bite</quote> "
+"answer to that question, its effect would be to induce regulation of prices "
+"in America. The drug companies thus avoid this spiral by avoiding the first "
+"step. They reinforce the idea that property should be sacred. They adopt a "
+"rational strategy in an irrational context, with the unintended consequence "
+"that perhaps millions die. And that rational strategy thus becomes framed in "
+"terms of this ideal—the sanctity of an idea called <quote>intellectual "
+"property.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Et annet problem kan derimot ikke løses. Det er frykten for at en politiker "
+"som skal vise seg og kaller inn lederne hos medisinprodusentene til høring i "
+"senatet eller representantenes hus og spør, \"hvordan har det seg at du kan "
+"selge HIV-medisinen i Afrika for bare $1 pr. pille, mens samme pille koster "
+"en amerikansker $1 500?\" Da det ikke finnes et \"kjapt svar\" på det "
+"spørsmålet, ville effekten bli regulering av priser i Amerika. "
+"Medisinprodusentene unngår dermed denne spiralen ved å sikre at det første "
+"steget ikke tas. De forsterker idéen om at eierrettigheter skal være "
+"ukrenkelige. De legger seg på en rasjonell strategi i en irrasjonell "
+"omgivelse, med den utilsiktede konsekvens at kanskje millioner dør. Og den "
+"rasjonelle strategien rammes dermed inn ved hjel av dette ideal—"
+"helligheten til en idé som kalles \"immaterielle rettigheter\"."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
+"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
+"done, how will we justify what we have done? What is the argument?"
+msgstr ""
+"Så når du konfronteres av ditt barns sunne fornuft, hva vil du si? Når den "
+"sunne fornuften hos en generasjon endelig gjør opprør mot hva vi har gjort, "
+"hvordan vil vi rettferdiggjøre det? Hva er argumentet?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
+"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same way. "
+"Just as a sensible copyright policy could endorse and strongly support a "
+"copyright system without having to regulate the spread of culture perfectly "
+"and forever, a sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support a "
+"patent system without having to block the spread of drugs to a country not "
+"rich enough to afford market prices in any case. A sensible policy, in other "
+"words, could be a balanced policy. For most of our history, both copyright "
+"and patent policies were balanced in just this sense."
+msgstr ""
+"En fornuftig patentpolitikk kunne gå god for og gi sterk støtte til "
+"patentsystemet uten å måtte nå alle overalt på nøyaktig samme måte. På samme "
+"måte som en fornuftig opphavsrettspolitikk kunne gå god for og gi sterk "
+"støtte til et opphavsretts-system uten å måtte regulere spredningen av "
+"kultur perfekt og for alltid. En fornuftig patentpolitikk kunne gå god for "
+"og gi sterk støtte til et patentsystem uten å måtte blokkere spredning av "
+"medisiner til et land som uansett ikke er rikt nok til å ha råd til "
+"markedsprisen. En fornuftig politikk kan en dermed si kunne være en "
+"balansert politikk. For det meste av vår historie har både opphavsrett- og "
+"patentpolitikken i denne forstand vært balansert."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 269
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
+"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. "
+"A certain property fundamentalism, having no connection to our tradition, "
+"now reigns in this culture—bizarrely, and with consequences more grave "
+"to the spread of ideas and culture than almost any other single policy "
+"decision that we as a democracy will make. A simple idea blinds us, and "
+"under the cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if "
+"any of us looked. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in ideas "
+"that we don't even notice how monstrous it is to deny ideas to a people who "
+"are dying without them. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in "
+"culture that we don't even question when the control of that property "
+"removes our ability, as a people, to develop our culture democratically. "
+"Blindness becomes our common sense. And the challenge for anyone who would "
+"reclaim the right to cultivate our culture is to find a way to make this "
+"common sense open its eyes."
+msgstr ""
+"Men vi som kultur har mistet denne følelsen for balanse. Vi har mistet det "
+"kritiske blikket som hjelper oss til å se forskjellen mellom sannhet og "
+"ekstremisme. En slags eiendomsfundamentalisme, uten grunnlag i vår "
+"tradisjon, hersker nå i vår kultur—sært, og med konsekvenser mer "
+"alvorlig for spredningen av idéer og kultur enn nesten enhver annen politisk "
+"enkeltavgjørelse vi som demokrati kan fatte. En enkel idé blender oss, og "
+"under dekke av mørket skjer mye som de fleste av oss ville avvist hvis vi "
+"hadde fulgt med. Så ukritisk aksepterer vi idéen om eierskap til idéer at "
+"vi ikke engang legger merke til hvor uhyrlig det er å nekte tilgang til "
+"idéer for et folk som dør uten dem. Så ukritisk aksepterer vi idéen om "
+"eiendom til kulturen at vi ikke engang stiller spørsmål ved når kontrollen "
+"over denne eiendommen fjerner vår evne, som folk, til å utvikle vår kultur "
+"demokratisk. Blindhet blir vår sunne fornuft, og utfordringen for enhver "
+"som vil gjenvinne retten til å dyrke vår kultur er å finne en måte å få "
+"denne sunne fornuften til å åpne sine øyne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not "
+#| "yet see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now "
+#| "dominates this debate fits with ideas that seem natural, and that fit is "
+#| "reinforced by the RCAs of our day. They wage a frantic war to fight "
+#| "\"piracy,\" and devastate a culture for creativity. They defend the idea "
+#| "of \"creative property,\" while transforming real creators into modern-"
+#| "day sharecroppers. They are insulted by the idea that rights should be "
+#| "balanced, even though each of the major players in this content war was "
+#| "itself a beneficiary of a more balanced ideal. The hypocrisy reeks. Yet "
+#| "in a city like Washington, hypocrisy is not even noticed. Powerful "
+#| "lobbies, complex issues, and MTV attention spans produce the \"perfect "
+#| "storm\" for free culture."
+msgid ""
+"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
+"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
+"this debate fits with ideas that seem natural, and that fit is reinforced by "
+"the RCAs of our day. They wage a frantic war to fight <quote>piracy,</quote> "
+"and devastate a culture for creativity. They defend the idea of "
+"<quote>creative property,</quote> while transforming real creators into "
+"modern-day sharecroppers. They are insulted by the idea that rights should "
+"be balanced, even though each of the major players in this content war was "
+"itself a beneficiary of a more balanced ideal. The hypocrisy reeks. Yet in a "
+"city like Washington, hypocrisy is not even noticed. Powerful lobbies, "
+"complex issues, and MTV attention spans produce the <quote>perfect storm</"
+"quote> for free culture."
+msgstr ""
+"Så langt sover sunn fornuft. Det er intet opprør. Sunn fornuft ser ennå "
+"ikke hva det er å gjøre opprør mot. Ekstremismen som nå dominerer denne "
+"debatten resonerer med idéer som virker naturlige, og resonansen er "
+"forsterket av våre moderne RCA-ene. De fører en frenetisk krig for å "
+"bekjempe \"piratvirksomhet\" og knuser kreativitetskultur. De forsvarer "
+"idéen om \"kreativt eierskap\", mens de endrer ekte skapere til moderne "
+"leilendinger. De blir fornærmet av idéen om at rettigheter skulle være "
+"balanserte, selv om hver av hovedaktørene i denne innholdskrigen selv hadde "
+"fordeler av et mer balansert ideal. Hykleriet rår. Men i en by som "
+"Washington blir ikke hykleriet en gang lagt merke til. Mektige lobbyister, "
+"kompliserte problemer og MTV-oppmerksomhetsspenn gir en \"perfekt storm\" "
+"for fri kultur."
+
+#. f6.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington "
+#| "Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+#| "culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift "
+#| "on `Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,\" <citetitle>National Journal's "
+#| "Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url="
+#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; William New, \"U.S. "
+#| "Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" <citetitle>National "
+#| "Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at "
+#| "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, "
+"<quote>Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; "
+"William New, <quote>U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 August "
+"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</"
+"ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington "
+"Post</citetitle>, august 2003, E1, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on "
+"`Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,\" <citetitle>National Journal's Technology "
+"Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; William New, \"U.S. Official "
+"Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" <citetitle>National Journal's "
+"Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "academic journals"
+msgstr "akademiske tidsskrifter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "IBM"
+msgstr "IBM"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision "
+#| "by the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a meeting."
+#| "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> At the request of a wide range "
+#| "of interests, WIPO had decided to hold a meeting to discuss \"open and "
+#| "collaborative projects to create public goods.\" These are projects that "
+#| "have been successful in producing public goods without relying "
+#| "exclusively upon a proprietary use of intellectual property. Examples "
+#| "include the Internet and the World Wide Web, both of which were developed "
+#| "on the basis of protocols in the public domain. It included an emerging "
+#| "trend to support open academic journals, including the Public Library of "
+#| "Science project that I describe in the Afterword. It included a project "
+#| "to develop single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are thought to "
+#| "have great significance in biomedical research. (That nonprofit project "
+#| "comprised a consortium of the Wellcome Trust and pharmaceutical and "
+#| "technological companies, including Amersham Biosciences, AstraZeneca, "
+#| "Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-"
+#| "SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the "
+#| "Global Positioning System, which Ronald Reagan set free in the early "
+#| "1980s. And it included \"open source and free software.\" <placeholder "
+#| "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> "
+#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
+msgid ""
+"In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by "
+"the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a meeting."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> At the request of a wide range of "
+"interests, WIPO had decided to hold a meeting to discuss <quote>open and "
+"collaborative projects to create public goods.</quote> These are projects "
+"that have been successful in producing public goods without relying "
+"exclusively upon a proprietary use of intellectual property. Examples "
+"include the Internet and the World Wide Web, both of which were developed on "
+"the basis of protocols in the public domain. It included an emerging trend "
+"to support open academic journals, including the Public Library of Science "
+"project that I describe in the Afterword. It included a project to develop "
+"single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are thought to have great "
+"significance in biomedical research. (That nonprofit project comprised a "
+"consortium of the Wellcome Trust and pharmaceutical and technological "
+"companies, including Amersham Biosciences, AstraZeneca, Aventis, Bayer, "
+"Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, "
+"Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the Global Positioning System, "
+"which Ronald Reagan set free in the early 1980s. And it included <quote>open "
+"source and free software.</quote> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"3\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"I august 2003 brøt en kamp ut i USA om en avgjørelse fra World Intellectual "
+"Property Organiation om å avlyse et møte.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> På forespørsel fra en lang rekke med interressenter hadde WIPO "
+"bestemt å avholde et møte for å diskutere \"åpne og samarbeidende prosjekter "
+"for å skape goder for felleskapet\". Disse prosjektene som hadde lyktes i å "
+"produsere goder for fellesskapet uten å basere seg eksklusivt på bruken av "
+"proprietære immaterielle rettigheter. Eksempler inkluderer internettet og "
+"verdensveven, begge som ble utviklet på grunnlag av protokoller i "
+"allemannseie. Det hadde med en begynnende trend for å støtte åpne "
+"akademiske tidsskrifter, og inkluderte Public Library of Science-prosjektet "
+"som jeg beskriver i etterordet. Det inkluderte et prosjekt for a utvikle "
+"enkeltnukleotidforskjeller (SNPs), som er antatt å få stor betydning i "
+"biomedisinsk forskning. (Dette ideelle prosjektet besto av et konsortium av "
+"Wellcome Trust og farmasøytiske og teknologiske selskaper, inkludert "
+"Amersham Biosciences, AstraZeneca, Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, "
+"Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, og "
+"Searle.) Det inkluderte Globalt posisjonssystem (GPS) som Ronald Reagen "
+"frigjorde tidlig på 1980-tallet. Og det inkluderte \"åpen kildekode og fri "
+"programvare\". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
+"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
+"property extremism. Instead, in all of them, intellectual property was "
+"balanced by agreements to keep access open or to impose limitations on the "
+"way in which proprietary claims might be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Formålet med møtet var å vurdere denne rekken av prosjekter fra et felles "
+"perspektiv: at ingen av disse prosjektene hadde som grunnlag immateriell "
+"ekstremisme. I stedet, hos alle disse, ble immaterielle rettigheter "
+"balansert med avtaler om å holde tilgang åpen, eller for å legge "
+"begrensninger på hvordan proprietære krav kan bli brukt."
+
+#. f7.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
+"meeting."
+msgstr "Jeg bør nevne at jeg var en av folkene som ba WIPO om dette møtet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its scope "
+"included both commercial and noncommercial work. They primarily involved "
+"science, but from many perspectives. And WIPO was an ideal venue for this "
+"discussion, since WIPO is the preeminent international body dealing with "
+"intellectual property issues."
+msgstr ""
+"Dermed var, fra perspektivet i denne boken, denne konferansen ideell."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Prosjektene innenfor temaet var "
+"både kommersielle og ikkekommersielle verker. De involverte i hovedsak "
+"vitenskapen, men fra mange perspektiver. Og WIPO var et ideelt sted for "
+"denne diskusjonen, siden WIPO var den fremstående internasjonale aktør som "
+"drev med immaterielle rettighetsspørsmål."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 271
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
+#| "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
+#| "conference for the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). At a "
+#| "press conference before the address, I was asked what I would say. I "
+#| "responded that I would be talking a little about the importance of "
+#| "balance in intellectual property for the development of an information "
+#| "society. The moderator for the event then promptly interrupted to inform "
+#| "me and the assembled reporters that no question about intellectual "
+#| "property would be discussed by WSIS, since those questions were the "
+#| "exclusive domain of WIPO. In the talk that I had prepared, I had actually "
+#| "made the issue of intellectual property relatively minor. But after this "
+#| "astonishing statement, I made intellectual property the sole focus of my "
+#| "talk. There was no way to talk about an \"Information Society\" unless "
+#| "one also talked about the range of information and culture that would be "
+#| "free. My talk did not make my immoderate moderator very happy. And she "
+#| "was no doubt correct that the scope of intellectual property protections "
+#| "was ordinarily the stuff of WIPO. But in my view, there couldn't be too "
+#| "much of a conversation about how much intellectual property is needed, "
+#| "since in my view, the very idea of balance in intellectual property had "
+#| "been lost."
+msgid ""
+"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
+"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
+"conference for the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). At a "
+"press conference before the address, I was asked what I would say. I "
+"responded that I would be talking a little about the importance of balance "
+"in intellectual property for the development of an information society. The "
+"moderator for the event then promptly interrupted to inform me and the "
+"assembled reporters that no question about intellectual property would be "
+"discussed by WSIS, since those questions were the exclusive domain of WIPO. "
+"In the talk that I had prepared, I had actually made the issue of "
+"intellectual property relatively minor. But after this astonishing "
+"statement, I made intellectual property the sole focus of my talk. There was "
+"no way to talk about an <quote>Information Society</quote> unless one also "
+"talked about the range of information and culture that would be free. My "
+"talk did not make my immoderate moderator very happy. And she was no doubt "
+"correct that the scope of intellectual property protections was ordinarily "
+"the stuff of WIPO. But in my view, there couldn't be too much of a "
+"conversation about how much intellectual property is needed, since in my "
+"view, the very idea of balance in intellectual property had been lost."
+msgstr ""
+"Faktisk fikk jeg en gang offentlig kjeft for å ikke anerkjenne dette faktum "
+"om WIPO. I februar 2003 leverte jeg et hovedinnlegg på en forberedende "
+"konferanse for World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). På en "
+"pressekonferanse før innlegget, ble jeg spurt hva jeg skulle snakke om. Jeg "
+"svarte at jeg skulle snakke litt om viktigheten av balanse rundt "
+"immaterielle verdier for utviklingen av informasjonssamfunnet. Ordstyreren "
+"på arrangementet avbrøt meg da brått for å informere meg og journalistene "
+"tilstede at ingen spørsmål rundt immaterielle verdier ville bli diskutert av "
+"WSIS, da slike spørsmål kun skulle diskuteres i WIPO. I innlegget jeg hadde "
+"forberedt var temaet om immaterielle verdier en forholdvis liten del av det "
+"hele. Men etter denne forbløffende uttalelsen, gjorde jeg immaterielle "
+"verdier til hovedfokus for mitt innlegg. Det var ikke mulig å snakke om et "
+"\"informasjonssamfunn\" uten at en også snakket om andelen av informasjon og "
+"kultur som ikke er vernet av opphavsretten. Mitt innlegg gjorde ikke min "
+"overivrige moderator veldig glad. Og hun hadde uten tvil rett i at omfanget "
+"til vern av immaterielle rettigheter normalt hørte inn under WIPO. Men "
+"etter mitt syn, kunne det ikke bli for mye diskusjon om hvor mye "
+"immaterielle rettigheter som trengs, siden etter mitt syn, hadde selve idéen "
+"om en balanse rundt immaterielle rettigheter hadde gått tapt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I "
+#| "had thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus "
+#| "the meeting about \"open and collaborative projects to create public goods"
+#| "\" seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda."
+msgid ""
+"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
+"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
+"meeting about <quote>open and collaborative projects to create public goods</"
+"quote> seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda."
+msgstr ""
+"Så uansett om WSIS kan diskutere balanse i intellektuell eiendom eller ikke, "
+"så hadde jeg trodd det var tatt for gitt at WIPO kunne og burde. Og dermed "
+"møtet om \"åpne og samarbeidende prosjekter for å skape fellesgoder\" virker "
+"å passe perfekt for WIPOs agenda."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, "
+#| "at least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software."
+#| "\" Microsoft in particular is wary of discussion of the subject. From its "
+#| "perspective, a conference to discuss open source and free software would "
+#| "be like a conference to discuss Apple's operating system. Both open "
+#| "source and free software compete with Microsoft's software. And "
+#| "internationally, many governments have begun to explore requirements that "
+#| "they use open source or free software, rather than \"proprietary software,"
+#| "\" for their own internal uses."
+msgid ""
+"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
+"least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free software."
+"</quote> Microsoft in particular is wary of discussion of the subject. From "
+"its perspective, a conference to discuss open source and free software would "
+"be like a conference to discuss Apple's operating system. Both open source "
+"and free software compete with Microsoft's software. And internationally, "
+"many governments have begun to explore requirements that they use open "
+"source or free software, rather than <quote>proprietary software,</quote> "
+"for their own internal uses."
+msgstr ""
+"Men det er ett prosjekt i listen som er svært kontroversielt, i hvert fall "
+"blant lobbyister. Dette prosjektet er \"åpen kildekode og fri programvare\". "
+"Microsoft spesielt er skeptisk til diskusjon om emnet. Fra deres perspektiv, "
+"ville en konferanse for å diskutere åpen kildekode og fri programvare være "
+"som en konferanse for å diskutere Apples operativsystem. Både åpen "
+"kildekode og fri programvare konkurrerer med Microsofts programvare. Og "
+"internasjonalt har mange myndigheter begynt å utforske krav om at de skal "
+"bruke åpen kildekode eller fri programvare, i stedet for \"proprietær "
+"programvare,\" til sine egne interne behov."
+
+#. f8.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
+#| "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with "
+#| "\"open source\" software or software in the public domain. Microsoft's "
+#| "principal opposition is to \"free software\" licensed under a \"copyleft"
+#| "\" license, meaning a license that requires the licensee to adopt the "
+#| "same terms on any derivative work. See Bradford L. Smith, \"The Future of "
+#| "Software: Enabling the Marketplace to Decide,\" <citetitle>Government "
+#| "Policy Toward Open Source Software</citetitle> (Washington, D.C.: AEI-"
+#| "Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise "
+#| "Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, available at <ulink url="
+#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. See also Craig "
+#| "Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, <citetitle>The Commercial "
+#| "Software Model</citetitle>, discussion at New York University Stern "
+#| "School of Business (3 May 2001), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+#| "culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>."
+msgid ""
+"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
+"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with "
+"<quote>open source</quote> software or software in the public domain. "
+"Microsoft's principal opposition is to <quote>free software</quote> licensed "
+"under a <quote>copyleft</quote> license, meaning a license that requires the "
+"licensee to adopt the same terms on any derivative work. See Bradford L. "
+"Smith, <quote>The Future of Software: Enabling the Marketplace to Decide,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Government Policy Toward Open Source Software</citetitle> "
+"(Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, "
+"American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. "
+"See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, <citetitle>The "
+"Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, discussion at New York University "
+"Stern School of Business (3 May 2001), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Microsofts posisjon om åpen kildekode og fri programvare er mer "
+"sofistikert. De har flere ganger forklart at de har ikke noe problem med "
+"programvare som er \"åpen kildekode\" eller programvare som er "
+"allemannseie. Microsofts prinsipielle motstand er mot \"fri programvare\" "
+"lisensiert med en \"copyleft\"-lisens, som betyr at lisensen krever at de "
+"som lisensierer skal adoptere same vilkår for ethvert avledet verk. Se "
+"Bradford L. Smith, \"The Future of Software: Enabling the Marketplace to "
+"Decide,\" <citetitle>Government Policy Toward Open Source Software</"
+"citetitle> (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory "
+"Studies, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), "
+"69, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</"
+"ulink>. Se også Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, "
+"<citetitle>The Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, diskusjon ved New York "
+"University Stern School of Business (3. mai 2001), tilgjengelig fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make "
+#| "clear that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
+#| "software. There are many important companies that depend fundamentally "
+#| "upon open source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is "
+#| "increasingly shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the "
+#| "most famous bit of \"free software\"—and IBM is emphatically a "
+#| "commercial entity. Thus, to support \"open source and free software\" is "
+#| "not to oppose commercial entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of "
+#| "software development that is different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type="
+#| "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> "
+#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
+#| "\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>"
+msgid ""
+"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
+"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial software. "
+"There are many important companies that depend fundamentally upon open "
+"source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is increasingly "
+"shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the most famous bit of "
+"<quote>free software</quote>—and IBM is emphatically a commercial "
+"entity. Thus, to support <quote>open source and free software</quote> is not "
+"to oppose commercial entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software "
+"development that is different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg mener ikke å gå inn i den debatten her. Det er viktig kun for å gjøre "
+"det klart at skillet ikke er mellom kommersiell og ikke-kommersiell "
+"programvare. Det er mange viktige selskaper som er fundamentalt avhengig av "
+"fri programvare, der IBM er den mest fremtredende. IBM har i stadig større "
+"grad skiftet sitt fokus til GNU/Linux-operativsystemet, det mest berømte "
+"biten av \"fri programvare\"—og IBM er helt klart en kommersiell "
+"aktør. Dermed er det å støtte \"fri programvare\" ikke å motsette seg "
+"kommersielle aktører. Det er i stedet å støtte en måte å drive "
+"programvareutvikling som er forskjellig fra Microsofts.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 272
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free "
+#| "software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" "
+#| "is not software in the public domain. Instead, like Microsoft's software, "
+#| "the copyright owners of free and open source software insist quite "
+#| "strongly that the terms of their software license be respected by "
+#| "adopters of free and open source software. The terms of that license are "
+#| "no doubt different from the terms of a proprietary software license. "
+#| "Free software licensed under the General Public License (GPL), for "
+#| "example, requires that the source code for the software be made available "
+#| "by anyone who modifies and redistributes the software. But that "
+#| "requirement is effective only if copyright governs software. If copyright "
+#| "did not govern software, then free software could not impose the same "
+#| "kind of requirements on its adopters. It thus depends upon copyright law "
+#| "just as Microsoft does."
+msgid ""
+"More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free "
+"software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free "
+"software</quote> is not software in the public domain. Instead, like "
+"Microsoft's software, the copyright owners of free and open source software "
+"insist quite strongly that the terms of their software license be respected "
+"by adopters of free and open source software. The terms of that license are "
+"no doubt different from the terms of a proprietary software license. Free "
+"software licensed under the General Public License (GPL), for example, "
+"requires that the source code for the software be made available by anyone "
+"who modifies and redistributes the software. But that requirement is "
+"effective only if copyright governs software. If copyright did not govern "
+"software, then free software could not impose the same kind of requirements "
+"on its adopters. It thus depends upon copyright law just as Microsoft does."
+msgstr ""
+"Mer viktig for våre formål, er at å støtte \"åpen kildekode og fri "
+"programvare\" ikke er å motsette seg opphavsrett. \"Åpen kildekode og fri "
+"programvare\" er ikke programvare uten opphavsrettslig vern. Istedet, på "
+"samme måte som programvare fra Microsoft, insisterer opphavsrettsinnehaverne "
+"av fri programvare ganske sterkt at vilkårene i deres programvarelisens blir "
+"respektert av de som tar i bruk fri programvare. Vilkårene i den lisensen "
+"er uten tvil forskjellig fra vilkårene i en proprietær programvarelisens. "
+"For eksempel krever fri programvare lisensiert med den generelle offentlige "
+"lisensen (GPL), at kildekoden for programvare gjøres tilgjengelig for alle "
+"som endrer og videredistribuerer programvaren. Men dette kravet er kun "
+"effektivt hvis opphavsrett råder over programvare. Hvis opphavsretten ikke "
+"råder over programvare, så kunne ikke fri programvare pålegge slike krav på "
+"de som tar i bruk programvaren. Den er dermed like avhengig av "
+"opphavsrettsloven som Microsoft."
+
+#. f9.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink url="
+#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
+msgid ""
+"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Krim, Jonathan"
+msgstr "Krim, Jonathan"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
+"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
+"use its lobbyists to get the United States government to oppose it, as well. "
+"And indeed, that is just what was reported to have happened. According to "
+"Jonathan Krim of the <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, Microsoft's "
+"lobbyists succeeded in getting the United States government to veto the "
+"meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, "
+"the meeting was canceled. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Det er dermed forståelig at Microsoft, som utviklere av proprietær "
+"programvare, gikk imot et slikt WIPO-møte, og like fullt forståelig at de "
+"bruker sine lobbyister til å få USAs myndigheter til å gå imot møtet. Og "
+"ganske riktig, det er akkurat dette som i følge rapporter hadde skjedd. I "
+"følge Jonathan Krim i <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, lyktes "
+"Microsofts lobbyister i å få USAs myndigheter til å legge ned veto mot et "
+"slikt møte.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og uten støtte fra USA "
+"ble møtet avlyst. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
+"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
+"the law. There was nothing surprising about its lobbying here, and nothing "
+"terribly surprising about the most powerful software producer in the United "
+"States having succeeded in its lobbying efforts."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg klandrer ikke Microsoft for å gjøre det de kan for å fremme sine egne "
+"interesser i samsvar med loven. Og lobbyvirksomhet mot myndighetene er "
+"åpenbart i samsvar med loven. Det er ikke noe overraskende her med deres "
+"lobbyvirksomhet, og ikke veldig overraskende at den mektigste "
+"programvareprodusenten i USA har lyktes med sin lobbyvirksomhet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for "
+#| "opposing the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting "
+#| "director of international relations for the U.S. Patent and Trademark "
+#| "Office, explained that \"open-source software runs counter to the mission "
+#| "of WIPO, which is to promote intellectual-property rights.\" She is "
+#| "quoted as saying, \"To hold a meeting which has as its purpose to "
+#| "disclaim or waive such rights seems to us to be contrary to the goals of "
+#| "WIPO.\""
+msgid ""
+"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
+"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
+"international relations for the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, explained "
+"that <quote>open-source software runs counter to the mission of WIPO, which "
+"is to promote intellectual-property rights.</quote> She is quoted as saying, "
+"<quote>To hold a meeting which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such "
+"rights seems to us to be contrary to the goals of WIPO.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Det som var overraskende var USAs regjerings begrunnelse for å være imot "
+"møtet. Igjen, sitert av Krim, forklarte Lois Boland, direktør for "
+"internasjonale forbindelser ved USAs patent og varemerkekontor, at "
+"\"programvare med åpen kildekode går imot til formålet til WIPO, som er å "
+"fremme immaterielle rettigheter.\". Hun skal i følge sitatet ha sagt, \"Å "
+"holde et møte som har som formål å fraskrive seg eller frafalle slike "
+"rettigheter synes for oss å være i strid med formålene til WIPO.\""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
+msgstr "Disse utsagnene er forbløffende på flere nivåer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and "
+#| "free software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right "
+#| "called \"copyright\". Without it, restrictions imposed by those licenses "
+#| "wouldn't work. Thus, to say it \"runs counter\" to the mission of "
+#| "promoting intellectual property rights reveals an extraordinary gap in "
+#| "understanding—the sort of mistake that is excusable in a first-year "
+#| "law student, but an embarrassment from a high government official dealing "
+#| "with intellectual property issues."
+msgid ""
+"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
+"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
+"<quote>copyright</quote>. Without it, restrictions imposed by those "
+"licenses wouldn't work. Thus, to say it <quote>runs counter</quote> to the "
+"mission of promoting intellectual property rights reveals an extraordinary "
+"gap in understanding—the sort of mistake that is excusable in a first-"
+"year law student, but an embarrassment from a high government official "
+"dealing with intellectual property issues."
+msgstr ""
+"For det første er de ganske enkelt ikke riktige. Som jeg beskrev, er det "
+"meste av åpen kildekode og fri programvare fundamentalt avhengig av den "
+"immaterielle retten kalt \"opphavsrett\". Uten den vil begrensningene "
+"definert av disse lisensene ikke fungere. Dermed er det å si at de \"går imot"
+"\" formålet om å fremme immaterielle rettigheter å avsløre en ekstraordinær "
+"mangel på forståelse—den type feil som er tilgivelig hos en førsteårs "
+"jusstudent, men pinlig fra en høyt plassert statstjenestemann som håndterer "
+"utfordringer rundt immaterielle rettigheter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" "
+#| "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory "
+#| "conference of WSIS, WIPO is to consider not only how best to protect "
+#| "intellectual property, but also what the best balance of intellectual "
+#| "property is. As every economist and lawyer knows, the hard question in "
+#| "intellectual property law is to find that balance. But that there should "
+#| "be limits is, I had thought, uncontested. One wants to ask Ms. Boland, "
+#| "are generic drugs (drugs based on drugs whose patent has expired) "
+#| "contrary to the WIPO mission? Does the public domain weaken intellectual "
+#| "property? Would it have been better if the protocols of the Internet had "
+#| "been patented?"
+msgid ""
+"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to <quote>promote</"
+"quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the "
+"preparatory conference of WSIS, WIPO is to consider not only how best to "
+"protect intellectual property, but also what the best balance of "
+"intellectual property is. As every economist and lawyer knows, the hard "
+"question in intellectual property law is to find that balance. But that "
+"there should be limits is, I had thought, uncontested. One wants to ask Ms. "
+"Boland, are generic drugs (drugs based on drugs whose patent has expired) "
+"contrary to the WIPO mission? Does the public domain weaken intellectual "
+"property? Would it have been better if the protocols of the Internet had "
+"been patented?"
+msgstr ""
+"For det andre, hvem har noen gang hevdet at WIPOs eksklusive mål var å "
+"\"fremme\" immaterielle rettigheter maksimalt? Som jeg fikk kjeft om på den "
+"forberedende konferansen til WSIS, skal WIPO vurdere ikke bare hvordan best "
+"beskytte immaterielle rettigheter, men også hva som er den beste balansen "
+"rundt immaterielle rettigheter. Som enhver økonom og advokat vet, er det "
+"vanskelige spørsmålet i immaterielle rettighetsjuss å finne den balansen. "
+"Men at det skulle være en grense, trodde jeg, var ubestridt. Man ønsker å "
+"spørre Ms. Boland om generelle medisiner (medisiner basert på medisiner med "
+"patenter som er utløpt) i strid med WIPOs oppdrag? Svekker allemannseie "
+"immaterielle rettigheter? Ville det vært bedre om internettets protokoller "
+"hadde vært patentert?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
+#| "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property "
+#| "rights are held by individuals and corporations. They get to decide what "
+#| "to do with those rights because, again, they are <emphasis>their</"
+#| "emphasis> rights. If they want to \"waive\" or \"disclaim\" their rights, "
+#| "that is, within our tradition, totally appropriate. When Bill Gates gives "
+#| "away more than $20 billion to do good in the world, that is not "
+#| "inconsistent with the objectives of the property system. That is, on the "
+#| "contrary, just what a property system is supposed to be about: giving "
+#| "individuals the right to decide what to do with <emphasis>their</"
+#| "emphasis> property. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgid ""
+"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
+"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
+"are held by individuals and corporations. They get to decide what to do with "
+"those rights because, again, they are <emphasis>their</emphasis> rights. If "
+"they want to <quote>waive</quote> or <quote>disclaim</quote> their rights, "
+"that is, within our tradition, totally appropriate. When Bill Gates gives "
+"away more than $20 billion to do good in the world, that is not inconsistent "
+"with the objectives of the property system. That is, on the contrary, just "
+"what a property system is supposed to be about: giving individuals the right "
+"to decide what to do with <emphasis>their</emphasis> property. <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"For det tredje, selv om en tror at formålet med WIPO var å maksimere "
+"immaterielle rettigheter, så innehas immaterielle rettigheter, i vår "
+"tradisjon, av individer og selskaper. De får bestemme hva som skal gjøres "
+"med disse rettighetene, igjen fordi det er <emphasis>de</emphasis> som eier "
+"rettighetene. Hvis de ønsker å \"frafalle\" eller \"frasi\" seg sine "
+"rettigheter, så er det helt etter boka i vår tradisjon. Når Bill Gates gir "
+"bort mer enn $20 milliarder til gode formål, så er ikke det uforenelig med "
+"målene til eiendomssystemet. Det er heller tvert i mot, akkurat hva "
+"eiendomssysstemet er ment å oppnå, at individer har retten til å bestemme "
+"hva de vil gjøre med <emphasis>sin</emphasis> eiendom. <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 274
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which "
+#| "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that "
+#| "WIPO has an interest in interfering with the choices of the individuals "
+#| "who own intellectual property rights. That somehow, WIPO's objective "
+#| "should be to stop an individual from \"waiving\" or \"disclaiming\" an "
+#| "intellectual property right. That the interest of WIPO is not just that "
+#| "intellectual property rights be maximized, but that they also should be "
+#| "exercised in the most extreme and restrictive way possible."
+msgid ""
+"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting "
+"<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> "
+"she's saying that WIPO has an interest in interfering with the choices of "
+"the individuals who own intellectual property rights. That somehow, WIPO's "
+"objective should be to stop an individual from <quote>waiving</quote> or "
+"<quote>disclaiming</quote> an intellectual property right. That the interest "
+"of WIPO is not just that intellectual property rights be maximized, but that "
+"they also should be exercised in the most extreme and restrictive way "
+"possible."
+msgstr ""
+"Når Ms. Boland sier at det er noe galt med et møte \"som har som sitt formål "
+"å fraskrive eller frafalle slike rettigheter\", så sier hun at WIPO har en "
+"interesse i å påvirke valgene til enkeltpersoner som eier immaterielle "
+"rettigheter. At på en eller annen WIPOs oppdrag bør være å stoppe individer "
+"fra å \"fraskrive\" eller \"frafalle\" seg sine immaterielle rettigheter. "
+"At interessen til WIPO ikke bare er maksimale immaterielle rettigheter, men "
+"også at de skal utøves på den mest ekstreme og restriktive mulig måten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in "
+#| "the Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under "
+#| "feudalism, not only was property held by a relatively small number of "
+#| "individuals and entities. And not only were the rights that ran with that "
+#| "property powerful and extensive. But the feudal system had a strong "
+#| "interest in assuring that property holders within that system not weaken "
+#| "feudalism by liberating people or property within their control to the "
+#| "free market. Feudalism depended upon maximum control and concentration. "
+#| "It fought any freedom that might interfere with that control."
+msgid ""
+"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
+"Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under "
+"feudalism, not only was property held by a relatively small number of "
+"individuals and entities. And not only were the rights that ran with that "
+"property powerful and extensive. But the feudal system had a strong interest "
+"in assuring that property holders within that system not weaken feudalism by "
+"liberating people or property within their control to the free market. "
+"Feudalism depended upon maximum control and concentration. It fought any "
+"freedom that might interfere with that control."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er en historie om akkurat et slikt eierskapssystem som er velkjent i den "
+"anglo-amerikansk tradisjon. Det kalles \"føydalisme\". Under føydalismen "
+"var eiendommer ikke bare kontrollert av et relativt lite antall individer og "
+"aktører. Men det føydale systemet hadde en sterk interesse i å sikre at "
+"landeier i systemet ikke svekke føydalismen ved å frigjøre folkene og "
+"eiendomene som de kontrollerte til det frie markedet. Føydalismen var "
+"avhengig av maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. Det sloss mot enhver frihet "
+"som kunne forstyrre denne kontrollen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
+"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Se Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
+"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
+"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> We will have an information society. That much is certain. Our only "
+"choice now is whether that information society will be <emphasis>free</"
+"emphasis> or <emphasis>feudal</emphasis>. The trend is toward the feudal."
+msgstr ""
+"Som Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite beskriver, dette er nøyaktig det valget "
+"vi nå gjør om immaterielle rettigheter.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> Vi kommer til å få et informasjonssamfunn. Så mye er sikkert. Vårt "
+"eneste valg nå er hvorvidt dette informasjonssamfunnet skal være "
+"<emphasis>fritt</emphasis> eller <emphasis>føydalt</emphasis>. Trenden er "
+"mot det føydale."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
+"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
+"her comments made sense. But there was one comment that was particularly "
+"depressing for me. An anonymous poster wrote,"
+msgstr ""
+"Da denne bataljen brøt ut, blogget jeg om dette. En heftig debatt brøt ut i "
+"kommentarfeltet. Ms. Boland hadde en rekke støttespillere som forsøkte å "
+"vise hvorfor hennes kommentarer ga mening. Men det var spesielt en "
+"kommentar som gjorde meg trist. En anonym kommentator skrev,"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 275
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
+#| "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be "
+#| "to promote the right balance of intellectual property rights, not simply "
+#| "to promote intellectual property rights\"), not as it is. If we were "
+#| "talking about the world as it is, then of course Boland didn't say "
+#| "anything wrong. But in the world as Lessig would have it, then of course "
+#| "she did. Always pay attention to the distinction between Lessig's world "
+#| "and ours."
+msgid ""
+"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
+"should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should "
+"be to promote the right balance of intellectual property rights, not simply "
+"to promote intellectual property rights</quote>), not as it is. If we were "
+"talking about the world as it is, then of course Boland didn't say anything "
+"wrong. But in the world as Lessig would have it, then of course she did. "
+"Always pay attention to the distinction between Lessig's world and ours."
+msgstr ""
+"George, du misforstår Lessig: Han snakker bare om verden slik den burde være "
+"(\"målet til WIPO, og målet til enhver regjering, bør være å fremme den "
+"riktige balansen for immaterielle rettigheter, ikke bare å fremme "
+"immaterielle rettigheter\"), ikke som den er. Hvis vi snakket om verden "
+"slik den er, så har naturligvis Boland ikke sagt noe galt. Men i verden "
+"slik Lessig vil at den skal være, er det åpenbart at hun har sagt noe galt. "
+"En må alltid være oppmerksom på forskjellen mellom Lessigs og vår verden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
+"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
+"government should be doing. (Of course, my criticism of Ms. Boland was not "
+"about whether she was seeking balance or not; my criticism was that her "
+"comments betrayed a first-year law student's mistake. I have no illusion "
+"about the extremism of our government, whether Republican or Democrat. My "
+"only illusion apparently is about whether our government should speak the "
+"truth or not.)"
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg gikk glipp av ironien først gangen jeg leste den. Jeg lese den raskt og "
+"trodde forfatteren støttet idéen om at det våre myndigheter burde gjøre var "
+"å søke balanse. (Min kritikk av Ms Boland, selvfølgelig, var ikke om "
+"hvorvidt hun søkte balanse eller ikke; min kritikk var at hennes kommentarer "
+"avslørte en feil kun en førsteårs jusstudent burde kunne gjøre. Jeg har noen "
+"illusjon om ekstremismen hos våre myndigheter, uansett om de er "
+"republikanere eller demokrater. Min eneste tilsynelatende illusjon er "
+"hvorvidt våre myndigheter bør snakke sant eller ikke.)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, "
+#| "the poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal"
+#| "\" of a government should be \"to promote the right balance\" of "
+#| "intellectual property. That was obviously silly to him. And it obviously "
+#| "betrayed, he believed, my own silly utopianism. \"Typical for an academic,"
+#| "\" the poster might well have continued."
+msgid ""
+"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
+"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the <quote>goal</"
+"quote> of a government should be <quote>to promote the right balance</quote> "
+"of intellectual property. That was obviously silly to him. And it obviously "
+"betrayed, he believed, my own silly utopianism. <quote>Typical for an "
+"academic,</quote> the poster might well have continued."
+msgstr ""
+"Det var derimot åpenbart at den som postet meldingen ikke støttet idéen. I "
+"stedet latterliggjorde forfatteren selve idéen om at i den virkelig verden "
+"skulle \"målet\" til myndighetene være \"å fremme den riktige balanse\" for "
+"immaterielle rettigheter. Det var åpenbart tåpelig for ham. Og det "
+"avslørte åpenbart, trodde han, min egen tåpelige utopisme. \"Typisk for en "
+"akademiker\", kunne forfatteren like gjerne ha fortsatt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
+"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
+"academics throughout history (and not just in our own country's history)."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg forstår kritikken av akademisk utopisme. Jeg mener også at utopisme er "
+"tåpelig, og jeg vil være blant de første til å gjøre narr av de absurde "
+"urealistiske idealer til akademikere gjennom historien (og ikke bare i vårt "
+"eget lands historie)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
+#| "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that "
+#| "means that this has become quite serious indeed. If it should be obvious "
+#| "to everyone that the government does not seek balance, that the "
+#| "government is simply the tool of the most powerful lobbyists, that the "
+#| "idea of holding the government to a different standard is absurd, that "
+#| "the idea of demanding of the government that it speak truth and not lies "
+#| "is just naïve, then who have we, the most powerful democracy in the "
+#| "world, become?"
+msgid ""
+"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
+"should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for "
+"that means that this has become quite serious indeed. If it should be "
+"obvious to everyone that the government does not seek balance, that the "
+"government is simply the tool of the most powerful lobbyists, that the idea "
+"of holding the government to a different standard is absurd, that the idea "
+"of demanding of the government that it speak truth and not lies is just "
+"naïve, then who have we, the most powerful democracy in the world, "
+"become?"
+msgstr ""
+"Men når det har blitt dumt å anta at rollen til våre myndigheter bør være å "
+"\"oppnå balanse\", da kan du regne meg blant de dumme, for det betyr at "
+"dette faktisk har blitt ganske seriøst. Hvis det bør være åpenbart for alle "
+"at myndighetene ikke søker å oppnå balanse, at myndighetene ganske enkelt et "
+"verktøy for de mektigste lobbyistene, at idéen om å forvente bedre av "
+"myndighetene er absurd, at idéen om å kreve at myndighetene snakker sant og "
+"ikke lyver bare er naiv, hva har da vi, det mektigste demokratiet i verden, "
+"blitt?"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 276
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the truth. "
+"It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something more "
+"than the handmaiden of the most powerful interests. It might be crazy to "
+"argue that we should preserve a tradition that has been part of our "
+"tradition for most of our history—free culture."
+msgstr ""
+"Det kan være galskap å forvente at en mektig myndigshetsperson skal si "
+"sannheten. Det kan være galskap å tro at myndighetenes politikk skal gjøre "
+"mer enn å tjene de mektigste interesser. Det kan være galskap å argumentere "
+"for å bevare en tradisjon som har vært en del av vår tradisjon for "
+"mesteparten av vår historie—fri kultur."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Turner, Ted"
+msgstr "Turner, Ted"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments "
+"of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was "
+"considering relaxing ownership rules, which would thereby further increase "
+"the concentration in media ownership, an extraordinary bipartisan coalition "
+"formed to fight this change. For perhaps the first time in history, "
+"interests as diverse as the NRA, the ACLU, Moveon.org, William Safire, Ted "
+"Turner, and CodePink Women for Peace organized to oppose this change in FCC "
+"policy. An astonishing 700,000 letters were sent to the FCC, demanding more "
+"hearings and a different result. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis dette er galskap, så la det være mer gærninger. Snart. Det finnes "
+"øyeblikk av håp i denne kampen. Og øyeblikk som overrasker. Da FCC vurderte "
+"mindre strenge eierskapsregler, som ville ytterligere konsentrere "
+"medieeierskap, dannet det seg en en ekstraordinær koalisjon på tvers av "
+"partiene for å bekjempe endringen. For kanskje første gang i historien "
+"organiserte interesser så forskjellige som NRA, ACLU, moveon.org, William "
+"Safire, Ted Turner og Codepink Women for Piece seg for å protestere på denne "
+"endringen i FCC-reglene. Så mange som 700 000 brev ble sendt til FCC med "
+"krav om flere høringer og et annet resultat. <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
+"\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
+"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
+"that vote revealed just how powerful this movement had become. There was no "
+"substantial support for the FCC's decision, and there was broad and "
+"sustained support for fighting further concentration in the media."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse protestene stoppet ikke FCC, men like etter stemte en bred koalisjon i "
+"senatet for å reversere avgjørelsen i FCC. De fiendtlige høringene som ledet "
+"til avstemmingen avslørte hvor mektig denne bevegelsen hadde blitt. Det var "
+"ingen betydningsfull støtte for FCCs avgjørelse, mens det var bred og "
+"vedvarende støtte for å bekjempe ytterligere konsentrasjon i media."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness "
+"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
+"rich, or because there are only a handful of big players. The poor quality "
+"of Big Macs or Quarter Pounders does not mean that you can't get a good "
+"hamburger from somewhere else."
+msgstr ""
+"Men selv denne bevegelsen går glipp av en viktig brikke i puslespillet. Å "
+"være stor er ikke ille i seg selv. Frihet er ikke truet bare på grunn av at "
+"noen blir veldig rik, eller på grunn av at det bare er en håndfull store "
+"aktører. Den dårlige kvaliteten til Big Macs eller Quartar Punders betyr "
+"ikke at du ikke kan få en god hamburger andre steder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
+"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
+"copyright, produces. It is not just that there are a few powerful companies "
+"that control an ever expanding slice of the media. It is that this "
+"concentration can call upon an equally bloated range of rights—"
+"property rights of a historically extreme form—that makes their "
+"bigness bad."
+msgstr ""
+"Faren med mediekonsentrasjon kommer ikke fra selve konsentrasjonen, men "
+"kommer fra føydalismen som denne konsentrasjonen fører til når den kobles "
+"til endringer i opphavsretten. Det er ikke kun at det er noen mektige "
+"selskaper som styrer en stadig voksende andel av mediene. Det er at denne "
+"konsentrasjonen kan påkalle en like oppsvulmet rekke rettigheter—"
+"eiendomsrettigheter i en historisk ekstrem form—som gjør størrelsen "
+"ille."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand "
+#| "competition and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as "
+#| "being about bigness alone, it is not terribly surprising. We Americans "
+#| "have a long history of fighting \"big,\" wisely or not. That we could be "
+#| "motivated to fight \"big\" again is not something new."
+msgid ""
+"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
+"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
+"bigness alone, it is not terribly surprising. We Americans have a long "
+"history of fighting <quote>big,</quote> wisely or not. That we could be "
+"motivated to fight <quote>big</quote> again is not something new."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er derfor betydningsfullt at så mange vil kjempe for å kreve konkurranse "
+"og økt mangfold. Likevel, hvis kampanjen blir forstått til å kun gjelde "
+"størrelse, så er ikke det veldig overraskende. Vi amerikanere har en lang "
+"historie med å slåss mot \"stort\", klokt eller ikke. At vi kan være "
+"motivert til å slåss mot \"store\" igjen ikke noe nytt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal "
+#| "number could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within "
+#| "the idea of \"intellectual property.\" Not because balance is alien to "
+#| "our tradition; indeed, as I've argued, balance is our tradition. But "
+#| "because the muscle to think critically about the scope of anything called "
+#| "\"property\" is not well exercised within this tradition anymore."
+msgid ""
+"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
+"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
+"<quote>intellectual property.</quote> Not because balance is alien to our "
+"tradition; indeed, as I've argued, balance is our tradition. But because the "
+"muscle to think critically about the scope of anything called "
+"<quote>property</quote> is not well exercised within this tradition anymore."
+msgstr ""
+"Det ville vært noe nytt, og noe veldig viktig, hvis like mange kan være med "
+"på en kampanje for å bekjempe økende ekstremisme bygget inn i idéen om "
+"\"intellektuell eiendom\". Ikke fordi balanse er fremmed for vår tradisjon. "
+"Jeg argumenterer for at balanse er vår tradisjon. Men fordi evnen til å "
+"tenke kritisk på omfanget av alt som kalles \"eiendom\" ikke er lenger er "
+"godt trent i denne tradisjonen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
+"tragedy."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis vi var Akilles, så ville dette være vår hæl. Dette ville være stedet "
+"for våre tragedie."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Dylan, Bob"
+msgstr "Dylan, Bob"
+
+#. f11.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September "
+#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #65</"
+#| "ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, 8 "
+#| "September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+#| "\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and Phyllis Furman with Robert Gearty, "
+#| "\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" "
+#| "<citetitle>New York Daily News</citetitle>, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank "
+#| "Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in "
+#| "Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" "
+#| "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie "
+#| "Dean, \"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" <citetitle>Wired News</"
+#| "citetitle>, 10 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+#| "culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>."
+msgid ""
+"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, "
+"September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, <quote>Music Industry Sues Swappers,"
+"</quote> CNN/Money, 8 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and Phyllis Furman with "
+"Robert Gearty, <quote>Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as "
+"Sharers,</quote> <citetitle>New York Daily News</citetitle>, 9 September "
+"2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single "
+"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie Dean, "
+"<quote>Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,</quote> <citetitle>Wired News</"
+"citetitle>, 10 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, september "
+"2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"#65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, "
+"8 september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha og Phyllis Furman sammen med Robert Gearty, "
+"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" "
+"<citetitle>New York Daily News</citetitle>, 9. september 2003, 3; Frank "
+"Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., "
+"12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington Post</"
+"citetitle>, 10. september 2003, E1; Katie Dean, \"Schoolgirl Settles with "
+"RIAA,\" <citetitle>Wired News</citetitle>, 10. september 2003, tilgjengelig "
+"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>."
+
+#. f12.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv."
+#| "com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+#| "notes/\">link #68</ulink>."
+msgid ""
+"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,</"
+"quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #68</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, "
+"17. september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #68</ulink>."
+
+#. f13.
+#. PAGE BREAK 334
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for "
+#| "Dylan Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url="
+#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>."
+msgid ""
+"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for "
+"Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan "
+"Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the "
+#| "RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder type="
+#| "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem has just been sued for \"sampling\" "
+#| "someone else's music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The story "
+#| "about Bob Dylan \"stealing\" from a Japanese author has just finished "
+#| "making the rounds.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> An insider "
+#| "from Hollywood—who insists he must remain anonymous—reports "
+#| "\"an amazing conversation with these studio guys. They've got "
+#| "extraordinary [old] content that they'd love to use but can't because "
+#| "they can't begin to clear the rights. They've got scores of kids who "
+#| "could do amazing things with the content, but it would take scores of "
+#| "lawyers to clean it first.\" Congressmen are talking about deputizing "
+#| "computer viruses to bring down computers thought to violate the law. "
+#| "Universities are threatening expulsion for kids who use a computer to "
+#| "share content."
+msgid ""
+"As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA "
+"lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem has just been sued for <quote>sampling</"
+"quote> someone else's music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The "
+"story about Bob Dylan <quote>stealing</quote> from a Japanese author has "
+"just finished making the rounds.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> An "
+"insider from Hollywood—who insists he must remain anonymous—"
+"reports <quote>an amazing conversation with these studio guys. They've got "
+"extraordinary [old] content that they'd love to use but can't because they "
+"can't begin to clear the rights. They've got scores of kids who could do "
+"amazing things with the content, but it would take scores of lawyers to "
+"clean it first.</quote> Congressmen are talking about deputizing computer "
+"viruses to bring down computers thought to violate the law. Universities are "
+"threatening expulsion for kids who use a computer to share content."
+msgstr ""
+"Mens jeg skriver disse avsluttende ordene, er nyhetene fylt med historier om "
+"at RIAA saksøker nesten tre hundre individer.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Eminem har nettopp blitt saksøkt for å ha \"samplet\" noen "
+"andres musikk.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Historien om "
+"hvordan Bob Dylan har \"stjålet\" fra en japansk forfatter har nettopp gått "
+"verden over.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> En på innsiden i "
+"Hollywood—som insisterer på at han må forbli anonym—rapporterer "
+"\"en utrolig samtale med disse studiofolkene. De har fantastisk [gammelt] "
+"innhold som de ville elske å bruke, men det kan de ikke på grunn av at de "
+"først må klarere rettighetene. De har hauger med ungdommer som kunne gjøre "
+"fantastiske ting med innholdet, men det vil først kreve hauger med advokater "
+"for å klarere det først\". Kongressrepresentanter snakker om å gi datavirus "
+"politimyndighet for å ta ned datamaskiner som antas å bryte loven. "
+"Universiteter truer med å utvise ungdommer som bruker en datamaskin for å "
+"dele innhold."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Creative Commons"
+msgstr "Creative Commons"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
+msgstr "Gil, Gilberto"
+
+#. f14.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 "
+#| "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+#| "\">link #70</ulink>."
+msgid ""
+"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press "
+"release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #70</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" pressemelding fra BBC, "
+"24. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #70</ulink>."
+
+#. f15.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, "
+#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</"
+#| "ulink>."
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 "
+"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"#71</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6. august 2003, "
+"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</"
+"ulink>."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 278
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
+#| "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can "
+#| "download BBC content, and rip, mix, and burn it.<placeholder type="
+#| "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And in Brazil, the culture minister, Gilberto "
+#| "Gil, himself a folk hero of Brazilian music, has joined with Creative "
+#| "Commons to release content and free licenses in that Latin American "
+#| "country.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> I've told a dark story. "
+#| "The truth is more mixed. A technology has given us a new freedom. Slowly, "
+#| "some begin to understand that this freedom need not mean anarchy. We can "
+#| "carry a free culture into the twenty-first century, without artists "
+#| "losing and without the potential of digital technology being destroyed. "
+#| "It will take some thought, and more importantly, it will take some will "
+#| "to transform the RCAs of our day into the Causbys."
+msgid ""
+"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
+"will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens "
+"can download BBC content, and rip, mix, and burn it.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And in Brazil, the culture minister, Gilberto Gil, "
+"himself a folk hero of Brazilian music, has joined with Creative Commons to "
+"release content and free licenses in that Latin American country."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> I've told a dark story. The truth "
+"is more mixed. A technology has given us a new freedom. Slowly, some begin "
+"to understand that this freedom need not mean anarchy. We can carry a free "
+"culture into the twenty-first century, without artists losing and without "
+"the potential of digital technology being destroyed. It will take some "
+"thought, and more importantly, it will take some will to transform the RCAs "
+"of our day into the Causbys."
+msgstr ""
+"I mens på andre siden av Atlanteren har BBC nettopp annonsert at de vil "
+"bygge opp et \"kreativt arkiv\" som britiske borgere kan laste ned BBC-"
+"innhold fra, og rippe, mikse og brenne det ut.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Og i Brasil har kulturministeren, Gilberto Gil, i seg selv en "
+"folkehelt i brasiliansk musikk, slått seg sammen med Creative Commons for å "
+"gi ut innhold og frie lisenser i dette latinamerikanske landet.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Jeg har fortalt en mørk historie. Sannheten "
+"er mer blandet. En teknologi har gitt oss mer frihet. Sakte begynner noen "
+"å forstå at denne friheten trenger ikke å bety anarki. Vi kan få med oss "
+"fri kultur inn i det tjueførste århundre, uten at artister taper og uten at "
+"potensialet for digital teknologi blir knust. Det vil kreve omtanke, og "
+"viktigere, det vil kreve at noen omforme RCAene av i dag til Causbyere."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 279
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
+"potential is ever to be realized."
+msgstr ""
+"Sunn fornuft må gjøre opprør. Den må handle for å frigjøre kulturen. Og "
+"snart, hvis dette potensialet skal noen gang bli realisert."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
+msgid "AFTERWORD"
+msgstr "Etterord"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 280
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must "
+"be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what "
+"might be done."
+msgstr ""
+"I hvert fall noen av de som har lest helt hit vil være enig med meg om at "
+"noe må gjøres for å endre retningen vi holder. Balansen i denne boken "
+"kartlegger hva som kan gjøres."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
+"which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
+"draw from the history of remaking common sense, it is that it requires "
+"remaking how many people think about the very same issue."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg deler dette kartet i to deler: det som enhver kan gjøre nå, og det som "
+"krever hjelp fra lovgiverne. Hvis det er en lærdom vi kan trekke fra "
+"historien om å endre på sunn fornuft, så er det at det krever å endre "
+"hvordan mange mennesker tenker på den aktuelle saken. "
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
+"significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
+"musicians, filmmakers, scientists—all to tell this story in their own "
+"words, and to tell their neighbors why this battle is so important."
+msgstr ""
+"Det betyr at denne bevegelsen må starte i gatene. Det må rekrutteres et "
+"signifikant antall foreldre, lærere, bibliotekarer, skapere, forfattere, "
+"musikere, filmskapere, forskere—som alle må fortelle denne historien "
+"med sine egne ord, og som kan fortelle sine naboer hvorfor denne kampen er "
+"så viktig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
+"an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
+"matters. Not as much as it should, at least when an RCA stands opposed, but "
+"still, it matters. And thus, in the second part below, I sketch changes that "
+"Congress could make to better secure a free culture."
+msgstr ""
+"Når denne bevegelsen har hatt sin effekt i gatene, så er det et visst håp om "
+"at det kan ha effekt i Washington. Vi er fortsatt et demokrati. Hva folk "
+"mener betyr noe. Ikke så mye som det burde, i hvert fall når en RCA står "
+"imot, men likevel, det betyr noe. Og dermed vil jeg skissere, i den andre "
+"delen som følger, endringer som kongressen kunne gjøre for å bedre sikre en "
+"fri kultur."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
+msgid "US, NOW"
+msgstr "Oss, nå"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has "
+"been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or "
+"anarchy, either total control or artists won't be paid. If that really is "
+"the choice, then the warriors should win."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
+"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
+"believe in maximal copyright—<quote>All Rights Reserved</quote>— "
+"and those who reject copyright—<quote>No Rights Reserved.</quote> The "
+"<quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts believe that you should ask "
+"permission before you <quote>use</quote> a copyrighted work in any way. The "
+"<quote>No Rights Reserved</quote> sorts believe you should be able to do "
+"with content as you wish, regardless of whether you have permission or not."
+msgstr ""
+"feil her er feil om den ekskluderte tredje. Det er ekstreme i denne "
+"debatten, men ekstreme er ikke alt som det er. Det er de som tror på "
+"maksimal copyright—\"all rights reserved\"— og de som avviser "
+"copyright—\"ingen rettigheter reservert\". \"all rights reserved\" "
+"sorterer mener at du bør spørre tillatelse før du \"Bruk\" en "
+"opphavsrettslig beskyttede verk som på noen måte. \"ingen rettigheter "
+"reservert\" sorterer tror du burde være i stand til å gjøre med innhold som "
+"du ønsker, uavhengig av om du har tillatelse eller ikke."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 282
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
+"tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be "
+"copied perfectly and cheaply; rights could not easily be controlled. Thus, "
+"regardless of anyone's desire, the effective regime of copyright under the "
+"original design of the Internet was <quote>no rights reserved.</quote> "
+"Content was <quote>taken</quote> regardless of the rights. Any rights were "
+"effectively unprotected."
+msgstr ""
+"da Internett ble født, skråstilt sin første arkitektur effektivt i retning "
+"\"ingen rettigheter reservert\". innholdet kan kopieres perfekt og billig; "
+"rettigheter kan ikke lett kontrolleres. Således, uavhengig av hvem som helst "
+"ønske, effektiv regimet av opphavsrett under den opprinnelige utformingen av "
+"Internett var \"ingen rettigheter reservert.\" innhold ble \"tatt\" "
+"uavhengig av rettighetene. alle rettigheter som var effektivt ubeskyttet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
+"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
+"legislation, litigation, and changes to the network's design, copyright "
+"holders have been able to change the essential character of the environment "
+"of the original Internet. If the original architecture made the effective "
+"default <quote>no rights reserved,</quote> the future architecture will make "
+"the effective default <quote>all rights reserved.</quote> The architecture "
+"and law that surround the Internet's design will increasingly produce an "
+"environment where all use of content requires permission. The <quote>cut "
+"and paste</quote> world that defines the Internet today will become a "
+"<quote>get permission to cut and paste</quote> world that is a creator's "
+"nightmare."
+msgstr ""
+"dette første tegnet produsert en reaksjon (motsatt, men ikke helt like) av "
+"eiere av opphavsretter. som reaksjon har vært tema for denne boken. gjennom "
+"lovgivning, søksmål og endringer til nettverkets design, har innehaver av "
+"opphavsrett vært i stand til å endre det avgjørende tegnet av det "
+"opprinnelige Internett-miljøet. Hvis den originale arkitekturen gjort "
+"effektiv standard \"ingen rettigheter reservert\", vil den fremtidige "
+"arkitekturen gjøre effektiv standard \"all rights reserved.\" arkitektur og "
+"lov som omgir Internetts design vil stadig produsere et miljø der alle bruk "
+"av innhold som krever tillatelse. \"klippe og lime\" verden som definerer "
+"Internett i dag vil bli en \"få tillatelse til å klippe og lime\" verden som "
+"er en creator mareritt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither "
+"<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but "
+"<quote>some rights reserved</quote>— and thus a way to respect "
+"copyrights but enable creators to free content as they see fit. In other "
+"words, we need a way to restore a set of freedoms that we could just take "
+"for granted before."
+msgstr ""
+"Hva trenger er en måte å si noe i midten—verken \"all rights reserved"
+"\" eller \"ingen rettigheter reservert\" men \"noen rettigheter reservert\"- "
+"og dermed en måte å Respekter opphavsrettigheter, men aktivere skaperne til "
+"gratis innhold som de ønsker. med andre ord, trenger vi en måte å "
+"gjenopprette et sett med andre friheter som vi bare kunne ta for gitt før."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
+msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av friheter som tidligere var antatt: Eksempler"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
+"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
+"Internet, most of us didn't have to worry much about data about our lives "
+"that we broadcast to the world. If you walked into a bookstore and browsed "
+"through some of the works of Karl Marx, you didn't need to worry about "
+"explaining your browsing habits to your neighbors or boss. The "
+"<quote>privacy</quote> of your browsing habits was assured."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis du går tilbake fra slaget som jeg har vært beskriver her, vil du "
+"gjenkjenne dette problemet fra andre sammenhenger. Tenk om personvern. før "
+"Internett måtte de fleste av oss ikke bekymre deg mye om data om våre liv at "
+"vi broadcast til world. Hvis du gikk inn i en bokhandel og bladde gjennom "
+"noen av verk av karl marx, du ikke trenger å bekymre deg om å forklare "
+"Internett-vanene dine naboer eller sjefen. du surfer vaner \"personvern\" "
+"var trygg på."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid "What made it assured?"
+msgstr "Hva gjorde at det var sikret?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was "
+"assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering data and hence "
+"a market constraint (cost) on anyone who wanted to gather that data. If you "
+"were a suspected spy for North Korea, working for the CIA, no doubt your "
+"privacy would not be assured. But that's because the CIA would (we hope) "
+"find it valuable enough to spend the thousands required to track you. But "
+"for most of us (again, we can hope), spying doesn't pay. The highly "
+"inefficient architecture of real space means we all enjoy a fairly robust "
+"amount of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not by law "
+"(there is no law protecting <quote>privacy</quote> in public places), and in "
+"many places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead, "
+"by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy."
+msgstr ""
+"Vel, hvis vi tror når det gjelder metoder jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10, "
+"personvernet var forsikret på grunn av en ineffektiv arkitektur for å samle "
+"data og dermed betingelsen markedet (kostnader) på alle som ønsket å samle "
+"inn disse dataene. Hvis du var en mistenkt spion for Nord-korea, ville "
+"arbeider for cia, ingen tvil om personvernet ikke være trygg. men det er "
+"fordi vil cia (håper vi) finne det verdifullt nok til å bruke tusenvis som "
+"er nødvendig for å spore deg. men for de fleste av oss (igjen, vi kan "
+"håper), spionere ikke betaler. svært ineffektiv arkitektur virkelige rommet "
+"betyr at vi alle nyte en ganske robust mengden personvern. at personvern er "
+"garantert til oss ved hjelp av friksjon. ikke ved loven (det er ingen lov "
+"som beskytter \"personvern\" i offentlige steder), og mange steder, ikke av "
+"normer (snooping og sladder er bare morsomt), men i stedet av kostnader som "
+"friksjon pålegger på alle som ønsker å spy."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Amazon"
+msgstr "Amazon"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "cookies, Internet"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
+"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
+"pages, Amazon collects the data about what you've looked at. You know this "
+"because at the side of the page, there's a list of <quote>recently viewed</"
+"quote> pages. Now, because of the architecture of the Net and the function "
+"of cookies on the Net, it is easier to collect the data than not. The "
+"friction has disappeared, and hence any <quote>privacy</quote> protected by "
+"the friction disappears, too. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Angi Internett, der kostnaden for sporing av surfing spesielt har blitt "
+"ganske liten. Hvis du er en kunde på amazon, deretter samler som du blar "
+"gjennom sidene, amazon data om hva du har sett på. du vet dette fordi på "
+"side av siden, er det en liste over \"sist sett\" sider. nå, på grunn av "
+"arkitekturen på nettet og funksjon av informasjonskapsler på nettet, er det "
+"enklere å samle inn data enn ikke. friksjonen har forsvunnet, og dermed alle "
+"\"personvern\" beskyttet av friksjonen forsvinner, også."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
+"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
+"should have the <quote>right</quote> to browse in a library without the "
+"government knowing which books you look at (I'm one of those lefties, too), "
+"then this change in the technology of monitoring might concern you. If it "
+"becomes simple to gather and sort who does what in electronic spaces, then "
+"the friction-induced privacy of yesterday disappears."
+msgstr ""
+"Amazon, selvfølgelig, er ikke problemet. men vi kan begynne å bekymre deg om "
+"biblioteker. Hvis du er en av de sprø lefties som mener at folk skal ha "
+"\"rett\" til å bla i et bibliotek uten regjeringen å vite hvilke bøker du "
+"ser på (jeg er en av disse lefties også), og deretter denne endringen i "
+"teknologien for overvåking kan angår deg. Hvis det blir enkelt å samle og "
+"sortere hvem gjør hva i elektronisk mellomrom, forsvinner personvern "
+"friksjon i går."
+
+#. f1.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the "
+"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Stanford Technology Law Review</citetitle> 1 (2001): par. "
+"6–18, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"#72</ulink> (describing examples in which technology defines privacy "
+"policy). See also Jeffrey Rosen, <citetitle>The Naked Crowd: Reclaiming "
+"Security and Freedom in an Anxious Age</citetitle> (New York: Random House, "
+"2004) (mapping tradeoffs between technology and privacy)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 284
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define <quote>privacy</"
+"quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove "
+"what friction before gave us that leads many to push for laws to do what "
+"friction did.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And whether you're in "
+"favor of those laws or not, it is the pattern that is important here. We "
+"must take affirmative steps to secure a kind of freedom that was passively "
+"provided before. A change in technology now forces those who believe in "
+"privacy to affirmatively act where, before, privacy was given by default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. "
+"When computers with software were first made available commercially, the "
+"software—both the source code and the binaries— was free. You "
+"couldn't run a program written for a Data General machine on an IBM machine, "
+"so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"en liknende historie kan fortelles om fødselen av fri programvare-"
+"bevegelsen. Når datamaskiner med programvare ble først gjort tilgjengelig "
+"kommersielt, var programvaren—både kildekoden og binærfiler—"
+"gratis. Du kan ikke kjøre et program som er skrevet for en generell data-"
+"maskinen på en ibm-maskin, slik at data Generelt og ibm ikke vare mye om "
+"hvordan du styrer deres programvare."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Stallman, Richard"
+msgstr "Stallman, Richard"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
+"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
+"free to explore and tinker with the software that ran on machines. Being a "
+"smart sort himself, and a talented programmer, Stallman grew to depend upon "
+"the freedom to add to or modify other people's work."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette var verden Richard Stallman ble født inn i, og mens han var forsker "
+"ved MIT, lærte han til å elske samfunnet som utviklet seg når en var fri til "
+"å utforske og fikle med programvaren som kjørte på datamaskiner. Av den "
+"smarte sorten selv, og en talentfull programmerer, begynte Stallman å basere "
+"seg frihet til å legge til eller endre på andre personers arbeid."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
+"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
+"offered. If you thought you had a better way to prove a theorem, you could "
+"take what someone else did and change it. In a classics department, if you "
+"believed a colleague's translation of a recently discovered text was flawed, "
+"you were free to improve it. Thus, to Stallman, it seemed obvious that you "
+"should be free to tinker with and improve the code that ran a machine. This, "
+"too, was knowledge. Why shouldn't it be open for criticism like anything "
+"else?"
+msgstr ""
+"i akademiske omgivelser, minst, er det ikke en veldig radikale idé. noen "
+"ville være gratis å tinker med et bevis på at noen tilbys i en matematikk-"
+"avdeling. Hvis du trodde du hadde en bedre måte å bevise en teorem, kan du "
+"ta hva noen andre gjorde, og endre den. i en klassikere avdeling, hvis du "
+"trodde en kollega oversettelse av en nylig oppdagede tekst var feil, var du "
+"fri til å forbedre den. dermed til stallman syntes det åpenbart at du bør "
+"være gratis å tinker med og forbedre koden som kjørte en maskin. Dette, "
+"også, var kunnskap. Hvorfor bør ikke være åpen for kritikk som noe annet?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
+"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
+"to another, it became economically attractive (at least in the view of some) "
+"to hide the code of your program. So, too, as companies started selling "
+"peripherals for mainframe systems. If I could just take your printer driver "
+"and copy it, then that would make it easier for me to sell a printer to the "
+"market than it was for you."
+msgstr ""
+"Ingen har besvart dette spørsmålet. i stedet endret arkitekturen i inntekter "
+"for databehandling. som det ble mulig å importere programmer fra ett system "
+"til et annet, det ble økonomisk attraktive (minst i visningen av noen) å "
+"skjule koden av programmet. så, også, som selskaper som begynte å selge "
+"eksterne enheter for stormaskinsystemer. Hvis jeg kunne bare ta "
+"skriverdriveren og kopiere den, og deretter som ville gjøre det enklere for "
+"meg å selge en skriver til markedet enn det var for deg."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 285
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
+"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of "
+"free software had been erased by a change in the economics of computing. And "
+"as he believed, if he did nothing about it, then the freedom to change and "
+"share software would be fundamentally weakened."
+msgstr ""
+"dermed praksisen med proprietære koden begynte å spre seg, og 1980-tallet, "
+"stallman fant seg selv omringet av proprietære koden. verden av fri "
+"programvare hadde blitt slettet av en endring i økonomien i databehandling. "
+"og som han mente, hvis han gjorde ikke noe om det, og frihet til å endre og "
+"dele programvare ville være grundig svekket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
+#| "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That "
+#| "was the birth of the GNU project, into which Linus Torvalds's \"Linux\" "
+#| "kernel was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system. <placeholder "
+#| "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgid ""
+"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
+"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
+"the birth of the GNU project, into which Linus Torvalds's <quote>Linux</"
+"quote> kernel was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Derfor, i 1984, startet Stallmann på et prosjekt for å bygge et fritt "
+"operativsystem, slik i hvert fall en flik av fri programvare skulle "
+"overleve. Dette var starten på GNU-prosjektet, som \"Linux\"-kjernen til "
+"Linus Torvalds senere ble lagt til i for å produsere GNU/Linux-"
+"operativsystemet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
+"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
+"Foundation's GPL cannot be modified and distributed unless the source code "
+"for that software is made available as well. Thus, anyone building upon "
+"GPL'd software would have to make their buildings free as well. This would "
+"assure, Stallman believed, that an ecology of code would develop that "
+"remained free for others to build upon. His fundamental goal was freedom; "
+"innovative creative code was a byproduct."
+msgstr ""
+"Stallmans teknikken var å bruke lov om opphavsrett til å bygge en verden av "
+"programvare som må holdes gratis. programvare lisensiert under gpl av free "
+"software foundation kan ikke endres og distribuert med mindre kildekoden for "
+"denne programvaren gjøres tilgjengelig også. Dermed noen bygger på gpl ville "
+"programvare ville ha å gjøre sine bygninger gratis også. Dette vil forsikre, "
+"stallman trodd at en økologi av koden ville utvikle som forble gratis for "
+"andre å bygge på. hans grunnleggende målet var frihet; nyskapende, kreative "
+"koden var en byproduct."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
+"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
+"for granted before. Through the affirmative use of licenses that bind "
+"copyrighted code, Stallman was affirmatively reclaiming a space where free "
+"software would survive. He was actively protecting what before had been "
+"passively guaranteed."
+msgstr ""
+"Stallman var dermed gjøre for programvare og hvilke personvernkontroller "
+"talsmenn nå har for personvern. Han var søker en måte å gjenoppbygge et "
+"slags friheten som ble tatt for gitt før. gjennom bekreftende bruk av "
+"lisenser som binder opphavsrettsbeskyttet kode, var stallman affirmatively "
+"gjenerobring et mellomrom der fri programvare ville overleve. Han var aktivt "
+"beskytter hva før hadde vært passivt garantert."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
+"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
+"journals are produced."
+msgstr ""
+"til slutt, vurdere en svært nylig eksempel mer direkte resonates med "
+"historien om denne boken. Dette er skiftet i måten faglige og vitenskapelige "
+"journaler er produsert."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 286
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
+"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
+"libraries is perhaps not the most efficient way to distribute knowledge. "
+"Instead, journals are increasingly becoming electronic, and libraries and "
+"their users are given access to these electronic journals through password-"
+"protected sites. Something similar to this has been happening in law for "
+"almost thirty years: Lexis and Westlaw have had electronic versions of case "
+"reports available to subscribers to their service. Although a Supreme Court "
+"opinion is not copyrighted, and anyone is free to go to a library and read "
+"it, Lexis and Westlaw are also free to charge users for the privilege of "
+"gaining access to that Supreme Court opinion through their respective "
+"services."
+msgstr ""
+"som digitale teknologien blir bedre, blir det åpenbart for mange som skriver "
+"ut tusenvis av kopier av journaler hver måned og sende dem til biblioteker "
+"ikke er kanskje den mest effektive måten å distribuere kunnskap. i stedet, "
+"journaler er stadig å bli elektronisk, og biblioteker og deres brukere gis "
+"tilgang til disse elektroniske journaler gjennom passordbeskyttede områder. "
+"noe som ligner på dette har foregått i loven for nesten tretti år: lexis og "
+"westlaw har hatt elektroniske versjoner av Saksrapporter som er tilgjengelig "
+"for abonnenter til deres tjeneste. Selv om en Høyesterett mening ikke er "
+"beskyttet av opphavsretten, og noen er fri til å gå til et bibliotek og lese "
+"den, er lexis og westlaw også gjerne Belast brukerne for privilegiet av å få "
+"tilgang til at Høyesterett mening gjennom sine respektive tjenester."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
+"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
+"people to develop new and innovative ways to spread knowledge. The law has "
+"agreed, which is why Lexis and Westlaw have been allowed to flourish. And if "
+"there's nothing wrong with selling the public domain, then there could be "
+"nothing wrong, in principle, with selling access to material that is not in "
+"the public domain."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er ingenting galt med dette Generelt, og muligheten til å ta betalt for "
+"tilgang til selv allemannseie materialet er faktisk en god insentiv for folk "
+"å utvikle nye og innovative måter å spre kunnskap. loven har avtalt, som er "
+"grunnen til at lexis og westlaw har fått lov til å blomstre. og hvis det er "
+"ingenting galt med å selge allemannseie, det kan være noe galt i prinsippet "
+"med selger tilgang til materiale som ikke er allemannseie."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
+"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
+"data except by paying for a subscription?"
+msgstr ""
+"men hva om du bare kan få tilgang til sosiale og vitenskapelige data var "
+"gjennom proprietære tjenester? Hva om ingen hadde muligheten til å bla "
+"gjennom denne data unntatt ved å betale for et abonnement?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
+"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
+"libraries could make the journals available to anyone who had access to the "
+"library. Thus, patients with cancer could become cancer experts because the "
+"library gave them access. Or patients trying to understand the risks of a "
+"certain treatment could research those risks by reading all available "
+"articles about that treatment. This freedom was therefore a function of the "
+"institution of libraries (norms) and the technology of paper journals "
+"(architecture)—namely, that it was very hard to control access to a "
+"paper journal."
+msgstr ""
+"som mange begynner å legge merke til, er dette stadig virkeligheten med "
+"vitenskapelige journaler. Når disse kladdene ble distribuert i papirskjema, "
+"kan biblioteker gjøre journalene tilgjengelig for alle som hadde tilgang til "
+"biblioteket. pasienter med kreft kan derfor bli kreft eksperter fordi "
+"biblioteket ga dem tilgang. eller pasienter prøver å forstå risikoen for en "
+"bestemt behandling kunne forskning disse risikoene ved å lese alle "
+"tilgjengelige artikler om at behandling. denne friheten ble derfor en "
+"funksjon av institusjonen av biblioteker (normer) og teknologi i papir "
+"journaler (arkitektur)—nemlig at det var svært vanskelig å kontrollere "
+"tilgangen til en papir-journal."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
+"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
+"that the freedoms provided by print journals in public libraries begin to "
+"disappear. Thus, as with privacy and with software, a changing technology "
+"and market shrink a freedom taken for granted before."
+msgstr ""
+"Når journaler blir elektronisk, men er utgivere krevende at biblioteker ikke "
+"gir generell offentlig tilgang til journalene. Dette betyr at frihetene som "
+"er levert av Skriv ut journaler i offentlige bibliotek begynner å forsvinne. "
+"Således, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende teknologi og "
+"markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
+"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
+"example, is a nonprofit corporation dedicated to making scientific research "
+"available to anyone with a Web connection. Authors of scientific work submit "
+"that work to the Public Library of Science. That work is then subject to "
+"peer review. If accepted, the work is then deposited in a public, electronic "
+"archive and made permanently available for free. PLoS also sells a print "
+"version of its work, but the copyright for the print journal does not "
+"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free. <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Denne krympende friheten har ført mange å ta bekreftende trinnene for å "
+"gjenopprette frihet som har gått tapt. public library of science (plos), for "
+"eksempel er en nonprofit aksjeselskap som er dedikert til å gjøre "
+"vitenskapelig forskning tilgjengelig for alle som har en Webtilkobling. "
+"forfatterne av vitenskapelig arbeid sende det fungerer til public library of "
+"science. Dette arbeidet er deretter gjenstand for peer review. Dersom de "
+"blir akseptert, er arbeidet deretter oppbevart i et offentlig, elektronisk "
+"arkiv og gjort permanent tilgjengelig gratis. PLOs selger også en "
+"utskriftsversjon av sitt arbeid, men opphavsretten for utskrift journal "
+"forhindre ikke høyre for noen til å videredistribuere arbeidet gratis."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
+"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no "
+"doubt that this alternative competes with the traditional publishers and "
+"their efforts to make money from the exclusive distribution of content. But "
+"competition in our tradition is presumptively a good—especially when "
+"it helps spread knowledge and science."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er ett av mange slike anstrengelser til å gjenopprette en frihet tatt "
+"for gitt før, men nå truet av skiftende teknologi og markeder. Det er ingen "
+"tvil om at denne alternative konkurrerer med tradisjonelle utgivere og deres "
+"innsats for å tjene penger fra den eksklusive distribusjonen av innhold. men "
+"konkurransen i vår tradisjon er presumptively en god—spesielt når det "
+"bidrar til å spre kunnskap og vitenskap."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
+msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av fri kultur: En idé"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
+"increasing control effected through law and technology."
+msgstr ""
+"Den samme strategien kan brukes på kultur, som et svar på den økende "
+"kontrollen som gjennomføres gjennom lov og teknologi."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
+"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
+"aim is to build a layer of <emphasis>reasonable</emphasis> copyright on top "
+"of the extremes that now reign. It does this by making it easy for people to "
+"build upon other people's work, by making it simple for creators to express "
+"the freedom for others to take and build upon their work. Simple tags, tied "
+"to human-readable descriptions, tied to bulletproof licenses, make this "
+"possible."
+msgstr ""
+"Angi creative commons. creative commons er et nonprofit selskap etablert i "
+"massachusetts, men med sitt hjem ved stanford university. Målet er å bygge "
+"et lag av rimelig opphavsrett på toppen av den ekstreme som nå regjere. "
+"Dette gjøres ved å gjøre det lett for folk å bygge på andres arbeid, ved å "
+"gjøre det enkelt for skaperne å uttrykke frihet for andre å ta, og bygge på "
+"sitt arbeid. Simple tags, knyttet til lesbar beskrivelser, knyttet til "
+"vanntett lisenser, gjør dette mulig."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 288
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
+"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
+"attach to their content, Creative Commons aims to mark a range of content "
+"that can easily, and reliably, be built upon. These tags are then linked to "
+"machine-readable versions of the license that enable computers automatically "
+"to identify content that can easily be shared. These three expressions "
+"together—a legal license, a human-readable description, and machine-"
+"readable tags—constitute a Creative Commons license. A Creative "
+"Commons license constitutes a grant of freedom to anyone who accesses the "
+"license, and more importantly, an expression of the ideal that the person "
+"associated with the license believes in something different than the "
+"<quote>All</quote> or <quote>No</quote> extremes. Content is marked with the "
+"CC mark, which does not mean that copyright is waived, but that certain "
+"freedoms are given."
+msgstr ""
+"enkel, noe som betyr at uten en mellommann, eller uten en advokat. ved å "
+"utvikle et gratis sett av lisenser som folk kan knytte til deres innhold, "
+"creative commons har som mål å markere et utvalg av innhold som kan enkelt "
+"og pålitelig, være bygget på. disse kodene er deretter koblet til "
+"maskinlesbar versjoner av lisensen som gjør at datamaskiner automatisk å "
+"identifisere innhold som kan lett deles. disse tre uttrykkene sammen—"
+"en juridisk lisens, en lesbar beskrivelse og maskinlesbar koder—utgjør "
+"en creative commons-lisens. en creative commons-lisens utgjør en bevilgning "
+"av frihet til alle som har tilgang til lisensen, og enda viktigere, et "
+"uttrykk for ideelt som personen som er knyttet til lisensen tror på noe "
+"annet enn \"all\" eller \"Nei\" ekstreme. innholdet er merket med kopi-"
+"merket, som ikke betyr at copyright fratres, men at visse friheter er gitt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
+"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
+"license that permits any use, so long as attribution is given. She can "
+"choose a license that permits only noncommercial use. She can choose a "
+"license that permits any use so long as the same freedoms are given to other "
+"uses (<quote>share and share alike</quote>). Or any use so long as no "
+"derivative use is made. Or any use at all within developing nations. Or any "
+"sampling use, so long as full copies are not made. Or lastly, any "
+"educational use."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse frihetene er utenfor friheter lovet av fair use. deres presis "
+"konturer, avhenger av valgene skaperen gjør. skaperen kan velge en lisens "
+"som tillater enhver bruk, så lenge henvisning er gitt. hun kan velge en "
+"lisens som tillater bare ikke-kommersiell bruk. hun kan velge en lisens som "
+"tillater enhver bruk så lenge de samme frihetene er gitt til andre bruker "
+"(\"del og share alike\"). eller enhver bruk så lenge ingen avledede bruk er "
+"gjort. eller noen bruke overhodet i utviklingsland. eller noen prøvetaking "
+"bruk, så lenge alle kopiene ikke er laget. eller til slutt, noen pedagogisk "
+"bruk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
+"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
+"use. And most importantly, they express these freedoms in a way that "
+"subsequent users can use and rely upon without the need to hire a lawyer. "
+"Creative Commons thus aims to build a layer of content, governed by a layer "
+"of reasonable copyright law, that others can build upon. Voluntary choice of "
+"individuals and creators will make this content available. And that content "
+"will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain."
+msgstr ""
+"disse valgene dermed etablere en rekke friheter utover standard om "
+"opphavsrett. de har også aktivere friheter som går utover tradisjonelle fair "
+"use. og viktigst, de uttrykker disse frihetene på en måte at etterfølgende "
+"brukere kan bruke og stole på uten å måtte ansette en advokat. Creative "
+"commons dermed tar sikte på å bygge et lag med innhold, styrt av et lag med "
+"rimelig lov om opphavsrett, som andre kan bygge på. frivillig valg av "
+"enkeltpersoner og skaperne vil gjøre dette innholdet tilgjengelig. og at "
+"innholdet i sin tur kan vi bygge et offentlig-domene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Garlick, Mia"
+msgstr "Garlick, Mia"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
+"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
+"freedoms. But the point that distinguishes the Creative Commons from many is "
+"that we are not interested only in talking about a public domain or in "
+"getting legislators to help build a public domain. Our aim is to build a "
+"movement of consumers and producers of content (<quote>content conducers,</"
+"quote> as attorney Mia Garlick calls them) who help build the public domain "
+"and, by their work, demonstrate the importance of the public domain to other "
+"creativity. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er bare ett prosjekt blant mange innenfor creative commons. og "
+"selvfølgelig, creative commons er ikke den eneste organisasjonen å forfølge "
+"slike friheter. men poenget som skiller creative commons fra mange er at vi "
+"ikke er interessert i å få lovgivere til å bygge et frivare eller bare i "
+"snakker om et frivare. vårt mål er å bygge en bevegelse av forbrukere og "
+"produsenter av innhold (\"innhold conducers,\" som advokat mia garlick "
+"kaller dem) hvem hjelpe bygge allemannseie, og ved deres arbeid, demonstrere "
+"viktigheten av public domain til andre kreativitet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The "
+"aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a "
+"culture are produced by insane and unintended consequences of laws written "
+"centuries ago, applied to a technology that only Jefferson could have "
+"imagined. The rules may well have made sense against a background of "
+"technologies from centuries ago, but they do not make sense against the "
+"background of digital technologies. New rules—with different freedoms, "
+"expressed in ways so that humans without lawyers can use them—are "
+"needed. Creative Commons gives people a way effectively to begin to build "
+"those rules."
+msgstr ""
+"Målet er ikke å kjempe \"med enerett\"-sorteringer. Målet er å utfylle dem. "
+"problemene som loven oppretter for oss som en kultur er produsert av galskap "
+"og utilsiktede konsekvenser av lover skrevet århundrer siden, brukt til en "
+"teknologi som bare jefferson kunne ha forestilt meg. reglene kan godt ha "
+"gjort følelse mot et bakteppe av teknologi fra århundrer siden, men de gjør "
+"ikke fornuftig på bakgrunn av digitale teknologier. nye regler—med "
+"forskjellige friheter, uttrykt i måter slik at mennesker uten advokater kan "
+"bruke dem – er nødvendig. Creative commons gir folk en måte for effektivt å "
+"begynne å bygge disse reglene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
+"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
+"fiction author. His first novel, <citetitle>Down and Out in the Magic "
+"Kingdom</citetitle>, was released on-line and for free, under a Creative "
+"Commons license, on the same day that it went on sale in bookstores."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvorfor ville skaperne delta i å gi opp full kontroll? noen delta for å "
+"bedre spre innholdet. Cory doctorow, for eksempel er en science fiction-"
+"forfatter. hans første novelle, ned og ut i magiske riket, ble utgitt på "
+"nettet og gratis, under en creative commons-lisens på samme dag som det gikk "
+"på salg i bokhandler."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
+"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
+"Cory's book whether or not it's on the Internet, and (2) those who may never "
+"hear of Cory's book, if it isn't made available for free on the Internet. "
+"Some part of (1) will download Cory's book instead of buying it. Call them "
+"bad-(1)s. Some part of (2) will download Cory's book, like it, and then "
+"decide to buy it. Call them (2)-goods. If there are more (2)-goods than bad-"
+"(1)s, the strategy of releasing Cory's book free on-line will probably "
+"<emphasis>increase</emphasis> sales of Cory's book."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvorfor ville en utgiver noensinne samtykker til dette? Jeg mistenker at "
+"hans publisher begrunnet som dette: det finnes to grupper av mennesker der "
+"ute: (1) de som vil kjøpe cory bok om det er på Internett, og (2) de som kan "
+"aldri høre av cory's bok, hvis det ikke er gjort tilgjengelig gratis på "
+"Internett. noen del av (1) laster ned cory bok i stedet for å kjøpe den. "
+"ringe dem dårlig-(1) s. noen del av (2) lastet ned cory's bok, liker det, og "
+"deretter bestemmer deg for å kjøpe den. kalle dem (2)-varer. Hvis det er mer "
+"(2)-varer enn dårlig-(1) s, strategien for lanserer cory bok gratis on-line "
+"trolig vil øke salg av cory's bok."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
+"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
+"expected. This first novel of a science fiction author was a total success."
+msgstr ""
+"opplevelsen av hans publisher støtter faktisk klart at konklusjonen. bokens "
+"første utskrift er oppbrukt måneder før utgiveren hadde forventet. denne "
+"første romanen av en science fiction-forfatteren var en total suksess."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Free for All (Wayner)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Wayner, Peter"
+msgstr "Wayner, Peter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
+"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
+"book about the free software movement titled <citetitle>Free for All</"
+"citetitle>, made an electronic version of his book free on-line under a "
+"Creative Commons license after the book went out of print. He then monitored "
+"used book store prices for the book. As predicted, as the number of "
+"downloads increased, the used book price for his book increased, as well. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"idéen at gratis innhold kan øke verdien av nonfree innhold ble bekreftet av "
+"opplevelsen av en annen forfatter. Peter wayner, som skrev en bok om fri "
+"programvare-bevegelsen med tittelen gratis for alle, en elektronisk versjon "
+"av sin bok gratis on-line under en creative commons-lisens etter at boken "
+"gikk ut av print. han overvåket deretter brukt boka store priser for boken. "
+"som spådd, som antall nedlastinger økt, brukte boken-pris for sin bok øker "
+"også."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Public Enemy"
+msgstr "Public Enemy"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "rap music"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f2.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
+"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
+"Hittelman, a Fiat Lucre production, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Leaphart, Walter"
+msgstr "Leaphart, Walter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
+"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
+"are others who use Creative Commons licenses for other reasons. Many who use "
+"the <quote>sampling license</quote> do so because anything else would be "
+"hypocritical. The sampling license says that others are free, for commercial "
+"or noncommercial purposes, to sample content from the licensed work; they "
+"are just not free to make full copies of the licensed work available to "
+"others. This is consistent with their own art—they, too, sample from "
+"others. Because the <emphasis>legal</emphasis> costs of sampling are so high "
+"(Walter Leaphart, manager of the rap group Public Enemy, which was born "
+"sampling the music of others, has stated that he does not <quote>allow</"
+"quote> Public Enemy to sample anymore, because the legal costs are so "
+"high<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), these artists release into "
+"the creative environment content that others can build upon, so that their "
+"form of creativity might grow. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
+"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
+"balance in this debate. If you just go along with the system as it is, you "
+"are effectively saying you believe in the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> "
+"model. Good for you, but many do not. Many believe that however appropriate "
+"that rule is for Hollywood and freaks, it is not an appropriate description "
+"of how most creators view the rights associated with their content. The "
+"Creative Commons license expresses this notion of <quote>Some Rights "
+"Reserved,</quote> and gives many the chance to say it to others."
+msgstr ""
+"Endelig er det mange som merker innholdet med en creative commons-lisens, "
+"bare fordi de ønsker å uttrykke til andre betydningen av saldoen i denne "
+"debatten. Hvis du bare gå sammen med systemet som det er, sier du effektivt "
+"du tror på \"all rights reserved\"-modellen. bra for deg, men mange gjør det "
+"ikke. mange tror at men passer denne regelen er for hollywood og freaks, det "
+"ikke er en passende beskrivelse av hvordan de fleste skaperne vise "
+"rettigheter knyttet til deres innhold. creative commons-lisens uttrykker "
+"dette begrepet \"noen rettigheter reservert\", og gir mange sjansen til å si "
+"det til andre."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 291
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
+"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
+"partnerships with middleware content providers to help them build into their "
+"technologies simple ways for users to mark their content with Creative "
+"Commons freedoms. Then the next step is to watch and celebrate creators who "
+"build content based upon content set free."
+msgstr ""
+"i de første seks månedene av creative commons-eksperimentet, ble over 1 "
+"million objekter lisensiert med disse gratis-kultur-lisenser. det neste "
+"trinnet er partnerskap med mellomvare innholdsleverandører å hjelpe dem å "
+"bygge inn i deres teknologier enkle måter for brukere å merke innholdet sitt "
+"med creative commons-friheter. så er neste trinn å se på og feire skaperne "
+"som bygger innhold basert på innhold satt fri."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
+"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
+"showing people how important that domain is to creativity and innovation. "
+"Creative Commons relies upon voluntary steps to achieve this rebuilding. "
+"They will lead to a world in which more than voluntary steps are possible."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er første trinn å gjenoppbygge et frivare. de er ikke bare argumenter; "
+"de er handlingen. bygge et offentlig-domene er det første skrittet til viser "
+"folk hvor viktig dette domenet er til kreativitet og innovasjon. Creative "
+"commons, avhengig av frivillig tiltak for å oppnå dette å gjenoppbygge. de "
+"vil føre til en verden der flere frivillige trinnene er mulig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
+"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
+"project does not compete with copyright; it complements it. Its aim is not "
+"to defeat the rights of authors, but to make it easier for authors and "
+"creators to exercise their rights more flexibly and cheaply. That "
+"difference, we believe, will enable creativity to spread more easily."
+msgstr ""
+"Creative commons er bare ett eksempel på frivillig innsats av enkeltpersoner "
+"og skaperne å endre blanding av rettigheter som nå styrer feltet kreative. "
+"prosjektet ikke stiller til Start med copyright; det utfyller det. Målet er "
+"ikke å beseire rettighetene til forfattere, men å gjøre det enklere for "
+"forfattere og skaperne å utøve sine rettigheter, mer fleksibelt og billig. "
+"at vi tror forskjellen, aktiverer kreativitet å spre lettere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
+msgid "THEM, SOON"
+msgstr "Dem, snart"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also "
+"take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the "
+"politicians will listen to these ideas and implement these reforms. But "
+"that also means that we have time to build awareness around the changes that "
+"we need."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi vil ikke gjenvinne en fri kultur av handling alene. det vil også ta "
+"viktige reformer av lover. Vi har en lang vei å gå før politikerne vil lytte "
+"til disse idéene og implementere disse reformene. men det betyr også at vi "
+"har tid til å bygge opp bevisstheten rundt endringene som vi trenger."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
+"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
+"step, not an end. But any of these steps would carry us a long way to our "
+"end."
+msgstr ""
+"i dette kapitlet, jeg skissere fem typer endringer: fire som er generelt, og "
+"som er spesifikk for den mest opphetede kampen på dagen, musikk. hver er et "
+"skritt, ikke en slutt. men noen av disse trinnene vil bære oss en lang vei "
+"til vår side."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+msgid "1. More Formalities"
+msgstr "1. Flere formaliteter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
+"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If "
+"you buy a car, you get a bill of sale and register the car. If you buy an "
+"airplane ticket, it has your name on it."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis du kjøper et hus, må du registrere salg i en gjerning. Hvis du kjøper "
+"land som å bygge et hus, må du registrere kjøp i en gjerning. Hvis du kjøper "
+"en bil, kan du få en regning for salg og registrere bilen. Hvis du kjøper en "
+"flybillett, har navnet ditt på den."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 293
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
+"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
+msgstr ""
+"disse er alle formaliteter knyttet til egenskapen. de er krav som vi alle må "
+"bære hvis vi ønsker vår eiendom skal beskyttes."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
+"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
+"register. You don't even have to mark your content. The default is control, "
+"and <quote>formalities</quote> are banished."
+msgstr ""
+"derimot under gjeldende lov om opphavsrett få du automatisk en opphavsrett, "
+"uavhengig av om du overholder eventuelle formalitet. du trenger ikke å "
+"registrere deg. du trenger ikke engang å merke innholdet. standard er "
+"kontrollen, og \"formaliteter\" er kastet ut."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "Why?"
+msgstr "hvorfor?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend="
+"\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good one. In "
+"the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a burden on "
+"copyright holders without much benefit. Thus, it was progress when the law "
+"relaxed the formal requirements that a copyright owner must bear to protect "
+"and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way."
+msgstr ""
+"som jeg antydet i kapittel 10, var motivasjon til å avskaffe formaliteter en "
+"god en. i verden før digital teknologi pålagt formaliteter en byrde på "
+"innehaver av opphavsrett uten mye fordel. dermed var det fremdriften når "
+"loven avslappet formelle krav som en opphavsrettsinnehaveren må bære å "
+"beskytte og sikre hans arbeid. disse formaliteter var komme i veien."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a burden. "
+"Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens creativity. "
+"Today, there is no simple way to know who owns what, or with whom one must "
+"deal in order to use or build upon the creative work of others. There are no "
+"records, there is no system to trace— there is no simple way to know "
+"how to get permission. Yet given the massive increase in the scope of "
+"copyright's rule, getting permission is a necessary step for any work that "
+"builds upon our past. And thus, the <emphasis>lack</emphasis> of formalities "
+"forces many into silence where they otherwise could speak."
+msgstr ""
+"men Internett endrer alt dette. formaliteter trenger i dag ikke være en "
+"byrde. verden uten formaliteter er heller verden som byrder kreativitet. i "
+"dag, det er ingen enkel måte å vite hvem som eier hva eller hvem må en "
+"avtale for å kunne bruke eller bygge på kreative arbeidet til andre. Det "
+"finnes ingen poster, er det ingen systemer til spor—det er ingen enkel "
+"måte å vite hvordan du får tillatelse. men gitt den massive økningen i "
+"omfanget av copyright's regelen, få tillatelse er et nødvendig skritt for "
+"alt arbeid som bygger på vår fortid. og dermed mangel på formaliteter "
+"styrker mange i stillhet der de ellers kunne snakke."
+
+#. f1.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
+"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
+"by other countries as well."
+msgstr ""
+"forslaget jeg er fremme her ville gjelde american Works bare. Selvfølgelig, "
+"jeg tror det vil være fordelaktig for samme idéen om å bli vedtatt av andre "
+"land også."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back to the old, "
+"broken system. We should require formalities, but we should establish a "
+"system that will create the incentives to minimize the burden of these "
+"formalities."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
+"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
+"these three was something the copyright owner did; the second two were "
+"something the government did. But a revised system of formalities would "
+"banish the government from the process, except for the sole purpose of "
+"approving standards developed by others."
+msgstr ""
+"viktig formaliteter er tre: merking opphavsrettsbeskyttede, registrerer "
+"opphavsrett og fornye kravet til copyright. tradisjonelt, var først av disse "
+"tre noe eieren av opphavsretten gjorde; de andre to var noe regjeringen "
+"gjorde. men et revidert system av formaliteter ville forvise regjeringen fra "
+"prosessen, unntatt for formålet å godkjenne standarder utviklet av andre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
+msgstr "Registrering og fornying"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
+"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
+"registration, the copyright owner paid a fee. As with most government "
+"agencies, the Copyright Office had little incentive to minimize the burden "
+"of registration; it also had little incentive to minimize the fee. And as "
+"the Copyright Office is not a main target of government policymaking, the "
+"office has historically been terribly underfunded. Thus, when people who "
+"know something about the process hear this idea about formalities, their "
+"first reaction is panic—nothing could be worse than forcing people to "
+"deal with the mess that is the Copyright Office."
+msgstr ""
+"under det gamle systemet hadde en opphavsrettighetene til filen en "
+"registrering med opphavsrett office registrere eller fornye opphavsretten. "
+"Når innlevering at registrering, betales eieren av opphavsretten en avgift. "
+"som med de fleste myndigheter hadde opphavsrett kontoret få insentiver til å "
+"minimere byrden av registrering; det hadde også få insentiver til å minimere "
+"gebyret. og så opphavsrett kontoret ikke er hovedmålet for regjeringen "
+"policymaking, kontoret har historisk sett vært veldig underfunded. Således, "
+"når folk som vet noe om prosessen hører denne idéen om formaliteter, deres "
+"første reaksjon er panikk—ingenting kunne være verre enn tvinge folk "
+"til å håndtere rotet som er copyright kontoret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
+"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
+"innovatively about how governmental functions can be designed. Just because "
+"there is a public purpose to a government role, it doesn't follow that the "
+"government must actually administer the role. Instead, we should be creating "
+"incentives for private parties to serve the public, subject to standards "
+"that the government sets."
+msgstr ""
+"Likevel er det alltid utrolig for meg at vi, som kommer fra en tradisjon av "
+"ekstraordinære innovasjon i statlige design, kan ikke lenger tror innovativt "
+"om hvordan statlige funksjoner kan være utformet. bare fordi det er et "
+"offentlig formål til en regjering-rolle, følger ikke det at regjeringen må "
+"faktisk administrere rollen. i stedet, vi bør være å skape insentiver til "
+"private selskaper å tjene allmennheten, underlagt standarder som regjeringen "
+"angir."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
+"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name "
+"owners for these Web sites have to pay a fee to keep their registration "
+"alive. In the main top-level domains (.com, .org, .net), there is a central "
+"registry. The actual registrations are, however, performed by many competing "
+"registrars. That competition drives the cost of registering down, and more "
+"importantly, it drives the ease with which registration occurs up."
+msgstr ""
+"i sammenheng med registrering er en opplagt modell Internett. Det finnes "
+"minst 32 millioner web-områder som er registrert i verden. domeneeiere navn "
+"for disse web-områder må betale en avgift for å holde sine registrering "
+"Live. Det er et sentralt register i de viktigste domenene (.com, .org, ."
+"net). de faktiske registreringene utføres imidlertid av mange konkurrerende "
+"registrarer. at konkurransen stasjoner kostnadene for å registrere ned, og "
+"enda viktigere, det stasjoner brukervennligheten som registrering oppstår "
+"opp."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 295
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
+"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
+"it should not be in the registrar business. Instead, it should establish a "
+"database, and a set of standards for registrars. It should approve "
+"registrars that meet its standards. Those registrars would then compete with "
+"one another to deliver the cheapest and simplest systems for registering and "
+"renewing copyrights. That competition would substantially lower the burden "
+"of this formality—while producing a database of registrations that "
+"would facilitate the licensing of content."
+msgstr ""
+"vi alle bør vedtas en lignende modell for registrering og fornying av "
+"opphavsretten. opphavsrett kontoret kan også tjene som sentrale registret, "
+"men det bør ikke være i virksomhet registrar. Det bør i stedet opprette en "
+"database, og et sett med standarder for registrarer. det skal godkjenne "
+"registrarer som oppfyller sine standarder. disse registrarer vil så "
+"konkurrere med hverandre for å levere de billigste og enkleste systemene for "
+"registrering og fornying av opphavsrett. at konkurransen ville vesentlig "
+"lavere byrden av denne formalitet—mens en database med registreringer "
+"som ville forenkler lisensiering av innhold."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "MARKING"
+msgstr "Merking"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
+"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
+"failing to comply with a regulatory rule—akin to imposing the death "
+"penalty for a parking ticket in the world of creative rights. Here again, "
+"there is no reason that a marking requirement needs to be enforced in this "
+"way. And more importantly, there is no reason a marking requirement needs to "
+"be enforced uniformly across all media."
+msgstr ""
+"Det pleide å være at å inkludere en opphavsrett på en skapende arbeid "
+"betydde at opphavsretten ble forkastet. Det var en streng straff for ikke å "
+"overholde en regulatoriske regel—sammenlignes med imponerende "
+"dødsstraff for en parkeringsbilletten i verden av kreative rettigheter. Her "
+"igjen, er det ingen grunn som et merking krav må håndheves på denne måten. "
+"og enda viktigere, det er ingen grunn et merking krav må håndheves jevnt på "
+"tvers av alle medier."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
+"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
+"to locate a copyright owner to secure permission to use the work."
+msgstr ""
+"Målet med merking er med signal til publikum at dette arbeidet er "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet, og at forfatteren ønsker å håndheve sine rettigheter. "
+"mark gjør det også enkelt å finne en som har opphavsrettighetene for å sikre "
+"tillatelse til å bruke arbeidet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
+"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
+"how or where a statue was to be marked, or a record, or a film. A new "
+"marking requirement could solve these problems by recognizing the "
+"differences in media, and by allowing the system of marking to evolve as "
+"technologies enable it to. The system could enable a special signal from the "
+"failure to mark—not the loss of the copyright, but the loss of the "
+"right to punish someone for failing to get permission first."
+msgstr ""
+"ett av problemene opphavsretten til systemet konfrontert tidlig var at ulike "
+"opphavsrettslig beskyttet verk måtte være annerledes merket. Det var ikke "
+"klart hvordan eller hvor en statue var å bli merket, eller en oppføring, "
+"eller en film. en nye merking kravet kunne løse disse problemene ved å "
+"gjenkjenne forskjellene i media, og tillater systemet av merking å utvikle "
+"seg som teknologier gir det til. systemet kan gjøre det mulig for en "
+"spesiell signalet fra å merke—ikke tap av opphavsretten, men tap av "
+"retten til å straffe noen for ikke å få tillatelse først."
+
+#. f2.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
+"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
+"than is justified by the marginal incentive it creates."
+msgstr ""
+"det ville være en complication med avledede produkter som jeg ikke har løst "
+"her. etter mitt syn er oppretter loven av derivater et mer komplisert system "
+"enn er rettferdiggjort av marginale incitament opprettes."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 296
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
+"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
+"not be that the copyright is lost. The consequence could instead be that "
+"anyone has the right to use this work, until the copyright owner complains "
+"and demonstrates that it is his work and he doesn't give permission."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The meaning of an unmarked work "
+"would therefore be <quote>use unless someone complains.</quote> If someone "
+"does complain, then the obligation would be to stop using the work in any "
+"new work from then on though no penalty would attach for existing uses. "
+"This would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark their work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
+"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
+"to ensure that the system evolves is to limit the Copyright Office's role to "
+"that of approving standards for marking content that have been crafted "
+"elsewhere."
+msgstr ""
+"som i sin tur reiser spørsmålet om hvordan arbeidet best bør være merket. "
+"Her igjen, må systemet justere som teknologien utvikler seg. den beste måten "
+"å sikre at systemet utvikler seg er å begrense opphavsrett kontorets rolle "
+"for å godkjenne standarder for å merke innhold som har vært laget andre "
+"steder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
+"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
+"Office would hold a hearing, at which other proposals could be made. The "
+"Copyright Office would then select the proposal that it judged preferable, "
+"and it would base that choice <emphasis>solely</emphasis> upon the "
+"consideration of which method could best be integrated into the registration "
+"and renewal system. We would not count on the government to innovate; but we "
+"would count on the government to keep the product of innovation in line with "
+"its other important functions."
+msgstr ""
+"for eksempel hvis en recording industry association devises en metode for å "
+"merke CDer, ville det foreslå som til opphavsrett kontoret. opphavsrett "
+"kontoret ville holde en høring, som andre forslag kan gjøres. opphavsrett "
+"kontoret deretter velger forslaget at det dømt foretrekke, og det vil basere "
+"det valget utelukkende på vurdering som kan best metoden integreres i "
+"systemet registrering og fornyelse. Vi ville ikke stole på regjeringen til å "
+"skape noe nytt; men vi vil stole på regjeringen for å holde produktet av "
+"innovasjon i tråd med sin andre viktige funksjoner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
+"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
+"not to allow a photographer to reregister, for example, all photographs "
+"taken in a particular year in one quick step. The aim of the formality is "
+"not to burden the creator; the system itself should be kept as simple as "
+"possible."
+msgstr ""
+"til slutt, markerer innholdet klart vil forenkle krav til registrering. Hvis "
+"fotografier var preget av forfatteren og år, ville det være liten grunn til "
+"ikke å tillate en fotograf å registrere på nytt, for eksempel alle bildene "
+"som er tatt i et bestemt år i ett trinn. Målet med formalitet er å unngå "
+"unødige belastninger skaperen; selve systemet bør holdes så enkelt som mulig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
+"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
+"unclear."
+msgstr ""
+"Målet med formaliteter er å gjøre ting klart. eksisterende systemet gjør "
+"ingenting for å gjøre ting klart. Ja, det synes designet for å gjøre ting "
+"som er uklart."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
+"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It "
+"would be simple to identify what content is presumptively free; it would be "
+"simple to identify who controls the rights for a particular kind of content; "
+"it would be simple to assert those rights, and to renew that assertion at "
+"the appropriate time."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis formaliteter for eksempel registrering er gjenopprettet, en av de "
+"vanskeligste sidene av stole på allemannseie ville bli fjernet. det ville "
+"være enkelt å identifisere hvilket innhold er presumptively gratis; det "
+"ville være enkelt å identifisere hvem styrer rettighetene for en bestemt "
+"type innhold; det ville være enkelt å hevde de rettighetene og å fornye at "
+"påstanden på riktig tidspunkt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
+msgstr "2. Kortere vernetid"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
+"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
+"authors."
+msgstr ""
+"Vernetiden i opphavsretten har gått fra fjorten år til nittifem år der "
+"selskap har forfatterskapet , og livstiden til forfatteren pluss sytti år "
+"for individuelle forfattere."
+
+#. f3.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 "
+#| "January 2003): 15, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+#| "\">link #74</ulink>."
+msgid ""
+"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 "
+"(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #74</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25. "
+"januar 2003): 15, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #74</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a seventy-five-"
+"year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement of renewal "
+"every five years. That seemed radical enough at the time. But after we lost "
+"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, the "
+"proposals became even more radical. <citetitle>The Economist</citetitle> "
+"endorsed a proposal for a fourteen-year copyright term.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Others have proposed tying the term to the term for "
+"patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
+"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
+"that are important to keep in mind about copyright terms."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg er enig med de som tror at vi trenger en radikal endring i copyright's "
+"sikt. men om fjorten år eller sytti-fem, finnes det fire prinsipper som er "
+"viktig å huske på om opphavsrett terms."
+
+#. (1)
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
+"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
+"protections for authors (so authors were able to reclaim rights from "
+"publishers), rights to the same work (not derivative works) might be "
+"extended further. The key is not to tie the work up with legal regulations "
+"when it no longer benefits an author."
+msgstr ""
+"holde det kort: begrepet skal være så lenge som nødvendig for å gi "
+"insentiver til å opprette, men ikke lenger. Hvis det var knyttet til veldig "
+"sterk beskyttelse for forfattere (slik at forfattere klarte å gjenvinne "
+"rettigheter fra utgivere), kan rettighetene til frembringelsen som samme "
+"(ikke avledede) utvides ytterligere. nøkkelen er ikke å knytte arbeidet opp "
+"med forskrifter når det ikke lenger fordeler en forfatter."
+
+#. (2)
+#. PAGE BREAK 298
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain "
+#| "and protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of "
+#| "\"fair use,\" and the distinction between \"ideas\" and \"expression.\" "
+#| "That kind of law gives them lots of work. But our framers had a simpler "
+#| "idea in mind: protected versus unprotected. The value of short terms is "
+#| "that there is little need to build exceptions into copyright when the "
+#| "term itself is kept short. A clear and active \"lawyer-free zone\" makes "
+#| "the complexities of \"fair use\" and \"idea/expression\" less necessary "
+#| "to navigate."
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
+"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of "
+"<quote>fair use,</quote> and the distinction between <quote>ideas</quote> "
+"and <quote>expression.</quote> That kind of law gives them lots of work. But "
+"our framers had a simpler idea in mind: protected versus unprotected. The "
+"value of short terms is that there is little need to build exceptions into "
+"copyright when the term itself is kept short. A clear and active "
+"<quote>lawyer-free zone</quote> makes the complexities of <quote>fair use</"
+"quote> and <quote>idea/expression</quote> less necessary to navigate."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>Gjør det enkelt:</emphasis> Skillelinjen mellom verker uten "
+"opphavsrettslig vern og innhold som er beskyttet må forbli klart. Advokater "
+"liker uklarheten som \"rimelig bruk\" og forskjellen mellom \"idéer\" og "
+"\"uttrykk\" har. Denne type lovverk gir dem en masse arbeid. Men de som "
+"skrev grunnloven hadde en enklere idé: vernet versus ikke vernet. Verdien av "
+"korte vernetider er at det er lite behov for å bygge inn unntak i "
+"opphavsretten når vernetiden holdes kort. En klar og aktiv \"advokat-fri "
+"sone\" gjør komplesiteten av \"rimelig bruk\" og \"idé/uttrykk\" mindre "
+"nødvendig å håndtere."
+
+#. f4.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/"
+"or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/"
+"or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), tilgjengelig fra "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "veterans' pensions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
+"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
+"required to signal periodically that he wants the protection continued. This "
+"need not be an onerous burden, but there is no reason this monopoly "
+"protection has to be granted for free. On average, it takes ninety minutes "
+"for a veteran to apply for a pension.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> If we make veterans suffer that burden, I don't see why we couldn't "
+"require authors to spend ten minutes every fifty years to file a single "
+"form. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. (4)
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
+"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
+"given should not be extended. It might have been a mistake in 1923 for the "
+"law to offer authors only a fifty-six-year term. I don't think so, but it's "
+"possible. If it was a mistake, then the consequence was that we got fewer "
+"authors to create in 1923 than we otherwise would have. But we can't correct "
+"that mistake today by increasing the term. No matter what we do today, we "
+"will not increase the number of authors who wrote in 1923. Of course, we can "
+"increase the reward that those who write now get (or alternatively, increase "
+"the copyright burden that smothers many works that are today invisible). But "
+"increasing their reward will not increase their creativity in 1923. What's "
+"not done is not done, and there's nothing we can do about that now."
+msgstr ""
+"holde det potensielle: hva begrepet av opphavsrett skal være, klareste "
+"lærdommen om at økonomer lære er at en term når gitt ikke bør utvides. Det "
+"kan ha vært en feil i 1923 for lov å tilby forfattere bare en femti-seks års "
+"sikt. Jeg tror ikke det, men det er mulig. Hvis det var en feil, da var "
+"konsekvensen at vi fikk færre forfattere å opprette i 1923 enn vi ellers "
+"ville ha. men vi kan ikke korrigere at feil i dag ved å øke begrepet. "
+"Uansett hva vi gjør i dag, vil vi ikke øke antall forfattere som skrev i "
+"1923. Selvfølgelig, kan vi øke belønning som dem som skriver nå få (eller "
+"eventuelt øke opphavsrett byrden som smothers mange fungerer som i dag er "
+"usynlig). men øke deres belønning vil ikke øke sin kreativitet i 1923. Hva "
+"er ikke gjort er ikke gjort, og det er ingenting vi kan gjøre med det nå."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
+"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
+"average term was just 32.2 years. We should be aiming for the same."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse endringene vil sammen gi en <emphasis>gjennomsnittlig</emphasis> "
+"opphavsrettslig vernetid som er mye kortere enn den gjeldende vernetiden. "
+"Frem til 1976 var gjennomsnittlig vernetid kun 32.2 år. Vårt mål bør være "
+"det samme."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I "
+#| "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer "
+#| "than the term under Richard Nixon. How \"radical\" can it be to ask for a "
+#| "more generous copyright law than Richard Nixon presided over?"
+msgid ""
+"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After "
+"all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I "
+"recommended was longer than the term under Richard Nixon. How "
+"<quote>radical</quote> can it be to ask for a more generous copyright law "
+"than Richard Nixon presided over?"
+msgstr ""
+"Uten tvil vil ekstremistene kalle disse idéene \"radikale\". (Tross alt, så "
+"kaller jeg dem \"ekstremister\".) Men igjen, vernetiden jeg anbefalte var "
+"lengre enn vernetiden under Richard Nixon. hvor \"radikalt\" kan det være å "
+"be om en mer sjenerøs opphavsrettighet enn da Richard Nixon var president?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
+msgstr "3. Fri Bruk vs. rimelig bruk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
+"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
+"heavens. The airplane came along. The scope of property rights quickly "
+"changed. There was no fuss, no constitutional challenge. It made no sense "
+"anymore to grant that much control, given the emergence of that new "
+"technology."
+msgstr ""
+"som jeg observert i begynnelsen av denne boken, gitt "
+"opphavsrettslovgivningen opprinnelig bolig retten til å kontrollere deres "
+"eiendom fra bakken til himmelen. flyet kom. omfanget av eiendomsrettigheter "
+"endres raskt. Det var ingen oppstyr, ingen konstitusjonelle utfordring. det "
+"gjorde ingen sans lenger for å gi så mye kontroll, gitt fremveksten av den "
+"nye teknologien."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive "
+"right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors "
+"an exclusive right to <quote>their writings</quote> plus any derivative "
+"writings (made by others) that are sufficiently close to the author's "
+"original work. Thus, if I write a book, and you base a movie on that book, I "
+"have the power to deny you the right to release that movie, even though that "
+"movie is not <quote>my writing.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"vår grunnlov gir Kongressen makt til å gi forfattere \"eksklusiv rett\" til "
+"\"deres skrifter.\" Kongressen har gitt forfatterne en eksklusiv rett til å "
+"\"deres skrifter\" pluss eventuelle avledede skrifter (laget av andre) som "
+"er tilstrekkelig nær forfatterens opprinnelige arbeid. Dermed, hvis jeg "
+"skrive en bok og en film basert på boken, jeg har makt til å nekte deg rett "
+"til å frigi den filmen, selv om filmen ikke er \"min skrive.\""
+
+#. f5.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
+"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
+msgstr ""
+"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
+"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
+msgstr "Kaplan, Benjamin"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
+"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
+"dramatizations of a work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The "
+"courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever since. "
+"This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest judges, "
+"Judge Benjamin Kaplan. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f6.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "Ibid., 56."
+msgstr "ibid., 56."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
+msgid ""
+"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
+"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
+"accepting such an enlargement of copyright while yet intoning the "
+"abracadabra of idea and expression.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
+"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make sense. "
+"More precisely, they don't make sense for the period of time that a "
+"copyright runs. And they don't make sense as an amorphous grant. Consider "
+"each limitation in turn."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg tror det er på tide å anerkjenne at det er fly i dette feltet og "
+"expansiveness av disse rettigheter til avledede bruk ikke lenger fornuftig. "
+"mer presist, fornuftig de ikke for hvor lang tid som en copyright kjører. og "
+"de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver begrensning "
+"igjen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
+"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
+"John Grisham's right to sell the movie rights to his latest novel (or at "
+"least I'm willing to assume it does); but it does not make sense for that "
+"right to run for the same term as the underlying copyright. The derivative "
+"right could be important in inducing creativity; it is not important long "
+"after the creative work is done. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"begrepet: Hvis Kongressen vil gi et derivat rett, og at høyre skal være for "
+"en mye kortere sikt. Det er fornuftig å beskytte john grisham's rett til å "
+"selge film rettighetene til hans siste roman (eller minst er jeg villig til "
+"å påta seg det gjør); men det gjør ikke sans for det riktig å kjøre på samme "
+"ordet som underliggende opphavsretten. avledede høyre kan være viktig i "
+"inducing kreativitet; Det er ikke viktig lenge etter skapende arbeid er "
+"gjort."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
+"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
+"important. Those should be specified. But the law should draw clear lines "
+"around regulated and unregulated uses of copyrighted material. When all "
+"<quote>reuse</quote> of creative material was within the control of "
+"businesses, perhaps it made sense to require lawyers to negotiate the lines. "
+"It no longer makes sense for lawyers to negotiate the lines. Think about all "
+"the creative possibilities that digital technologies enable; now imagine "
+"pouring molasses into the machines. That's what this general requirement of "
+"permission does to the creative process. Smothers it."
+msgstr ""
+"område: på samme måte bør omfanget av avledede rettigheter bli innsnevret. "
+"igjen, det er noen tilfeller der avledede rettigheter er viktig. de skal "
+"angis. men loven skal tegne klare linjer rundt regulert og unregulated bruk "
+"av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. Når alle \"gjenbruk\" av kreative "
+"materiale var har kontroll over bedrifter, kanskje gjort det fornuftig å "
+"kreve advokater å forhandle linjene. Det er ikke lenger fornuftig for "
+"jurister å forhandle linjene. Tenk alle de kreative mulighetene som digital "
+"teknologi aktivere; Nå forestille pouring molasses til maskinene. Det er hva "
+"denne generelle krav om tillatelse betyr for den kreative prosessen. "
+"Smothers det."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
+"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
+"derivative rights—turning a book into a movie, or a poem into a "
+"musical score—it doesn't make sense to require negotiation for the "
+"unforeseeable. Here, a statutory right would make much more sense."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette var poenget som alben gjort når beskriver inngåelse av clint eastwood-"
+"cd. mens det er fornuftig å kreve forhandling for overskuelig avledede "
+"rettigheter—snu en bok i en film eller et dikt i en musikalsk "
+"poengsum—det ikke fornuftig å kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. "
+"her, ville en lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
+msgstr "Goldstein, Paul"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
+"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
+"187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
+"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
+"187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
+"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
+"reverse of the recommendation of my colleague Paul Goldstein.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> His view is that the law should be written so "
+"that expanded protections follow expanded uses."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
+"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
+"Internet, the uncertainty about the scope of protection, and the incentives "
+"to protect existing architectures of revenue, combined with a strong "
+"copyright, weaken the process of innovation."
+msgstr ""
+"goldstein's analyse ville gjøre perfekt forstand Hvis kostnaden for juridisk "
+"system var små. men som vi nå ser i sammenheng med Internett, usikkerhet om "
+"omfanget av beskyttelse og insentiver for å beskytte eksisterende "
+"arkitekturer av inntekt, kombinert med en sterk copyright svekke prosessen "
+"med innovasjon."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 301
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
+"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
+"conditions. Either way, the effect would be to free a great deal of culture "
+"to others to cultivate. And under a statutory rights regime, that reuse "
+"would earn artists more income."
+msgstr ""
+"loven kan rette opp dette problemet ved å fjerne beskyttelsen utover delen "
+"som er eksplisitt tegnede eller ved å gi gjenbruk rettigheter på visse "
+"lovbestemte betingelser. Uansett hva effekten ville være å frigjøre mye "
+"kultur for andre å dyrke. og under en lovbestemte rettigheter-regimet at "
+"gjenbruk ville tjene artister mer inntekter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
+msgstr "4. Frigjør musikken—igjen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
+"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
+"most pressing—music. There is no other policy issue that better "
+"teaches the lessons of this book than the battles around the sharing of "
+"music."
+msgstr ""
+"Slaget som fikk dette hele krigen går var om musikk, så det ikke ville være "
+"rettferdig å avslutte denne boken uten å ta opp problemet som er, for "
+"fleste, de fleste presserende—musikk. Det er ingen andre spørsmål som "
+"bedre lærer erfaringene fra denne boken enn slagene rundt deling av musikk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
+"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
+"other single application. It was the Internet's killer app—possibly in "
+"two senses of that word. It no doubt was the application that drove demand "
+"for bandwidth. It may well be the application that drives demand for "
+"regulations that in the end kill innovation on the network."
+msgstr ""
+"Anken av fildelings-musikken var crack-kokain av internetts vekst. den "
+"kjørte behov for tilgang til Internett mer kraftfullt enn andre enkelt "
+"program. Det var Internetts killer app—muligens i to sanser i "
+"beskrivelsen av ordet. Det var ingen tvil om programmet som kjørte "
+"etterspørselen etter båndbredde. Det kan godt være programmet som driver "
+"etterspørselen etter forskrifter som til slutt drepe innovasjon på "
+"nettverket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
+"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
+"and, most importantly, spread. The law does this by giving an exclusive "
+"right to a composer to control public performances of his work, and to a "
+"performing artist to control copies of her performance."
+msgstr ""
+"Målet med opphavsrett, med hensyn til innhold Generelt og musikk er spesielt "
+"å skape insentiver for musikk komponert, utført, og, viktigst, spre. loven "
+"gjør dette ved å gi en eksklusiv rett til en komponisten å kontrollere "
+"offentlig fremføring av sitt arbeid, og til en profesjonell artist å "
+"kontrollere kopier av hennes ytelse."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
+"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
+"all the file-sharing networks do. As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle="
+"\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy\"/>, they enable four different "
+"kinds of sharing:"
+msgstr ""
+"fildeling nettverk komplisere denne modellen ved å aktivere spredning av "
+"innhold som utøveren ikke er blitt betalt. men selvfølgelig, det er ikke "
+"alle fildeling nettverk gjør. som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 5, aktivere de "
+"fire forskjellige typer deling:"
+
+#. A.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
+"CDs."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er noen som bruker delingsnettverk som erstatninger for å kjøpe CDer."
+
+#. B.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
+"purchasing CDs."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er også noen som bruker delingsnettverk for å prøvelytte, på vei mot å "
+"kjøpe CDer."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 302
+#. C.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
+"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
+"too cumbersome to buy off the Net."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er mange som bruker fildelingsnettverk til å få tilgang til innhold som "
+"ikke lenger er i salg, men fortsatt er vernet av opphavsrett eller som ville "
+"ha vært altfor vanskelig å få kjøpt via nettet."
+
+#. D.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
+"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
+"endorses."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er mange som bruker fildelingsnettverk for å få tilgang til innhold som "
+"ikke er opphavsrettsbeskyttet, eller for å få tilgang som "
+"opphavsrettsinnehaveren åpenbart går god for."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
+"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
+"with which the law aims to eliminate type A, moreover, should depend upon "
+"the magnitude of type B. As with VCRs, if the net effect of sharing is "
+"actually not very harmful, the need for regulation is significantly weakened."
+msgstr ""
+"noen reform av loven behov for å holde disse ulike bruksområder i fokus. den "
+"må unngå bebyrde type d selv om formålet er å eliminere type a. den iver "
+"etter med som loven sikte på å eliminere type a, videre bør avhenger "
+"omfanget av typen b. som med videospillere, hvis netto effekt av en deling "
+"er faktisk ikke svært skadelige, behovet for regulering er betydelig svekket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy"
+"\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. For the purposes "
+"of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I assume, in other "
+"words, that type A sharing is significantly greater than type B, and is the "
+"dominant use of sharing networks."
+msgstr ""
+"som jeg sa i kapittel 5, er den faktiske skaden forårsaket av deling "
+"kontroversielt. i hensikt av dette kapitlet, men antar jeg skaden er reell. "
+"Jeg antar, med andre ord, denne typen en deling er betydelig større enn type "
+"b, og er dominerende bruk av deling av nettverk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
+"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should respond."
+msgstr ""
+"Uansett, det er et avgjørende faktum om den gjeldende teknologiske "
+"omgivelsen som vi må huske på hvis vi skal forstå hvordan loven bør reagere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
+"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
+"content. It won't be the easiest way to get access to a broad range of "
+"content in ten years. Today, access to the Internet is cumbersome and "
+"slow—we in the United States are lucky to have broadband service at "
+"1.5 MBs, and very rarely do we get service at that speed both up and down. "
+"Although wireless access is growing, most of us still get access across "
+"wires. Most only gain access through a machine with a keyboard. The idea of "
+"the always on, always connected Internet is mainly just an idea."
+msgstr ""
+"i dag, er fildeling addictive. i ti år, vil ikke det være. Det er addictive "
+"i dag fordi det er den enkleste måten å få tilgang til et bredt spekter av "
+"innhold. det vil ikke være den enkleste måten å få tilgang til et bredt "
+"spekter av innhold i ti år. i dag, tilgang til Internett er tunge og "
+"sakte—vi i USA er heldig å ha bredbåndstjeneste på 1,5 mbs og svært "
+"sjelden får vi service på den hastigheten som er både opp og ned. Selv om "
+"trådløs tilgang er økende, få de fleste av oss fortsatt tilgang på tvers av "
+"ledninger. de fleste bare få tilgang gjennom en maskin med et tastatur. "
+"idéen om den alltid på, alltid tilkoblet Internett er hovedsakelig bare en "
+"idé."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 303
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
+"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
+"policy on the basis of technology in transition. They should make policy on "
+"the basis of where the technology is going. The question should not be, how "
+"should the law regulate sharing in this world? The question should be, what "
+"law will we require when the network becomes the network it is clearly "
+"becoming? That network is one in which every machine with electricity is "
+"essentially on the Net; where everywhere you are—except maybe the "
+"desert or the Rockies—you can instantaneously be connected to the "
+"Internet. Imagine the Internet as ubiquitous as the best cell-phone service, "
+"where with the flip of a device, you are connected."
+msgstr ""
+"men det vil bli en realitet, og det betyr at måten vi får tilgang til "
+"Internett i dag er en teknologi i overgangen. beslutningstakere må ikke "
+"policyen på grunnlag av teknologi i overgangen. de bør gjøre policyen på "
+"grunnlag av hvor teknologien går. spørsmålet bør ikke være, og hvordan bør "
+"loven regulere deling i denne verden? spørsmålet bør være, hva loven vil vi "
+"krever når nettverket blir nettverket blir det klart? Dette nettverket er en "
+"der hver enkelt maskin med elektrisitet er egentlig på nettet; der overalt "
+"du er—unntatt kanskje ørkenen eller rockies—du kan umiddelbart "
+"kobles til Internett. Tenk deg så allestedsnærværende som beste "
+"mobiltelefonen tjenesten, der med flippen på en enhet, du er tilkoblet "
+"Internett."
+
+#. f8.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 "
+#| "April 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+#| "\">link #76</ulink>."
+msgid ""
+"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan Inc. "
+"Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #76</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"For eksempel, se, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April "
+"2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"#76</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
+"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
+"is streamed to the user when the user demands. Here, then, is the critical "
+"point: When it is <emphasis>extremely</emphasis> easy to connect to services "
+"that give access to content, it will be <emphasis>easier</emphasis> to "
+"connect to services that give you access to content than it will be to "
+"download and store content <emphasis>on the many devices you will have for "
+"playing content</emphasis>. It will be easier, in other words, to subscribe "
+"than it will be to be a database manager, as everyone in the download-"
+"sharing world of Napster-like technologies essentially is. Content services "
+"will compete with content sharing, even if the services charge money for the "
+"content they give access to. Already cell-phone services in Japan offer "
+"music (for a fee) streamed over cell phones (enhanced with plugs for "
+"headphones). The Japanese are paying for this content even though "
+"<quote>free</quote> content is available in the form of MP3s across the Web."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 304
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
+"present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file "
+"sharing—to the extent there is a real problem—is a problem that "
+"will increasingly disappear as it becomes easier to connect to the "
+"Internet. And thus it is an extraordinary mistake for policy makers today "
+"to be <quote>solving</quote> this problem in light of a technology that will "
+"be gone tomorrow. The question should not be how to regulate the Internet "
+"to eliminate file sharing (the Net will evolve that problem away). The "
+"question instead should be how to assure that artists get paid, during this "
+"transition between twentieth-century models for doing business and twenty-"
+"first-century technologies."
+msgstr ""
+"dette punktet om fremtiden er ment å foreslå et perspektiv på stede: det er "
+"spesielt midlertidig. \"problemet\" med fildeling—i den grad det er et "
+"reelt problem—er et problem som i økende grad vil forsvinne som det "
+"blir enklere å koble til Internett. og således det er en ekstraordinære feil "
+"for beslutningstakere i dag til å være \"løse\" dette problemet i lys av en "
+"teknologi som vil være borte i morgen. spørsmålet bør ikke hvordan å "
+"regulere Internett til å eliminere fildeling (nettet vil utvikle seg det "
+"problemet unna). spørsmålet bør i stedet hvor å forsikre at artister får "
+"betalt, under denne overgangen mellom 1900-tallet modeller for å gjøre "
+"forretnings- og tyve-første-tallet teknologier."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different <quote>problems</"
+"quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted "
+"content or copyrighted content that the artist wants shared. The "
+"<quote>problem</quote> with this content is to make sure that the technology "
+"that would enable this kind of sharing is not rendered illegal. You can "
+"think of it this way: Pay phones are used to deliver ransom demands, no "
+"doubt. But there are many who need to use pay phones who have nothing to do "
+"with ransoms. It would be wrong to ban pay phones in order to eliminate "
+"kidnapping."
+msgstr ""
+"svaret begynner med erkjenner at det er ulike \"problemer\" her å løse. La "
+"oss starte med typen d innhold—uncopyrighted innhold eller "
+"opphavsrettslig beskyttet innhold som kunstneren ønsker delt. \"problemet\" "
+"med dette innholdet er å sørge for at teknologien som ville gjøre det mulig "
+"for denne type deling ikke gjengis ulovlig. Du kan tenke på det på denne "
+"måten: betal telefoner brukes til å levere løsepenger krav, ingen tvil. men "
+"det er mange som trenger å bruke betale telefoner som har ingenting å gjøre "
+"med ransoms. det ville være feil å utestenge betale telefoner for å "
+"eliminere kidnapping."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content "
+"that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be "
+"unavailable because the artist is no longer valuable enough for the record "
+"label he signed with to carry his work. Or it may be unavailable because the "
+"work is forgotten. Either way, the aim of the law should be to facilitate "
+"the access to this content, ideally in a way that returns something to the "
+"artist."
+msgstr ""
+"c-innhold av typen reiser et annet \"problem.\" Dette er innhold som ble, "
+"samtidig, publisert og er ikke lenger tilgjengelig. Det kan være "
+"utilgjengelig fordi kunstneren er ikke lenger nok kostbar for plateselskap "
+"han signert med å bære sitt arbeid. eller det kan være utilgjengelig fordi "
+"arbeidet er glemt. Uansett bør sikte på loven å forenkle tilgang til dette "
+"innholdet, ideelt på en måte som returnerer noe til kunstneren."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
+"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
+"and used book stores don't pay the copyright owner when someone reads or "
+"buys an out-of-print book. That makes total sense, of course, since any "
+"other system would be so burdensome as to eliminate the possibility of used "
+"book stores' existing. But from the author's perspective, this "
+"<quote>sharing</quote> of his content without his being compensated is less "
+"than ideal."
+msgstr ""
+"igjen er modellen her brukt boka store. Når en bok går ut av Skriv ut, det "
+"kan fortsatt være tilgjengelig i biblioteker og brukte bokhandlere. men "
+"biblioteker og brukte bokhandlere betaler ikke eieren av opphavsretten når "
+"noen leser eller kjøper en ut-av-print-bok. Det er totalt fornuftig, "
+"selvfølgelig, siden andre systemet ville være så tunge som å eliminere "
+"muligheten for brukte boken butikker eksisterende. men fra forfatterens "
+"perspektiv, denne \"deling\" av hans innhold uten hans blir kompensert er "
+"mindre enn ideell."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem out-of-"
+"print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the music "
+"available for sale, then commercial and noncommercial providers would be "
+"free, under this rule, to <quote>share</quote> that content, even though the "
+"sharing involved making a copy. The copy here would be incidental to the "
+"trade; in a context where commercial publishing has ended, trading music "
+"should be as free as trading books."
+msgstr ""
+"modell for brukte boken butikker tyder på at loven kan bare anser-print "
+"musikk rettferdig spill. Hvis utgiveren ikke gjør kopier av musikken "
+"tilgjengelig for salg, vil og kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell leverandører "
+"være gratis, under denne regelen, å \"dele\" innholdet, selv om deling "
+"involvert gjør en kopi. Kopier hit ville være tilfeldige for handel; i en "
+"sammenheng der kommersielle publisering er avsluttet, bør handel musikk være "
+"gratis som handel bøker."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 305
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
+"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
+"law set a low statutory rate for the commercial sharing of content that was "
+"not offered for sale by a commercial publisher, and if that rate were "
+"automatically transferred to a trust for the benefit of the artist, then "
+"businesses could develop around the idea of trading this content, and "
+"artists would benefit from this trade."
+msgstr ""
+"loven kan eventuelt opprette en lovbestemte lisens som vil sørge for at "
+"artister får noe fra handel av sitt arbeid. for eksempel hvis loven satt en "
+"lav lovbestemte sats for kommersielle deling av innhold som ikke ble tilbudt "
+"for salg av en kommersiell utgiver, og hvis den hastigheten ble automatisk "
+"overført til en tillit til fordel for kunstneren, deretter bedrifter kan "
+"utvikle rundt idéen om handel dette innholdet, og kunstnere vil dra nytte av "
+"denne handelen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
+"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
+"subject to this license. Thus, publishers could protect the right to charge "
+"whatever they want for content if they kept the work commercially available. "
+"But if they don't keep it available, and instead, the computer hard disks of "
+"fans around the world keep it alive, then any royalty owed for such copying "
+"should be much less than the amount owed a commercial publisher."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette systemet vil også skape et insentiv for utgivere å holde works "
+"tilgjengelig kommersielt. verk som er kommersielt tilgjengelige ville ikke "
+"være underlagt denne lisensen. utgivere kan derfor beskytte retten til å "
+"belaste hva de vil for innhold hvis de holdt arbeidet som er kommersielt "
+"tilgjengelig. men hvis de ikke holde det tilgjengelig, og i stedet, "
+"datamaskin harddisk av fans over hele verden holde det Live, deretter alle "
+"royalty skyldte for slike kopiering bør være mye mindre enn beløpet skyldte "
+"en kommersiell utgiver."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
+"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
+"for gaining access to content change. The law's solution should be as "
+"flexible as the problem is, understanding that we are in the middle of a "
+"radical transformation in the technology for delivering and accessing "
+"content."
+msgstr ""
+"vanskelig saken er innhold av typer en og b, og igjen, denne saken er "
+"vanskelig fordi omfanget av problemet vil endres over tid, som teknologiene "
+"for å få tilgang til innhold endres. lovens løsning skal være så fleksibelt "
+"som problemet er, forstå at vi er midt i en radikal endring i teknologien "
+"for å levere og tilgang til innhold."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
+"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
+msgstr ""
+"Så her er en løsning som i første omgang kan virke veldig undelig for begge "
+"sider i denne krigen, men som jeg tror vil gi mer mening når en får tenkt "
+"seg om."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
+"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
+"set of rights that secure copyright. If those rights are to be protected, "
+"then the content industry should be compensated for that harm. Just as the "
+"technology of tobacco harmed the health of millions of Americans, or the "
+"technology of asbestos caused grave illness to thousands of miners, so, too, "
+"has the technology of digital networks harmed the interests of the content "
+"industry."
+msgstr ""
+"frastjålet retorikken om sanctity av egenskapen, grunnleggende kravet av "
+"innhold industrien er dette: en ny teknologi (Internett) har skadet et sett "
+"med rettigheter som sikre copyright. Hvis disse rettighetene er å bli "
+"beskyttet, så innhold industrien skal kompenseres for at skade. akkurat som "
+"teknologien av tobakk skadet helsen til millioner av amerikanere, eller "
+"teknologien for asbest forårsaket en alvorlig sykdom til tusenvis av miners, "
+"så har også, teknologien for digitale nettverk skadet interessene til "
+"innhold industrien."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 306
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
+"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
+"And it suggests a fair response: Rather than seeking to destroy the "
+"Internet, or the p2p technologies that are currently harming content "
+"providers on the Internet, we should find a relatively simple way to "
+"compensate those who are harmed."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg elsker internett, så jeg liker ikke å sammenligne det med tobakk eller "
+"asbest. Men analogien er rimelig når en ser det fra lovens perspektiv. Og "
+"det foreslår en rimelig respons: I stedet for å forsøke å ødelegge internett "
+"eller p2p-teknologien som i dag skader innholdsleverandører på internett, så "
+"bør vi finne en relativt enkel måte å kompensere de som blir skadelidende."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Fisher, William"
+msgstr "Fisher, William"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</"
+#| "citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink url="
+#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, "
+#| "<citetitle>Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of "
+#| "Entertainment</citetitle> (forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University "
+#| "Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+#| "notes/\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel has proposed a related idea "
+#| "that would exempt noncommercial sharing from the reach of copyright and "
+#| "would establish compensation to artists to balance any loss. See Neil "
+#| "Weinstock Netanel, \"Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P "
+#| "File Sharing,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+#| "\">link #79</ulink>. For other proposals, see Lawrence Lessig, \"Who's "
+#| "Holding Back Broadband?\" <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 8 "
+#| "January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman Networks, A "
+#| "Letter to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate Foreign "
+#| "Relations Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+#| "free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, <citetitle>A "
+#| "Quick Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF)</citetitle>, 3 March "
+#| "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</"
+#| "ulink>; Jefferson Graham, \"Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists "
+#| "Directly,\" <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 13 May 2002, available at "
+#| "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</ulink>; Steven M. "
+#| "Cherry, \"Getting Copyright Right,\" IEEE Spectrum Online, 1 July 2002, "
+#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</"
+#| "ulink>; Declan McCullagh, \"Verizon's Copyright Campaign,\" CNET News."
+#| "com, 27 August 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+#| "notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's proposal is very similar to Richard "
+#| "Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike Fisher's, Stallman's proposal would "
+#| "not pay artists directly proportionally, though more popular artists "
+#| "would get more than the less popular. As is typical with Stallman, his "
+#| "proposal predates the current debate by about a decade. See <ulink url="
+#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. <placeholder type="
+#| "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> "
+#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+msgid ""
+"William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</"
+"citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, "
+"<citetitle>Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of "
+"Entertainment</citetitle> (forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University "
+"Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel has proposed a related idea that "
+"would exempt noncommercial sharing from the reach of copyright and would "
+"establish compensation to artists to balance any loss. See Neil Weinstock "
+"Netanel, <quote>Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P File "
+"Sharing,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #79</ulink>. For other proposals, see Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Who's "
+"Holding Back Broadband?</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 8 "
+"January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman Networks, A Letter "
+"to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations "
+"Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, <citetitle>A Quick Case for "
+"Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF)</citetitle>, 3 March 2002, available at "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson "
+"Graham, <quote>Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 13 May 2002, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, "
+"<quote>Getting Copyright Right,</quote> IEEE Spectrum Online, 1 July 2002, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</ulink>; "
+"Declan McCullagh, <quote>Verizon's Copyright Campaign,</quote> CNET News."
+"com, 27 August 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's proposal is very similar to Richard "
+"Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike Fisher's, Stallman's proposal would not "
+"pay artists directly proportionally, though more popular artists would get "
+"more than the less popular. As is typical with Stallman, his proposal "
+"predates the current debate by about a decade. See <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</"
+"citetitle> (sist revidert: 10. oktober 2000), tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, "
+"<citetitle>Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of "
+"Entertainment</citetitle> (kommer) (Stanford: Stanford University Press, "
+"2004), kap. 6, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel har foreslått en relatert idé som "
+"ville gjøre at opphavsretten ikke gjelder ikke-kommersiell deling fra og "
+"ville etablere kompenasjon til kunstnere for å balansere eventuelle tap. Se "
+"Neil Weinstock Netanel, \"Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P "
+"File Sharing,\" tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #79</ulink>. For andre forslag, se Lawrence Lessig, \"Who's Holding "
+"Back Broadband?\" <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 8. january 2002, "
+"A17; Philip S. Corwin på vegne av Sharman Networks, Et brev til Senator "
+"Joseph R. Biden, Jr., leder i the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 26. "
+"februar. 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, <citetitle>A Quick Case for "
+"Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF)</citetitle>, 3. mars 2002, tilgjengelig "
+"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson "
+"Graham, \"Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly,\" <citetitle>USA "
+"Today</citetitle>, 13. mai 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, \"Getting Copyright "
+"Right,\" IEEE Spectrum Online, 1. juli 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, "
+"\"Verizon's Copyright Campaign,\" CNET News.com, 27. august 2002, "
+"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #84</"
+"ulink>. Forslaget fra Fisher er ganske likt forslaget til Richard Stallman "
+"når det gjelder DAT. I motsetning til Fishers forslag, ville Stallmanns "
+"forslag ikke betale kunstnere proposjonalt, selv om mer populære artister "
+"ville få mer betalt enn mindre populære. Slik det er typisk med Stallman, "
+"la han fram sitt forslag omtrent ti år før dagens debatt. Se <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
+"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> Fisher suggests a very clever way around the current impasse of the "
+"Internet. Under his plan, all content capable of digital transmission would "
+"(1) be marked with a digital watermark (don't worry about how easy it is to "
+"evade these marks; as you'll see, there's no incentive to evade them). Once "
+"the content is marked, then entrepreneurs would develop (2) systems to "
+"monitor how many items of each content were distributed. On the basis of "
+"those numbers, then (3) artists would be compensated. The compensation would "
+"be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
+"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
+"<citetitle>Promises to Keep</citetitle>. The modification that I would make "
+"is relatively simple: Fisher imagines his proposal replacing the existing "
+"copyright system. I imagine it complementing the existing system. The aim "
+"of the proposal would be to facilitate compensation to the extent that harm "
+"could be shown. This compensation would be temporary, aimed at facilitating "
+"a transition between regimes. And it would require renewal after a period of "
+"years. If it continues to make sense to facilitate free exchange of content, "
+"supported through a taxation system, then it can be continued. If this form "
+"of protection is no longer necessary, then the system could lapse into the "
+"old system of controlling access. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"fisher's forslag er grundige og omfattende. det reiser en million "
+"spørsmålene, mest av som han svarer godt i hans kommende bok, lover å holde. "
+"endring som jeg ville gjøre er relativt enkel: fisher bilder hans forslag "
+"erstatte eksisterende opphavsretten til systemet. Jeg antar det utfyller det "
+"eksisterende systemet. Målet med forslaget vil være å forenkle kompensasjon "
+"i den grad at skade kan bli vist. Denne kompensasjon skulle være "
+"midlertidig, som tar sikte på å lette en overgang mellom regimer. og det "
+"ville kreve fornyelse etter en periode med årene. Hvis den fortsetter å gi "
+"mening å forenkle gratis utveksling av innhold, støttet gjennom en "
+"skattesystemet, så det kan fortsettes. Hvis denne typen beskyttelse ikke "
+"lenger er nødvendig, kan systemet lapse i det gamle systemet å kontrollere "
+"tilgangen."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 307
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
+"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
+"supports the widest range of <quote>semiotic democracy</quote> possible. But "
+"the aims of semiotic democracy would be satisfied if the other changes I "
+"described were accomplished—in particular, the limits on derivative "
+"uses. A system that simply charges for access would not greatly burden "
+"semiotic democracy if there were few limitations on what one was allowed to "
+"do with the content itself."
+msgstr ""
+"Fisher vil balk på idéen om å la systemet synker. hans mål er ikke bare for "
+"å sikre at kunstnere er betalt, men også å sikre at systemet støtter en "
+"rekke ulike \"semiotic demokrati\" mulig. men målene for semiotic demokrati "
+"ville være fornøyd hvis endringene jeg beskrevet ble oppnådd—spesielt "
+"begrensninger på derivat bruker. et system som belaster bare for tilgang "
+"ville ikke sterkt belaster semiotic demokrati Hvis det var noen "
+"begrensninger på hva en var tillatt å gjøre med selve innholdet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of "
+"<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that "
+"calculation would be outweighed by the benefit of facilitating innovation. "
+"This background system to compensate would also not need to interfere with "
+"innovative proposals such as Apple's MusicStore. As experts predicted when "
+"Apple launched the MusicStore, it could beat <quote>free</quote> by being "
+"easier than free is. This has proven correct: Apple has sold millions of "
+"songs at even the very high price of 99 cents a song. (At 99 cents, the cost "
+"is the equivalent of a per-song CD price, though the labels have none of the "
+"costs of a CD to pay.) Apple's move was countered by Real Networks, offering "
+"music at just 79 cents a song. And no doubt there will be a great deal of "
+"competition to offer and sell music on-line."
+msgstr ""
+"ingen tvil om ville det være vanskelig å beregne riktig mål for \"skade\" "
+"til en industri. men vanskeligheten av å gjøre multiplikasjonene ville være "
+"oppveies av fordel for tilrettelegging innovasjon. Dette bakgrunn-systemet "
+"for å kompensere ville ikke må også forstyrre nyskapende forslag for "
+"eksempel Apples musicstore. som eksperter spådd når apple lanserte "
+"musicstore, vil det kunne slå \"gratis\" ved å være enklere enn er gratis. "
+"Dette har vist riktig: apple har solgt flere millioner sanger på selv svært "
+"høy pris på 99 cents en sang. (på 99 cents, kostnaden tilsvarer en per sang "
+"cd pris, men etikettene har ingen av kostnadene for en cd for å betale.) "
+"Apple nå går ble motvirket av real networks, tilbyr musikk på bare 79 cents "
+"en sang. og ingen tvil om det vil være mye konkurranse å tilby og selge "
+"musikk på nettet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This competition has already occurred against the background of <quote>free</"
+"quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known "
+"for thirty years, and the sellers of bottled water for much more than that, "
+"there is nothing impossible at all about <quote>competing with free.</quote> "
+"Indeed, if anything, the competition spurs the competitors to offer new and "
+"better products. This is precisely what the competitive market was to be "
+"about. Thus in Singapore, though piracy is rampant, movie theaters are often "
+"luxurious—with <quote>first class</quote> seats, and meals served "
+"while you watch a movie—as they struggle and succeed in finding ways "
+"to compete with <quote>free.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Denne konkurransen har allerede skjedd på bakgrunn av \"gratis\" musikk fra "
+"p2p-systemer. som selgere av kabel-TV har kjent for tretti år og selgere av "
+"flaskevann for mye mer enn det, det er ingenting umulig overhodet om "
+"\"konkurrerer med gratis.\" faktisk, om noe, inspirerer konkurransen "
+"konkurrenter å tilby nye og bedre produkter. Dette er nettopp hva "
+"konkurransedyktige markedet var å være om. dermed i singapore er selv om "
+"piratkopiering er frodig, kinoer ofte luksuriøse—med \"første klasse\" "
+"seter og måltider servert mens du ser en film—er de kampen og lykkes i "
+"å finne måter å konkurrere med \"gratis\"."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
+"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
+"content. That competition would continue to shrink type A sharing. It would "
+"inspire an extraordinary range of new innovators—ones who would have a "
+"right to the content, and would no longer fear the uncertain and "
+"barbarically severe punishments of the law."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette konkurranseregimet, med en sikringsmekanisme for å sikre at kunstnere "
+"ikke taper, ville bidra mye til nyskapning innen levering av innhold. "
+"Konkurransen ville fortsette å redusere type-A-deling. Det ville inspirere "
+"en ekstraordinær rekke av nye innovatører—som ville ha retten til a "
+"bruke innhold, og ikke lenger frykte usikre og barbarisk strenge straffer "
+"fra loven."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
+msgstr "Oppsummert, så er dette mitt forslag:"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 308
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
+"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
+"interests affected by this technological change, while enabling, and "
+"encouraging, the most efficient technology we can create."
+msgstr ""
+"Internett er i endring. Vi bør ikke regulere en teknologi i endring. Vi bør "
+"i stedet regulere for å minimere skaden påført interesser som er berørt av "
+"denne teknologiske endringen, samtidig vi muliggjør, og oppmuntrer, den mest "
+"effektive teknologien vi kan lage."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
+msgstr ""
+"Vi kan minimere skaden og samtidig maksimere fordelen med innovasjon ved å"
+
+#. 1.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
+msgstr "garantere retten til å engasjere seg i type-D-deling;"
+
+#. 2.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
+"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
+msgstr ""
+"tillate ikke-kommersiell type-C-deling uten erstatningsansvar, og "
+"kommersiell type-C-deling med en lav og fast rate fastsatt ved lov."
+
+#. 3.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
+"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
+msgstr ""
+"mens denne overgangen pågår, skattlegge og kompensere for type-A-deling, i "
+"den grad faktiske skade kan påvises."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive "
+#| "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of "
+#| "consumers continue to \"take\" content for nothing? Should the law do "
+#| "something then?"
+msgid ""
+"But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a "
+"competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number "
+"of consumers continue to <quote>take</quote> content for nothing? Should the "
+"law do something then?"
+msgstr ""
+"Men hva om \"piratvirksomheten\" ikke forsvinner? Hva om det finnes et "
+"konkurranseutsatt marked som tilbyr innhold til en lav kostnad, men et "
+"signifikant antall av forbrukere fortsetter å \"ta\" innhold uten å betale? "
+"Burde loven gjøre noe da?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
+"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
+"is not whether it eliminates sharing in the abstract. The real issue is its "
+"effect on the market. Is it better (a) to have a technology that is 95 "
+"percent secure and produces a market of size <citetitle>x</citetitle>, or "
+"(b) to have a technology that is 50 percent secure but produces a market of "
+"five times <citetitle>x</citetitle>? Less secure might produce more "
+"unauthorized sharing, but it is likely to also produce a much bigger market "
+"in authorized sharing. The most important thing is to assure artists' "
+"compensation without breaking the Internet. Once that's assured, then it may "
+"well be appropriate to find ways to track down the petty pirates."
+msgstr ""
+"Ja, det bør den. Men, nok en gang, hva den bør gjøre avhenger hvordan "
+"realitetene utvikler seg. Disse endringene fjerner kanskje ikke all type-A-"
+"deling. Men det virkelige spørmålet er ikke om de eliminerer deling i "
+"abstrakt betydning. Det virkelige spørsmålet er hvilken effekt det har på "
+"markedet. Er det bedre (a) å ha en teknologi som er 95 prosent sikker og "
+"gir et marked av størrelse <citetitle>x</citetitle>, eller (b) å ha en "
+"teknologi som er 50 prosent sikker, og som gir et marked som er fem ganger "
+"større enn <citetitle>x</citetitle>? Mindre sikker kan gi mer uautorisert "
+"deling, men det vil sannsynligvis også gi et mye større marked for "
+"autorisert deling. Det viktigste er å sikre kunstneres kompensasjon uten å "
+"ødelegge internettet. Når det er på plass, kan det hende det er riktig å "
+"finne måter å spore opp de smålige piratene."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 309
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
+"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
+"ways to break the Internet. Our focus until we're there should be on how to "
+"make sure the artists are paid, while protecting the space for innovation "
+"and creativity that the Internet is."
+msgstr ""
+"Men vi er langt unna å spikke problemet ned til dette delsettet av type-A-"
+"delere. Og vårt fokus inntil er der bør ikke være å finne måter å ødelegge "
+"internettet. Var fokus inntil vi er der bør være hvordan sikre at artister "
+"får betalt, mens vi beskytter rommet for nyskapning og kreativitet som "
+"internettet er."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
+msgstr "5. Spark en masse advokater"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
+"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
+"not because there are big bucks at the end but because there are ideals at "
+"the end that I would love to live."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg er en advokat. Jeg lever av å utdanne advokater. Jeg tror på loven. Jeg "
+"tror på opphavsrettsloven. Jeg har faktisk viet livet til å jobbe med loven, "
+"ikke fordi det er mye penger å tjene, men fordi det innebærer idealer som "
+"jeg elsker å leve opp til."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
+"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
+"our profession has become too attuned to the client. And in a world where "
+"the rich clients have one strong view, the unwillingness of the profession "
+"to question or counter that one strong view queers the law."
+msgstr ""
+"Likevel har mye av denne boken vært kritikk av advokater, eller rollen "
+"advokater har spilt i denne debatten. Loven taler om idealer, mens det er "
+"min oppfatning av vår yrkesgruppe er blitt for knyttet til klienten. Og i "
+"en verden der rike klienter har sterke synspunkter vil uviljen hos vår "
+"yrkesgruppe til å stille spørsmål med eller protestere mot dette sterke "
+"synet ødelegge loven."
+
+#. f10.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer "
+#| "Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): "
+#| "1057, 1069–70."
+msgid ""
+"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville B. "
+"Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): "
+"1057, 1069–70."
+msgstr ""
+"Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer "
+"Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, "
+"1069–70."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" "
+#| "by many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are "
+#| "precisely the positions of some of the most moderate and significant "
+#| "figures in the history of this branch of the law. Many, for example, "
+#| "thought crazy the challenge that we brought to the Copyright Term "
+#| "Extension Act. Yet just thirty years ago, the dominant scholar and "
+#| "practitioner in the field of copyright, Melville Nimmer, thought it "
+#| "obvious.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgid ""
+"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a "
+"<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that "
+"I am advocating are precisely the positions of some of the most moderate and "
+"significant figures in the history of this branch of the law. Many, for "
+"example, thought crazy the challenge that we brought to the Copyright Term "
+"Extension Act. Yet just thirty years ago, the dominant scholar and "
+"practitioner in the field of copyright, Melville Nimmer, thought it obvious."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Indisiene for slik bøyning er overbevisene. Jeg er angrepet som en \"radikal"
+"\" av mange innenfor yrket, og likevel er meningene jeg argumenterer for "
+"nøyaktig de meningene til mange av de mest moderate og betydningsfulle "
+"personene i historien til denne delen av loven. Mange trodde for eksempel at "
+"vår utfordring til lovforslaget om å utvide opphavsrettens vernetid var "
+"galskap. Mens bare tredve år siden mente den dominerende foreleser og "
+"utøver i opphavsrettsfeltet, Melville Nimmer, at den var åpenbar."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
+"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
+"to actually reckon the costs of the law."
+msgstr ""
+"Min kritikk av rollen som advokater har spilt i denne debatten handler "
+"imidlertid ikke bare om en profesjonell skjevhet. Det handler enda viktigere "
+"om vår manglende evne til å faktisk ta inn over oss hva loven koster."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to "
+#| "be commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading "
+#| "him to question his own publicly stated position—twice. He "
+#| "initially predicted that downloading would substantially harm the "
+#| "industry. He then revised his view in light of the data, and he has since "
+#| "revised his view again. Compare Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking "
+#| "the Network Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace</"
+#| "citetitle> (New York: Amacom, 2002), (reviewing his original view but "
+#| "expressing skepticism) with Stan J. Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate "
+#| "the Record Industry?\" working paper, June 2003, available at <ulink url="
+#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Liebowitz's careful "
+#| "analysis is extremely valuable in estimating the effect of file-sharing "
+#| "technology. In my view, however, he underestimates the costs of the legal "
+#| "system. See, for example, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, "
+#| "174–76. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgid ""
+"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
+"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
+"question his own publicly stated position—twice. He initially "
+"predicted that downloading would substantially harm the industry. He then "
+"revised his view in light of the data, and he has since revised his view "
+"again. Compare Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network "
+"Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace</citetitle> (New "
+"York: Amacom, 2002), (reviewing his original view but expressing skepticism) "
+"with Stan J. Liebowitz, <quote>Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?</"
+"quote> working paper, June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Liebowitz's careful analysis is "
+"extremely valuable in estimating the effect of file-sharing technology. In "
+"my view, however, he underestimates the costs of the legal system. See, for "
+"example, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Et godt eksempel er arbeidet til professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz bør få "
+"ros for sin nøye gjennomgang av data om opphavsrettsbrudd, som fikk ham til "
+"å stille spørsmål med sin egen uttalte posisjon—to ganger. I starten "
+"predicated han at nedlasting ville påføre industrien vesentlig skade. Han "
+"endret så sitt syn etter i lys av dataene, og han har siden endret sitt syn "
+"på nytt. Sammenlign Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network "
+"Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace</citetitle> (New "
+"York: Amacom, 2002), (gikk igjennom hans originale syn men uttrykte skepsis) "
+"med Stan J. Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" "
+"artikkelutkast, juni 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Den nøye analysen til Liebowitz er ekstremt "
+"verdifull i sin estimering av effekten av fildelingsteknologi. Etter mitt "
+"syn underestimerer han forøvrig kostnaden til det juridiske system. Se, for "
+"eksempel, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
+"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
+"actually functions, simply assume that the transaction costs of the legal "
+"system are slight.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They see a "
+"system that has been around for hundreds of years, and they assume it works "
+"the way their elementary school civics class taught them it works."
+msgstr ""
+"Økonomer er forventet å være gode til å forstå utgifter og inntekter. Men "
+"som oftest antar økonomene uten peiling på hvordan det juridiske systemet "
+"egentlig fungerer, at transaksjonskostnaden i det juridiske systemet er lav."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> De ser et system som har "
+"eksistert i hundrevis av år, og de antar at det fungerer slik grunnskolens "
+"samfunnsfagsundervisning lærte dem at det fungerer."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 310
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
+"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
+"corrupt. I don't think our legal system (at the federal level, at least) is "
+"at all corrupt. I mean simply because the costs of our legal system are so "
+"astonishingly high that justice can practically never be done."
+msgstr ""
+"Men det juridiske systemet fungerer ikke. Eller for å være mer nøyaktig, det "
+"fungerer kun for de med mest ressurser. Det er ikke fordi systemet er "
+"korrupt. Jeg tror overhodet ikke vårt juridisk system (på føderalt nivå, i "
+"hvert fall) er korrupt. Jeg mener ganske enkelt at på grunn av at kostnadene "
+"med vårt juridiske systemet er så hårreisende høyt vil en praktisk talt "
+"aldri oppnå rettferdighet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
+"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
+"lawyer spend reading cases carefully, or researching obscure strands of "
+"authority? The answer is the increasing reality: very little. The law "
+"depended upon the careful articulation and development of doctrine, but the "
+"careful articulation and development of legal doctrine depends upon careful "
+"work. Yet that careful work costs too much, except in the most high-profile "
+"and costly cases."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse kostnadene forstyrrer fri kultur på mange vis. En advokats tid "
+"faktureres hos de største firmaene for mer enn $400 pr. time. Hvor mye tid "
+"bør en slik advokat bruke på å lese sakene nøye, eller undersøke obskure "
+"rettskilder. Svaret er i økende grad: svært lite. Jussen er avhengig av "
+"nøye formulering og utvikling av doktrine, men nøye formulering og utvikling "
+"av doktrine er avhengig av nøyaktig arbeid. Men nøyaktig arbeid koster for "
+"mye, bortsett fra i de mest høyprofilerte og kostbare sakene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
+"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
+"to change the way the law works—or better, to change the law so that "
+"it works. It is wrong that the system works well only for the top 1 percent "
+"of the clients. It could be made radically more efficient, and inexpensive, "
+"and hence radically more just."
+msgstr ""
+"Kostbarheten, klomsetheten og tilfeldigheten til dette systemet håner vår "
+"tradisjon. Og advokater, såvel som akademikere, bør se det som sin plikt å "
+"endre hvordan loven praktiseres— eller bedre, endre loven slik at den "
+"fungerer. Det er galt at systemet fungerer godt bare for den øverste 1-"
+"prosenten av klientene. Det kan gjøres radikalt mer effektivt, og billig, "
+"og dermed radikalt mer rettferdig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
+"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
+"law will too often do if too much of our culture is left to its review."
+msgstr ""
+"Men inntil en slik reform er gjennomført, bør vi som samfunn holde lover "
+"unna områder der vi vet den bare vil skade. Og det er nettopp det loven "
+"altfor ofte vil gjøre hvis for mye av vår kultur er lovregulert."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
+"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
+"the amazing things your community could facilitate with digital "
+"technology—a wiki, a barn raising, activism to change something. "
+"Think about all those creative things, and then imagine cold molasses poured "
+"onto the machines. This is what any regime that requires permission "
+"produces. Again, this is the reality of Brezhnev's Russia."
+msgstr ""
+"Tenk på de fantastiske tingene ditt barn kan gjøre eller lage med digital "
+"teknologi—filmen, musikken, web-siden, bloggen. Eller tenk på de "
+"fantastiske tingene ditt fellesskap kunne få til med digital teknologi—"
+"en wiki, oppsetting av låve, kampanje til å endre noe. Tenk på alle de "
+"kreative tingene, og tenk deretter på kald sirup helt inn i maskinene. Dette "
+"er hva et hvert regime som krever tillatelser fører til. Dette er "
+"virkeligheten slik den var i Brezhnevs Russland."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 311
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
+#| "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
+#| "test their power, or the power they promote, against this simple "
+#| "pragmatic question: \"Will it do good?\" When challenged about the "
+#| "expanding reach of the law, the lawyer answers, \"Why not?\""
+msgid ""
+"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
+"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
+"test their power, or the power they promote, against this simple pragmatic "
+"question: <quote>Will it do good?</quote> When challenged about the "
+"expanding reach of the law, the lawyer answers, <quote>Why not?</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Loven bør regulere i visse områder av kulturen—men det bør regulere "
+"kultur bare der reguleringen bidrar positivt. Likevel tester advokater "
+"sjeldent sin kraft, eller kraften som de fremmer, mot dette enkle pragmatisk "
+"spørsmålet: \"vil det bidra positivt?\". Når de blir utfordret om det "
+"utvidede rekkevidden til loven, er advokat-svaret, \"Hvorfor ikke?\""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is needed. "
+#| "Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
+#| "lawyers away."
+msgid ""
+"We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is "
+"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
+"lawyers away."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi burde spørre: \"Hvorfor?\". Vis meg hvorfor din regulering av kultur er "
+"nødvendig og vis meg hvordan reguleringen bidrar positivt. Før du kan vise "
+"meg begge, holde advokatene din unna."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
+msgid "NOTES"
+msgstr "Notater"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide Web. "
+"As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
+"unstable. I have tried to remedy the instability by redirecting readers to "
+"the original source through the Web site associated with this book. For each "
+"link below, you can go to http://free-culture.cc/notes and locate the "
+"original source by clicking on the number after the # sign. If the original "
+"link remains alive, you will be redirected to that link. If the original "
+"link has disappeared, you will be redirected to an appropriate reference for "
+"the material."
+msgstr ""
+"I denne teksten er det referanser til lenker på verdensveven. Og som alle "
+"som har forsøkt å bruke nettet vet, så vil disse lenkene være svært "
+"ustabile. Jeg har forsøkt å motvirke denne ustabiliteten ved å omdirigere "
+"lesere til den originale kilden gjennom en nettside som hører til denne "
+"boken. For hver lenke under, så kan du gå til http://free-culture.cc/notes "
+"og finne den originale kilden ved å klikke på nummeret etter #-tegnet. Hvis "
+"den originale lenken fortsatt er i live, så vil du bli omdirigert til den "
+"lenken. Hvis den originale lenken har forsvunnet, så vil du bli omdirigert "
+"til en passende referanse til materialet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
+msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
+msgstr "Takk til"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
+"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
+"helped launch a movement, the free culture movement, and it is to him that "
+"this book is dedicated."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne boken er produktet av en lang og så langt mislykket kamp som begynte "
+"da jeg leste om Eric Eldreds krig for å sørge for at bøker forble frie. "
+"Eldreds innsats bidro til å lansere en bevegelse, fri kultur-bevegelsen, og "
+"denne boken er tilegnet ham."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
+"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
+"Kathleen Sullivan. And I received correction and guidance from many amazing "
+"students at Stanford Law School and Stanford University. They included "
+"Andrew B. Coan, John Eden, James P. Fellers, Christopher Guzelian, Erica "
+"Goldberg, Robert Hallman, Andrew Harris, Matthew Kahn, Brian Link, Ohad "
+"Mayblum, Alina Ng, and Erica Platt. I am particularly grateful to Catherine "
+"Crump and Harry Surden, who helped direct their research, and to Laura "
+"Lynch, who brilliantly managed the army that they assembled, and provided "
+"her own critical eye on much of this."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg fikk veiledning på ulike steder fra venner og akademikere, inkludert "
+"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose og "
+"Kathleen Sullivan. Og jeg fikk korreksjoner og veiledning fra mange "
+"fantastiske studenter ved Stanford Law School og Stanford University. Det "
+"inkluderer Andrew B. Coan, John Eden, James P. Fellers, Christopher "
+"Guzelian, Erica Goldberg, Robert Hallman, Andrew Harris, Matthew Kahn, Brian-"
+"Link, Ohad Mayblum, Alina Ng og Erica Platt. Jeg er særlig takknemlig "
+"overfor Catherine Crump og Harry Surden, som hjalp til med å styre deres "
+"forskning og til Laura Lynch, som briljant håndterte hæren de samlet, samt "
+"bidro med sitt egen kritisk blikk på mye av dette."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 337
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
+"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
+"prepare this book: Joi Ito, Takayuki Matsutani, Naoto Misaki, Michihiro "
+"Sasaki, Hiromichi Tanaka, Hiroo Yamagata, and Yoshihiro Yonezawa. I am "
+"thankful as well as to Professor Nobuhiro Nakayama, and the Tokyo University "
+"Business Law Center, for giving me the chance to spend time in Japan, and to "
+"Tadashi Shiraishi and Kiyokazu Yamagami for their generous help while I was "
+"there."
+msgstr ""
+"Yuko Noguchi hjalp meg å forstå lovene i Japan, så vel som Japans kultur. "
+"Jeg er henne takknemlig, og til de mange i Japan som hjalp meg med "
+"forundersøkelsene til denne boken: Joi Ito, Takayuki Matsutani, Naoto "
+"Misaki, Michihiro Sasaki, Hiromichi Tanaka, Hiroo Yamagata og Yoshihiro "
+"Yonezawa. Jeg er også takknemlig til professor Nobuhiro Nakayama og Tokyo "
+"University Business Law Center, som ga meg muligheten til å bruke tid i "
+"Japan, og Tadashi Shiraishi og Kiyokazu Yamagami for deres generøse hjelp "
+"mens jeg var der."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
+#| "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to "
+#| "receive advice and correction from many whom I have never even met. Among "
+#| "those who have responded with extremely helpful advice to requests on my "
+#| "blog about the book are Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli, David Gerstein, and "
+#| "Peter DiMauro, as well as a long list of those who had specific ideas "
+#| "about ways to develop my argument. They included Richard Bondi, Steven "
+#| "Cherry, David Coe, Nik Cubrilovic, Bob Devine, Charles Eicher, Thomas "
+#| "Guida, Elihu M. Gerson, Jeremy Hunsinger, Vaughn Iverson, John Karabaic, "
+#| "Jeff Keltner, James Lindenschmidt, K. L. Mann, Mark Manning, Nora "
+#| "McCauley, Jeffrey McHugh, Evan McMullen, Fred Norton, John Pormann, Pedro "
+#| "A. D. Rezende, Shabbir Safdar, Saul Schleimer, Clay Shirky, Adam "
+#| "Shostack, Kragen Sitaker, Chris Smith, Bruce Steinberg, Andrzej Jan "
+#| "Taramina, Sean Walsh, Matt Wasserman, Miljenko Williams, \"Wink,\" Roger "
+#| "Wood, \"Ximmbo da Jazz,\" and Richard Yanco. (I apologize if I have "
+#| "missed anyone; with computers come glitches, and a crash of my e-mail "
+#| "system meant I lost a bunch of great replies.)"
+msgid ""
+"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw upon. "
+"But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive advice "
+"and correction from many whom I have never even met. Among those who have "
+"responded with extremely helpful advice to requests on my blog about the "
+"book are Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli, David Gerstein, and Peter DiMauro, as well "
+"as a long list of those who had specific ideas about ways to develop my "
+"argument. They included Richard Bondi, Steven Cherry, David Coe, Nik "
+"Cubrilovic, Bob Devine, Charles Eicher, Thomas Guida, Elihu M. Gerson, "
+"Jeremy Hunsinger, Vaughn Iverson, John Karabaic, Jeff Keltner, James "
+"Lindenschmidt, K. L. Mann, Mark Manning, Nora McCauley, Jeffrey McHugh, Evan "
+"McMullen, Fred Norton, John Pormann, Pedro A. D. Rezende, Shabbir Safdar, "
+"Saul Schleimer, Clay Shirky, Adam Shostack, Kragen Sitaker, Chris Smith, "
+"Bruce Steinberg, Andrzej Jan Taramina, Sean Walsh, Matt Wasserman, Miljenko "
+"Williams, <quote>Wink,</quote> Roger Wood, <quote>Ximmbo da Jazz,</quote> "
+"and Richard Yanco. (I apologize if I have missed anyone; with computers come "
+"glitches, and a crash of my e-mail system meant I lost a bunch of great "
+"replies.)"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er de tradisjonelle former for hjelp som akademikere regelmessig "
+"trekker på. Men i tillegg til dem, har Internett gjort det mulig å motta råd "
+"og korrigering fra mange som jeg har aldri møtt. Blant de som har svart med "
+"svært nyttig råd etter forespørsler om boken på bloggen min er Dr. Muhammed "
+"Al-Ubaydli, David Gerstein og Peter Dimauro, I tillegg en lang liste med de "
+"som hadde spesifikke idéer om måter å utvikle mine argumenter på. De "
+"inkluderte Richard Bondi, Steven Cherry, David Coe, Nik Cubrilovic, Bob "
+"Devine, Charles Eicher, Thomas Guida, Elihu M. Gerson, Jeremy Hunsinger, "
+"Vaughn Iverson, John Karabaic, Jeff Keltner, James Lindenschmidt, K. L. "
+"Mann, Mark Manning, Nora McCauley, Jeffrey McHugh, Evan McMullen, Fred "
+"Norton, John Pormann, Pedro A. D. Rezende, Shabbir Safdar, Saul Schleimer, "
+"Clay Shirky, Adam Shostack, Kragen Sitaker, Chris Smith, Bruce Steinberg, "
+"Andrzej Jan Taramina, Sean Walsh, Matt Wasserman, Miljenko Williams, \"Wink,"
+"\" Roger Wood, \"Ximmbo da Jazz,\" og Richard Yanco. (jeg beklager hvis jeg "
+"gikk glipp av noen, med datamaskiner kommer feil og en krasj i e-"
+"postsystemet mitt gjorde at jeg mistet en haug med flotte svar.)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
+"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
+"see more clearly the significance of the regulation of derivitive works. And "
+"Richard corrected an embarrassingly large number of errors. While my work is "
+"in part inspired by Stallman's, he does not agree with me in important "
+"places throughout this book."
+msgstr ""
+"Richard Stallman og Michael Carroll har begge lest hele boken i utkast, og "
+"hver av dem har bidratt med svært nyttige korreksjoner og råd. Michael hjalp "
+"meg å se mer tydelig betydningen av regulering for avledede verker . Og "
+"Richard korrigerte en pinlig stor mengde feil. Selv om mitt arbeid er "
+"delvis inspirert av Stallmans, er han ikke enig med meg på vesentlige steder "
+"i denne boken."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
+"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
+"always been right. This slow learner is, as ever, grateful for her perpetual "
+"patience and love."
+msgstr ""
+"Til slutt, og for evig, er jeg Bettina takknemlig, som alltid har insistert "
+"på at det ville være endeløs lykke utenfor disse kampene, og som alltid har "
+"hatt rett. Denne trege eleven er som alltid takknemlig for hennes "
+"evigvarende tålmodighet og kjærlighet."
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff