msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-27 20:12+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-28 11:21+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
"that both sides of our political culture deem fundamental."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:12674
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:12680
msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:369 freeculture.xml:379 freeculture.xml:12687
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:369 freeculture.xml:379 freeculture.xml:12693
msgid "Safire, William"
msgstr ""
"how much these rights are worth?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:477 freeculture.xml:508 freeculture.xml:527 freeculture.xml:927 freeculture.xml:944 freeculture.xml:990 freeculture.xml:8724 freeculture.xml:12077 freeculture.xml:12778
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:477 freeculture.xml:508 freeculture.xml:527 freeculture.xml:927 freeculture.xml:944 freeculture.xml:990 freeculture.xml:8727 freeculture.xml:12082 freeculture.xml:12784
msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:478 freeculture.xml:509 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:928 freeculture.xml:945 freeculture.xml:991 freeculture.xml:8725 freeculture.xml:12078 freeculture.xml:12779
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:478 freeculture.xml:509 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:928 freeculture.xml:945 freeculture.xml:991 freeculture.xml:8728 freeculture.xml:12083 freeculture.xml:12785
msgid "Causby, Tinie"
msgstr ""
"alone by the law."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:785 freeculture.xml:1798 freeculture.xml:1809
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:785 freeculture.xml:1799 freeculture.xml:1810
msgid "Brandeis, Louis D."
msgstr ""
"values that have been integral to our tradition from the start."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:891 freeculture.xml:14031
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:891 freeculture.xml:14040
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr ""
"us remain oblivious."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
#: freeculture.xml:1037
msgid "\"PIRACY\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1041 freeculture.xml:4644
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1041 freeculture.xml:4647
msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1044
msgid ""
"Since the inception of the law regulating creative property, there has been "
msgstr ""
#. f1
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1056
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 "
"Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><blockquote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><blockquote><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1052
msgid ""
"A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 31
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1062
msgid ""
"Today we are in the middle of another \"war\" against \"piracy.\" The "
"in a way unimagined a generation ago."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1071
msgid ""
"This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The "
"owners fear the sharing will \"rob the author of the profit.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1079
msgid ""
"The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and "
"body piercing—our kids are becoming <emphasis>thieves</emphasis>!"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1087
msgid ""
"There's no doubt that \"piracy\" is wrong, and that pirates should be "
"its core is an extraordinary idea that is almost certainly wrong."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1093
msgid "The idea goes something like this:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><blockquote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><blockquote><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1097
msgid ""
"Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative "
"wrong. It is a form of piracy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
#: freeculture.xml:1105
msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle"
msgstr ""
#. f2
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1111
msgid ""
"See Rochelle Dreyfuss, \"Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in "
"(1990): 397."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1124 freeculture.xml:6740
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1124 freeculture.xml:6743
msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1119
msgid ""
"Lisa Bannon, \"The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,\" "
"2002. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1107
msgid ""
"This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor "
"the Girl Scouts."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
#: freeculture.xml:1129
msgid "ASCAP"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 32
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1131
msgid ""
"This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property "
"has never taken hold within our law."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1139
msgid ""
"Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets "
"of the value."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1146
msgid ""
"The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes "
"copyright law today regulates both."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1153
msgid ""
"Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all "
"copyright law has become. It was just one more expense of doing business."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
#: freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:1188
msgid "Florida, Richard"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1181
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic "
"much more tenuous. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1162
msgid ""
"But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the "
"regulation of this creative class."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
#: freeculture.xml:1194
msgid ""
"These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by "
"context the current battles about behavior labeled \"piracy.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1201
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:1202
msgid "CHAPTER ONE: Creators"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1203
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1204
msgid ""
"In 1928, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut "
"in May of that year, in a silent flop called <citetitle>Plane "
"would become Mickey Mouse."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1210
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1211
msgid ""
"Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie "
"<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 35
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1219
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1220
msgid ""
"A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth "
"organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and "
"going to see the picture."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1226
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1227
msgid ""
"The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false "
"starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the "
msgstr ""
#. f1
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1239
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1240
msgid ""
"Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated "
"Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1233
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1234
msgid ""
"The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They "
"responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought "
"new!<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1248
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1249
msgid "Iwerks, Ub"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1245
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1246
msgid ""
"Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub "
"Iwerks, put it more strongly: \"I have never been so thrilled in my "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1251
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1252
msgid ""
"Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively "
"new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had "
"work of others."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1260
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1261
msgid ""
"This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks "
"another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) "
"Buster Keaton. The film was <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1266
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1267
msgid ""
"Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, "
"he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable "
msgstr ""
#. f2
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1280
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1281
msgid ""
"I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave "
"Harry Surden, 10 July 2003, on file with author."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1274
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1275
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon "
"Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat "
msgstr ""
#. f3
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1301
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1302
msgid ""
"He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, \"The Mouse that "
"Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1297
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1298
msgid ""
"This \"borrowing\" was nothing unique, either for Disney or for the "
"industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream films of "
"something new out of something just barely old."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1316
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1317
msgid ""
"Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think "
"about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 37
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1325
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1326
msgid ""
"Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a "
"new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without "
"the soul of his culture. Rip, mix, and burn."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1347
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1348
msgid ""
"This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and "
"celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except "
msgstr ""
#. f4
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1361
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1362
msgid ""
"Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an "
"initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the \"average\" term by "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1355
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1356
msgid ""
"In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively "
"fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite "
"copyright owner."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1378
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1379
msgid ""
"At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No "
"permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 38
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1387
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1388
msgid ""
"This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of "
"our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, "
"is presumptive only for content from before the Great Depression."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1400
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1401
msgid ""
"Of course, Walt Disney had no monopoly on \"Walt Disney creativity.\" Nor "
"does America. The norm of free culture has, until recently, and except "
"within totalitarian nations, been broadly exploited and quite universal."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1406
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1407
msgid ""
"Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many "
"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: "
"on Japan's extraordinary system of public transportation."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1415
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1416
msgid ""
"Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an "
"unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much "
"ways, the Japanese in this interestingly different way."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1426
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1427
msgid ""
"But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant "
"on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 39
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1431
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1432
msgid ""
"This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are "
"also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the "
"copycat comic that is merely a copy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1446
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1447
msgid ""
"These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are "
"huge. More than 33,000 \"circles\" of creators from across Japan produce "
"competition and despite the law."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1457
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1458
msgid ""
"The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the "
"law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese "
"or a derivative work without the original copyright owner's permission."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1471
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1472
msgid "Winick, Judd"
msgstr ""
#. f5
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1484
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1485
msgid ""
"For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing "
"Comics</citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1474
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1475
msgid ""
"Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the "
"view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga "
"them.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1489
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1490
msgid ""
"American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of "
"the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are "
msgstr ""
#. f6
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1506
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1507
msgid ""
"See Salil K. Mehra, \"Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why "
"All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?\" <citetitle>Rutgers Law "
"essentially a prisoner's dilemma solved.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1498
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1499
msgid ""
"The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely "
"the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the "
"does not ban doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1517
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1518
msgid ""
"The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that "
"the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may "
"taking\" by the doujinshi culture?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1528
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1529
msgid ""
"I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often "
"as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 41
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1535
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1536
msgid ""
"This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a "
"function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words "
"for a moment."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1548
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1549
msgid ""
"If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first "
"start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled "
"about something you hadn't thought through before."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1565 freeculture.xml:2748 freeculture.xml:4351 freeculture.xml:4577 freeculture.xml:7127 freeculture.xml:8184
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1566 freeculture.xml:2749 freeculture.xml:4354 freeculture.xml:4580 freeculture.xml:7130 freeculture.xml:8187
msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1558
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1559
msgid ""
"The term <citetitle>intellectual property</citetitle> is of relatively "
"recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1553
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1554
msgid ""
"We live in a world that celebrates \"property.\" I am one of those "
"celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also "
"modern society cannot flourish without intellectual property."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1572
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1573
msgid ""
"But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of "
"value out there that \"property\" doesn't capture. I don't mean \"money "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 42
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1587
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1588
msgid ""
"Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the "
"things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, "
"for the taking within a free culture, and that freedom is good."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1596
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1597
msgid ""
"The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a "
"publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest "
"whether large or small."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1604
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1605
msgid ""
"Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that "
"the copycat comic artists are \"stealing.\" This form of Walt Disney "
"hard to say why."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1610
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1611
msgid ""
"It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin "
"to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 43
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1624
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1625
msgid ""
"Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the "
"creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is "
"unfree, perhaps, but all societies to some degree."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1635
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1636
msgid ""
"The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is "
"free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is "
"affiliated with a studio or not?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1647
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1648
msgid ""
"Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build "
"upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free "
"culture. It is becoming much less so."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1655
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:1656
msgid "CHAPTER TWO: \"Mere Copyists\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1656
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1657
msgid "Daguerre, Louis"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1658
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1659
msgid ""
"In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for "
"producing what we would call \"photographs.\" Appropriately enough, they "
"competition down so as to keep prices up.)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1667
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1668
msgid ""
"Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This "
"pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make \"automatic "
"not a process within reach of most amateurs."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1678
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1679
msgid "Eastman, George"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 45
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1681
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1682
msgid ""
"The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen "
"until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an "
msgstr ""
#. f1
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1698
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1699
msgid ""
"Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: "
"Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1693
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1694
msgid ""
"Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of "
"it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis "
"Primer</citetitle>:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1716 freeculture.xml:1739
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1717 freeculture.xml:1740
msgid "Coe, Brian"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1714
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1715
msgid ""
"Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth of Photography</citetitle> (New York: "
"Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1703
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1704
msgid ""
"The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any "
"person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an "
msgstr ""
#. f3
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1732
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1733
msgid "Jenkins, 177."
msgstr ""
#. f4
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1736
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1737
msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1721
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1722
msgid ""
"For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, "
"and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, "
msgstr ""
#. f5
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1754
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1755
msgid "Coe, 58."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1743
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1744
msgid ""
"The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It "
"was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1758
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1759
msgid ""
"In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The "
"pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it "
msgstr ""
#. f6
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1780
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1781
msgid ""
"For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); "
"v. <citetitle>Walker</citetitle>, 64 F. 280 (Mass. Dist. Ct. 1894)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1771
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1772
msgid ""
"What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's "
"genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 47
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1788
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1789
msgid ""
"The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly "
"familiar. The photographer was \"taking\" something from the person or "
"these photographers not be free to take images that they thought valuable."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1810
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1811
msgid "Warren, Samuel D."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1807
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1808
msgid ""
"Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" "
"<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1800
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1801
msgid ""
"On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, "
"there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the "
msgstr ""
#. f8
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1827
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1828
msgid ""
"See Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" <citetitle>Law and "
"Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, "
"cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1817
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1818
msgid ""
"Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early "
"decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1835
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1836
msgid ""
"We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law "
"gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 48
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1852
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1853
msgid ""
"But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard "
"to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement "
msgstr ""
#. f9
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1884
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1885
msgid ""
"H. Edward Goldberg, \"Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software "
"You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,\" cadalyst, February "
"#7</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1878
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1879
msgid ""
"These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly "
"so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen "
"something teachers call \"media literacy.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1901
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1902
msgid "Yanofsky, Dave"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1896
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1897
msgid ""
"\"Media literacy,\" as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of Just Think!, "
"puts it, \"is the ability . . . to understand, analyze, and deconstruct "
"it.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1904
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1905
msgid ""
"This may seem like an odd way to think about \"literacy.\" For most people, "
"literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway and noticing "
msgstr ""
#. f10
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1914
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1915
msgid ""
"Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> "
"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); \"Findings on Family "
"and TV Study,\" <citetitle>Denver Post</citetitle>, 25 May 1997, B6."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1910
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1911
msgid ""
"Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television "
"commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials "
"write media by constructing lots of (at least at first) terrible media."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1925
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1926
msgid ""
"A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as "
"crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written "
"builds suspense."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1935
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1936
msgid ""
"It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But "
"even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the "
"and then reflecting upon what one has created."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1942
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1943
msgid "Crichton, Michael"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1956 freeculture.xml:2016 freeculture.xml:2023 freeculture.xml:2458
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1957 freeculture.xml:2017 freeculture.xml:2024 freeculture.xml:2459
msgid "Barish, Stephanie"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1957
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1958
msgid "Daley, Elizabeth"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1954
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1955
msgid ""
"Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. f12
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1968
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1969
msgid ""
"See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 November "
"2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1944
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1945
msgid ""
"This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as "
"Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern "
"successful author.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1975
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1976
msgid "computer games"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1977
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1978
msgid ""
"This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, "
"\"people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t is "
"led through a film, the film has failed."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1984
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1985
msgid ""
"Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to "
"include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film "
"Instead, as Daley explained,"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1991
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:1992
msgid ""
"From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not "
"access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that "
"language, and all the rest of us are reduced to being read-only."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1999
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2000
msgid ""
"\"Read-only.\" Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. Couch "
"potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth century."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2015
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2016
msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. f31
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2020 freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:4763 freeculture.xml:7911
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2021 freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:4766 freeculture.xml:7914
msgid "Ibid."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2004
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2005
msgid ""
"The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It "
"could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding "
"id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2025
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2026
msgid ""
"As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to "
"others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in "
"something the students know something about—gun violence."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2037
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2038
msgid ""
"The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new "
"problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the "
"about—learning how to express themselves."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2045
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2046
msgid ""
"Using whatever \"free web stuff they could find,\" and relatively simple "
"tools to enable the kids to mix \"image, sound, and text,\" Barish said this "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 52
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2064
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2065
msgid ""
"\"But isn't education about teaching kids to write?\" I asked. In part, of "
"course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, Daley "
"in the most moving part of our interview,"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2075
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2076
msgid ""
"What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all "
"you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You "
"topic. . . ."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2094
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2095
msgid ""
"That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, "
"as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, \"I "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 53
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2101
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2102
msgid ""
"Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say "
"something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually "
"to understand that they had a lot of power with this language.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2110
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2111
msgid ""
"When two planes crashed into the World Trade Center, another into the "
"Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania field, all media around the world "
"assure that the whole world would be watching."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2121
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2122
msgid ""
"These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored "
"for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the "
"tragedy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2128 freeculture.xml:7849
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2129 freeculture.xml:7852
msgid "ABC"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2129
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2130
msgid "CBS"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2131
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2132
msgid ""
"But in addition to this produced news about the \"tragedy of September 11,\" "
"those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different production as "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 54
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2145
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2146
msgid ""
"I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the "
"people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead "
"text."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2155
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2156
msgid ""
"But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows "
"these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, "
"practically instantaneously."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2164
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2165
msgid ""
"September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same "
"time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning "
"Springer</citetitle>, available anywhere in the world."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2173
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2174
msgid ""
"But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. "
"There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 55
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2187
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2188
msgid ""
"That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it "
"does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for "
msgstr ""
#. f15
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2213
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2214
msgid ""
"See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in "
"America</citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, "
"2000), ch. 16."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2198
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2199
msgid ""
"But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by "
"the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our "
msgstr ""
#. f16
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2222
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2223
msgid ""
"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" <citetitle>Journal "
"of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2218
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2219
msgid ""
"Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, "
"there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are "
msgstr ""
#. f17
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2237
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2238
msgid ""
"Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton "
"University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2230
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2231
msgid ""
"More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, "
"the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 56
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2243
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2244
msgid ""
"Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this "
"problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want "
"needing to gather in a single public place."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2254
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2255
msgid ""
"But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of "
"norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. "
"political cover political issues when the occasion merits."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2266
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2267
msgid "Dean, Howard"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2262
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2263
msgid ""
"The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name "
"Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for "
msgstr ""
#. f18
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2280
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2281
msgid ""
"Noah Shachtman, \"With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,\" New "
"York Times, 16 January 2003, G5."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2283
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2284
msgid "Lott, Trent"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2269
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2270
msgid ""
"One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the "
"mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2286
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2287
msgid ""
"This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't "
"exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are "
"readers, they lose revenue. Like sharks, they must move on."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2293
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2294
msgid ""
"But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can "
"focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly "
"very democratic process of peer-generated rankings."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2302
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2303
msgid "Winer, Dave"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 57
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2305
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2306
msgid ""
"There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from "
"the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and "
"the way.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2368
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2316 freeculture.xml:2369
msgid "CNN"
msgstr ""
#. f19
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2323
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2324
msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2317
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2318
msgid ""
"These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated "
"(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public "
msgstr ""
#. f20
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2341
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2342
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information "
"Online,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2333
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2334
msgid ""
"Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate—\"amateur\" not in "
"the sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning "
"benefits, and costs, that might entail."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2360
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2361
msgid ""
"See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" "
"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29 September 2003, C4. (\"Not all "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 58
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2353
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2354
msgid ""
"Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with "
"blogs. \"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for "
"down.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2380
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2381
msgid ""
"This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because \"you don't "
"have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.\" That is "
"something extraordinary to report."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2396
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2397
msgid "Brown, John Seely"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2399
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2400
msgid ""
"John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, "
"as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and . . . the creation of "
"knowledge ecologies for creating . . . innovation.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2404
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2405
msgid ""
"Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit "
"differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 59
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2411
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2412
msgid ""
"As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When \"a lot of us grew up,\" he "
"explains, that tinkering was done \"on motorcycle engines, lawnmower "
"it. Many get to add to or transform the tinkering of many others."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2424
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2425
msgid ""
"The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free "
"software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source "
"technology works can tinker with the code."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2431
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2432
msgid ""
"This opportunity creates a \"completely new kind of learning platform,\" as "
"Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you . . . unleash a "
"apprenticeship platform.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2439
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2440
msgid ""
"In this process, \"the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. They "
"are code.\" Kids are \"shifting to the ability to tinker in the abstract, "
"improve.\" The more you improve, the more you learn."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2448
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2449
msgid ""
"This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same "
"collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 60
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2460
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2461
msgid ""
"Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just "
"Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as "
"recognition."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2468
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2469
msgid ""
"Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as "
"we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly "
msgstr ""
#. f22
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2483
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2484
msgid ""
"See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, \"Technological Access "
"Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,\" "
"Machinery</citetitle> 43 (2000): 9."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2477
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2478
msgid ""
"These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. "
"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter 10) has "
"because of the law."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2491
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2492
msgid ""
"\"This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,\" Brown "
"explains. We need to \"understand how kids who grow up digital think and "
"want to learn.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2496
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2497
msgid ""
"\"Yet,\" as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will evince, "
"\"we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the natural "
"that part of the brain.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2504
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2505
msgid ""
"We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving "
"images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to "
"that technology."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2510
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2511
msgid ""
"\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter "
"9, quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2516
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:2517
msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2518
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2519
msgid ""
"In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a "
"freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in Troy, New York. His major "
"available on the RPI network."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2525
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2526
msgid ""
"RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It "
"offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to "
"and then build, a generation for the network age."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2533
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2534
msgid ""
"RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one "
"another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 62
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2540
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2541
msgid ""
"Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the "
"Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of "
"outside the business can't get. Universities do it as well."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2552
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2553
msgid ""
"These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for "
"example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search "
"system to build an index of all the files available within the RPI network."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2561
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2562
msgid ""
"Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, "
"his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His "
"file was still on-line."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2573
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2574
msgid ""
"Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, "
"he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 63
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2580
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2581
msgid ""
"Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students "
"could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies "
"made available in a public folder of their computer."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2589
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2590
msgid ""
"But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files "
"that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of "
"supposed to do."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2604
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2605
msgid ""
"On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The "
"dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the "
"watched the news reports about them, he was increasingly astonished."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2613
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2614
msgid ""
"\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. . . . "
"I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran or "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 64
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2626
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2627
msgid ""
"But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and "
"had therefore \"willfully\" violated copyright laws. They demanded that he "
msgstr ""
#. f1
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2649
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2650
msgid ""
"Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit "
"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" <citetitle>Professional Media Group "
"LCC</citetitle> 6 (2003): 5, available at 2003 WL 55179443."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2637
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2638
msgid ""
"Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other "
"student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2655
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2656
msgid ""
"Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An "
"uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to "
"other employment. They demanded $12,000 to dismiss the case."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2662
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2663
msgid ""
"The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They "
"wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 65
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2673
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2674
msgid ""
"Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But "
"Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American "
"bankrupt."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2683
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2684
msgid ""
"So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or "
"$12,000 and a settlement."
msgstr ""
#. f2
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2695
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2696
msgid ""
"Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) "
"(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for "
msgstr ""
#. f3
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2703
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2704
msgid ""
"Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" "
"<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, A24."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2687
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2688
msgid ""
"The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's "
"put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the "
"for running a search engine?<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2708
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2709
msgid ""
"On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The "
"case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had "
"tinkered a computer into a $15 million lawsuit became an activist:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2715
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2716
msgid ""
"I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an "
"activist. . . . [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever "
"RIAA has done."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2722
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2723
msgid ""
"Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his "
"father told me, Jesse \"considers himself very conservative, and so do "
"message. And he wants to correct the record.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2731
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:2732
msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: \"Pirates\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2733
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2734
msgid ""
"If \"piracy\" means using the creative property of others without their "
"permission—if \"if value, then right\" is true—then the history "
"generation's pirates join this generation's country club—until now."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2741
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:2742
msgid "Film"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2745
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2746
msgid ""
"I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary "
"history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 67
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2743
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2744
msgid ""
"The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East "
"demanded."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2761
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2762
msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story,"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2765
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2766
msgid ""
"A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the "
"license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as "
msgstr ""
#. f2
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2785
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2786
msgid ""
"J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent "
"Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and "
"M. Olin Program in Law and Economics, Working Paper No. 159."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2796
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2797
msgid "General Film Company"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2797 freeculture.xml:3042 freeculture.xml:4129 freeculture.xml:9448
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2798 freeculture.xml:3043 freeculture.xml:4130 freeculture.xml:9451
msgid "Picker, Randal C."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2774
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2775
msgid ""
"With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of "
"nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by "
msgstr ""
#. f3
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2807
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2808
msgid ""
"Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" <citetitle>The Silents "
"Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #12</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2801
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2802
msgid ""
"The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like "
"Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted. "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 68
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2817
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2818
msgid ""
"Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal "
"law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a "
"had been born, in part from the piracy of Edison's creative property."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2828
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:2829
msgid "Recorded Music"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2830
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2831
msgid ""
"The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how "
"requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2834
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2835
msgid ""
"At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for "
"reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the "
"score, and I would also have to pay for the right to perform it publicly."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2843 freeculture.xml:2987
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2844 freeculture.xml:2988
msgid "Beatles"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2845
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2846
msgid ""
"But what if I wanted to record \"Happy Mose,\" using Edison's phonograph or "
"Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear enough that I "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 69
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2863
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2864
msgid ""
"The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to "
"pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it,"
msgstr ""
#. f4
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2877
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2878
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 "
"and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st "
"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2870
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2871
msgid ""
"Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A "
"publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights "
msgstr ""
#. f5
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2891
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2892
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of "
"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
msgstr ""
#. f6
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2897
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2898
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of "
"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
msgstr ""
#. f7
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2904
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2905
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of "
"John Philip Sousa, composer)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2887
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2888
msgid ""
"The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works "
"were \"sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of American "
msgstr ""
#. f8
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2917
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2918
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 "
"(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating "
msgstr ""
#. f9
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2928
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2929
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared "
"memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American "
"Graphophone Company Association)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2909
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2910
msgid ""
"These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the "
"arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 70
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2934
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2935
msgid ""
"The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer "
"<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to "
"they pay the original composer a fee set by the law."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2949
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2950
msgid ""
"American law ordinarily calls this a \"compulsory license,\" but I will "
"refer to it as a \"statutory license.\" A statutory license is a license "
"statute."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2964 freeculture.xml:13703
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2965 freeculture.xml:13712
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2957
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2958
msgid ""
"This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a "
"novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the "
msgstr ""
#. f10
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2981
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2982
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and "
"H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., "
"Reprints, 1976)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2967
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2968
msgid ""
"But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in "
"effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2990
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2991
msgid ""
"While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, "
"historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for "
msgstr ""
#. f11
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3012
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3013
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on "
"the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March "
"1967). I am grateful to Glenn Brown for drawing my attention to this report."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2997
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:2998
msgid ""
"the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system "
"must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a "
"choice.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3019
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3020
msgid ""
"By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative "
"work, the record producers, and the public, benefit."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3024 freeculture.xml:4094
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:3025 freeculture.xml:4095
msgid "Radio"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3026
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3027
msgid "Radio was also born of piracy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3041
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3042
msgid "Hand, Learned"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3032
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3033
msgid ""
"See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At "
"the beginning, record companies printed \"Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast\" "
"id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3029
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3030
msgid ""
"When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a \"public "
"performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"station thus owes the composer money for that performance."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3059 freeculture.xml:8547 freeculture.xml:9003 freeculture.xml:11893
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3060 freeculture.xml:8550 freeculture.xml:9006 freeculture.xml:11898
msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 72
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3049
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3050
msgid ""
"But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy "
"of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3064
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3065
msgid ""
"But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio "
"station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need "
"must pay the composer something for the privilege of playing the song."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3072 freeculture.xml:3557 freeculture.xml:5931
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3073 freeculture.xml:3558 freeculture.xml:5934
msgid "Madonna"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3075
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3076
msgid ""
"This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine "
"it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public "
"she has to get your permission."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3081
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3082
msgid ""
"Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then "
"decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under "
"without paying her anything."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3092
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3093
msgid ""
"No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists "
"benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the "
"nothing."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3101 freeculture.xml:4100
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:3102 freeculture.xml:4101
msgid "Cable TV"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3104
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3105
msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 73
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3107
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3108
msgid ""
"When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable "
"television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that "
"the content it enabled others to give away."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3117
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3118
msgid "Anello, Douglas"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3118
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3119
msgid "Burdick, Quentin"
msgstr ""
#. f13
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3124
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3125
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the "
"Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee "
msgstr ""
#. f14
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3135
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3136
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, "
"general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3120
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3121
msgid ""
"Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel "
"Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of \"unfair and "
msgstr ""
#. f15
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3146
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3147
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, "
"general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3142
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3143
msgid ""
"The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only "
"business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid "
"for.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3152
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3153
msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:"
msgstr ""
#. f16
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3161
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3162
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, "
"president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United "
"Artists Television, Inc.)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3156
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3157
msgid ""
"All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our "
"property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't "
msgstr ""
#. f17
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3172
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3173
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, "
"president of the Screen Actors Guild)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3168
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3169
msgid ""
"These were \"free-ride[rs],\" Screen Actor's Guild president Charlton Heston "
"said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3177
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3178
msgid ""
"But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney "
"General Edwin Zimmerman put it,"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3193 freeculture.xml:3195
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3194 freeculture.xml:3196
msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3191
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3192
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, "
"acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3182
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3183
msgid ""
"Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright "
"protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3199
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3200
msgid ""
"Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court "
"held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3203
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3204
msgid ""
"It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of "
"whether cable companies had to pay for the content they \"pirated.\" In the "
msgstr ""
#. f19
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3220
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3221
msgid ""
"See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The "
"Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free "
"compensation—has grown with the Internet.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3215
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3216
msgid ""
"These separate stories sing a common theme. If \"piracy\" means using value "
"from someone else's creative property without permission from that "
"the last. Every generation—until now."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3237
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:3238
msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: \"Piracy\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3239
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3240
msgid ""
"There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in "
"many forms. The most significant is commercial piracy, the unauthorized "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 76
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3247
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3248
msgid ""
"But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of \"taking\" that is "
"more directly related to the Internet. That taking, too, seems wrong to "
"the past."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3257
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:3258
msgid "Piracy I"
msgstr ""
#. f1
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3265
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3266
msgid ""
"See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), "
"<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, "
"<citetitle>Financial Times</citetitle>, 14 February 2003, 11."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3259
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3260
msgid ""
"All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are "
"businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, "
"loses $3 billion annually worldwide to piracy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3275
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3276
msgid ""
"This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor "
"in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this "
"book, should draw into doubt this simple point: This piracy is wrong."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3281
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3282
msgid ""
"Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for "
"it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred "
"treated as right."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3290
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3291
msgid ""
"That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the "
"taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 77
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3301
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3302
msgid ""
"True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these "
"countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to "
"but we will not allow any other nation to have a similar childhood."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3328 freeculture.xml:12172 freeculture.xml:12598 freeculture.xml:12605
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3329 freeculture.xml:12178 freeculture.xml:12604 freeculture.xml:12611
msgid "Drahos, Peter"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3314
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3315
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: "
"<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New "
"framework. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3309
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3310
msgid ""
"If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its "
"laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these "
"these nations, this piracy is wrong."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:3604 freeculture.xml:14230
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:3605 freeculture.xml:14239
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3341
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3342
msgid ""
"For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan "
"Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3335
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3336
msgid ""
"Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any "
"case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to "
"otherwise would have had.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3352
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3353
msgid ""
"This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands "
"of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 78
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3365
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3366
msgid ""
"This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property "
"right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property "
"owner. That is exactly what \"property\" means."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3394
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3395
msgid "Windows"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3383
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3384
msgid ""
"Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the "
"piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese \"steal\" "
"lose. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3397
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3398
msgid ""
"This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good "
"one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, "
"lawyers (and must pay high subscription fees)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3405
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3406
msgid ""
"Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic "
"a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 79
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3419
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3420
msgid ""
"Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I "
"certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at "
"draw that law into doubt. This form of piracy is flat out wrong."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3429
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3430
msgid ""
"But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part "
"suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all \"piracy\" is. Or at "
"that sense of the term."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3438
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3439
msgid ""
"This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy "
"concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to "
"to the gallows with the charge of piracy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3444
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3445
msgid ""
"For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly "
"controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it "
"one is selling the content that is shared on p2p services."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3450
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3451
msgid ""
"These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push "
"us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3456
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:3457
msgid "Piracy II"
msgstr ""
#. f4
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3461
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3462
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 "
"Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 80
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3458
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3459
msgid ""
"The key to the \"piracy\" that the law aims to quash is a use that \"rob[s] "
"the author of [his] profit.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This "
"alternative to assure the author of his profit."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3483 freeculture.xml:7980
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3484 freeculture.xml:7983
msgid "Christensen, Clayton M."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3475
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3476
msgid ""
"See Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The "
"Revolutionary National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do "
"89–92, 139. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3486
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3487
msgid "Fanning, Shawn"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3470
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3471
msgid ""
"Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the "
"Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like "
msgstr ""
#. f6
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3494
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3495
msgid ""
"See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" "
"<citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 September 2002, A1; "
"<citetitle>Times</citetitle>, 26 July 2002, 18."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3489
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3490
msgid ""
"The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster "
"amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, "
msgstr ""
#. f7
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3516
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3517
msgid ""
"See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music "
"Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of "
msgstr ""
#. f8
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3525
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3526
msgid ""
"Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" "
"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3510
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3511
msgid ""
"According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have "
"tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 "
"music in a way that they hadn't before."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3534
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3535
msgid ""
"Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does "
"not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 81
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3544
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3545
msgid ""
"File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different "
"kinds into four types."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3550
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3551
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, "
msgstr ""
#. B.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3561
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3562
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing "
"it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard "
msgstr ""
#. C.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3572
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3573
msgid ""
"There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content "
"that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the "
#. PAGE BREAK 82
#. D.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3589
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3590
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3595
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3596
msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3603
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3604
msgid ""
"See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, "
"148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3598
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3599
msgid ""
"Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of "
"the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of "
"rhetoric around the issue suggests."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3614
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3615
msgid ""
"Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful "
"type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers "
msgstr ""
#. f10
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3629
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3630
msgid ""
"See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution and the "
"Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report "
"D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, October 1989), 145–56."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3622
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3623
msgid ""
"While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder "
"to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame "
msgstr ""
#. f11
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3655
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3656
msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3647
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3648
msgid ""
"Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact "
"regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In "
"major labels.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3659
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3660
msgid ""
"But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong "
"today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry "
"other types of sharing are."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3669
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3670
msgid ""
"We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the "
"standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The "
"little <emphasis>static</emphasis> reason to resist them."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3680
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3681
msgid ""
"Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file "
"sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest "
msgstr ""
#. f12
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3689
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3690
msgid ""
"See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend "
"Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink "
"on U.S. dollar value of shipments).\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3716
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3717
msgid "Black, Jane"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3713
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3714
msgid ""
"Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February "
"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
"#17</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3685
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3686
msgid ""
"In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 "
"million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 84
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3731
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3732
msgid ""
"But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is "
"because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the "
"percent."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3739
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3740
msgid ""
"There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain "
"these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording "
"CD.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3754
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3755
msgid ""
"These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, "
"real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording "
msgstr ""
#. f15
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3766
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3767
msgid ""
"By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no "
"longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #18</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3760
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3761
msgid ""
"One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is "
"technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. "
msgstr ""
#. f16
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3786
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3787
msgid ""
"While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in "
"existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, "
"#20</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3780
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3781
msgid ""
"In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple "
"response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands "
"they don't have to pay the copyright owner for the content they sell."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3806
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3807
msgid "Bernstein, Leonard"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3808
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3809
msgid ""
"Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record "
"stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content "
"available, through cooperative sharing, without competing with the market."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3821
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3822
msgid ""
"It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the "
"copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 86
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3829
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3830
msgid ""
"Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D "
"sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to "
"society are better off. (Actually, much better off: It is a great book!)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3846
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3847
msgid ""
"Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with "
"no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A "
"important in order to protect type A content."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3852
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3853
msgid ""
"The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably "
"says, \"This is how much we've lost,\" we must also ask, \"How much has "
"content that otherwise would be unavailable?\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3859
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3860
msgid ""
"For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much "
"of the \"piracy\" that file sharing enables is plainly legal and good. And "
"balance will be found only with time."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3872
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3873
msgid ""
"\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target "
"just what you call type A sharing?\""
msgstr ""
#. f17
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3889
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3890
msgid ""
"See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 "
"(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at "
"Napster</citetitle> (New York: Crown Business, 2003), 269–82."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3876
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3877
msgid ""
"You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of "
"the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that "
"zero.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3900
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3901
msgid ""
"If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing "
"technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure "
"copyright infringements caused by p2p."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3911
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3912
msgid ""
"Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content "
"industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process "
"less."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3920
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3921
msgid ""
"So, as we've seen, when \"mechanical reproduction\" threatened the interests "
"of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers against the "
"their claim. An indirect benefit was enough."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3932
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3933
msgid ""
"Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the "
"claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 88
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3942
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3943
msgid ""
"This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, "
"served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any "
"control over the future (cable)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3957
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3958
msgid "Betamax"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3959
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3960
msgid ""
"In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and "
"distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 89
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3972
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3973
msgid ""
"There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to "
"design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It "
msgstr ""
#. f18
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3994
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3995
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 "
"Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., "
msgstr ""
#. f19
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4006
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4007
msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475."
msgstr ""
#. f20
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4011
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4012
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)."
msgstr ""
#. f21
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4022
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4023
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack "
"Valenti)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3987
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:3988
msgid ""
"MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti "
"called VCRs \"tapeworms.\" He warned, \"When there are 20, 30, 40 million of "
msgstr ""
#. f22
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4039
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4040
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4027
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4028
msgid ""
"It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In "
"the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 90
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4044
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4045
msgid ""
"But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in "
"its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and "
msgstr ""
#. f23
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4063
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4064
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4053
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4054
msgid ""
"Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to "
"Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for "
"technology.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4068
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4069
msgid ""
"Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with "
"the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the "
"clear:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4076
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:4077
msgid "Table"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4080
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:4081
msgid "CASE"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4081
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:4082
msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4082
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:4083
msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4083
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:4084
msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4088
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:4089
msgid "Recordings"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4089
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:4090
msgid "Composers"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4090 freeculture.xml:4102 freeculture.xml:4108
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:4091 freeculture.xml:4103 freeculture.xml:4109
msgid "No protection"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4091 freeculture.xml:4103
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:4092 freeculture.xml:4104
msgid "Statutory license"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4095
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:4096
msgid "Recording artists"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4096
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:4097
msgid "N/A"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4097 freeculture.xml:4109
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:4098 freeculture.xml:4110
msgid "Nothing"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4101
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:4102
msgid "Broadcasters"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4106
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:4107
msgid "VCR"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4107
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:4108
msgid "Film creators"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4119
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4120
msgid ""
"These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other "
"cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4116
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4117
msgid ""
"In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way "
"content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 91
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4136
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4137
msgid ""
"In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or "
"Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these "
"from content made before. It balanced the interests at stake."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4148
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4149
msgid ""
"When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up "
"the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt "
msgstr ""
#. f25
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4165
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4166
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4160
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4161
msgid ""
"We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has "
"answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright "
"of technologies that facilitate the distribution of content."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4176
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4177
msgid ""
"We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is "
"changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires "
msgstr ""
#. f26
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4200
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4201
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes "
"Past Efforts,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 September 2003, "
"C3."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4192
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4193
msgid ""
"This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode "
"of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally "
"good use for the car before we arrest him?\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4214
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4215
msgid ""
"\"It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,\" the warriors insist. \"And it "
"should be protected just as any other property is protected.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4222
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:4223
msgid "\"PROPERTY\""
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 94
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4226
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4228
msgid ""
"The copyright warriors are right: A copyright is a kind of property. It can "
"be owned and sold, and the law protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the "
"supply and demand that partially determine the price she can get."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4233
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4235
msgid ""
"But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a bit "
"misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of property. "
msgstr ""
#. f1
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4258
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4260
msgid ""
"Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in "
"<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew "
"A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery Bergh, eds., 1903), 330, 333–34."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4245
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4247
msgid ""
"The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, "
"though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4264
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4266
msgid ""
"The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the "
"law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss "
msgstr ""
#. f2
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4277
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4279
msgid ""
"As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are "
"intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has "
"Review</citetitle> 45 (2003): 373, 429 n. 241."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4272
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4274
msgid ""
"But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other "
"words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the "
"proper context.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4287
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4289
msgid ""
"My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding "
"part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of \"copyright material is "
"from the implications that the copyright warriors would have us draw."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4299
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:4302
msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4301
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4304
msgid ""
"William Shakespeare wrote <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in "
"1595. The play was first published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play "
msgstr ""
#. f1
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4316
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4319
msgid ""
"Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent "
"eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his "
msgstr ""
#. f2
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4327
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4330
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical "
"Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 97
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4312
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4315
msgid ""
"In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was "
"written, the \"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the "
"editions was eliminated."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4349
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4352
msgid ""
"As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a "
"\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4340
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4343
msgid ""
"Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a "
"little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of "
"about it still being under Tonson's control in 1774?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4357
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4360
msgid ""
"The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" "
"was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of "
"exclusive right to print books."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4368
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4371
msgid ""
"There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that "
"there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 98
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4380
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4383
msgid ""
"This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they "
"were called, because there was growing competition from foreign "
"the Statute of Anne."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4392
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4395
msgid ""
"The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an "
"exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, however, and "
"legislature is thought to have believed."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4401
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4404
msgid ""
"Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament "
"limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular "
"all?</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4407
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4410
msgid ""
"For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very "
"strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: "
"there to allow someone else to \"steal\" Shakespeare's work?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4418
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4421
msgid ""
"The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about "
"the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 99
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4424
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4427
msgid ""
"First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to "
"apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it wasn't "
"perform, and so on."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4439
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4442
msgid ""
"So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were "
"perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term "
"course, but also no more."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4451
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4454
msgid ""
"Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had "
"had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially "
"to deal with the growing monopoly in publishing."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4467
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4470
msgid ""
"Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally "
"viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the claim that "
msgstr ""
#. f4
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4493
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4496
msgid ""
"Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary "
"Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4478
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4481
msgid ""
"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a "
"monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4498
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4501
msgid ""
"Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of "
"knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was "
"powerful commercial interests were interfering with that idea."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4506
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4509
msgid ""
"To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among "
"booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of "
"culture."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4518
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4521
msgid ""
"When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting "
"anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every "
"more time."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4527
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4530
msgid ""
"Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that "
"echo today,"
msgstr ""
#. f5
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4542
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4545
msgid ""
"A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the "
"House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the "
"v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4532
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4535
msgid ""
"I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well "
"for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that "
"private Gain of the Booksellers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4553
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4556
msgid ""
"Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series "
"of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave "
"way to protect authors."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4574
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4577
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" "
"<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4568
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4571
msgid ""
"This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the "
"leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until "
msgstr ""
#. f7
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4587
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4590
msgid ""
"For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and "
"Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4583
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4586
msgid ""
"The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of "
"this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. f8
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4597
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4600
msgid ""
"Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard "
"University Press, 1993), 92."
msgstr ""
#. f9
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4607
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4610
msgid "Ibid., 93."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4609
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4612
msgid "Erskine, Andrew"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4592
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4595
msgid ""
"Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in "
"Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints \"of "
msgstr ""
#. f10
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4618
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4621
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical "
"Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4612
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4615
msgid ""
"When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, "
"he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive "
"the works he was selling had passed out of protection."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4626
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4629
msgid ""
"The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like "
"Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" "
msgstr ""
#. f11
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4638
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4641
msgid ""
"Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" <citetitle>Wayne Law "
"Review</citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4631
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4634
msgid ""
"Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James "
"Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of the "
"Statute of Anne notwithstanding.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4647
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4650
msgid ""
"Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English "
"history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 103
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4658
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4661
msgid ""
"Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice "
"were just a matter of logical deduction from first "
"the free culture that we inherited."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4673
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4676
msgid ""
"The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, "
"however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4676
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4679
msgid "Beckett, Thomas"
msgstr ""
#. f12
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4682
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4685
msgid "Ibid., 1156."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4678
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4681
msgid ""
"Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate "
"sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas "
"years before."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4692
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4695
msgid ""
"As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention "
"had been protected by the statute were no longer protected."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4702
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4705
msgid ""
"The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to "
"the House and voted upon first by the \"law lords,\" members of special "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 104
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4709
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4712
msgid ""
"The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks "
"as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the "
"domain."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4727
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4730
msgid "Bacon, Francis"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4728
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4731
msgid "Bunyan, John"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4729
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4732
msgid "Johnson, Samuel"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4730
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4733
msgid "Milton, John"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4731
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4734
msgid "Shakespeare, William"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4719
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4722
msgid ""
"\"The public domain.\" Before the case of <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there was no clear idea of a public "
msgstr ""
#. f13
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4744
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4747
msgid "Rose, 97."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4734
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4737
msgid ""
"It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled "
"an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4748
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4751
msgid ""
"In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally "
"strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning "
"Chronicle</citetitle> reported:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4754
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4757
msgid ""
"By the above decision . . . near 200,000 pounds worth of what was honestly "
"purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property is now "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 105
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4769
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4772
msgid ""
"\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say "
"that the change was profound. The decision of the House of Lords meant that "
"get access to it are made by the few despite the wishes of the many."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4790
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4793
msgid ""
"At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, "
"resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the "
"Parliament is more pliant, free culture would be less protected."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4798
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:4801
msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4800
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4803
msgid ""
"Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been "
"very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher "
"met, by accident, two of his students at a dinner party. He was their god.)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4807
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4810
msgid ""
"Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me "
"a story about the freedom to create with film in America today."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4818 freeculture.xml:4887
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4821 freeculture.xml:4890
msgid "San Francisco Opera"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4812
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4815
msgid ""
"In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The "
"focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 107
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4821
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4824
msgid ""
"During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing "
"checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the "
"the scene."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4830
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4833
msgid ""
"Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else "
"attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The "
"copyright owner, unless \"fair use\" or some other privilege applies."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4842 freeculture.xml:4850
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4845 freeculture.xml:4853
msgid "Gracie Films"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4837
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4840
msgid ""
"Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office "
"to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4845
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4848
msgid ""
"Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be "
"careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4853
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4856
msgid ""
"Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered . . . that "
"Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that someone "
"<citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4861
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4864
msgid ""
"Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he "
"thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 108
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4869
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4872
msgid ""
"\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you "
"have your facts straight,\" she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the clip "
"just want the money.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4888
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4891
msgid "Day After Trinity, The"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4881
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4884
msgid ""
"Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on "
"the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4891
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4894
msgid ""
"There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the "
"copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their "
"use that the law says the owner gets to control."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4902
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4905
msgid ""
"For example, \"public performance\" is a use of <citetitle>The "
"Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a "
msgstr ""
#. f1
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4914
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4917
msgid ""
"For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers "
"don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with "
"Chicago Law School, 5 August 2003."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4911
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4914
msgid ""
"But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought "
"is \"fair use.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's use of just "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 109
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4926
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4929
msgid "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4930
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4933
msgid ""
"The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the "
"gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what "
msgstr ""
#. 1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4940
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4943
msgid ""
"Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors "
"and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue "
"grind the application process to a halt."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4957
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4960
msgid "Lucas, George"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4948
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4951
msgid ""
"I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I "
"knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and "
#. 3.
#. PAGE BREAK 110
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4961
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4964
msgid ""
"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School "
". . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox would "
msgstr ""
#. 4.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4971
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4974
msgid ""
"The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we "
"are up against a release deadline and out of money."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4978
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4981
msgid ""
"In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore "
"supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in "
"right aim; practice has defeated the aim."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4986
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:4989
msgid ""
"This practice shows just how far the law has come from its "
"eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect "
"matured into a sword that interferes with any use, transformative or not."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4995
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:4998
msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4996
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4999
msgid "Allen, Paul"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4997 freeculture.xml:5005 freeculture.xml:5016 freeculture.xml:5031 freeculture.xml:5040 freeculture.xml:5045 freeculture.xml:5097 freeculture.xml:5113 freeculture.xml:5136 freeculture.xml:5199 freeculture.xml:9551
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5000 freeculture.xml:5008 freeculture.xml:5019 freeculture.xml:5034 freeculture.xml:5043 freeculture.xml:5048 freeculture.xml:5100 freeculture.xml:5116 freeculture.xml:5139 freeculture.xml:5202 freeculture.xml:9554
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4999
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5002
msgid ""
"In 1993, Alex Alben was a lawyer working at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an "
"innovative company founded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen to develop "
"anticipation of the power of networks."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5007
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5010
msgid ""
"Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the "
"emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to "
"and interviews with figures important to his career."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5018
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5021
msgid ""
"At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a "
"director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 112
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5025
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5028
msgid ""
"That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave "
"wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, "
"permission for that content."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5033
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5036
msgid ""
"Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. \"Our goal was "
"that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's films,\" "
"the context of an artistic look at an actor's career.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5042
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5045
msgid ""
"Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, "
"\"Well, what will it take?\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5058
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5061
msgid "artists"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5059
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5062
msgid "publicity rights on images of"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5053
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5056
msgid ""
"Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of "
"publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation "
"as this chapter evinces. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5047
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5050
msgid ""
"Alben replied, \"Well, we're going to have to clear rights from everyone who "
"appears in these films, and the music and everything else that we want to "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5064
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5067
msgid ""
"The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing "
"those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim "
"Starwave was to do."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5071
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5074
msgid ""
"I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his "
"resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben "
"recounted just what they did:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5077
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5080
msgid ""
"So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some "
"artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 113
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5086
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5089
msgid ""
"We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for "
"the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than "
"just started calling people."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5099
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5102
msgid ""
"Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed "
"up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were "
"Clint Eastwood's career."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5110
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5113
msgid ""
"It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—\"and even then we weren't "
"sure whether we were totally in the clear.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5115
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5118
msgid ""
"Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the "
"only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for "
"the purpose of releasing a retrospective."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5121
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5124
msgid ""
"Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands "
"and said, \"Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the music, "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 114
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5133
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5136
msgid ""
"And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, "
"and it sold very well."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5137
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5140
msgid "Drucker, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. f2
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5145
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5148
msgid ""
"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, "
"<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #22</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5139
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5142
msgid ""
"But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a "
"year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this "
"Alben, that this is the way a new work has to be made?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5153
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5156
msgid ""
"For, as he acknowledged, \"very few . . . have the time and resources, and "
"the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be "
"have to go clear rights for these kinds of clips?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5161
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5164
msgid ""
"I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she "
"gets paid very well. . . . And then when 30 seconds of that performance is "
"think that that person . . . should be compensated for that."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5169
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5172
msgid ""
"Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be "
"compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 115
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5180
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5183
msgid ""
"Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing "
"mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't "
"then it becomes difficult to put one of these things together."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5201
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5204
msgid ""
"Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the "
"richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 116
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5218
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5221
msgid ""
"I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a "
"few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. "
"Fairbank, had produced."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5228
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5231
msgid ""
"The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth "
"century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> "
"judges loved every minute of it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5233
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5236
msgid "Nimmer, David"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5235
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5238
msgid ""
"When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, "
"perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had "
"room?\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5242
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5245
msgid "Boies, David"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5244
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5247
msgid ""
"For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film "
"hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to "
"couldn't easily do them legally."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5259
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5262
msgid ""
"We live in a \"cut and paste\" culture enabled by technology. Anyone "
"building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom that the cut and "
"your presentation."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5275
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5278
msgid "Camp Chaos"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5266
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5269
msgid ""
"But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its "
"archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before "
"and music. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5278
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5281
msgid ""
"All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted "
"to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly "
"rules, it doesn't get released."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5285
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5288
msgid ""
"To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so "
"that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they "
"registers the work."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5300
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5303
msgid ""
"Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for "
"objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 118
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5306
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5309
msgid ""
"In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, "
"the comic genius of <citetitle>Saturday Night Live</citetitle> and Austin "
"thereby creating an entirely new piece of entertainment.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5318
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5321
msgid ""
"The announcement called this \"film sampling.\" As Myers explained, \"Film "
"Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin on existing films and "
"anyone can create a way to bring old films to new audiences, it is Mike.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5327
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5330
msgid ""
"Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you "
"don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this "
"famous—and presumably rich."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5337
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5340
msgid ""
"This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first "
"continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of \"fair use.\" Much "
"few."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5352
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:5355
msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5354
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5357
msgid ""
"In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"—computer codes designed to "
"\"spider,\" or automatically search the Internet and copy "
"months, these bits of code took copies of the Internet and stored them."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5363
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5366
msgid ""
"By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And "
"at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these "
"changed."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5371
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5374
msgid ""
"This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In "
"the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 120
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5379
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5382
msgid ""
"Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way "
"ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was "
"printed on the date published on the paper."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5384
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5387
msgid ""
"It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no "
"way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the "
msgstr ""
#. f1
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5397
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5400
msgid ""
"The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House "
"changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release "
"from Brewster Kahle, 1 December 2003."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5391
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5394
msgid ""
"Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the "
"Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have "
"forget.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5405
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5408
msgid ""
"We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember "
"reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your "
"something close to the truth."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5416
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5419
msgid ""
"It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat "
"it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 121
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5425
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5428
msgid ""
"The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet "
"Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially "
"the Internet—the one kept by the Internet Archive."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5436
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5439
msgid ""
"Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very "
"successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer "
"was growing at about a billion pages a month."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5446
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5449
msgid ""
"The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human "
"history. At the end of 2002, it held \"two hundred and thirty terabytes of "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 122
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5464
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5467
msgid ""
"Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember "
"that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a "
"almost unfindable. . . ."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5476
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5479
msgid ""
"Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in "
"newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded "
"media on twentieth-century America?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5484
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5487
msgid ""
"In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, "
"copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in "
msgstr ""
#. f2
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5501
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5504
msgid ""
"Doug Herrick, \"Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at the "
"Library of Congress,\" <citetitle>Film Library Quarterly</citetitle> 13 "
"N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1992), 36."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5492
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5495
msgid ""
"These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress "
"made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such "
"company.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5509
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5512
msgid ""
"The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were "
"originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 123
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5520
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5523
msgid ""
"Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his "
"allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from "
"from around the world covered the events of that day."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5547
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5550
msgid "Movie Archive"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5531
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5534
msgid ""
"Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose "
"archive of film includes close to 45,000 \"ephemeral films\" (meaning films "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5550
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5553
msgid ""
"Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we "
"otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what "
"by anyone. Therefore, there is no simple way to find them."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5558
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5561
msgid ""
"The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this "
"content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 124
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5566
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5569
msgid ""
"For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of "
"creative property goes through different \"lives.\" In its first life, if "
"there would be, many argue, much less creativity."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5578
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5581
msgid ""
"After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has "
"always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every "
msgstr ""
#. f3
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5590
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5593
msgid ""
"Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar "
"Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,\" <citetitle>Chicago "
"<citetitle>Boston College Law Review</citetitle> 44 (2003): 593 n. 51."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5587
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5590
msgid ""
"The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very "
"quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder "
"extremely important to the spread and stability of culture."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5604
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5607
msgid ""
"Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative "
"property does not hold true with the most important components of popular "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 125
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5615
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5618
msgid ""
"For most of the twentieth century, it was economics that made this so. It "
"would have been insanely expensive to collect and make accessible all "
"ephemeral culture; the law had little practical effect."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5627
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5630
msgid ""
"Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that "
"for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to "
"moving images and sound."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5635
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5638
msgid ""
"The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined "
"before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are "
"describes,"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5642
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5645
msgid ""
"It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. "
"Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 126
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5656
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5659
msgid ""
"Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only "
"archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of "
"the dream of the Library of Alexandria real again."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5671
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5674
msgid ""
"Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an "
"archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call "
"others would exercise."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5681
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:5684
msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5690
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5693
msgid "Johnson, Lyndon"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5683
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5686
msgid ""
"Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of "
"America since 1966. He first came to Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's "
"Washington. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5703
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5706
msgid "Disney, Inc."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5704
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5707
msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5705
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5708
msgid "MGM"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5706
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5709
msgid "Paramount Pictures"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5707
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5710
msgid "Twentieth Century Fox"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5708
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5711
msgid "Universal Pictures"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5709
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5712
msgid "Warner Brothers"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5693
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5696
msgid ""
"The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture "
"Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 128
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5713
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5716
msgid ""
"Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has "
"had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a "
"the city in a quintessentially Washingtonian way."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5725
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5728
msgid ""
"In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture "
"depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating "
"property.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5734
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5737
msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:"
msgstr ""
#. f1
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5748
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5751
msgid ""
"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, "
"H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on "
"sess. (1982): 65 (testimony of Jack Valenti)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5739
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5742
msgid ""
"No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the "
"counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 129
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5758
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5761
msgid ""
"The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's "
"rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The "
"second-class property owners."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5769
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5772
msgid ""
"This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with "
"such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use "
msgstr ""
#. f2
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5784
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5787
msgid ""
"Lawyers speak of \"property\" not as an absolute thing, but as a bundle of "
"rights that are sometimes associated with a particular object. Thus, my "
"Yale University Press, 1977), 26–27."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5781
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5784
msgid ""
"While \"creative property\" is certainly \"property\" in a nerdy and precise "
"sense that lawyers are trained to understand,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"radical, and radically undesirable, change in our tradition."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5799
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5802
msgid ""
"Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our "
"tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 130
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5807
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5810
msgid ""
"I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, "
"historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince "
"creativity having less than perfect control."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5822
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5825
msgid ""
"Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of "
"the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in "
"Constitution itself."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5834
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5837
msgid ""
"The framers of our Constitution loved \"property.\" Indeed, so strongly did "
"they love property that they built into the Constitution an important "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 131
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5845
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5848
msgid ""
"Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti "
"calls \"creative property.\" In the clause granting Congress the power to "
"compensation at all."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5860
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5863
msgid ""
"The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property "
"are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated "
"arguing for a change in our Constitution itself."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5869
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5872
msgid ""
"Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There "
"was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The "
"my argument is not simply that because Jefferson did it, we should, too."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5881
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5884
msgid ""
"Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least "
"try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical "
"creative property there must be a public domain?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5889
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5892
msgid ""
"To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of "
"these \"creative property\" rights, and the control that they enabled. Once "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 132
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5904
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5907
msgid ""
"To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how "
"property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the "
"right or regulation. I represented it with this diagram:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5913
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:5916
msgid ""
"How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken "
"the right or regulation."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:5914 freeculture.xml:6089 freeculture.xml:6390
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:5917 freeculture.xml:6092 freeculture.xml:6393
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5917
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5920
msgid ""
"At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group "
"that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case "
"by the state. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5934
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5937
msgid ""
"Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual "
"for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a "
"the severity of the rule, but the source of the enforcement."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5945
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5948
msgid ""
"The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through "
"conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These "
"simultaneous constraint upon how an individual or group might behave."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5955
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5958
msgid ""
"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, "
"\"architecture\"—the physical world as one finds it—is a "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 134
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5972
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5975
msgid ""
"So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: "
"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by "
"another. Or restrictions imposed by one might be undermined by another."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5978
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5981
msgid ""
"The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective "
"freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we "
"particular interact."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5987
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5990
msgid "driving speed, constraints on"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5990
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5993
msgid ""
"So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high "
"speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how "
msgstr ""
#. f3
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6008
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6011
msgid ""
"By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean "
"to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 135
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6004
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6007
msgid ""
"The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While "
"these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role "
"driving."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6032
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:6035
msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6033
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:6036
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6072
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6075
msgid "Commons, John R."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6044
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6047
msgid ""
"Some people object to this way of talking about \"liberty.\" They object "
"because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at any "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6036
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6039
msgid ""
"These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand "
"the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6076
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:6079
msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6078
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6081
msgid ""
"The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, "
"Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the "
"sense."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6084
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6087
msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6088 freeculture.xml:6389
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:6091 freeculture.xml:6392
msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 136
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6093
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6096
msgid ""
"There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law "
"limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those "
"this form of infringement."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6105
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6108
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p "
"sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 137
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6113
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6116
msgid ""
"Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. "
"Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, "
"results."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6123
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:6126
msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6124
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:6127
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6127
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6130
msgid ""
"Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the "
"warriors. Indeed, in a \"White Paper\" prepared by the Commerce Department "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 138
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6139
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6142
msgid ""
"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to "
"preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by "
"U.S. steel industry."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6156
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6159
msgid ""
"Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign "
"to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological "
msgstr ""
#. f5
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6172
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6175
msgid ""
"See Geoffrey Smith, \"Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?\" "
"BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink "
"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #24</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6164
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6167
msgid ""
"But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it "
"doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology "
msgstr ""
#. f6
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6204
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6207
msgid ""
"Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, "
"1994), 170–71."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6213 freeculture.xml:12572
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6216 freeculture.xml:12578
msgid "Gates, Bill"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6194
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6197
msgid ""
"The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free "
"society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6216
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6219
msgid ""
"Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new "
"technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government "
"preserve the incentives and opportunities for innovation and change."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6226
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6229
msgid ""
"In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, "
"copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 140
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6240
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6243
msgid ""
"My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes "
"that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are \"justified.\" My "
"content industry wants."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6249
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6252
msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6252
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6255
msgid "DDT"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6260
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6263
msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6255
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6258
msgid ""
"In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul "
"Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the "
"increase farm production. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6263
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6266
msgid ""
"No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop "
"production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was "
"important and valuable and probably saved lives, possibly millions."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6267 freeculture.xml:6273
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6270 freeculture.xml:6276
msgid "Carson, Rachel"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6274
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6277
msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6269
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6272
msgid ""
"But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, "
"which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6277
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6280
msgid ""
"No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim "
"to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced "
msgstr ""
#. f7
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6290
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6293
msgid ""
"See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
"Environmentalism for the Net?\" <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</citetitle> 47 "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 141
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6286
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6289
msgid ""
"It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle "
"appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for "
"our actions' effects on the environment."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6307
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6310
msgid ""
"My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this "
"effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on "
"for creativity."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6318
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6321
msgid ""
"In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free "
"culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6325
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:6328
msgid "Beginnings"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6327
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6330
msgid ""
"America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved "
"English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of \"creative "
"to avoid overly powerful publishers."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6333
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6336
msgid ""
"The power to establish \"creative property\" rights is granted to Congress "
"in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article I, "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 142
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6338
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6341
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, "
"by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right "
"authors."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6351
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6354
msgid ""
"The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in "
"chapter 6, the English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a "
"Authors\" only."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6360
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6363
msgid ""
"The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the "
"Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built "
"otherwise inevitable concentrations of power."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6375
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6378
msgid ""
"I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call \"copyright\" "
"today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 143
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6382
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6385
msgid ""
"Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in "
"technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular "
"concentration of market power. In terms of our model, we started here:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6393
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6396
msgid "We will end here:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6396
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:6399
msgid ""Copyright" today."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6397
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:6400
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 144
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6400
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6403
msgid "Let me explain how."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6405
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:6408
msgid "Law: Duration"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6421
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6424
msgid "Crosskey, William W."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6415
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6418
msgid ""
"William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History "
"of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), "
"(emphasis added). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6407
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6410
msgid ""
"When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced "
"the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English "
"to reprint and distribute works."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6431
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6434
msgid ""
"That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting "
"copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal "
"expired as well."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6439
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6442
msgid ""
"In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal "
"copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was "
msgstr ""
#. f9
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6454
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6457
msgid ""
"Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to "
"1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A "
"years. Copyright Act of May 31, 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6446
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6449
msgid ""
"While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten "
"years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 145
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6470
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6473
msgid ""
"This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of "
"copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted "
msgstr ""
#. f10
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6485
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6488
msgid ""
"Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of "
"the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For "
"498–501, and accompanying figures."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6479
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6482
msgid ""
"Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of "
"copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of "
msgstr ""
#. f11
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6500
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6503
msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6496
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6499
msgid ""
"Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an "
"actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of "
"publication—is effectively free."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6508
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6511
msgid ""
"In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was "
"changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to "
"setting a maximum term of 56 years."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6516
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6519
msgid ""
"Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined "
"copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 146
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6526
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6529
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of "
"works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public "
"copyright term."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6537
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6540
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, "
"little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers "
"be those that had some continuing commercial value."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6547
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6550
msgid ""
"The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works "
"created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum "
"available. After the Sonny Bono Act, that term was ninety-five years."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6557
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6560
msgid ""
"This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure "
"that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And "
msgstr ""
#. f12
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6574
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6577
msgid ""
"These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first "
"year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than "
"\"Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,\" loc. cit."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6566
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6569
msgid ""
"The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is "
"dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6583
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:6586
msgid "Law: Scope"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6585
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6588
msgid ""
"The \"scope\" of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law. The "
"scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those changes are not "
"to keep this debate in context."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6591
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6594
msgid ""
"In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only \"maps, charts, "
"and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or "
"published book)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6604
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6607
msgid ""
"This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today "
"are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 148
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6619
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6622
msgid ""
"At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural "
"limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the "
"government before a copyright could be secured."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6633
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6636
msgid ""
"The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding "
"that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten "
"author."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6647
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6650
msgid ""
"All of these \"formalities\" were abolished in the American system when we "
"decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement that you "
"others to copy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6655
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6658
msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences."
msgstr ""
#. f13
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6666
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6669
msgid ""
"See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, \"Poets, Pirates, and the Creation of "
"American Literature,\" 29 <citetitle>New York University Journal of "
"ed., Federal Copyright Records, 1790–1800 (U.S. G.P.O., 1987)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6659
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6662
msgid ""
"If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually "
"copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 149
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6678
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6681
msgid ""
"The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by "
"hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally "
"free, while the activities of publishers were restrained."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6687
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6690
msgid ""
"Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is "
"automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every "
"follows the creation, not the steps you take to protect it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6696
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6699
msgid ""
"That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use "
"exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to "
"republish it or to share an excerpt."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6701
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6704
msgid ""
"That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control "
"competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today "
"the writings inspired by them."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6715
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6718
msgid ""
"It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, "
"though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was "
"the verbatim original work."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6737
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6740
msgid ""
"Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" <citetitle>Legal "
"Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6727
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6730
msgid ""
"In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free "
"culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law "
msgstr ""
#. f15
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6752
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6755
msgid ""
"Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about "
"the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the "
"especially pp. 53–59)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6747
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6750
msgid ""
"Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can "
"go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to "
"my creative work are treated the same."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6763
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6766
msgid ""
"This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be "
"able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without "
"trade on the value that Disney originally created?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6772
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6775
msgid ""
"These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the "
"derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to "
"originally granted."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6780
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:6783
msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach"
msgstr ""
#. f16
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6787
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6790
msgid ""
"This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly "
"regulates more than \"copies\"—a public performance of a copyrighted "
"section 102) is that if there is a copy, there is a right."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6782
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6785
msgid ""
"Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in "
"copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 151
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6799
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6802
msgid ""
"\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for "
"<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's "
msgstr ""
#. f17
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6817
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6820
msgid ""
"Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we "
"should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its "
"arbitrary and automatic changes caused by technology."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6812
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6815
msgid ""
"This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very "
"slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet "
"law."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6828
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6831
msgid ""
"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty "
"circle."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6832
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:6835
msgid "All potential uses of a book."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6833
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:6836
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 152
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6837
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6840
msgid ""
"Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all "
"its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated "
"law, because those acts do not make a copy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6850
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:6853
msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6851
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:6854
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6854
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6857
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by "
"copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is "
"diagram on next page)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6862
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6865
msgid ""
"Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that "
"remain unregulated because the law considers these \"fair uses.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6867
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:6870
msgid ""
"Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a "
"copyrighted work."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6868
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:6871
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6871
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6874
msgid ""
"These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as "
"unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You "
"reasons."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6882
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:6885
msgid "Unregulated copying considered "fair uses.""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6883
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:6886
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6887
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:6890
msgid ""
"Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively "
"regulated."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6888
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:6891
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 154
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6892
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6895
msgid ""
"In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three "
"sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that "
msgstr ""
#. f18
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6900
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6903
msgid ""
"I don't mean \"nature\" in the sense that it couldn't be different, but "
"rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical networks need "
"remain."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6897
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6900
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a "
"copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 155
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6921
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6924
msgid ""
"So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the "
"Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no "
"those uses produced a copy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6934
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6937
msgid ""
"But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of "
"rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or "
"the copyright owner's wish."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6946
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6949
msgid ""
"There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is "
"not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make "
"clear:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6952
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6955
msgid ""
"First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever "
"intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively "
"Internet."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6960
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6963
msgid ""
"Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative "
"uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 156
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6972
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6975
msgid ""
"Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden "
"on category 3 (\"fair use\") that fair use never before had to bear. If a "
"was not regulated."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6987
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:6990
msgid ""
"This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free "
"culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair "
"fair use are not enough."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6997
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7000
msgid ""
"The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the "
"business of making \"trailer\" advertisements for movies available to video "
"trailers on tape, and sold the tapes to the retail stores."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7004
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7007
msgid ""
"The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to "
"think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 157
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7016
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7019
msgid ""
"In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it "
"intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than "
"fact their rights."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7033
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7036
msgid ""
"Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were "
"predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had \"willfully infringed\" on "
"Pipeline for $100 million."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7045
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7048
msgid ""
"Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video "
"stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be "
"Disney's permission."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7054
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7057
msgid ""
"Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would "
"consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 158
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7069
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7072
msgid ""
"No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control "
"is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you "
"are quite slight."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7084
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7087
msgid ""
"Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed "
"architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of "
"contexts it is a recipe for disaster."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7093
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:7096
msgid "Architecture and Law: Force"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7095
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7098
msgid ""
"The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second "
"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its "
"regulation; it affects how such regulation is enforced."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7101
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7104
msgid ""
"In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that "
"controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, "
"who said whether and how the law would restrict your freedom."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7108
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7111
msgid "Casablanca"
msgstr ""
#. f19
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7117
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7120
msgid ""
"See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" <citetitle>Law and "
"Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7110
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7113
msgid ""
"There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner "
"Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7126
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7129
msgid ""
"Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7122
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7125
msgid ""
"This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers "
"that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder "
"insist on control over <citetitle>brothers</citetitle>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7134
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7137
msgid ""
"An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the "
"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly "
"Warner Brothers) enjoyed."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7140
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7143
msgid ""
"On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the "
"Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: "
"Marx Brothers. The consequence of that is not at all funny."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7151
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7154
msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7154
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7157
msgid ""
"An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a "
"book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that "
"publisher delivers the content by using the technology."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7161
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7164
msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 160
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7165
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7168
msgid ""
"As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book "
"library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: "
"cover, and then a button at the bottom called Permissions."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7176
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:7179
msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7177
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:7180
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7180
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7183
msgid ""
"If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions "
"that the publisher purports to grant with this book."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7184
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:7187
msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7185
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:7188
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 161
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7189
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7192
msgid ""
"According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard "
"of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no "
"computer."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7197
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7200
msgid ""
"Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the "
"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7201
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:7204
msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s "Politics""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7202
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:7205
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7205
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7208
msgid ""
"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at "
"all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7210
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:7213
msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s "Politics"."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7211
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:7214
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7214
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7217
msgid ""
"Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original "
"e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7219
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:7222
msgid "List of the permissions for "The Future of Ideas"."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7220
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:7223
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7223
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7226
msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!"
msgstr ""
#. f21
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7233
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7236
msgid ""
"In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for "
"example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read "
"necessarily pass to anyone who subsequently acquired the book."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7226
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7229
msgid ""
"Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"— as "
"if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For "
"control that the law would enable."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7248
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7251
msgid ""
"The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within "
"which the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 163
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7266
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7269
msgid ""
"These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world "
"where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried "
"to type \"Warner Brothers,\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7272
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7275
msgid ""
"This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright "
"<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The "
"technology have no similar built-in check."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7281
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7284
msgid ""
"How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls "
"built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that "
"as well?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7289
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7292
msgid ""
"We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook "
"Reader."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7293
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7296
msgid ""
"Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public "
"relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the "
"when you clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the following report:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7301
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:7304
msgid "List of the permissions for "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7303
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:7306
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 164
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7307
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7310
msgid ""
"Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, "
"not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the \"permissions\" "
"indicated, not allowed to \"read aloud\"!"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7314
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7317
msgid ""
"The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the "
"text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; "
"absurd."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7322
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7325
msgid ""
"Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to "
"restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting "
"because the answer, however absurd it might seem, is no."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7335
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7338
msgid ""
"The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative "
"companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with "
"is understandable, yet what it creates is often crazy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7343
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7346
msgid ""
"To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story "
"of mine that makes the same point."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7347
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7350
msgid "Aibo robotic dog"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7350
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7353
msgid ""
"Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns "
"tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and that "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 165
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7355
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7358
msgid ""
"The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up "
"clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable "
"the ones Sony had taught it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7364
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7367
msgid ""
"\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You "
"teach a computer how to do something by programming it differently. So to "
"tricks (thus, aibohack.com)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7372
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7375
msgid ""
"If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word "
"<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly "
"the computer to drive the printer you just bought."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7384
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7387
msgid ""
"Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like "
"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult "
"ethically."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7391
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7394
msgid ""
"The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and "
"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 166
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7399
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7402
msgid ""
"I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United "
"States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it "
"there be with teaching a robot dog to dance?</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7415
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7418
msgid ""
"Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not "
"literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed "
"knew very well."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7438 freeculture.xml:9864
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7441 freeculture.xml:9867
msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7428
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7431
msgid ""
"See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" "
"<citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play "
"#27</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7426
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7429
msgid ""
"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a "
"Initiative as a technique to control the distribution of music."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7446
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7449
msgid ""
"The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to "
"exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it "
"trust the system of the Internet much more."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7456
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7459
msgid ""
"When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In "
"exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 167
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7463
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7466
msgid ""
"Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the "
"team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems "
"worthwhile to point this out to those who study encryption."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7469
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7472
msgid ""
"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United "
"States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just "
"systems or people or ideas criticized."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7477
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7480
msgid ""
"What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing "
"the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or "
"SDMI system, and why SDMI would not, as presently constituted, succeed."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7485
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7488
msgid ""
"What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then "
"received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com "
"hack. Though a jazz-dancing dog is perfectly legal, Sony wrote:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7492
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7495
msgid ""
"Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's "
"copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention "
"provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7498
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7501
msgid ""
"And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of "
"encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 168
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7504
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7507
msgid ""
"Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public "
"Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the "
"Digital Millennium Copyright Act (\"DMCA\")."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7512
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7515
msgid ""
"In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread "
"of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such "
"information an offense."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7517
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7520
msgid ""
"The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about "
"cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the "
"for copyright owners."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7528
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7531
msgid ""
"The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code "
"designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, "
"code of copyright</emphasis>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7535
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7538
msgid ""
"But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the "
"extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 169
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7544
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7547
msgid ""
"Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a "
"copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance "
"system was circumvented."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7556
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7559
msgid ""
"The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line "
"of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection "
"others to infringe others' copyright."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7564
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7567
msgid ""
"The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by "
"Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could "
msgstr ""
#. f23
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7590
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7593
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corporation of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal "
"City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers "
"(New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 270–71."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7575
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7578
msgid ""
"Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the "
"\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 170
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7599
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7602
msgid ""
"Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses "
"that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR "
"responsible."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7604
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7607
msgid "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7608
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7611
msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7611
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7614
msgid ""
"The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention "
"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 171
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7619
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7622
msgid ""
"A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree "
"such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to "
"be good. It, too, is a technology that has both good and bad uses."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7627
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:7630
msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7628
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:7631
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7631
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7634
msgid ""
"The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns "
"are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention "
"guns, despite the obvious and tragic harm they do."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7639
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7642
msgid ""
"The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the "
"balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict "
"erasing."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7647
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7650
msgid ""
"This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The "
"controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become "
"letters that Felten and aibopet.com received."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7659
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7662
msgid ""
"There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law "
"that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease "
msgstr ""
#. f24
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7678
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7681
msgid ""
"For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, "
"Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" <citetitle>Loyola of Los "
"Angeles Entertainment Law Journal</citetitle> 17 (1997): 651."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7672
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7675
msgid ""
"For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan "
"club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of "
"continue it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7684
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7687
msgid ""
"Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. "
"No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered "
"wished without fear of legal control."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7691
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7694
msgid ""
"But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally "
"available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots "
"is quick."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7701
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7704
msgid ""
"This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the "
"ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's "
"is, in effect, what is happening here."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7710
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:7713
msgid "Market: Concentration"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 173
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7712
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7715
msgid ""
"So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past "
"thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from "
"to copyright's control."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7730
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7733
msgid ""
"Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't "
"for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in "
"about all the other changes I have described."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7737
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7740
msgid ""
"This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In "
"the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical "
"three companies control more than percent of the media."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7748
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7751
msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7751
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7754
msgid "BMG"
msgstr ""
#. f25
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7757
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7760
msgid ""
"FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and "
"Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement "
msgstr ""
#. f26
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7764
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7767
msgid ""
"Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" "
"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002."
msgstr ""
#. f27
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7770
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7773
msgid ""
"Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" <citetitle>Charleston "
"Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7773
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7776
msgid "McCain, John"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7753
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7756
msgid ""
"Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain "
"summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 174
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7776
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7779
msgid ""
"The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the "
"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than "
"revenues."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7787
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7790
msgid ""
"Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are "
"six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were "
"market."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7801 freeculture.xml:7818
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7804 freeculture.xml:7821
msgid "Fallows, James"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7798
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7801
msgid ""
"Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in "
"the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent "
"article about Rupert Murdoch, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7816
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7819
msgid ""
"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" <citetitle>Atlantic "
"Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7805
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7808
msgid ""
"Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its "
"integration. They supply content—Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7823
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7826
msgid ""
"The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large "
"companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many "
"thousand words could do:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7829
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:7832
msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7830
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:7833
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 175
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7834
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7837
msgid ""
"Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is "
"distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute "
"content?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7839
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7842
msgid ""
"My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing "
"more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and "
"beginning to change my mind."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7845
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7848
msgid ""
"Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration "
"may matter."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7848
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7851
msgid "Lear, Norman"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7850 freeculture.xml:7914
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7853 freeculture.xml:7917
msgid "All in the Family"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7852
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7855
msgid ""
"In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the "
"Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It "
msgstr ""
#. f29
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7864
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7867
msgid ""
"Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center "
"Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #29</ulink>)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7859
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7862
msgid ""
"Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to "
"have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 176
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7876
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7879
msgid ""
"The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the "
"networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a "
msgstr ""
#. f30
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7895
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7898
msgid ""
"NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media "
"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st "
"at FCC En Banc Hearing, Richmond, Virginia, 27 February 2003."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7885
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7888
msgid ""
"In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After "
"that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were "
"decreased 63%.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7916
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7919
msgid ""
"Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the "
"Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show "
"increasingly owned by the network."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7925
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7928
msgid "Diller, Barry"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7926
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7929
msgid "Moyers, Bill"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7922
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7925
msgid ""
"While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of "
"those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry "
msgstr ""
#. f32
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7939
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7942
msgid ""
"\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill "
"Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available "
"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7930
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7933
msgid ""
"Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their "
"channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their "
"you have less than a handful.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7946
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7949
msgid ""
"This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large "
"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly "
"the environment for a democracy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7957
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7960
msgid "Clark, Kim B."
msgstr ""
#. f33
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7966
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7969
msgid ""
"Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The "
"Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do "
"2001)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7959
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7962
msgid ""
"Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration "
"affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the \"Innovator's "
"too little sprinting. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7983
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7986
msgid ""
"I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say "
"with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies "
"are important, and the effect on culture is hard to measure."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7989
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7992
msgid ""
"But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest "
"the concern."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7993
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7996
msgid ""
"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug "
"wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 178
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7998
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8001
msgid ""
"Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any "
"position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I "
"reduced drug consumption by Americans could possibly outweigh these costs."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8017
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8020
msgid ""
"You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is "
"through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend "
"fundamentally upon the press to help inform Americans about these issues."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8023
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8026
msgid ""
"Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a "
"media campaign as part of the \"war on drugs.\" The campaign produced scores "
"campaign."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8035
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8038
msgid ""
"Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its "
"message well. It's a fair and reasonable message."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8039
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8042
msgid ""
"But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a "
"countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 179
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8045
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8048
msgid ""
"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the "
"money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the "
"heard then?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8086
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8089
msgid "Comcast"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8087
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8090
msgid "Marijuana Policy Project"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8088
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8091
msgid "WJOA"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8062
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8065
msgid ""
"The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that "
"directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8052
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8055
msgid ""
"No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding "
"\"controversial\" ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8092
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8095
msgid ""
"I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a "
"media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws "
"mere few get to decide which issues the rest of us get to know about."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8104
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:8107
msgid "Together"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8106
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8109
msgid ""
"There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright "
"warriors that the government should \"protect my property.\" In the "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 180
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8112
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8115
msgid ""
"But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed— when "
"we recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to "
"property should be redefined."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8128
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8131
msgid ""
"Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright "
"or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, "
"today."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8134
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8137
msgid ""
"But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture "
"notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of "
"regulation—a weakening of that regulation, to strengthen creativity."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8146
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8149
msgid ""
"Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant "
"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 181
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8158
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8161
msgid ""
"For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we "
"see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together "
"our culture than now</emphasis>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8182
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8185
msgid ""
"Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of "
"copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8167
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8170
msgid ""
"Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they "
"affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the "
"known.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8188
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8191
msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8191
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8194
msgid ""
"At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and "
"noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished "
"undergone. In 1790, the law looked like this:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8204 freeculture.xml:8242
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:8207 freeculture.xml:8245
msgid "PUBLISH"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8205 freeculture.xml:8243 freeculture.xml:8282 freeculture.xml:8315
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:8208 freeculture.xml:8246 freeculture.xml:8285 freeculture.xml:8318
msgid "TRANSFORM"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8210 freeculture.xml:8248 freeculture.xml:8287 freeculture.xml:8320
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:8213 freeculture.xml:8251 freeculture.xml:8290 freeculture.xml:8323
msgid "Commercial"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8211 freeculture.xml:8249 freeculture.xml:8250 freeculture.xml:8288 freeculture.xml:8289 freeculture.xml:8321 freeculture.xml:8322 freeculture.xml:8326 freeculture.xml:8327
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:8214 freeculture.xml:8252 freeculture.xml:8253 freeculture.xml:8291 freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:8324 freeculture.xml:8325 freeculture.xml:8329 freeculture.xml:8330
msgid "©"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8212 freeculture.xml:8216 freeculture.xml:8217 freeculture.xml:8254 freeculture.xml:8255 freeculture.xml:8294
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:8215 freeculture.xml:8219 freeculture.xml:8220 freeculture.xml:8257 freeculture.xml:8258 freeculture.xml:8297
msgid "Free"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8215 freeculture.xml:8253 freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:8325
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:8218 freeculture.xml:8256 freeculture.xml:8295 freeculture.xml:8328
msgid "Noncommercial"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 182
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8224
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8227
msgid ""
"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright "
"law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached "
"free."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8233
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8236
msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8262
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8265
msgid ""
"Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, "
"which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered "
"essentially free."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8268
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8271
msgid ""
"In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this "
"change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of "
"look like this:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8281 freeculture.xml:8314
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:8284 freeculture.xml:8317
msgid "COPY"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8293
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:8296
msgid "©/Free"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8301
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8304
msgid ""
"The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy "
"machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 183
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8334
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8337
msgid ""
"Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was "
"not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or "
"commercial publishers."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8342
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8345
msgid ""
"Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does "
"no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether "
"actually does any good."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8348
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8351
msgid ""
"I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I "
"also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it "
msgstr ""
#. f36
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8364
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8367
msgid ""
"It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement "
"to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public "
"1980)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8358
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8361
msgid ""
"The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course "
"copyright is a kind of \"property,\" and of course, as with any property, "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 184
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8381
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8384
msgid ""
"We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on "
"the scope of the interests protected by \"property.\" The very birth of "
"vision that dominates the debate today."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8400
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8403
msgid ""
"Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response "
"to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the "
"with a lawyer."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8417
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:8420
msgid "PUZZLES"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8421
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:8424
msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8423
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8426
msgid "chimeras"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8426
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8429
msgid "Wells, H. G."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8429
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8432
msgid ""Country of the Blind, The" (Wells)"
msgstr ""
#. f1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8437
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8440
msgid ""
"H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, "
"<citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, Michael "
"Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8433
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8436
msgid ""
"In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez "
"trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in "
"life as a king."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8449
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8452
msgid ""
"Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight "
"to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are \"blind.\" "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 187
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8461
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8464
msgid ""
"The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the "
"virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, "
"mysteriously delighted.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8472
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8475
msgid ""
"When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" "
"love, the father and the village object. \"You see, my dear,\" her father "
"They take Nunez to the village doctor."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8478
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8481
msgid ""
"After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is "
"affected,\" he reports."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8482
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8485
msgid ""
"\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called "
"the eyes . . . are diseased . . . in such a way as to affect his brain.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8487
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8490
msgid ""
"The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in "
"order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 188
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8493
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8496
msgid ""
"\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform "
"Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. (You'll "
"blood was at the scene. . . .\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8510
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8513
msgid ""
"Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A "
"single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is "
"this reality."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8518
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8521
msgid ""
"The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and "
"culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly "
"kid: sharing music."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8532
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8535
msgid ""
"But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a "
"p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my "
"ten thousand best friends.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8541
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8544
msgid ""
"Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into "
"a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 189
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8552
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8555
msgid ""
"But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from "
"Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from "
"I download a ten-song CD, I'm liable for $1,500,000 in damages.)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8562
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8565
msgid ""
"The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it "
"is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is "
"rules should govern it?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8608 freeculture.xml:9308
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8611 freeculture.xml:9311
msgid "Berman, Howard L."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8578
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8581
msgid ""
"For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the "
"Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, \"Copyright "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8569
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8572
msgid ""
"We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, "
"with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8614
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8617
msgid ""
"Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as "
"though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no "
"at all, by social norms but not by law."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8621
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8624
msgid ""
"Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than "
"embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 190
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8633
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8636
msgid ""
"Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of "
"the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is "
"will be lost."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8641
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8644
msgid ""
"I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My "
"focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this war will "
"protection for copyrighted material,"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8654
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8657
msgid ""
"eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, "
"and we want to protect those rights."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8658
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8661
msgid ""
"But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major "
"labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it "
msgstr ""
#. f3.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8676
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8679
msgid ""
"WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital "
"Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the "
"in LEXIS, Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony File."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8666
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8669
msgid ""
"This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with "
"respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for "
"everyone's interests.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8690 freeculture.xml:9039
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8693 freeculture.xml:9042
msgid "Vivendi Universal"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8687
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8690
msgid ""
"In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the "
"major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed. <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8693
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8696
msgid ""
"Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It "
"will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill "
"opportunities that could be extraordinarily valuable."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8701
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:8704
msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8704
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8707
msgid ""
"To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has "
"launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought "
"will be suffered most by our own people."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8712
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8715
msgid ""
"My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in "
"particular, the consequences for \"free culture.\" But my aim now is to "
"justified?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8719
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8722
msgid ""
"In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first "
"time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of "
"history."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8727
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8730
msgid ""
"Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the "
"side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme claims of control "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 193
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8734
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8737
msgid ""
"There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe "
"just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident "
"today's monopolists of culture."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8741
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:8744
msgid "Constraining Creators"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8743
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8746
msgid ""
"In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. "
"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share "
"in a collage and make it available on the Net."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8758
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8761
msgid ""
"This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the "
"capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and in "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 194
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8769
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8772
msgid ""
"Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture "
"that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated "
"across the globe."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8779
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8782
msgid ""
"Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the "
"current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a "
"presumptively illegal."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8807 freeculture.xml:8828
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8810 freeculture.xml:8831
msgid "Worldcom"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8802
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8805
msgid ""
"See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at "
"WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8823
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8826
msgid "Bush, George W."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8814
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8817
msgid ""
"The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the "
"House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8790
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8793
msgid ""
"That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of "
"extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is "
msgstr ""
#. f3.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8850
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8853
msgid ""
"See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" "
"<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink "
"#41</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8831
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8834
msgid ""
"The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high "
"penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never "
"expression that is critical or reflective."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8860
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8863
msgid ""
"Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing "
"law. I described that change in detail in chapter 10. But an even bigger "
"your own home that anyone could tune into for whatever reason they chose."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8871
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8874
msgid ""
"Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting "
"infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the "
"them is not similarly free."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8882
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8885
msgid ""
"Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described "
"in chapter 7, in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 196
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8891
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8894
msgid ""
"But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend "
"your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for "
"on the rule of law."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8901
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8904
msgid ""
"Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate "
"\"breathing room\" between regulation by the law and the access the law "
"\"law\" with which judges comfort themselves."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8912
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8915
msgid ""
"For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of "
"a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend "
"they live in a culture that is free."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8923
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8926
msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me,"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 197
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8927
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8930
msgid ""
"We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are "
"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being "
"control it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8940
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:8943
msgid "Constraining Innovators"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8942
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8945
msgid ""
"The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity "
"quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you "
"you."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8950
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8953
msgid ""
"But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, "
"it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket "
"fundamental."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8959
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8962
msgid ""
"The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same "
"charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, "
"themselves against the competitors of tomorrow."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8971 freeculture.xml:9077
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8974 freeculture.xml:9080
msgid "Barry, Hank"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 198
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8973
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8976
msgid ""
"This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy "
"that I described in chapter 10. The consequence of this massive threat of "
"been learned."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8985
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8988
msgid ""
"Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in "
"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way "
"that even I (pessimist extraordinaire) would never have predicted."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8990
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:8993
msgid ""
"In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was "
"keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new "
"the creators."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8998
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9001
msgid ""
"To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to "
"recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to "
"so on. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9006
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9009
msgid ""
"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. "
"MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 199
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9018
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9021
msgid ""
"No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that "
"opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com "
"the users liked."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9027
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9030
msgid ""
"To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to "
"a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, "
"something they had already bought."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9042
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9045
msgid ""
"Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed "
"by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of "
"$54 million. Vivendi purchased MP3.com just about a year later."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9052
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9055
msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9055
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9058
msgid ""
"After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a "
"malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 200
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9065
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9068
msgid ""
"The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified "
"amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to "
"cost you and your firm dearly."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9076
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:9079
msgid "Hummer, John"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9085
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9088
msgid ""
"See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" <citetitle>Los "
"Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the "
"Times</citetitle>, 28 May 2001."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9079
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9082
msgid ""
"This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal "
"and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm "
"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9106
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:9109
msgid "BMW"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9121
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:9124
msgid "Needleman, Rafe"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9117
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9120
msgid ""
"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business "
"2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9108
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9111
msgid ""
"I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, "
"there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9126
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9129
msgid ""
"This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life\" "
"offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 201
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9136
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9139
msgid ""
"The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal "
"enterprises. The point is the definition of \"illegal.\" The law is a mess "
"and much less creativity."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9151
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9154
msgid ""
"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair "
"use. Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 202
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9163
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9166
msgid ""
"The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the "
"first important way in which the changes I have described will burden "
"content."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9185
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9188
msgid ""
"The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the "
"efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's "
msgstr ""
#. f6.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9199
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9202
msgid ""
"\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the "
"Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), "
msgstr ""
#. f7.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9215
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9218
msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9195
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9198
msgid ""
"The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the "
"content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 203
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9220
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9223
msgid ""
"In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why "
"not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical "
msgstr ""
#. f8.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9234
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9237
msgid ""
"See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, "
"February 2002 (Entertainment)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9231
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9234
msgid ""
"In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, "
"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would "
"any protection should not do more harm than good."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9242
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9245
msgid ""
"There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed "
"innovation—again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free "
"market crowd."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9248
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9251
msgid ""
"Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of "
"regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When "
msgstr ""
#. f9.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9257
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9260
msgid ""
"Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: "
"Prometheus Books, 2001)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9254
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9257
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as "
"regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica "
"strategy. Free use (as in the case of the VCR) has been another."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9267
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9270
msgid ""
"But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the "
"rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a "
msgstr ""
#. f10.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9276
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9279
msgid ""
"The only circuit court exception is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry "
"Association of America (RIAA)</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia "
"distributor liable for contributory or vicarious infringement liability."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9294
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9297
msgid ""
"For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the "
"Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9274
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9277
msgid ""
"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 204
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9316
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9319
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the "
"recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he "
"Birthday\" would get some money, whereas Marilyn Monroe would not."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9326
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9329
msgid ""
"The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The "
"justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist "
"compensation to the recording artists."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9337
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9340
msgid ""
"Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to "
"stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels "
"station much beyond the San Francisco metropolitan area."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9346
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9349
msgid ""
"This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are "
"potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 205
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9361
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9364
msgid ""
"Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement "
"potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since "
msgstr ""
#. f12.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9385
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9388
msgid "Lessing, 239."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9371
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9374
msgid ""
"An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, "
"thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded "
msgstr ""
#. f13.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9395
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9398
msgid "Ibid., 229."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9390
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9393
msgid ""
"This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong "
"was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of "
"technology."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9400
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9403
msgid ""
"Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there "
"is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 206
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9408
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9411
msgid ""
"But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new "
"industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful "
"than it burdens terrestrial radio."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9447
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:9450
msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9430
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9433
msgid ""
"This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration "
"Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9423
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9426
msgid ""
"This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher "
"estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to "
"broadcasting the same content would pay no equivalent fee."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9454
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9457
msgid ""
"The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were "
"proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) "
"transaction</emphasis>:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9462
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9465
msgid "name of the service;"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9465
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9468
msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9468
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9471
msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9471
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9474
msgid "date of transmission;"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9474
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9477
msgid "time of transmission;"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9477
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9480
msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9480
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9483
msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9483
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9486
msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9486
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9489
msgid "sound recording title;"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9489
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9492
msgid "ISRC code of the recording;"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9492
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9495
msgid ""
"release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of "
"compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of "
"the track;"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9495
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9498
msgid "featured recording artist;"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9498
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9501
msgid "retail album title;"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9501
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9504
msgid "recording label;"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9504
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9507
msgid "UPC code of the retail album;"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9507
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9510
msgid "catalog number;"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9510
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9513
msgid "copyright owner information;"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9513
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9516
msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9516
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9519
msgid "name of the service or entity;"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9519
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9522
msgid "channel or program;"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9522
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9525
msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9525
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9528
msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9528
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9531
msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9531
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9534
msgid "Unique User identifier;"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9534
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9537
msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9539
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9542
msgid ""
"The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, "
"pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the "
"not."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9547
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9550
msgid ""
"Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic "
"consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was "
"the motive to protect artists against piracy?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9553
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9556
msgid ""
"In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to "
"everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 208
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9559
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9562
msgid ""
"The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony "
"about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and "
"drive the small webcasters out of business. . . .\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9575
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9578
msgid ""
"And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry "
"with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an industry "
"stable, predictable market</emphasis>.\" (Emphasis added.)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9583
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9586
msgid ""
"Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that "
"this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the "
"either the right or the left, who is doing anything effective to prevent it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9593
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:9596
msgid "Corrupting Citizens"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9595
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9598
msgid ""
"Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives "
"dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity "
"for a democratic creativity that digital technology enables."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9601
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9604
msgid ""
"In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important "
"to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts "
msgstr ""
#. f15.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9610
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9613
msgid ""
"Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet "
"and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 209
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9606
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9609
msgid ""
"The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war "
"of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number "
msgstr ""
#. f16.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9644
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9647
msgid ""
"Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" "
"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, Business."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9631
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9634
msgid ""
"The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal "
"system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in "
msgstr ""
#. f17.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9666
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9669
msgid ""
"Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During "
"Prohibition,\" <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, no. 2 "
msgstr ""
#. f18.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9674
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9677
msgid ""
"National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform "
"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John "
msgstr ""
#. f19.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9684
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9687
msgid ""
"See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" "
"<citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 (1998): 818 (survey "
"of compliance literature)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9656
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9659
msgid ""
"Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something "
"more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol "
"law."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9693
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9696
msgid ""
"This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly "
"salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students "
"certain degree of illegality."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9710
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9713
msgid ""
"The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more "
"severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 211
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9723
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9726
msgid ""
"My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we "
"should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics "
"society is right to ban murder always and everywhere."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9730
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9733
msgid ""
"My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but "
"that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people "
"\"felons.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9744
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9747
msgid ""
"When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the "
"Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways "
"without transforming America into a nation of felons?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9756
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9759
msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 212
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9759
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9762
msgid ""
"We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of "
"plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law "
"free."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9770
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9773
msgid ""
"But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph "
"records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without "
"Apple endorsed the \"Rip, Mix, Burn\" capacities of digital technologies."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9778
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:9781
msgid "Adromeda"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9780
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9783
msgid ""
"This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large "
"process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in "
"right."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9791
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9794
msgid ""
"This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But "
"unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 213
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9801
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9804
msgid ""
"If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your "
"own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, "
"part of a massively complex \"digital rights management\" system."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9815
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9818
msgid ""
"If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the "
"ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with "
"easily?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9824
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9827
msgid ""
"My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a "
"version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only "
"between different property systems and the freedoms each allowed."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9835
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9838
msgid ""
"I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning "
"forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this "
"horse-drawn buggy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9844
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9847
msgid ""
"Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled "
"Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form "
"as criminals and their own survival."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9850
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9853
msgid ""
"It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable "
"why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9869 freeculture.xml:9978
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:9872 freeculture.xml:9981
msgid "von Lohmann, Fred"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9867
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9870
msgid ""
"\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains, "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9873
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9876
msgid ""
"then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to "
"one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you "
"percentage of the American Internet-using population into \"lawbreakers.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9885
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9888
msgid ""
"And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into "
"criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to "
"effectively erase much of the privacy most would presume."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9890
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9893
msgid ""
"Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA "
"launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the "
msgstr ""
#. f20.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9908
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9911
msgid ""
"See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in "
"Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington "
"<citetitle>Toronto Star</citetitle>, 18 September 2003, P7."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9899
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9902
msgid ""
"The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to "
"sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded "
msgstr ""
#. f21.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9926
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9929
msgid ""
"See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some "
"Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #47</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9922
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9925
msgid ""
"Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A "
"report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted "
msgstr ""
#. f22.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9947
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9950
msgid ""
"See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" "
"<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank "
"September 2000, 3D."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9935
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9938
msgid ""
"So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a "
"CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you "
"expelled."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9966
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9969
msgid ""
"Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a "
"lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9982
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:9985
msgid ""
"So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans "
"that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the "
"them."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10002
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10005
msgid ""
"When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the "
"law, and when the law could achieve the same objective— securing "
"to change our law?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10015
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:10018
msgid "BALANCES"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10019
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10023
msgid ""
"So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is "
"on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the "
"with gasoline. Obviously, gasoline won't put the fire out."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10025
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10029
msgid ""
"As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the "
"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she "
"ignite is about to ignite everything around."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10033
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10037
msgid ""
"A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the "
"wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 219
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10042
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10046
msgid ""
"Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with "
"plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the "
"is a massive change in the way culture is made that is happening all around."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10050
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10054
msgid ""
"Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and "
"fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline "
"onto this fire."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10055
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10059
msgid ""
"We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, "
"binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more "
"at the fire when we should be keeping our eyes on the road."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10061
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10065
msgid ""
"This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my "
"failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of "
"understand these failures if we're to understand what success will require."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10070
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:10075
msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10072
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10077
msgid ""
"In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like "
"Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one "
"nineteenth-century author's work come alive."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10081
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10086
msgid ""
"It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne "
"any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 221
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10088
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10093
msgid ""
"Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, "
"though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world "
"accessible—technically accessible—today."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10099
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10104
msgid ""
"Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source "
"as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed "
msgstr ""
#. f1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10122
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10127
msgid ""
"There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but "
"it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of "
"protect the Eldreds of the world as to protect noncommercial pornographers."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10111
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10116
msgid ""
"The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public "
"domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of "
"culture generally.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10139
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10144
msgid ""
"As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection "
"of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the "
msgstr ""
#. f2.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10159
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10164
msgid ""
"The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to "
"last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the "
"Cong. Rec. H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10154
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10159
msgid ""
"This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in "
"memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10170
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10175
msgid ""
"Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through "
"civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he "
"dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer to undertake."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10179
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10184
msgid ""
"It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a "
"constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional "
"different. As you know, the Constitution says,"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10190
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10195
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing "
"for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their "
". . . Writings. . . ."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10196
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10201
msgid ""
"As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of "
"Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power "
"Times.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10215 freeculture.xml:11657
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:10220 freeculture.xml:11662
msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10206
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10211
msgid ""
"In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending "
"existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if "
"Peter Jaszi so nicely put it. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10218
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10223
msgid ""
"As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting "
"late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration "
"Congress is quite happy to keep this gravy train going."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10229
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10234
msgid ""
"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of "
"government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are "
"things that pay? Extending copyright terms pays."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10238
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10243
msgid ""
"If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the "
"very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one "
"Frost wrote could be published by anyone for free."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10248
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10253
msgid ""
"So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of "
"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 224
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10255
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10260
msgid ""
"\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C "
"will expire. That means that after next year, we will no longer be receiving "
"the annual royalty check of $100,000 from the publishers of those works."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10263
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10268
msgid ""
"\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could "
"change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to extend the terms of "
"us. So we should hope this bill passes.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10269
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10274
msgid ""
"\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about "
"it?\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10273
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10278
msgid ""
"\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the "
"campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure that they support "
"the bill.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10278
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10283
msgid ""
"You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know "
"whether this disgusting practice is worth it. \"How much would we get if "
"this extension were passed?\" you ask the adviser. \"How much is it worth?\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10284
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10289
msgid ""
"\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to "
"get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the "
"this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the estate.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10290
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10295
msgid ""
"You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct "
"conclusion:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10294
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10299
msgid ""
"\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 "
"in campaign contributions if we were confident those contributions would "
"assure that the bill was passed?\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10300
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10305
msgid ""
"\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute "
"up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 225
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10306
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10311
msgid ""
"You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, "
"you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary "
"extended."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10317
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10322
msgid ""
"Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be "
"bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to "
msgstr ""
#. f3.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10329
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10334
msgid ""
"Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse "
"Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" "
msgstr ""
#. f4.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10336
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10341
msgid ""
"See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" "
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. f5.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10344
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10349
msgid ""
"Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" "
"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, "
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10322
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10327
msgid ""
"In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term "
"Extension Act, this \"theory\" about incentives was proved real. Ten of the "
"campaigns in the cycle.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10351
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10356
msgid ""
"Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not "
"be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 226
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10364
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10369
msgid ""
"It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would "
"not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme "
"strike down a law that banned the possession of guns near schools."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10377
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10382
msgid ""
"Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very "
"broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate "
"regulate any activity that merely affected interstate commerce."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10387
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10392
msgid ""
"As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no "
"limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when "
"limit."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10394
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10399
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in "
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The "
msgstr ""
#. f6.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10409
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10414
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 "
"U.S. 549, 564 (1995)."
msgstr ""
#. f7.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10416
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10421
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 "
"U.S. 598 (2000)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10407
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10412
msgid ""
"\"We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,\" the "
"Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything "
msgstr ""
#. f8.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10423
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10428
msgid ""
"If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries "
"from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 227
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10420
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10425
msgid ""
"If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress "
"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"extend the term of existing copyrights."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10444
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10449
msgid ""
"<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in "
"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the "
"Justices were going to be petty politicians."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10457
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10462
msgid ""
"Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in "
"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not about. By insisting on the "
msgstr ""
#. f9.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10480
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10485
msgid ""
"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, "
"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #51</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10474
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10479
msgid ""
"Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the "
"Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public "
"pirate's charter."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10490
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10495
msgid ""
"As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a "
"way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the "
"as Congress is free to be bought to extend them again."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10502
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10507
msgid ""
"It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. "
"Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for "
msgstr ""
#. f10.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10523
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10528
msgid ""
"The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the "
"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10517
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10522
msgid ""
"If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) "
"affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 229
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10532
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10537
msgid ""
"Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, "
"as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, "
"have to do?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10544
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10549
msgid ""
"Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still "
"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not "
"under copyright."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10552
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10557
msgid ""
"Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the "
"current copyright owners. How would you do that?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10556
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10561
msgid ""
"Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners "
"somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and "
"thousands of government monopolies without there being at least a list?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10563
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10568
msgid ""
"But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of "
"the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about "
"the current owner. And we're just talking about 1930!"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10572
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10577
msgid ""
"\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists "
"for the system respond. \"Why should there be a list of copyright owners?\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10577
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10582
msgid ""
"Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty "
"of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 230
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10586
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10591
msgid ""
"So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house "
"by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is "
"proves the rule: that we ordinarily know quite well who owns what property."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10601
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10606
msgid ""
"Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The "
"library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already "
"to be used."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10613
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10618
msgid ""
"The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, "
"and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other "
"creative works is much more dire."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10618
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:10623
msgid "Agee, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10631
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10636
msgid ""
"See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" "
"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, "
"Tribune</citetitle>, 9 October 2002."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10637
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:10642
msgid "Lucky Dog, The"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10620
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10625
msgid ""
"Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which "
"owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10640
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10645
msgid ""
"Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this "
"culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 231
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10646
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10651
msgid ""
"His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any "
"continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at "
msgstr ""
#. f12.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10664
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10669
msgid ""
"Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the "
"Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10657
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10662
msgid ""
"We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most "
"of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10674
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10679
msgid ""
"Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. "
"Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In "
"locate the copyright owner."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10682
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10687
msgid ""
"Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't "
"only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't "
"exceptionally high."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10690
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10695
msgid ""
"\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the "
"copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 232
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10701
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10706
msgid ""
"For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these "
"costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would "
"expires."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10711
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10716
msgid ""
"But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have "
"expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock "
"they are now stored will be filled with nothing more than dust."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10719
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10724
msgid ""
"Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has "
"continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a "
"tiny fraction, the copyright acts as an \"engine of free expression.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10728
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10733
msgid ""
"But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative "
"work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books "
"commercial life ends."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10738
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10743
msgid ""
"Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep "
"libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 233
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10751
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10756
msgid ""
"Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In "
"this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this "
"context do no good."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10758
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10763
msgid ""
"Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our "
"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no "
"commercial life ended was a use that was independent of copyright law."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10769
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10774
msgid ""
"The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a "
"film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, "
"of its life so long as the market didn't have more to offer."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10778
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10783
msgid ""
"In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our "
"history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost "
"interfered with anything."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10784
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10789
msgid "But this situation has now changed."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10787
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10792
msgid ""
"One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies "
"is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 234
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10800
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10805
msgid ""
"And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this "
"digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of "
"radically different context."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10810
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10815
msgid ""
"Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that "
"technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in "
"expression. Copyright is a brake."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10821
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10826
msgid ""
"You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster "
"Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So won't "
"Random House do as well as Brewster Kahle in spreading culture widely?\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10827
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10832
msgid ""
"Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that "
"publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered "
msgstr ""
#. f13.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10850
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10855
msgid ""
"Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 "
"December 2002, available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #54</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10838
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10843
msgid ""
"I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should "
"rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10857
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10862
msgid ""
"In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal "
"district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny "
"by another twenty years violated the First Amendment."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10865
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10870
msgid ""
"The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A "
"panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our "
"court. That dissent gave our claims life."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10872
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10877
msgid ""
"Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights "
"be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: "
"argued, would be to deny Congress the power to extend existing terms."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10883
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10888
msgid ""
"We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the "
"case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 236
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10889
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10894
msgid ""
"The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This "
"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the "
"bounds."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10898
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10903
msgid ""
"It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme "
"Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one "
"court has yet reviewed the statute."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10905
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10910
msgid ""
"But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our "
"petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of "
"2002. The summer would be spent writing briefs and preparing for argument."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10911
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10916
msgid ""
"It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly "
"hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost "
"from my client, Eric Eldred."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10921
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10926
msgid ""
"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been "
"won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this "
"story to myself, I can never escape believing that my own mistake lost it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10926 freeculture.xml:10940
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:10931 freeculture.xml:10945
msgid "Steward, Geoffrey"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 237
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10928
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10933
msgid ""
"The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very "
"end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary "
"the case, they gave it everything they could."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10938 freeculture.xml:11278 freeculture.xml:11293 freeculture.xml:11386 freeculture.xml:11600 freeculture.xml:11631 freeculture.xml:11719
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:10943 freeculture.xml:11283 freeculture.xml:11298 freeculture.xml:11391 freeculture.xml:11605 freeculture.xml:11636 freeculture.xml:11724
msgid "Ayer, Don"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10939
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:10944
msgid "Bromberg, Dan"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10942
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10947
msgid ""
"There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was "
"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite "
"world.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10952
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10957
msgid ""
"I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a "
"dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it "
"put in the Constitution."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10973
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10978
msgid ""
"In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm "
"caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 238
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10981
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:10986
msgid ""
"There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in "
"which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court "
"was unconstitutional regardless of one's politics."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11012 freeculture.xml:11035
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11017 freeculture.xml:11040
msgid "Eagle Forum"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11013
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11018
msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11000
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11005
msgid ""
"The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11016
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11021
msgid ""
"In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting "
"our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in "
"conservative argument persuaded a strong conservative judge, Judge Sentelle."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11024
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11029
msgid ""
"In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it "
"gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11038
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11043
msgid ""
"Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, "
"there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including "
"National Writers Union."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11044
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11049
msgid ""
"But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've "
"already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law "
"made the economic argument absolutely clear."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11050
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11055
msgid "Akerlof, George"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11051
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11056
msgid "Arrow, Kenneth"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11052
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11057
msgid "Buchanan, James"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11053
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11058
msgid "Coase, Ronald"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11054
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11059
msgid "Friedman, Milton"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11056
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11061
msgid ""
"This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five "
"Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton "
"wild."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11079 freeculture.xml:11092 freeculture.xml:11284 freeculture.xml:11636
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11084 freeculture.xml:11097 freeculture.xml:11289 freeculture.xml:11641
msgid "Fried, Charles"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11067
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11072
msgid ""
"The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to "
"write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11082
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11087
msgid ""
"Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor "
"general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11095
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11100
msgid ""
"The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as "
"well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians "
"exclusively by major media companies, congressmen, and copyright holders."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11102
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11107
msgid ""
"The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the "
"law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending "
msgstr ""
#. f14.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11118
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11123
msgid ""
"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19."
msgstr ""
#. f15.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11126
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11131
msgid ""
"Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins "
"the Fray,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March 1998, B7."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11133
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11138
msgid "Gershwin, George"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11111
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11116
msgid ""
"Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11136
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11141
msgid ""
"This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. "
"When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is "
"meant to block."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11148
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11153
msgid ""
"We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean "
"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend "
"case. Early on, as I said, I set the strategy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11157
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11162
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called "
"\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives "
"limits."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11166 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:11529 freeculture.xml:11541
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11171 freeculture.xml:11195 freeculture.xml:11534 freeculture.xml:11546
msgid "Breyer, Stephen"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 242
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11168
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11173
msgid ""
"The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on "
"Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
"were also the votes that we were least likely to get."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11180
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11185
msgid ""
"In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her "
"general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are "
"wished, even if what Congress wished made little sense."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11192
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11197
msgid ""
"Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as "
"unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored "
"very important free speech argument against these retrospective extensions."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11200
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11205
msgid ""
"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice "
"Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges "
"confident he would recognize limits here."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11208
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11213
msgid ""
"This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: "
"on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 243
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11218
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11223
msgid ""
"This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am "
"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the "
"limited."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11232
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11237
msgid ""
"The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done "
"it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that "
"practice is unconstitutional."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11239
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11244
msgid ""
"There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly "
"agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 244
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11246
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11251
msgid ""
"But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended "
"existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then "
"justices fire questions at wannabe winners."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11269
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11274
msgid ""
"I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single "
"point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the "
"found ways to take every question back to this central idea."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11280
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11285
msgid ""
"One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He "
"had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11287
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11292
msgid ""
"\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be "
"willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 245
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11295
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11300
msgid ""
"He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't "
"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right "
"would be assured a seat."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11312
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11317
msgid ""
"Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for "
"seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my "
"in the special section ordinarily reserved for family of the Justices."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11327
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11332
msgid ""
"When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I "
"intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This "
"powers had any limit."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11333
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11338
msgid ""
"Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history "
"was bothering her."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11338
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11343
msgid ""
"justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, "
"and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions "
"act."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11345
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11350
msgid ""
"She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of "
"what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 246
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11351
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11356
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, "
"then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives "
"effect to what they had in mind, and the answer is yes."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11359
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11364
msgid ""
"There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the "
"Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed,"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11365
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11370
msgid ""
"justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, "
"too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone "
"evidence for that."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11373
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11378
msgid ""
"Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I "
"answered,"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11379
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11384
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing "
"in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about "
"under the copyright laws."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11388
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11393
msgid ""
"That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer "
"was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of "
"was a swing and a miss."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11395
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11400
msgid ""
"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been "
"crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 247
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11400
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11405
msgid ""
"It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. "
"To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11407
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11412
msgid ""
"chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy "
"verbatim other people's books, don't you?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11411
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11416
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the "
"public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that "
"proper reading of the limits built into the Copyright Clause."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11420
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11425
msgid ""
"Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the "
"Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor "
"General Olson,"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11426
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11431
msgid ""
"justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time "
"would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the "
"extendable is the functional equivalent of an unlimited time."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11434
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11439
msgid ""
"When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's "
"flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 248
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11447
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11452
msgid ""
"As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I "
"could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered "
"differently. But one way of thinking about this case left me optimistic."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11455
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11460
msgid ""
"The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over "
"and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the "
"rule of law that it had established elsewhere."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11470
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11475
msgid ""
"The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and "
"missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the "
"justices had voted in the majority. There were two dissents."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11477
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11482
msgid ""
"A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off "
"the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I "
"had been wrong in my reasoning."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11482
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11487
msgid ""
"My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money "
"in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last "
"naïve law professor, scouring the pages, looking for reasoning."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11488
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11493
msgid ""
"I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the "
"principle in this case from the principle in "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 249
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11497
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11502
msgid ""
"Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent "
"with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found "
"Congress's power not limited here."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11502
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11507
msgid ""
"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice "
"Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too "
"explained, the doctrine they had worked so hard to defeat."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11508
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11513
msgid ""
"But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was "
"reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited "
"context it would not."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11519
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11524
msgid ""
"Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they "
"would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to "
"will respect, that is the system we have."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11531
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11536
msgid ""
"Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion "
"was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 250
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11544
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11549
msgid ""
"Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was "
"external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has "
"long as to be effectively unlimited, then it was unconstitutional."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11555
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11560
msgid ""
"These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because "
"neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was "
"Prince."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11562
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11567
msgid ""
"Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression "
"gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the "
"depression. This anger was of two sorts."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11567
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11572
msgid ""
"It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one "
"thing for them to have explained why the principle of "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 251
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11580
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11585
msgid ""
"Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the "
"framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined "
"consistent with their own principles."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11595
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11600
msgid ""
"My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I "
"had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as "
"it is."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11602
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11607
msgid ""
"Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism "
"about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 252
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11613
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11618
msgid ""
"As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see "
"a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in "
"on which a court should decide the issue."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11633
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11638
msgid ""
"Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have "
"been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen "
"Sullivan? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11639
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11644
msgid ""
"My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not "
"ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take "
"we do that, we will be able to show that Court."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11645
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11650
msgid ""
"Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing "
"anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little "
"persuaded."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11652
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11657
msgid ""
"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in "
"January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 253
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11660
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11665
msgid ""
"After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, "
"that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, "
"law. <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> wrote in its editorial,"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11681
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11686
msgid ""
"In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing "
"the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright "
"creative ferment."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11695
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11700
msgid "Bolling, Ruben"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11690
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11695
msgid ""
"The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious "
"images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the "
"that. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11698
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11703
msgid ""
"The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from "
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That \"grand experiment\" we call "
"lawyer would have made them see differently."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:11709
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:11714
msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11711
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11716
msgid ""
"The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I "
"was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in "
"of traffic, so I opened up my computer and wrote an op-ed piece."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11721
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11726
msgid ""
"It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San "
"Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 256
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11731
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11736
msgid ""
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I "
"proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the "
"copyright. If he did not, the work passed into the public domain."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11739
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11744
msgid ""
"We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric "
"Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said "
"early on, it won't get passed unless it has another name."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11744
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11749
msgid ""
"Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either "
"the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation "
"worth is at least $1. But for everything else, let the content go."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11752 freeculture.xml:11951
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11757 freeculture.xml:11956
msgid "Forbes, Steve"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11754
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11759
msgid ""
"The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in "
"an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing "
"issue. Anyone can recognize the stupid harm of the present system."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11766
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11771
msgid ""
"Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration "
"requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for "
"at least one registry where copyright owners could be identified."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11776
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11781
msgid "Berlin Act (1908)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11777 freeculture.xml:11816
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11782 freeculture.xml:11821
msgid "Berne Convention (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. f1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11784
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11789
msgid ""
"Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright "
"legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with "
"Foundation Press, 2001), 153–54."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11780
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11785
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in "
"1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal "
"creativity, not upon the special favor of the government."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11810
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11815
msgid ""
"That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd "
"copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world "
"protected and what's not."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11818
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11823
msgid ""
"The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in "
"1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, "
"loss of widows' only income."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11828
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11833
msgid ""
"These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the "
"formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should "
"of registration."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11836
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11841
msgid ""
"Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the "
"nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 258
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11844
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11849
msgid ""
"In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a "
"government of his ownership of the table."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11856
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11861
msgid ""
"This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the "
"argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property "
"that it can be efficiently and fairly spread."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11865
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11870
msgid ""
"No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because "
"you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be "
"burdens produce a much better system of protection for property generally."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11881
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11886
msgid ""
"It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in "
"copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that "
"take their place. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11896
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11901
msgid ""
"This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we "
"tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" "
"controlled. After fourteen years, it would be presumptively uncontrolled."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11906
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11911
msgid ""
"But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to "
"know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious "
"formalities</emphasis>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11915
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11920
msgid ""
"The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is "
"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer "
"extended copyright term."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11922
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11927
msgid ""
"If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended "
"term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your "
"on it. It should become free if it is not worth $1 to you."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11929
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11934
msgid ""
"Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the "
"work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 260
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11935
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11940
msgid ""
"It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I "
"completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt "
"years. What do you think?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11953
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11958
msgid ""
"When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay "
"attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be "
"that they might be willing to take the first step."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11966
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11971
msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11959
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11964
msgid ""
"One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
"bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11969
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11974
msgid ""
"But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the "
"MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 261
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11977
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11982
msgid ""
"The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central "
"concept in the proposed bill\"—that copyrights be renewed. That was "
"use."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11998
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12003
msgid ""
"Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do "
"this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of "
"likely to."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12006
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12011
msgid ""
"At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to "
"changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, "
"protect themselves against this new competitive threat."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12016
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12021
msgid ""
"I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been "
"about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 262
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12025
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12030
msgid ""
"When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright "
"owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the "
"resistance."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12036
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12041
msgid ""
"But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, "
"then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest "
"simple question:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12046
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12051
msgid "What does this industry really want?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12049
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12054
msgid ""
"With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the "
"effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting "
"<emphasis>their</emphasis> permission first."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12060
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12065
msgid ""
"The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The "
"most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 263
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12068
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12073
msgid ""
"It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard "
"to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain "
"creation."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12080
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12085
msgid ""
"What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if "
"the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and "
"others."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12087
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12092
msgid ""
"All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
"\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long "
"dead (and often unfindable) hand of the past."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12099
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:12104
msgid "CONCLUSION"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12101
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12107
msgid ""
"There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus "
"worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. "
"it is seventeen million Africans."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12108
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12114
msgid ""
"There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. "
"These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already "
msgstr ""
#. f1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12123
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12129
msgid ""
"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating "
"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), "
"world receive them—and half of them are in Brazil."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12116
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12122
msgid ""
"These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United "
"States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 265
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12134
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12140
msgid ""
"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by "
"used to keep the prices high."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12142
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12148
msgid ""
"There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
"not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
"it, at least without other changes."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12153
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12159
msgid ""
"But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another "
"thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders "
"market price."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12171 freeculture.xml:12599
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12177 freeculture.xml:12605
msgid "Braithwaite, John"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12169
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12175
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: "
"<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12160
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12166
msgid ""
"In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
"importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
msgstr ""
#. f3.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12182
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12188
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
msgstr ""
#. f4.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12209
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12215
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 15."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12176
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12182
msgid ""
"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12215
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12221
msgid ""
"We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt "
"patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
"our government's intervention to stop the flow of medications into Africa."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12225
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12231
msgid ""
"By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
"government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not "
"chemicals into drugs that would save 15 to 30 million lives."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12233
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12239
msgid ""
"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was "
#. f5.
#. PAGE BREAK 333
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12248
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12254
msgid ""
"See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at "
"Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" <citetitle>San Francisco "
"Journal</citetitle> (Spring 2001): 175."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12242
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12248
msgid ""
"Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
"which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
"against the South African response to AIDS."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12269
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12275
msgid ""
"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
"abstraction?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12279
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12285
msgid ""
"Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their "
"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a "
"corruption the drug companies are certainly not responsible for."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12287
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12293
msgid ""
"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 268
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12295
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12301
msgid ""
"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
"ideal—the sanctity of an idea called \"intellectual property.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12310
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12316
msgid ""
"So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
"done, how will we justify what we have done? What is the argument?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12316
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12322
msgid ""
"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 269
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12328
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12334
msgid ""
"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. "
"to make this common sense open its eyes."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12348
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12354
msgid ""
"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
msgstr ""
#. f6.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12365
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12371
msgid ""
"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington "
"Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink "
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12393 freeculture.xml:13115
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12399 freeculture.xml:13124
msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12362
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12368
msgid ""
"In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by "
"the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a "
"source and free software.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12396
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12402
msgid ""
"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
msgstr ""
#. f7.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12404
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12410
msgid ""
"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
"meeting."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12403
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12409
msgid ""
"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was "
"ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 271
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12414
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12420
msgid ""
"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
"balance in intellectual property had been lost."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12438
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12444
msgid ""
"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
"seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12444
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12450
msgid ""
"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
"least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" "
msgstr ""
#. f8.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12466
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12472
msgid ""
"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12455
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12461
msgid ""
"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 272
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12484
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12490
msgid ""
"More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free "
"software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is "
msgstr ""
#. f9.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12510
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12516
msgid ""
"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12502
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12508
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
"the meeting was canceled."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12516
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12522
msgid ""
"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
"States having succeeded in its lobbying efforts."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12524
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12530
msgid ""
"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
"us to be contrary to the goals of WIPO.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12534
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12540
msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12538
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12544
msgid ""
"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
"with intellectual property issues."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12548
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12554
msgid ""
"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" "
"intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory "
"it have been better if the protocols of the Internet had been patented?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12561
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12567
msgid ""
"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 274
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12575
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12581
msgid ""
"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which "
"has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that "
"most extreme and restrictive way possible."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12587
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12593
msgid ""
"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
"Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not "
"might interfere with that control."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12604
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12610
msgid ""
"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12601
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12607
msgid ""
"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"toward the feudal."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12613
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12619
msgid ""
"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 275
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12620
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12626
msgid ""
"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
"should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to "
"ours."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12632
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12638
msgid ""
"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
"truth or not.)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12642
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12648
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of "
"might well have continued."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12650
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12656
msgid ""
"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
"academics throughout history (and not just in our own country's history)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12656
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12662
msgid ""
"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
"should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 276
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12667
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12673
msgid ""
"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the "
"truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something "
"tradition for most of our history—free culture."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12686
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12692
msgid "Turner, Ted"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12676
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12682
msgid ""
"If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments "
"of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12690
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12696
msgid ""
"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
"sustained support for fighting further concentration in the media."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12698
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12704
msgid ""
"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness "
"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
"hamburger from somewhere else."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12705
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12711
msgid ""
"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
"their bigness bad."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12715
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12721
msgid ""
"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
"fight \"big\" again is not something new."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12722
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12728
msgid ""
"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
"exercised within this tradition anymore."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12730
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12736
msgid ""
"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
"tragedy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12733
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12739
msgid "Dylan, Bob"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12738
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12744
msgid ""
"John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September "
"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
msgstr ""
#. f12.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12756
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12762
msgid ""
"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 "
"September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f13.
#. PAGE BREAK 334
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12763
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12769
msgid ""
"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan "
"Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12735
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12741
msgid ""
"As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA "
"lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder "
"for kids who use a computer to share content."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12780 freeculture.xml:13131
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12786 freeculture.xml:13140
msgid "Creative Commons"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12781
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12787
msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12786
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12792
msgid ""
"\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 "
"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
msgstr ""
#. f15.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12795
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12801
msgid ""
"\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, "
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 278
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12783
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12789
msgid ""
"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
"will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 279
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12809
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12815
msgid ""
"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
"potential is ever to be realized."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12817
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:12825
msgid "AFTERWORD"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 280
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12821
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12830
msgid ""
"At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must "
"be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what "
"might be done."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12826
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12835
msgid ""
"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
"which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
"remaking how many people think about the very same issue."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12832
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12841
msgid ""
"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
"significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
"words, and to tell their neighbors why this battle is so important."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12839
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12848
msgid ""
"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
"an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
"Congress could make to better secure a free culture."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12848
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:12857
msgid "US, NOW"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12850
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12859
msgid ""
"Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has "
"been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or "
"the choice, then the warriors should win."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12856
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12865
msgid ""
"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 282
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12866
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12875
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
"tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied "
"\"taken\" regardless of the rights. Any rights were effectively unprotected."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12878
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12887
msgid ""
"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
"paste\" world that is a creator's nightmare."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12892
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12901
msgid ""
"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all "
"rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights "
"set of freedoms that we could just take for granted before."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12901
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:12910
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12903
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12912
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
"of your browsing habits was assured."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12913
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12922
msgid "What made it assured?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12917
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12926
msgid ""
"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your "
"privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering "
"by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12931
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12940
msgid "Amazon"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12933
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12942
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
"disappears, too."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12943
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12952
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
msgstr ""
#. f1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12959
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12968
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the "
"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 284
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12953
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12962
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on "
"the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction "
"affirmatively act where, before, privacy was given by default."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12977
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12986
msgid ""
"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
"movement. When computers with software were first made available "
"about controlling their software."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12984
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12993
msgid "Stallman, Richard"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12986
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12995
msgid ""
"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
"the freedom to add to or modify other people's work."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12994
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13003
msgid ""
"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
"else?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13006
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13015
msgid ""
"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 285
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13015
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13024
msgid ""
"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of "
"share software would be fundamentally weakened."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13024
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13033
msgid ""
"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
"was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13030
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13039
msgid ""
"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
"innovative creative code was a byproduct."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13041
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13050
msgid ""
"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
"passively guaranteed."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13049
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13058
msgid ""
"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 286
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13054
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13063
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
"opinion through their respective services."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13070
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13079
msgid ""
"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
"the public domain."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13079
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13088
msgid ""
"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
"data except by paying for a subscription?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13084
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13093
msgid ""
"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
"paper journal."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13096
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13105
msgid ""
"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
"and market shrink a freedom taken for granted before."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13104
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13113
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13118
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13127
msgid ""
"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no "
"it helps spread knowledge and science."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13129
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:13138
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13134
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13143
msgid ""
"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
"increasing control effected through law and technology."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13138
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13147
msgid ""
"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 288
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13149
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13158
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
"does not mean that copyright is waived, but that certain freedoms are given."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13167
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13176
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
"long as full copies are not made. Or lastly, any educational use."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13178
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13187
msgid ""
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
"that content will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13199
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13208
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13189
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13198
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
"creativity. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13202
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13211
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to "
"complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are "
"gives people a way effectively to begin to build those rules."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13214
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13223
msgid ""
"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
"Commons license, on the same day that it went on sale in bookstores."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13221
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13230
msgid ""
"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
"will probably <emphasis>increase</emphasis> sales of Cory's book."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13233
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13242
msgid ""
"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 290
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13239
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13248
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
msgstr ""
#. f2.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13266
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13275
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13250
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13259
msgid ""
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
"creativity might grow."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13275
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13284
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 291
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13287
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13296
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
"build content based upon content set free."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13297
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13306
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
"possible."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13305
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13314
msgid ""
"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
"difference, we believe, will enable creativity to spread more easily."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13319
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:13328
msgid "THEM, SOON"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13321
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13330
msgid ""
"We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also "
"take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the "
"we need."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13328
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13337
msgid ""
"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
"end."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13335
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:13344
msgid "1. More Formalities"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13337
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13346
msgid ""
"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 293
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13344
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13353
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13349
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13358
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
"and \"formalities\" are banished."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13355
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13364
msgid "Why?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13358
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13367
msgid ""
"As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a "
"good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a "
"protect and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13366
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13375
msgid ""
"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
msgstr ""
#. f1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13380
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13389
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
"by other countries as well."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13378
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13387
msgid ""
"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back "
"these formalities."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13388
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13397
msgid ""
"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
"approving standards developed by others."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13400
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:13409
msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13402
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13411
msgid ""
"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
"deal with the mess that is the Copyright Office."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13415
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13424
msgid ""
"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
"that the government sets."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13424
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13433
msgid ""
"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 295
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13434
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13443
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
"would facilitate the licensing of content."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13449
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:13458
msgid "MARKING"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13451
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13460
msgid ""
"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
"be enforced uniformly across all media."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13461
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13470
msgid ""
"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
"to locate a copyright owner to secure permission to use the work."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13467
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13476
msgid ""
"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
msgstr ""
#. f2.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13484
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13493
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 296
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13477
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13486
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
"their work."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13497
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13506
msgid ""
"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
"elsewhere."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13504
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13513
msgid ""
"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
"its other important functions."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13516
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13525
msgid ""
"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
"possible."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13524
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13533
msgid ""
"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
"unclear."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13529
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13538
msgid ""
"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It "
"the appropriate time."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13541
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:13550
msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13543
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13552
msgid ""
"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
msgstr ""
#. f3.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13556
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13565
msgid ""
"\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 "
"January 2003): 15, available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #74</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13548
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13557
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a "
"seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement "
"Others have proposed tying the term to the term for patents."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13563
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13572
msgid ""
"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
msgstr ""
#. (1)
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13571
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13580
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
#. (2)
#. PAGE BREAK 298
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13580
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13589
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair "
msgstr ""
#. f4.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13601
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13610
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13609
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13618
msgid "veterans' pensions"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13593
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13602
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
msgstr ""
#. (4)
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13613
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13622
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
"not done is not done, and there's nothing we can do about that now."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13629
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13638
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
"average term was just 32.2 years. We should be aiming for the same."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13635
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13644
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I "
"call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than "
"generous copyright law than Richard Nixon presided over?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13645
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:13654
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13647
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13656
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
"technology."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13655
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13664
msgid ""
"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive "
"right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right "
msgstr ""
#. f5.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13668
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13677
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13664
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13673
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
msgstr ""
#. f6.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13681
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13690
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13677
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13686
msgid ""
"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
"abracadabra of idea and expression.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13686
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13695
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
"each limitation in turn."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13693
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13702
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
"after the creative work is done. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13706
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13715
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
"to the creative process. Smothers it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13719
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13728
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
"unforeseeable. Here, a statutory right would make much more sense."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13735
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13744
msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13733
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13742
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
"187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13727
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13736
msgid ""
"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
"that expanded protections follow expanded uses."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13741
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13750
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 301
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13748
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13757
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
"would earn artists more income."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13758
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:13767
msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13760
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13769
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
"music."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13767
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13776
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
"regulations that in the end kill innovation on the network."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13776
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13785
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
"performing artist to control copies of her performance."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13783
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13792
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
msgstr ""
#. A.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13791
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13800
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
msgstr ""
#. B.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13796
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13805
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"purchasing CDs."
#. PAGE BREAK 302
#. C.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13802
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13811
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
msgstr ""
#. D.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13808
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13817
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
"endorses."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13814
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13823
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
"weakened."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13822
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13831
msgid ""
"As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
"For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I "
"type B, and is the dominant use of sharing networks."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13829
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13838
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
"respond."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13834
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13843
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 303
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13846
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13855
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
msgstr ""
#. f8.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13879
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13888
msgid ""
"See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April "
"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
"#76</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13861
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13870
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 304
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13886
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13895
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file "
"twenty-first-century technologies."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13902
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13911
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" "
"here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content "
"ban pay phones in order to eliminate kidnapping."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13913
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13922
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at "
"one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable "
"to this content, ideally in a way that returns something to the artist."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13922
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13931
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
"of his content without his being compensated is less than ideal."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13932
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13941
msgid ""
"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 305
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13943
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13952
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
"artists would benefit from this trade."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13953
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13962
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
"publisher."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13963
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13972
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
"content."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13971
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13980
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13975
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13984
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 306
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13986
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13995
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
"compensate those who are harmed."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14032
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:14041
msgid "Fisher, William"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13998
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14007
msgid ""
"William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and "
"Possibilities</citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13994
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14003
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"compensation would be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14045
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14054
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 307
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14060
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14069
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
"the content itself."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14073
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14082
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" "
"to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be "
"sell music on-line."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14088
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14097
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" "
"music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for "
"\"free.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14100
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14109
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
"barbarically severe punishments of the law."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14109
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14118
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 308
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14114
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14123
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
"encouraging, the most efficient technology we can create."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14121
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14130
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14127
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14136
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14131
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14140
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
msgstr ""
#. 3.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14137
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14146
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14142
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14151
msgid ""
"But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive "
"market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of "
"something then?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14148
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14157
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 309
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14162
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14171
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
"and creativity that the Internet is."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14173
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:14182
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14175
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14184
msgid ""
"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
"the end that I would love to live."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14181
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14190
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
msgstr ""
#. f10.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14198
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14207
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer "
"Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, "
"1069–70."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14189
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14198
msgid ""
"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by "
"many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14204
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14213
msgid ""
"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
"to actually reckon the costs of the law."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14214
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14223
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14209
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14218
msgid ""
"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 310
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14238
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14247
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
"astonishingly high that justice can practically never be done."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14246
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14255
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
"and costly cases."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14256
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14265
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
"and hence radically more just."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14264
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14273
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
"law will too often do if too much of our culture is left to its review."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14270
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14279
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 311
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14279
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14288
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
"the law, the lawyer answers, \"Why not?\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14288
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14297
msgid ""
"We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is "
"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14297
+#: freeculture.xml:14308
msgid "NOTES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14299
+#: freeculture.xml:14310
msgid ""
"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14314
+#: freeculture.xml:14325
msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14316
+#: freeculture.xml:14327
msgid ""
"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14322
+#: freeculture.xml:14333
msgid ""
"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 337
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14335
+#: freeculture.xml:14346
msgid ""
"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14346
+#: freeculture.xml:14357
msgid ""
"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14366
+#: freeculture.xml:14377
msgid ""
"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14375
+#: freeculture.xml:14386
msgid ""
"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff