msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-12-01 10:48+0100\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-17 16:02+0100\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-08-29 11:14+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere@hungry.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål <i18n-nb@lister.ping.uio.no>\n"
#
#
#
-#. testing different ways to tag the cover page
+#. testing different ways to tag the cover page
#. <imageobject remap="s" role="front">
#. <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" />
#. </imageobject>
#. LCCN from
#. http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+2003063276&CNT=10+records+per+page
-#.
+#.
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
msgid ""
" <placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/> <biblioid class=\"isbn"
msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace"
msgstr "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace"
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-msgid ""
-"THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street "
-"New York, New York"
-msgstr ""
-"The Penguin Press, medlem av Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street "
-"New York, Yew Uork, USA"
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig. All rights reserved."
-msgstr ""
-"Opphavsrettbeskyttet © Lawrence Lessig. Alle rettigheter forbeholdt."
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-msgid ""
-"Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,</"
-"quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, 2003. "
-"Copyright © 2003 by The New York Times Co. Reprinted with permission."
-msgstr ""
-"Utdrag fra redaktørartikkel <quote>The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,</"
-"quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, 16. januar 2003. "
-"Opphavsrettsbeskyttet © 2003 The New York Times Co. Gjengitt med tillatelse."
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-msgid ""
-"Cartoon in <xref linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul "
-"Conrad, copyright Tribune Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. "
-"Reprinted with permission."
-msgstr ""
-"Humortegningen i <xref linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> er "
-"laget av Paul Conrad. Opphavsretten tilhører Tribune Media Services, "
-"Inc. Alle rettigheter forbeholdt. Gjengitt med tillatelse."
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-msgid ""
-"Diagram in <xref linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> "
-"courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, Michael J. Copps."
-msgstr ""
-"Diagrammet i <xref linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> "
-"kommer fra kontoret til FCC-kommisjonæren, Michael J. Copps."
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data"
-msgstr "Cataloging-in-Publication-data til Library of Congress"
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-msgid ""
-"Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law "
-"to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
-msgid "p. cm."
-msgstr "s. cm."
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-msgid "Includes index."
-msgstr "Inkluderer register."
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-msgid "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)"
-msgstr "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (Innbundet bok)"
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-msgid ""
-"1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United "
-"States."
-msgstr "1. Immaterielle rettigheter—USA. 2. Massemedia—SA."
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-msgid ""
-"3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United "
-"States. I. Title."
-msgstr ""
-"3. Teknologiske nyvinninger—USA. 4. Kunst—USA. I. Tittel."
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-msgid "KF2979.L47"
-msgstr "KF2979.l47"
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-msgid "343.7309'9—dc22"
-msgstr "343.7309'9—dc22"
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-msgid "This book is printed on acid-free paper."
-msgstr "Denne boken er trykt på syrefritt papir."
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-msgid "Printed in the United States of America"
-msgstr "Trykt i USA"
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-msgid "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4"
-msgstr "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4"
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-msgid "Designed by Marysarah Quinn"
-msgstr "Utformet av Marysarah Quinn"
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-msgid "&translationblock;"
-msgstr ""
-"Oversatt til bokmål av Petter Reinholdtsen, Anders Hagen Jarmund og Kirill "
-"Miazine. Takk til Ralph Amissah for hjelp med registeroppføringene. "
-"Kildefilene til oversetterprosjektet er <ulink url=\"https://github.com/"
-"petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\">tilgjengelig fra GitHub</ulink>. "
-"Rapporter feil med oversettelsen via GitHub."
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
-msgid ""
-"Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this "
-"publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval "
-"system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, "
-"photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission "
-"of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book."
-msgstr ""
-"Ingen "
-"del av denne publikasjonen kan bli gjengitt, lagret i eller innført i et "
-"gjenfinningssystem, eller i noen form eller på noen måte overført "
-"(bl.a. elektronisk, mekanisk, fotokopiering, innspilling), uten "
-"skriftlig tillatelse fra både innehaveren av opphavsretten og utgiveren "
-"av denne boken."
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
-msgid ""
-"The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or "
-"via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and "
-"punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and "
-"do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted "
-"materials. Your support of the author's rights is appreciated."
-msgstr ""
-"den skanning, laste opp og distribusjon av denne boken via Internett eller "
-"via andre midler uten tillatelse fra utgiveren er ulovlig og straffbart ved "
-"lov. kjøpe bare godkjente elektroniske versjoner og ikke delta i eller "
-"oppmuntre elektronisk sjørøver av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. din "
-"støtte av forfatterens rettigheter er verdsatt."
-
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para>
msgid ""
"To Eric Eldred—whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it "
"population is). And if you don't like the Internet's system, you can always "
"flip off the modem.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"I motsetning til rettslige lover, har ikke Internett-programvare "
-"evnen til å straffe. Den påvirker ikke folk som ikke er online (og "
-"bare en svært liten minoritet av verdens befolkning er online). Og hvis du "
-"ikke liker systemet med Internett, kan du alltid skru av modemet."
-"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"I motsetning til rettslige lover, har ikke Internett-programvare evnen til å "
+"straffe. Den påvirker ikke folk som ikke er online (og bare en svært liten "
+"minoritet av verdens befolkning er online). Og hvis du ikke liker systemet "
+"med Internett, kan du alltid skru av modemet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
msgid ""
"troubles that exist in <emphasis>that</emphasis> space wouldn't "
"<quote>affect</quote> us anymore."
msgstr ""
-"Pogue var skeptisk til bokens hovedpoeng — at "
-"programvare, eller <quote>kode</quote>, fungerte som en slags lov — "
-"og foreslo i sin anmeldelse den lykkelige tanken at hvis tilværelsen i cyberspace "
-"ble slett, kan vi alltid, liksom på magisk vis, slå over en bryter og "
-"være hjemme igjen. Skru av modemet, koble fra datamaskinen, og eventuelle "
-"problemer som finnes <emphasis>den</emphasis> virkeligheten ville ikke "
-"<quote>påvirke</quote> oss mer."
+"Pogue var skeptisk til bokens hovedpoeng — at programvare, eller "
+"<quote>kode</quote>, fungerte som en slags lov — og foreslo i sin "
+"anmeldelse den lykkelige tanken at hvis tilværelsen i cyberspace ble slett, "
+"kan vi alltid, liksom på magisk vis, slå over en bryter og være hjemme "
+"igjen. Skru av modemet, koble fra datamaskinen, og eventuelle problemer som "
+"finnes <emphasis>den</emphasis> virkeligheten ville ikke <quote>påvirke</"
+"quote> oss mer."
#. PAGE BREAK 12
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
"a part of our tradition that is much more fundamental, and, as hard as this "
"is for a geek-wanna-be to admit, much more important."
msgstr ""
-"Men i motsetning til boken <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, er tema her "
-"ikke så mye Internett i seg selv. Istedet er boken om konsekvensen av "
-"Internett for en del av vår tradisjon som er mye mer grunnleggende, og "
-"uansett hvor hardt dette er for en geek-wanna-be å innrømme, mye viktigere."
+"Men i motsetning til boken <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, er tema her ikke så "
+"mye Internett i seg selv. Istedet er boken om konsekvensen av Internett for "
+"en del av vår tradisjon som er mye mer grunnleggende, og uansett hvor hardt "
+"dette er for en geek-wanna-be å innrømme, mye viktigere."
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
msgid "FM spectrum of"
msgstr "FM-spektrum for"
-#. PAGE BREAK 19
+#. PAGE BREAK 19
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Edwin Howard Armstrong</emphasis> is one of "
msgid "Webster, Noah"
msgstr "Webster, Noah"
-#. PAGE BREAK 23
+#. PAGE BREAK 23
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial "
"i møtet med dette ekstreme fordi, som med Armstrong versus RCA, at den mer "
"mektige siden har sikret seg at det har et mye mer mektig synspunkt?"
-#. PAGE BREAK 28
+#. PAGE BREAK 28
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was "
"enkelt å beskrive. Som Lord Mansfield skrev i en sak som utvidet "
"rekkevidden for engelsk åndsverkslov til å inkludere noteark,"
-#. f1
+#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. "
msgid "efficiency of"
msgstr "effektiviteten til"
-#. PAGE BREAK 31
+#. PAGE BREAK 31
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
msgid ""
"Today we are in the middle of another <quote>war</quote> against "
msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory"
msgstr "<quote>hvis verdi, så rettighet</quote>-teorien"
-#. f2
+#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Rochelle Dreyfuss, <quote>Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language "
"\"1\"/> Det fantes <quote>verdi</quote> (sangene), så det måtte ha vært en "
"<quote>rettighet</quote>—til og med mot jentespeiderne."
-#. PAGE BREAK 32
+#. PAGE BREAK 32
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
msgid ""
"This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property "
"for det. Men da Disney gjorde en test sommeren 1928, var resultatet "
"entydig. Som Disney beskriver dette første eksperimentet,"
-#. PAGE BREAK 35
+#. PAGE BREAK 35
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth "
"melodien, og resten av oss i lydavdelingen slamret på tinnkasseroller og "
"blåste på slide-fløyte til rytmen. Synkroniseringen var nesten helt riktig."
-#. f1
+#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated "
msgid "derivative work vs."
msgstr "avledede verk vas."
-#. f2
+#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink "
msgid "Disney, Inc."
msgstr "Disney, Inc."
-#. f3
+#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse "
"foreldre som ville våge å lese disse blodige moralistiske historiene til "
"sine barn, ved leggetid eller hvilken som helst annet tidspunkt."
-#. PAGE BREAK 37
+#. PAGE BREAK 37
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a "
msgid "traditional term for conversion to"
msgstr "tradisjonell frist for konvertering til"
-#. f4
+#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an "
"forbindelser eller ikke, om de var rik eller ikke, om de var akseptert eller "
"ikke—til å bruke og bygge videre på."
-#. PAGE BREAK 38
+#. PAGE BREAK 38
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of "
msgid "doujinshi comics"
msgstr "doujinshi-tegneserier"
-#. PAGE BREAK 39
+#. PAGE BREAK 39
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are "
msgid "Winick, Judd"
msgstr "Winick, Judd"
-#. f5
+#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing Comics</"
msgid "Mehra, Salil"
msgstr "Mehra, Salil"
-#. f6
+#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain "
"fortalte han meg en ettermiddag. Det er <quote>bare ikke nok ressurser til "
"å tiltale tilfeller som dette</quote>."
-#. PAGE BREAK 41
+#. PAGE BREAK 41
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a "
msgid "derivative works based on"
msgstr "avledede verker basert på"
-#. PAGE BREAK 42
+#. PAGE BREAK 42
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the "
"først?) Og Hollywood går igjennom sykluser med en bestemt type filmer: fem "
"astroidefilmer i slutten av 1990-tallet, to vulkankatastrofefilmer i 1997."
-#. PAGE BREAK 43
+#. PAGE BREAK 43
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the "
msgid "Eastman, George"
msgstr "Eastman, George"
-#. PAGE BREAK 45
+#. PAGE BREAK 45
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen "
msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)"
msgstr "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)"
-#. f1
+#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: "
"kunnskap om kunstarten. Det kan tas i bruk uten forutgående studier, uten "
"et mørkerom og uten kjemikalier.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. f3
+#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Jenkins, 177."
msgstr "Jenkins, 177."
-#. f4
+#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178."
msgstr "Basert på et diagram i Jenkins, s. 178."
"periode opplevde en årlig vekst på over 17 prosent.<placeholder type="
"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
-#. f5
+#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Coe, 58."
msgstr "Coe, 58."
msgid "photography exempted from"
msgstr "fotografering som ikke trenger"
-#. f6
+#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> v. "
msgid "images, ownership of"
msgstr "bilder, eierskap til"
-#. PAGE BREAK 47
+#. PAGE BREAK 47
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly "
"<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. eller Grimm-brødrene, så burde "
"fotografene stå fritt til å fange et bilde uten å kompensere kilden."
-#. f8
+#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> "
"før et selskap fremkalte bildene. Vi kan forestille oss et system bli "
"utviklet for å legge frem slike tillatelser."
-#. PAGE BREAK 48
+#. PAGE BREAK 48
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard "
msgid "media literacy and"
msgstr "mediekompetanse og"
-#. f9
+#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and "
msgid "Yanofsky, Dave"
msgstr "Yanofsky, Dave"
-#. PAGE BREAK 49
+#. PAGE BREAK 49
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>Media literacy,</quote> as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of "
msgid "advertising on"
msgstr "markedsføring på"
-#. f10
+#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/>"
-#. f12
+#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,</quote> E!online, "
msgstr ""
"Intervju med Daley og Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. f31
+#. f31
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Ibid."
msgstr "ibid."
"Kraften i denne meldingen avhenger av dens forbindelse med denne for for "
"uttrykk."
-#. PAGE BREAK 52
+#. PAGE BREAK 52
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>But isn't education about teaching kids to write?</quote> I asked. In "
"skrive noe</quote>. Og som en av lærerne fortalte Stephanie, de vil skrive "
"om avsnittet 5, 6, 7, 8 ganger, helt til det blir riktig."
-#. PAGE BREAK 53
+#. PAGE BREAK 53
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say "
"nyhetshendelse som hadde fanget oppmerksomheten til hele verden. Det var "
"ABC og CBS, men det var også Internettet."
-#. PAGE BREAK 54
+#. PAGE BREAK 54
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the "
msgid "elections"
msgstr "valg"
-#. PAGE BREAK 55
+#. PAGE BREAK 55
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it "
msgid "jury system"
msgstr "jurysystem"
-#. f15
+#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in America</"
"enstemmig resultat for at prosessen skulle avsluttes.<placeholder type="
"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. f16
+#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> "
"igjen. Men for de fleste av oss mesteparten av tiden, er det ingen tid og "
"sted for å gjennomføre <quote>demokratisk diskusjon</quote>."
-#. f17
+#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton "
msgid "e-mail"
msgstr "epost"
-#. PAGE BREAK 56
+#. PAGE BREAK 56
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this "
msgid "news events on"
msgstr "nyhetsinnslag på"
-#. f18
+#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,</"
msgid "Winer, Dave"
msgstr "Winer, Dave"
-#. PAGE BREAK 57
+#. PAGE BREAK 57
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from "
msgid "Iraq war"
msgstr "Irak-krigen"
-#. f19
+#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003."
msgstr "Telefonintervju med David Winer, 16. april 2003."
"grunnlag for det, fortalte de henne at det var <emphasis>dem</emphasis> som "
"skrev <quote>historien</quote>.)"
-#. f20
+#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of "
"en personlig web-logg, publisert under pseudonym, som handlet om noen av "
"temaene og folkene som han dekket.</quote>)"
-#. PAGE BREAK 58
+#. PAGE BREAK 58
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with blogs. "
"demokratiet. Men det han virkelig blir begeistret over er hvordan disse "
"teknologiene påvirker læring."
-#. PAGE BREAK 59
+#. PAGE BREAK 59
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When <quote>a lot of us grew up,</"
"…da er det en masse du kan gå igang med på dette mediet. Det kan "
"fremme og ta hensyn til alle disse formene for intelligens.</quote>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 60
+#. PAGE BREAK 60
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just "
"med bilder som hun finner over alt. Loven, og teknologi i stadig større "
"grad, forstyrrer friheten som teknolog, nysgjerrigheten, ellers ville sikre."
-#. f22
+#. f22
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, <quote>Technological "
msgid "Google"
msgstr "Google"
-#. PAGE BREAK 62
+#. PAGE BREAK 62
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the "
"en million filer i sin katalog, inkludert alle mulige typer innhold som "
"fantes på brukernes datamaskiner."
-#. PAGE BREAK 63
+#. PAGE BREAK 63
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students "
msgid "intimidation tactics of"
msgstr "skremselstaktikker til"
-#. PAGE BREAK 64
+#. PAGE BREAK 64
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and "
msgid "Princeton University"
msgstr "Princeton University"
-#. f1
+#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit "
msgid "legal system, attorney costs in"
msgstr "juridisk system, advokatkostnader i"
-#. PAGE BREAK 65
+#. PAGE BREAK 65
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But "
msgid "lobbying power of"
msgstr "lobbymakten til"
-#. f2
+#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) "
"(27–2042—Musikere og Sangere). Se også National Endowment for "
"the Arts, <citetitle>More Than One in a Blue Moon</citetitle> (2000)."
-#. f3
+#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and Punishment,</"
"87–93, som forteller detaljer om Edisons <quote>eventyr</quote> med "
"opphavsrett og patent."
-#. PAGE BREAK 67
+#. PAGE BREAK 67
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder "
"kartellet selv etter at hans lisens var trukket tilbake.<placeholder type="
"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. f3
+#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents "
"frykte loven. Og lederne blant Hollywoods filmskapere, Fox mest "
"fremtredende, gjorde akkurat dette."
-#. PAGE BREAK 68
+#. PAGE BREAK 68
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal "
msgid "Sousa, John Philip"
msgstr "Sousa, John Philip"
-#. f5
+#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of "
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (uttalelse fra "
"Nathan Burkan, advokat for the Music Publishers Association)."
-#. f6
+#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of "
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (uttalelse fra "
"Nathan Burkan, advokat for the Music Publishers Association)."
-#. f7
+#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of "
msgid "statutory license system in"
msgstr "lovbestemte lisenssystemer i"
-#. f8
+#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 "
"(uttalelse fra Albert Walker, representant for the Auto-Music Perforating "
"Company of New York)."
-#. f9
+#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared "
msgid "cover songs"
msgstr "coverlåter"
-#. PAGE BREAK 70
+#. PAGE BREAK 70
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer <emphasis>and</"
"åndsverksloven sier at du ikke har tillatelse til å bruke Grishams verker "
"med mindre du har tillatelse fra Grisham."
-#. f10
+#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and H.R. "
"innspillinger. Som det sto i en rapport fra 1967 utgitt av House Committee "
"on the Judiciary:"
-#. f11
+#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on "
msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
msgstr "Lovett, Lyle"
-#. PAGE BREAK 72
+#. PAGE BREAK 72
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy "
msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy."
msgstr "Kabel-TV kom også fra en form for piratvirksomhet."
-#. PAGE BREAK 73
+#. PAGE BREAK 73
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable "
"styreleder i den føderale kommunikasjonskommisjonen.<placeholder type="
"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. f14
+#. f14
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, "
"interesse at du kan bruke noen andres eiendom?</quote><placeholder type="
"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Som en annen kringkaster formulerte det,"
-#. f15
+#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, "
msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:"
msgstr "Igjen, kravene til opphavsrettsinnehaverne virket rimelige nok:"
-#. f16
+#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, "
"TV. Kabel-TV-selskapene bygde dermed deres imperium delvis ved å "
"<quote>røve</quote> verdien skapt av kringkasternes innhold."
-#. f19
+#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The "
"greit som fremføres i dets forsvar, så er dette galt. Ingen bør gå god for "
"det, og loven bør stoppe det."
-#. PAGE BREAK 76
+#. PAGE BREAK 76
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of <quote>taking</"
msgid "foreign piracy of"
msgstr "utenlands piratvirksomhet mot"
-#. f1
+#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), "
"som kan selges. Fysikken til røving av det uhåndgripelige er forskjellig "
"fra fysikken til røving av det håndgripelige."
-#. PAGE BREAK 78
+#. PAGE BREAK 78
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property "
"opphavsrettighetseieren med rettighetene for tilgang, så er det å bryte "
"loven fortsatt galt."
-#. PAGE BREAK 79
+#. PAGE BREAK 79
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I "
msgid "Piracy II"
msgstr "Piratvirksomhet II"
-#. f4
+#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. "
"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. "
"1274 (1777)."
-#. PAGE BREAK 80
+#. PAGE BREAK 80
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use "
"Shawn Fanning og hans bemanning ganske enkelt satt sammen deler som hadde "
"blitt utviklet uavhengig av hverandre."
-#. f6
+#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,</"
"system kan du dele dine favorittsanger med dine beste venner— eller "
"dine 20 000 beste venner."
-#. f7
+#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music "
"amerikanere eldre enn tolv år hadde lastet musikk ned fra Internettet og 30 "
"prosent hadde lyttet til digitale musikkfiler lagred på sine datamaskiner."
-#. f8
+#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> "
"stemmene i denne debatten vanligvis gjør—de ulike typer deling som "
"fildeling muliggjør, og hva slags skader de innebærer."
-#. PAGE BREAK 81
+#. PAGE BREAK 81
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different "
"Fildelerne deler ulike typer innhold. Vi kan dele disse ulike typene inn i "
"fire typer."
-#. A.
+#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"det. Den siste gruppen er målet for kategori A: Brukere som laster ned i "
"stedet for å kjøpe."
-#. B.
+#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing "
"anbefaling, så kan en forvente at anbefalingene faktisk vil være ganske "
"gode. Totaleffekten av denne delingen kan øke mengden musikk som blir kjøpt."
-#. C.
+#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content "
"null—den samme skaden som inntreffer når jeg selger min samling med 45-"
"rpm grammofonplater fra 1960-tallet til en lokal samler."
-#. PAGE BREAK 82
-#. D.
+#. PAGE BREAK 82
+#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content "
msgid "MTV"
msgstr "MTV"
-#. f11
+#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4."
msgstr "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4."
"fildeling? Selv om det kan høres rart ut, så foreslår faktisk salgstall for "
"CD-er at det ikke er langt unna sannheten."
-#. f12
+#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend "
"Fidelity</citetitle> har en listepris på $19,98. Du kan få hele filmen [på "
"DVD] for $19,99.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 84
+#. PAGE BREAK 84
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is "
"de er reelle. Hva er fordelene? Fildeling påfører muligens kostnader for "
"plateindustrien. Hva slags verdi gir det i tillegg til disse kostnadene?"
-#. f15
+#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no "
msgid "free on-line releases of"
msgstr "gratis online-utgivelser av"
-#. PAGE BREAK 86
+#. PAGE BREAK 86
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D "
"<quote>Men er ikke krigen bare en krig mot ulovlig deling? Er ikke "
"angrepsmålet bare det du kaller type-A-deling?</quote>"
-#. f17
+#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 "
"fastsatt av loven. De ga på samme måte kabel-TV-selskapene rett til "
"innholdet, så lenge de betalte den lovbestemte prisen."
-#. PAGE BREAK 88
+#. PAGE BREAK 88
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, "
"opphavsrettsbruddene til sine kunder og skulle derfor, påsto Disney og "
"Universal, være delvis ansvarlig or disse bruddene."
-#. PAGE BREAK 89
+#. PAGE BREAK 89
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to "
msgid "on VCR technology"
msgstr "på videospiller-teknologi"
-#. f18
+#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 "
"(1982) (vitnesbyrd fra Jack Valenti, president, Motion Picture Association "
"of America, Inc.)."
-#. f19
+#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475."
msgstr "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475."
-#. f20
+#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony Corp. "
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. mot <citetitle>Sony "
"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)."
-#. f21
+#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack "
"verker, det vil si, hvem som kan kopiere det og dermed nyte godt at dets "
"reproduksjon</quote>.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>"
-#. f22
+#. f22
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony Corp. "
"teknologi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type="
"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 90
+#. PAGE BREAK 90
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in "
"avgjørelse formulerte domstolen klart sin forståelse av når og om domstoler "
"burde intervenere i slike konflikter. Som retten skrev,"
-#. f23
+#. f23
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"tilfelle, gjennom hele vår historie, har den endringen ført til at noen ble "
"<quote>gratispassasjer</quote> på noen andres verk."
-#. PAGE BREAK 91
+#. PAGE BREAK 91
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or "
msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law"
msgstr "om interesseavveininger i opphavsrettslovgivning"
-#. f25
+#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"beskyttelsen gitt i loven mot den sterke folkeinteressen for at nyskapning "
"fortsetter."
-#. f26
+#. f26
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software "
msgid "<quote>PROPERTY</quote>"
msgstr "<quote>Eiendom</quote>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 94
+#. PAGE BREAK 94
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A "
msgid "Jefferson, Thomas"
msgstr "Jefferson, Thomas"
-#. f1
+#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in "
"diskutere her. Her sier loven at du ikke kan ta min idé eller uttrykk uten "
"min tillatelse: Loven gjør det immaterielle til eiendom. "
-#. f2
+#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are "
"Bookseller</quote>, <citetitle>American Scholar</citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424-"
"31."
-#. f2
+#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</"
"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</"
"citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52."
-#. PAGE BREAK 97
+#. PAGE BREAK 97
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was "
"verket i 1774?"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "common vs. positive"
msgstr "felles vs. positive"
msgid "Scottish publishers"
msgstr "Skotske utgivere"
-#. PAGE BREAK 98
+#. PAGE BREAK 98
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"This question was important to the publishers, or <quote>booksellers,</"
msgid "usage restrictions attached to"
msgstr "bruksbegrensninger knyttet til"
-#. PAGE BREAK 99
+#. PAGE BREAK 99
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to "
msgid "booksellers, English"
msgstr "bokselgere, Engelske"
-#. f4
+#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary "
"Parlamentet avslo kravene, Som en pamflett sa, i en vending som levere ennå "
"idag,"
-#. f5
+#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the "
msgid "Donaldson, Alexander"
msgstr "Donaldson, Alexander"
-#. f7
+#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and "
"Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard "
"University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. f9
+#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Ibid., 93."
msgstr "Ibid., 93."
msgid "Taylor, Robert"
msgstr "Taylor, Robert"
-#. f11
+#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
"reprodusere Thomsons dikt uten Millars tillatelse. Slik gav sedvaneretten "
"bokselgerne en evig publiseringsrett til bøker solgt til dem."
-#. PAGE BREAK 103
+#. PAGE BREAK 103
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice "
msgid "House of Lords vs."
msgstr "Overhuset, det britiske mot"
-#. f12
+#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Ibid., 1156."
msgstr "Ibid., 1156."
msgid "English legal establishment of"
msgstr "den engelske juridiske etableringen av"
-#. PAGE BREAK 104
+#. PAGE BREAK 104
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks "
"verk utgått, og de største verk i engelsk historie - inkludert Shakespeare, "
"Bacon, Milton, Johnson og Bunyan - var frie."
-#. f13
+#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Rose, 97."
msgstr "Rose, 97."
"familien, sitter nå uten en shilling til sine.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"id=\"0\"/>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 105
+#. PAGE BREAK 105
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an "
msgid "Simpsons, The"
msgstr "Simpsons, The"
-#. PAGE BREAK 107
+#. PAGE BREAK 107
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing "
"dette.</quote> Og de hadde fått utdanningssats, fortalte Herrera. Kort tid "
"etter ringte Else igjen for å få dette bekreftet."
-#. PAGE BREAK 108
+#. PAGE BREAK 108
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told me. "
"slik jeg ser det) kreve hvor mye han vil; $10 eller $1 000 000. "
"Det er hans rett ifølge loven."
-#. f1
+#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that "
"<quote>rimelig bruk</quote> av <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>— og "
"<quote>rimelig bruk</quote> krever ingen tillatelse fra noen."
-#. PAGE BREAK 109
+#. PAGE BREAK 109
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's "
msgid "Errors and Omissions insurance"
msgstr "Forsikring mot feil og utelatelser"
-#. 1.
+#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors "
msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>"
msgstr "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>"
-#. 2.
+#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I "
"randen av utryddelse, var det siste jeg ønsket en juridisk strid, selv for å "
"forsvare et prinsipp."
-#. 3.
-#. PAGE BREAK 110
+#. 3.
+#. PAGE BREAK 110
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School "
"uavhengig av sannheten i mine krav. Han gjorde det klart at alt ville koke "
"ned til hvem som hadde flest jurister og dypest lommer, jeg eller dem."
-#. 4.
+#. 4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we "
"var hans karriere. Siden Starwave produserte disse intervjuene, kunne de "
"fritt ha dem med på CD-en."
-#. PAGE BREAK 112
+#. PAGE BREAK 112
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave "
"ligger på bakken under geværet og få hans tillatelse. Og så måtte vi "
"bestemme hva han skulle få betalt."
-#. PAGE BREAK 113
+#. PAGE BREAK 113
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for "
"mange skuespillere, så mange regissører ... så mange musikere</quote>, så "
"gikk vi systematisk igjennom det og fikk tak i rettighetene."
-#. PAGE BREAK 114
+#. PAGE BREAK 114
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, "
msgid "Drucker, Peter"
msgstr "Drucker, Peter"
-#. f2
+#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, "
"få eksplisitt tillatelse fra hver av dem. Ville ikke mye mer bli laget hvis "
"den juridiske delen av den kreative prosessen kunne gjøres enklere."
-#. PAGE BREAK 115
+#. PAGE BREAK 115
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing mechanism—"
"veltrenet, reguleringsfiendtlig republikaner se på rettighetene og spørre "
"<quote>Gir dette mening nå?</quote>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 116
+#. PAGE BREAK 116
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a "
msgid "Camp Chaos"
msgstr "Camp Chaos"
-#. PAGE BREAK 117
+#. PAGE BREAK 117
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its "
"under denne planen, vil det skape inntekter for artistene. Hvilke baktanker "
"kan noen ha for motarbeide det?"
-#. PAGE BREAK 118
+#. PAGE BREAK 118
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios "
"kontinuerlig oppdatert for å sikre at gjeldende oppfattning av verden, "
"godkjent av myndighetene, ikke ble motsagt av gamle nyhetsmeldinger."
-#. PAGE BREAK 120
+#. PAGE BREAK 120
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way "
"skolebarn, for forskere, for bestemor. Et fritt samfunn forutsetter denne "
"kunnskapen."
-#. PAGE BREAK 121
+#. PAGE BREAK 121
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet "
msgid "60 Minutes"
msgstr "60 Minutes"
-#. PAGE BREAK 122
+#. PAGE BREAK 122
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember "
msgid "archive of"
msgstr "arkiv for"
-#. f2
+#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at "
"av amerikansk kultur er i praksis usynlig for alle som kunne tenke seg å se "
"den."
-#. PAGE BREAK 123
+#. PAGE BREAK 123
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his "
"kommersielle delen av en kreativ eiendoms liv, men i løpet av det andre "
"liven som all kreativ eiendom har—et ikke-kommersielt liv."
-#. PAGE BREAK 124
+#. PAGE BREAK 124
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of "
"enn det som et visst begrenset marked etterspør. Ut over det forsvinner "
"kulturen."
-#. PAGE BREAK 125
+#. PAGE BREAK 125
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was "
"menneskeheten ville være mest stolt av. Helt der oppe blant biblioteket i "
"Aleksandria, plassere en mann på månen, og oppfinnelsen av trykkpressen."
-#. PAGE BREAK 126
+#. PAGE BREAK 126
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only "
"programmer i USA: Walt Disney, Sony Pictures Entertainment, MGM, Paramount "
"Pictures, Twentieth Centory Fox, Universal Studios og Warner Brothers."
-#. PAGE BREAK 128
+#. PAGE BREAK 128
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has "
msgstr ""
"Valentis vitnemål i 1982 til kongressen fanget denne strategien perfekt:"
-#. f1
+#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, H.R. "
"4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on Courts, "
"follow must rest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 129
+#. PAGE BREAK 129
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's "
"sjarm sakte har endret definisjonen på denne tradisjonen, i hvert fall i "
"Washington."
-#. f2
+#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a "
"mektige aktører utøve kraftig kontroll over hvordan vår kreative kultur får "
"utvikle seg."
-#. PAGE BREAK 130
+#. PAGE BREAK 130
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, "
"<emphasis>aldri</emphasis> tas fra eiendomseieren med mindre myndighetene "
"betaler for det privilegiet."
-#. PAGE BREAK 131
+#. PAGE BREAK 131
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti "
"compensation for your land requires that you lose your <quote>creative "
"property</quote> right without any compensation at all."
msgstr ""
-"Likevel snakker den samme grunnloven svært annerledes om det Valenti "
-"kaller <quote>kreativ eiendom</quote>. I *clause* som gir kongressen "
-"myndighet til å skape <quote>creativ eiendom</quote>, "
-"<emphasis>krever</emphasis> grunnloven at kongressen etter en "
-"<quote>begrenset tid</quote> tar tilbake rettighetene den har delt ut "
-"og lar den <quote>kreative eiendommen</quote> falle i det fri og bli "
-"allemannseie. Men når kongressen gjør dette, når utløpet av "
-"vernetiden <quote>tar</quote> din opphavsrett og overleverer den til "
-"allemannseiet, så har ikke kongressen noe pålegg om å betale "
-"<quote>rimelig kompensasjon</quote> for denne <quote>beslaget</quote>. "
-"I stedet krever den samme konstitusjonen som krever kompensasjon når "
-"det gjelder landområder at du skal miste din <quote>kreative "
-"eiendom</quote> helt uten kompensasjon overhodet."
+"Likevel snakker den samme grunnloven svært annerledes om det Valenti kaller "
+"<quote>kreativ eiendom</quote>. I *clause* som gir kongressen myndighet til "
+"å skape <quote>creativ eiendom</quote>, <emphasis>krever</emphasis> "
+"grunnloven at kongressen etter en <quote>begrenset tid</quote> tar tilbake "
+"rettighetene den har delt ut og lar den <quote>kreative eiendommen</quote> "
+"falle i det fri og bli allemannseie. Men når kongressen gjør dette, når "
+"utløpet av vernetiden <quote>tar</quote> din opphavsrett og overleverer den "
+"til allemannseiet, så har ikke kongressen noe pålegg om å betale "
+"<quote>rimelig kompensasjon</quote> for denne <quote>beslaget</quote>. I "
+"stedet krever den samme konstitusjonen som krever kompensasjon når det "
+"gjelder landområder at du skal miste din <quote>kreative eiendom</quote> "
+"helt uten kompensasjon overhodet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"artists should be paid, but whether institutions designed to assure that "
"artists get paid need also control how culture develops."
msgstr ""
-"For å besvare dette spørsmålet trenger vi å få litt perspektiv på "
-"historien til disse <quote>kreativ eiendomsrettene</quote>, og "
-"kontrollen de har muliggjort. Når vi klarere ser hvor forskjellig "
-"disse rettighetene har vært definert, så har vi bedre mulighet til å "
-"stille spørsmålene som bør være i kjernen av denne krigen: Ikke "
-"<emphasis>hvorvidt</emphasis> kreativ eiendom bør beskyttes, men "
-"hvordan. Ikke <emphasis>hvorvidt</emphasis> vi vil håndheve "
-"rettighetene som lovverket gir til eiere av kreativ eiendom, men "
+"For å besvare dette spørsmålet trenger vi å få litt perspektiv på historien "
+"til disse <quote>kreativ eiendomsrettene</quote>, og kontrollen de har "
+"muliggjort. Når vi klarere ser hvor forskjellig disse rettighetene har vært "
+"definert, så har vi bedre mulighet til å stille spørsmålene som bør være i "
+"kjernen av denne krigen: Ikke <emphasis>hvorvidt</emphasis> kreativ eiendom "
+"bør beskyttes, men hvordan. Ikke <emphasis>hvorvidt</emphasis> vi vil "
+"håndheve rettighetene som lovverket gir til eiere av kreativ eiendom, men "
"hvordan den spesifikk blandingen av rettigheter bør være. Ikke "
"<emphasis>hvorvidt</emphasis> artister bør få betalt, men hvorvidt "
"institusjoner utformet for å sikre at artister får betalt også må "
"kontrollere hvordan kultur utvilker seg."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "four modalities of constraint on"
msgstr "fire modalitetene for begrensningen på"
msgstr "regulering"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "four modalities of"
msgstr "fire modalitetene for"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "as ex post regulation modality"
msgstr "som ex post regulering modality"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "as constraint modality"
msgstr "som betingelse modality"
-#. PAGE BREAK 132
+#. PAGE BREAK 132
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how "
"property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the "
"diagrammet:"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken "
"the right or regulation."
msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group "
"that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case "
"of the punishments imposed by the state. The mark of the difference is not "
"the severity of the rule, but the source of the enforcement."
msgstr ""
-"Normer er en annen type begresning. De kan også straffe et individ "
-"for å bryte en regel. Men straffen for normbrudd kommer fra "
-"fellesskapet, ikke (eller ikke bare) fra staten. Det er kanskje ingen "
-"lov mot spytting, men det betyr ikke at du ikke blir straffet hvis du "
-"spytter på bakken mens du står i en kinokø. Straffen er kanskje ikke "
-"veldig streng, selv om det avhenger av fellesskapet, så kan den uten "
-"problemer være strengere enn mange straffer som påføres av staten. "
-"Det som er skillet er ikke hvor alvorlig regelen håndheves, men hva "
-"som er kilden til håndhevelsen."
+"Normer er en annen type begresning. De kan også straffe et individ for å "
+"bryte en regel. Men straffen for normbrudd kommer fra fellesskapet, ikke "
+"(eller ikke bare) fra staten. Det er kanskje ingen lov mot spytting, men "
+"det betyr ikke at du ikke blir straffet hvis du spytter på bakken mens du "
+"står i en kinokø. Straffen er kanskje ikke veldig streng, selv om det "
+"avhenger av fellesskapet, så kan den uten problemer være strengere enn mange "
+"straffer som påføres av staten. Det som er skillet er ikke hvor alvorlig "
+"regelen håndheves, men hva som er kilden til håndhevelsen."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "market constraints"
"and a background of property and contract law, the market imposes a "
"simultaneous constraint upon how an individual or group might behave."
msgstr ""
-"Markedet er en tredje type begresning. Dets begrensing tar effekt "
-"gjennom betingelser. Du kan gjøre X hvis du betaler Y og du vil få "
-"betalt M hvis du gjør N. Disse begresningene er åpenbart ikke "
-"uavhengig av lover og normer—det er eiendomsretten som definerer "
-"hva som må kjøpes før det skal kunne tas på lovlig vis, og det er "
-"normer som sier hva det er greit å selge. Men gitt et sett med normer "
-"og en bakgrunn med eiendoms- og kontraktslovgiving, så påfører markedet "
-"samtidig begresninger på hvordan et individ eller en gruppe kan "
-"oppføre seg."
+"Markedet er en tredje type begresning. Dets begrensing tar effekt gjennom "
+"betingelser. Du kan gjøre X hvis du betaler Y og du vil få betalt M hvis du "
+"gjør N. Disse begresningene er åpenbart ikke uavhengig av lover og "
+"normer—det er eiendomsretten som definerer hva som må kjøpes før det "
+"skal kunne tas på lovlig vis, og det er normer som sier hva det er greit å "
+"selge. Men gitt et sett med normer og en bakgrunn med eiendoms- og "
+"kontraktslovgiving, så påfører markedet samtidig begresninger på hvordan et "
+"individ eller en gruppe kan oppføre seg."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "architecture, constraint effected through"
msgstr "arkitektur, begrensninger med opphav i"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, "
"<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds it—"
"gjennomfører denne betingelsen. Hvis en $500 flybillett står mellom deg og "
"et fly til new york, er det markedet som håndhever denne betingelsen."
-#. PAGE BREAK 134
+#. PAGE BREAK 134
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: "
"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by another. "
"restriksjoner pålagt av en kan bli undergravd av en annen."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective "
"freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we "
msgstr "hastighet, begrensning av"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a "
"high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that "
"eget og du sannsynligvis til å bli straffet av naboene. samme normen ville "
"ikke være så effektiv i en annen by, eller om natten."
-#. f3
+#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean "
"to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's "
"york: grunnleggende bøker, 1999): 9095; Lawrence lessig, \"den nye chicago "
"skolen,\" journal of Jusstudier, Juni 1998."
-#. PAGE BREAK 135
+#. PAGE BREAK 135
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While "
msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)"
msgstr "amerikanerne med funksjonshemminger act (1990)"
msgstr "Commons, John R."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They "
"object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at "
msgstr "Hvorfor Hollywood har rett"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "four regulatory modalities on"
msgstr "fire regulatoriske modaliteter på"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, "
"Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the "
"samlingspunkt fornuftig."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:"
msgstr "La oss si at dette er bilde av copyright's regulering før Internett:"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet."
msgstr "La oss si at dette er bilde av copyright's regulering før Internett:"
-#. PAGE BREAK 136
+#. PAGE BREAK 136
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law "
"limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those "
"krenkelse av."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with"
msgstr "opphavsrett regulatoriske balanse mistet med"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "regulatory balance lost in"
msgstr "regulatoriske balanse tapt i"
msgstr "MP3-er"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p "
"sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does "
msgid "established industries threatened by changes in"
msgstr "etablert industri truet av endringer i"
-#. PAGE BREAK 137
+#. PAGE BREAK 137
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. "
"Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, "
msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of"
msgstr "handel-setningsdelen i"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "as establishment protectionism"
msgstr "som etablering proteksjonistisk"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the "
"warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce "
msgid "steel industry"
msgstr "stålindustri"
-#. PAGE BREAK 138
+#. PAGE BREAK 138
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to "
"preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by "
"industrien."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign "
"to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological "
msgstr "jernbaneindustri"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "remote channel changers"
msgstr "Medieskiftere for ekstern kanal"
-#. f5
+#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?</"
msgid "market competition"
msgstr "markedskonkurranse"
-#. f6
+#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, "
"1994), 170–71."
"Det er sovjetunionen under Brezhnev."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new "
"technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government "
msgstr "talefrihet"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "constitutional guarantee of"
msgstr "konstitusjonelle garanti for"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, "
"copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry "
"\"abridge\" ytringsfriheten, det bør spørre—nøye—om slike "
"regulering er begrunnet."
-#. PAGE BREAK 140
+#. PAGE BREAK 140
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes "
"that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are <quote>justified.</"
msgstr "Silent Spring (Carson)"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "environmentalism"
msgstr "environmentalism"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, "
"which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having "
"blir ødelagt."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim "
"to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced "
msgstr "Boyle, James"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in"
msgstr "nyskapende frihet balansert med rettferdig kompensasjon i"
-#. f7
+#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
"Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</"
"citetitle> 47 (1997): 87."
-#. PAGE BREAK 141
+#. PAGE BREAK 141
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this "
"effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on "
"kreativitet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free "
"culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost."
msgstr "opphavsrettsformål som er etablert i"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Progress Clause of"
msgstr "fremdrift-setningsdelen i"
msgstr "konstitusjonell tradisjon med"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Progress Clause"
msgstr "handel-setningsdelen i"
"property</quote> rights clear; its express limitations reinforce the English "
"aim to avoid overly powerful publishers."
msgstr ""
-"Amerika kopierte engelsk opphavsrettslov. Egentlig kopierte og "
-"forbedret vi engelsk opphavsrettslov. Grunnloven vår gjør formålet "
-"med <quote>kreativ eiendom</quote> helt klart; dens uttrykkelige "
-"begrensninger forsterker det engelske mål om å unngå for mektige "
-"utgivere."
+"Amerika kopierte engelsk opphavsrettslov. Egentlig kopierte og forbedret vi "
+"engelsk opphavsrettslov. Grunnloven vår gjør formålet med <quote>kreativ "
+"eiendom</quote> helt klart; dens uttrykkelige begrensninger forsterker det "
+"engelske mål om å unngå for mektige utgivere."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause"
msgstr "konstitusjonelle formålet med"
"Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article "
"I, section 8, clause 8 of our Constitution states that:"
msgstr ""
-"Myndigheten til å etablere <quote>kreative "
-"eiendoms</quote>-rettigheter gis til Kongressen på en måte som, i "
-"hvert fall for for vår grunnlov, er veldig rar. Artikklen I, del 8, "
-"setningsdel 8 i grunnloven vår lyder:"
+"Myndigheten til å etablere <quote>kreative eiendoms</quote>-rettigheter gis "
+"til Kongressen på en måte som, i hvert fall for for vår grunnlov, er veldig "
+"rar. Artikklen I, del 8, setningsdel 8 i grunnloven vår lyder:"
-#. PAGE BREAK 142
+#. PAGE BREAK 142
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, "
"one, not the purpose of enriching publishers, nor even primarily the purpose "
"of rewarding authors."
msgstr ""
-"Kongressen har myndighet til å fremme utviklingen av vitenskap og "
-"nyttig kunst ved å sikre forfattere og oppfinnere, i et begrenset "
-"tidsrom, eksklusive rettigheter til sine respektive skrifter og "
-"oppdagelser. Vi kaller dette <quote>fremgangsdelen</quote>, på "
-"grunn av det denne setningsdelen ikke sier. Den sier ikke at "
-"Kongressen har myndighet til å dele ut <quote>kreative "
-"eiendomsretter</quote>. Den sier at Kongressen har myndighet til å "
-"<emphasis>fremme fremgang</emphasis>. Tildeling av myndighet er dets "
-"formål, og dets formål er for fellesskapet, ikke formålet med å gjøre "
-"berike utgivere, og formålet er heller ikke hovedsaklig å belønne "
-"forfattere."
+"Kongressen har myndighet til å fremme utviklingen av vitenskap og nyttig "
+"kunst ved å sikre forfattere og oppfinnere, i et begrenset tidsrom, "
+"eksklusive rettigheter til sine respektive skrifter og oppdagelser. Vi "
+"kaller dette <quote>fremgangsdelen</quote>, på grunn av det denne "
+"setningsdelen ikke sier. Den sier ikke at Kongressen har myndighet til å "
+"dele ut <quote>kreative eiendomsretter</quote>. Den sier at Kongressen har "
+"myndighet til å <emphasis>fremme fremgang</emphasis>. Tildeling av "
+"myndighet er dets formål, og dets formål er for fellesskapet, ikke formålet "
+"med å gjøre berike utgivere, og formålet er heller ikke hovedsaklig å "
+"belønne forfattere."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
msgid "history of American"
msgstr "historie for Amerikansk"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in "
"chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the "
"reinforced that objective, by requiring that copyrights extend <quote>to "
"Authors</quote> only."
msgstr ""
-"Fremdriftsdelen begrenser uttrykkelig varigheten for opphavsretten. "
-"Som vi så i kapittel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
-"linkend=\"founders\"/>, begrenset engelskmennene varigheten i "
-"opphavsretten for å sikre at noen få ikke kunne utøve uforholdsmessig "
-"stor kontroll over kulturen ved å utøve uforholdsmessig kontroll over "
-"publisering. Vi kan anta at grunnlovsforfatterne tok etter England "
-"med et lignende formål. Faktisk forsterket, i motsetning til "
-"engelskmennene, grunnlovsforfatterne dette målet ved å kreve at "
-"opphavsretten kun gjalt for <quote>forfattere</quote>."
+"Fremdriftsdelen begrenser uttrykkelig varigheten for opphavsretten. Som vi "
+"så i kapittel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/"
+">, begrenset engelskmennene varigheten i opphavsretten for å sikre at noen "
+"få ikke kunne utøve uforholdsmessig stor kontroll over kulturen ved å utøve "
+"uforholdsmessig kontroll over publisering. Vi kan anta at "
+"grunnlovsforfatterne tok etter England med et lignende formål. Faktisk "
+"forsterket, i motsetning til engelskmennene, grunnlovsforfatterne dette "
+"målet ved å kreve at opphavsretten kun gjalt for <quote>forfattere</quote>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Senate, U.S."
msgstr "Senatet i USA"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "structural checks and balances of"
msgstr "strukturelle sjekker og Periodenes"
msgstr "valgkollegiet"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the "
"Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built "
"strukturert for å hindre at ellers uunngåelig konsentrasjoner av makt."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call <quote>copyright</"
"quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever "
"\"copyright\" i sammenheng: vi trenger å se hvordan det har endret i 210 "
"årene siden de først slo sin design."
-#. PAGE BREAK 143
+#. PAGE BREAK 143
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in "
"technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular "
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 144
+#. PAGE BREAK 144
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid "Let me explain how."
msgstr "La meg forklare hvordan."
msgstr "Loven: Varighet"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Copyright Act (1790)"
msgstr "Berlin act (1908)"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "common law protections of"
msgstr "komponister, copyright beskyttelse av"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "balance of U.S. content in"
msgstr "balanse mellom you.s. innhold i"
msgstr "Crosskey, William W."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History "
"of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "federal vs. state"
msgstr "føderale vs. tilstand"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting "
"copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal "
"betydde at staten opphavsrettigheter utløpt også."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal "
"copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was "
"opphavsretten for en annen fjorten år. Hvis han ikke fornye opphavsretten, "
"bestått hans arbeid i public domain."
-#. f9
+#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to "
"Resten ble allemannseie etter maksimalt 20 år, og som oftest etter 14 år."
"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 145
+#. PAGE BREAK 145
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of "
"hvis forfatteren ikke så verdien av å fornye sin opphavsrett, var det heller "
"ikke verdt det for samfunnet å håndheve opphavsretten."
-#. f10
+#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of "
"the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For "
"work to pass into the public domain.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. f11
+#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2."
msgstr "Se Ringer, kap. 9, n. 2."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "copyright terms extended by"
msgstr "opphavsrett hensikt endret av"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "term extensions in"
msgstr "sikt utvidelser i"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was "
"changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to "
"av 14 år til 28 år, angi en maksimal periode på 56 år."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)"
msgstr "Sonny bono opphavsrett begrepet filtypen handle (ctea) (1998)"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in"
msgstr "fremtidige patenter vs. fremtidige opphavsrettigheter i"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined "
"copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has "
msgid "in public domain"
msgstr "i allemannseie (public domain)"
-#. PAGE BREAK 146
+#. PAGE BREAK 146
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of "
"være utløp av vernetiden i opphavsretten."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, little-"
"noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers "
"vedvarende kommersiell verdi."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations"
msgstr "av naturlige forfattere vs. selskaper"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "corporations"
msgstr "selskaper"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "copyright terms for"
msgstr "opphavsrett vilkår for"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works "
"created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum "
"år."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure "
"that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And "
"i lov om opphavsrett. til tross for kravet om at vilkårene være \"begrenset"
"\", har vi ingen bevis for at noe vil begrense dem."
-#. f12
+#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first "
"year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than "
msgstr "Loven: Virkeområde"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "scope of"
msgstr "omfanget av"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by "
"the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those "
"til sammenhengen i denne debatten."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "historical shift in copyright coverage of"
msgstr "historisk endring i opphavsrettslig dekning av"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, "
"charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or "
"(for eksempel et drama basert på en publiserte bok)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today "
"are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers "
msgstr "formaliteter"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "registration requirement of"
msgstr "registreringskrav for"
-#. PAGE BREAK 148
+#. PAGE BREAK 148
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural "
"limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the "
"opphavsretten som kan sikres."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding "
"that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten "
"opprinnelige forfatteren."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "European"
msgstr "europeiske"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American "
"system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no "
"La oss se på et praktisk eksempel for å forstå omfanget av disse "
"forskjellene."
-#. f13
+#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the "
"Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University "
"regulering av en liten andel av et liten del av det kreative markedet i "
"USA—utgivere."
-#. PAGE BREAK 149
+#. PAGE BREAK 149
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by "
"hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally "
"var behersket."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is "
"automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every "
"ditt. beskyttelse følger etablering, ikke trinnene du ta for å beskytte den."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use "
"exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to "
"til å publisere den på nytt, eller for å dele et utdrag."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control "
"competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today "
"andel av skrifter som er inspirert av dem."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, "
"though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was "
msgstr "Rubenfeld, Jeb"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about "
"the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be "
"able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without "
"til å handle på verdien som disney opprinnelig opprettet?"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the "
"derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to "
msgstr "Lov og arkitektur: Rekkevidde"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "copies as core issue of"
msgstr "Kopier som kjernen utgave av"
-#. f16
+#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly "
"is a copy, there is a right."
msgstr ""
"Dette er en forenkling av loven, men ikke en særlig stor en. Loven "
-"regulerer helt klart mer enn <quote>eksemplarer</quote>—en "
-"offentlig fremføring av en opphavsrettsbeskyttet sang er for eksempel "
-"regulert selv om fremføringen i seg selv ikke lager et eksemplar; 17 "
-"<citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, del 106(4). Og det er helt "
-"klart at noen ganger regulerer det ikke et <quote>eksemplar</quote>; "
-"17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, del 112(a). Men "
-"antagelsen under gjeldende lov (som regulerer "
-"<quote>eksemplarer</quote> 17 <citetitle>United States "
-"Code</citetitle>, del 102) er at hvis det er et eksemplar, så er det "
-"også en rettighet knyttet til det."
+"regulerer helt klart mer enn <quote>eksemplarer</quote>—en offentlig "
+"fremføring av en opphavsrettsbeskyttet sang er for eksempel regulert selv om "
+"fremføringen i seg selv ikke lager et eksemplar; 17 <citetitle>United States "
+"Code</citetitle>, del 106(4). Og det er helt klart at noen ganger regulerer "
+"det ikke et <quote>eksemplar</quote>; 17 <citetitle>United States Code</"
+"citetitle>, del 112(a). Men antagelsen under gjeldende lov (som regulerer "
+"<quote>eksemplarer</quote> 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, del "
+"102) er at hvis det er et eksemplar, så er det også en rettighet knyttet til "
+"det."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
msgid "other property rights vs."
msgstr "andre eiendomsretter vs."
-#. PAGE BREAK 151
+#. PAGE BREAK 151
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for "
"<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's "
"med Internett, Kopier ikke bør være utløser for lov om opphavsrett. mer "
"presist, bør de ikke alltid være utløser for lov om opphavsrett."
-#. f17
+#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we "
"should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its "
msgstr "tre typer bruk av"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of"
msgstr "opphavsrett anvendbarhet endret av teknologien i"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "copyright intent altered by"
msgstr "opphavsrett hensikt endret av"
-#. PAGE BREAK 152
+#. PAGE BREAK 152
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all "
"its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated "
msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by "
"copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is "
msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as "
"unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You "
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 154
+#. PAGE BREAK 154
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three "
"sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that "
msgstr "bøker på"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Internet burdens on"
msgstr "Internett byrder på"
-#. f18
+#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be "
"different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical "
"burden of this shift."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 155
+#. PAGE BREAK 155
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the "
"Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no "
"produsert en kopi."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "e-books"
msgstr "e-bøker"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "technological developments and"
msgstr "teknologisk utvikling og"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of "
"rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or "
"femte tid, gjør du en kopi av boken i strid med opphavsrett eierens ønske."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is "
"not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make "
"punkter også klar:"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever "
"intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively "
"før Internett."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative "
"uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in "
"svært troubling med hensyn til transformative bruk av skapende arbeid."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "fair use vs."
msgstr "rettferdig bruk vs."
-#. PAGE BREAK 156
+#. PAGE BREAK 156
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden "
"on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to "
"beskyttet før fordi lesing ikke ble regulert."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free "
"culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair "
"regulert, deretter beskyttelse av fair use er ikke nok."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Video Pipeline"
msgstr "video rørledningen"
msgstr "filmindustri"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "trailer advertisements of"
msgstr "Trailer reklame av"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the "
"business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies "
"solgt kassetter til selge i detalj butikker."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "browsing"
msgstr "surfing"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to "
"think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The "
"bokhandel du kan lese noen få sider av en bok før du kjøper boken, så, du "
"vil også kunne smake litt fra filmen on-line før du kjøpte den."
-#. PAGE BREAK 157
+#. PAGE BREAK 157
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it "
"intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than "
"var faktisk sine rettigheter."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "willful infringement findings in"
msgstr "willful krenkelse funnene i"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "willful infringement"
msgstr "willful krenkelse"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were "
"predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully infringed</"
"video rørledning for $100 millioner."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video "
"stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be "
"filmer som en måte å selge dem uten disney's tillatelse."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "first-sale doctrine"
msgstr "første salg doktrine"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would "
"consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives "
msgid "Barnes & Noble"
msgstr "Barnes & Noble"
-#. PAGE BREAK 158
+#. PAGE BREAK 158
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control "
"is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you "
"er ganske liten."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed "
"architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of "
msgstr "Arkitektur og lov: Makt"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second "
"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its significance. "
"slike regulering fremtvinges."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "technology as automatic enforcer of"
msgstr "teknologi som automatisk inndriver av"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "copyright enforcement controlled by"
msgstr "opphavsrett hensikt endret av"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that "
"controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, "
msgstr "Casablanca"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Marx Brothers"
msgstr "Brødrene Marx"
-#. f19
+#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> "
"friheter som alle (inkludert Warner Brothers) nøt godt av."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the "
"Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: "
"ikke morsomt."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Adobe eBook Reader"
msgstr "Adobe eBok-leser"
"innholdet ved hjelp av teknologien."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr ""
"på neste er siden et bilde av en gammel versjon av min adobe eBok-leser."
-#. PAGE BREAK 160
+#. PAGE BREAK 160
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book "
"library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: "
msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions "
"that the publisher purports to grant with this book."
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 161
+#. PAGE BREAK 161
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard "
"of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no "
msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at all. "
"But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book."
"Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original "
"e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:"
msgstr ""
-"Til slutt (og mest pinlig), her er tillatelsene for den originale "
-"ebok-versjonen av min siste bok, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:"
+"Til slutt (og mest pinlig), her er tillatelsene for den originale ebok-"
+"versjonen av min siste bok, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>."
msgstr ""
"Ingen kopiering, ingen utskrift, og våg ikke å prøve å lytte til denne boken!"
-#. f21
+#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for "
"example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within "
"which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are "
"hvis du gjør; i stedet, hvis du presse lese høyt knappen med min bok, "
"maskinen bare vil ikke lese høyt."
-#. PAGE BREAK 163
+#. PAGE BREAK 163
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world "
"where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried "
"\"warner brothers,\" slettet \"brødre\" fra setningen."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright <emphasis>law</"
"emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The controls over access "
"innebygde kontroller."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls "
"built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that "
msgstr "ebok-begrensninger på"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public "
"relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the "
msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, "
"not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the <quote>permissions</"
"\"lese høyt\"!"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the "
"text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; "
"syntes å si mildt, absurd."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to "
"restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting "
"ingen."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative "
"companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with "
"To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story "
"of mine that makes the same point."
msgstr ""
-"For å se dette poenget i en spesielt absurd sammenheng, la oss se på "
-"en av mine favoritthistorier som får fram det samme poenget."
+"For å se dette poenget i en spesielt absurd sammenheng, la oss se på en av "
+"mine favoritthistorier som får fram det samme poenget."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Aibo robotic dog"
"learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and "
"that doesn't leave that much of a mess (at least in your house)."
msgstr ""
-"La oss se på robothunden fra Sony ved navn <quote>Aibo</quote>. "
-"Aibo-en lærer triks, koser og følger deg rudt. Den spiser kun "
-"elektrisitet og etterlater ikke så mye gris (i hvert fall ikke i "
-"huset)."
+"La oss se på robothunden fra Sony ved navn <quote>Aibo</quote>. Aibo-en "
+"lærer triks, koser og følger deg rudt. Den spiser kun elektrisitet og "
+"etterlater ikke så mye gris (i hvert fall ikke i huset)."
#. PAGE BREAK 165
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
"Aibo-en er dyr og populær. Tilhengere over hele verden har laget klubber "
"for å utveksle historier. En bestemt tilhenger har satt opp et nettsted som "
"gjør det mulig å dele informasjon om Aibo-hunden. Denne tilhengeren satte "
-"opp aibopet.com (og aibohack.com, men det ender opp på samme "
-"nettsted), og ga ut informasjon på dette nettesteten om hvordan en kan "
-"lære en Aibo å gjøre flere triks enn de triksene som Sony hadde lært "
-"den."
+"opp aibopet.com (og aibohack.com, men det ender opp på samme nettsted), og "
+"ga ut informasjon på dette nettesteten om hvordan en kan lære en Aibo å "
+"gjøre flere triks enn de triksene som Sony hadde lært den."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"information to users of the Aibo pet about how to hack their computer "
"<quote>dog</quote> to make it do new tricks (thus, aibohack.com)."
msgstr ""
-"<quote>Lære</quote> har her en spesiell betydning. Aibo-er er bare "
-"søte datamaskiner. Du lærer en datamaskin hvordan den skal gjøre noe "
-"nytt ved å programmere annerledes. Det å si at aibopet.com ga "
-"informasjon om hvordan en kunne lære hunden nye triks er bare en måte "
-"å si at aibopet.com ga brukere av Aibo-kjæledyret informasjon om "
-"hvordan de skulle hacke sin data-<quote>hund</quote> for å få den til "
-"å gjøre nye triks (derav aibohack.com)."
+"<quote>Lære</quote> har her en spesiell betydning. Aibo-er er bare søte "
+"datamaskiner. Du lærer en datamaskin hvordan den skal gjøre noe nytt ved å "
+"programmere annerledes. Det å si at aibopet.com ga informasjon om hvordan "
+"en kunne lære hunden nye triks er bare en måte å si at aibopet.com ga "
+"brukere av Aibo-kjæledyret informasjon om hvordan de skulle hacke sin data-"
+"<quote>hund</quote> for å få den til å gjøre nye triks (derav aibohack.com)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "hacks"
msgstr "hack"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word "
"<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly connotation. "
"en driver for å aktivere datamaskinen til å kjøre skriveren du nettopp kjøpt."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like "
"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult tasks. "
"that turned the dog into a more talented creature than Sony had built."
msgstr ""
"Denne Aibo-tilhengeren demonstrerte litt av begge deler da han hacket "
-"programmet og la tilgjengelig for hele verden en bit kode som fikk "
-"Aibo-en til å danse jass. Hunden var i utgangspunktet ikke "
-"programmert til å kunne danse jazz. Det var utrolig smart fikling som "
-"gjorde hunden til en mer talentfull skapning enn det Sony hadde bygd."
+"programmet og la tilgjengelig for hele verden en bit kode som fikk Aibo-en "
+"til å danse jass. Hunden var i utgangspunktet ikke programmert til å kunne "
+"danse jazz. Det var utrolig smart fikling som gjorde hunden til en mer "
+"talentfull skapning enn det Sony hadde bygd."
-#. PAGE BREAK 166
+#. PAGE BREAK 166
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United "
"that the owner of aibopet.com thought, <emphasis>What possible problem could "
"there be with teaching a robot dog to dance?</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
-"Jeg har fortalt denne historien i mange sammenhenger, både i og "
-"utenfor USA. En gang ble jeg spurt av et forbløffet medlem av "
-"publikum om det er tillatt for en hund å danse jazz i USA. Vi glemmer "
-"at historier om landet der hjemme fortsatt flyter rundt omkring i "
-"store deler av verden. Sa la oss bare være helt klare før vi "
-"fortsetter: Det er ikke (lenger) kriminelt noe sted å danse jazz. Det "
-"er ikke kriminelt å lære hunden din å danse jazz. Og det bør heller "
-"ikke være kriminelt (selv om vi ikke har så mye å gå på her) å lære "
-"din robothund å danse jazz. Jazz-dansing er en fullstendig lovlig "
-"aktivitet. En kan se for seg at eieren av aibopet.com tenkte at "
-"<emphasis>Hva i alle dager kan være galt med å lære en robothund å "
-"danse?</emphasis>"
+"Jeg har fortalt denne historien i mange sammenhenger, både i og utenfor "
+"USA. En gang ble jeg spurt av et forbløffet medlem av publikum om det er "
+"tillatt for en hund å danse jazz i USA. Vi glemmer at historier om landet "
+"der hjemme fortsatt flyter rundt omkring i store deler av verden. Sa la oss "
+"bare være helt klare før vi fortsetter: Det er ikke (lenger) kriminelt noe "
+"sted å danse jazz. Det er ikke kriminelt å lære hunden din å danse jazz. "
+"Og det bør heller ikke være kriminelt (selv om vi ikke har så mye å gå på "
+"her) å lære din robothund å danse jazz. Jazz-dansing er en fullstendig "
+"lovlig aktivitet. En kan se for seg at eieren av aibopet.com tenkte at "
+"<emphasis>Hva i alle dager kan være galt med å lære en robothund å danse?</"
+"emphasis>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "government case against"
msgstr "regjeringen sak mot"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not "
"literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed "
"weakness in an encryption system being developed by the Secure Digital Music "
"Initiative as a technique to control the distribution of music."
msgstr ""
-"Men Feltens mot ble virkelig testet i april 2001.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Han og en gruppe kollegaer arbeidet med "
-"en artikkel som skulle sendes inn til en konferanse. Artikkelen "
-"skulle beskrive svakhetene i et krypteringssystem som ble utviklet av "
-"Secure Digital Music Initiative som en teknikk for å kontrollere "
-"distribusjon av musikk."
+"Men Feltens mot ble virkelig testet i april 2001.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/> Han og en gruppe kollegaer arbeidet med en artikkel som skulle "
+"sendes inn til en konferanse. Artikkelen skulle beskrive svakhetene i et "
+"krypteringssystem som ble utviklet av Secure Digital Music Initiative som en "
+"teknikk for å kontrollere distribusjon av musikk."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to "
"exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it "
"stole på systemet av Internett mye mer."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In "
"exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of "
"var contestants å prøve å sprekk det, og hvis de gjorde, kan du rapportere "
"problemer til konsortiet."
-#. PAGE BREAK 167
+#. PAGE BREAK 167
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the "
"team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems "
"de som studerer kryptering."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United States. "
"We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just because "
"eller personer eller idéer kritisert."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing "
"the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or "
"ville ikke, så dag konstituert, lykkes."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then "
"received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com "
"Selv om en jazz-dans hunden er helt lovlig, skrev sony:"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's "
"copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention "
"digital millennium copyright act."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of "
"encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an "
"bør også være helt lovlig, felten mottatt et brev fra en riaa advokat som "
"lese:"
-#. PAGE BREAK 168
+#. PAGE BREAK 168
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public "
"Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the "
"millennium copyright act (\"dmca\")."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread "
"of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such "
"slik informasjon en krenkelser."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about "
"cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the "
"gjenopprette noe beskyttelse for eiere av opphavsretter."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code "
"designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, "
"selv var ment å støtte Juridisk Lisenstekst av opphavsrett."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the "
"extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at "
"utformet for å forby disse enheter, om bruk av opphavsrettslig materiale "
"gjort mulig ved at omgåelse ville ha vært et brudd på opphavsretten."
-#. PAGE BREAK 169
+#. PAGE BREAK 169
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a "
"copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance "
"et system for opphavsrettsbeskyttelse var omgikk."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line "
"of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection "
msgstr "Conrad, Paul"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by "
"Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could "
"fall at han ønsket å fremkalle gratis å tape mr. rogers' neighborhood."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of "
"America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., "
"important.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 170
+#. PAGE BREAK 170
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses "
"that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR "
"som var ulovlig, domstolen holdt selskaper produsere vcr ansvarlig."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
"Dette førte conrad å trekke tegneserie nedenfor, som vi kan vedta å dmca."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close."
msgstr ""
"ingen argument jeg har kan topp dette bildet, men la meg prøve å komme nær."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention "
"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different ends. "
msgid "handguns"
msgstr "håndvåpen"
-#. PAGE BREAK 171
+#. PAGE BREAK 171
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree "
"such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to "
"absolutely, despite the potential that they might do some good, but permits "
"guns, despite the obvious and tragic harm they do."
msgstr ""
-"Det åpenbare poenget med Conrad's tegneserie er det merkelige med en "
-"verden hvor handvåpen er lovlige, på tross av skaden de gjør, mens "
-"videspillere (og omgåelsesteknologier) er ulovlige. Merk: "
-"<emphasis>Ingen har noen sinne dødd av omgåelse av "
-"opphavsretten.</emphasis> Likevel forbyr loven omgåelsesteknologier "
-"fullstendig, på tross av potensialet de har for å bidra positivt, men "
-"tillater håndvåpen, på tross den åpenbare og tragiske skaden de gjør."
+"Det åpenbare poenget med Conrad's tegneserie er det merkelige med en verden "
+"hvor handvåpen er lovlige, på tross av skaden de gjør, mens videspillere (og "
+"omgåelsesteknologier) er ulovlige. Merk: <emphasis>Ingen har noen sinne "
+"dødd av omgåelse av opphavsretten.</emphasis> Likevel forbyr loven "
+"omgåelsesteknologier fullstendig, på tross av potensialet de har for å bidra "
+"positivt, men tillater håndvåpen, på tross den åpenbare og tragiske skaden "
+"de gjør."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"means by which fair use can be erased; the law of the DMCA backs up that "
"erasing."
msgstr ""
-"Eksemplene med Aibo og RIAA demonstrerer hvordan opphavsrettseiere "
-"endrer balansen som opphavsretten oppretter. Ved hjelp av programkode "
-"begrenser opphavsrettseierne rimelig bruk. Ved hjelp av DMCA straffer "
-"de dem som vil forsøke å omgå begrensningene på rimelig bruk som de "
-"kan påføre ved hjelp av programkode. Teknologi blir midlene som kan "
-"brukes til å fjerne rimelig bruk, og DMCA-loven gir ryggdekning for "
-"det som blir fjernet."
+"Eksemplene med Aibo og RIAA demonstrerer hvordan opphavsrettseiere endrer "
+"balansen som opphavsretten oppretter. Ved hjelp av programkode begrenser "
+"opphavsrettseierne rimelig bruk. Ved hjelp av DMCA straffer de dem som vil "
+"forsøke å omgå begrensningene på rimelig bruk som de kan påføre ved hjelp av "
+"programkode. Teknologi blir midlene som kan brukes til å fjerne rimelig "
+"bruk, og DMCA-loven gir ryggdekning for det som blir fjernet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"least for those copyright holders with the lawyers who can write the nasty "
"letters that Felten and aibopet.com received."
msgstr ""
-"Det er slik <emphasis>programkode</emphasis> blir "
-"<emphasis>lovverk</emphasis>. Kontrollene som er bygget inn i "
-"teknologien for beskyttelse mot kopiering og tilgang blir regler som "
-"hvis de brytes også blir et lovbrudd. På denne måten utvider "
-"programkoden loven—utvider dens regulering, selv om emnet den "
-"regulerer (aktiviteter som ellers helt klart ville vært rimelig bruk) "
-"er utenfor dekningsområdet til loven. Programkode blir lovverk. "
-"Programkode utvider loven og programkode utvider dermed effekten av "
+"Det er slik <emphasis>programkode</emphasis> blir <emphasis>lovverk</"
+"emphasis>. Kontrollene som er bygget inn i teknologien for beskyttelse mot "
+"kopiering og tilgang blir regler som hvis de brytes også blir et lovbrudd. "
+"På denne måten utvider programkoden loven—utvider dens regulering, "
+"selv om emnet den regulerer (aktiviteter som ellers helt klart ville vært "
+"rimelig bruk) er utenfor dekningsområdet til loven. Programkode blir "
+"lovverk. Programkode utvider loven og programkode utvider dermed effekten av "
"kontrollen til opphavsrettseierne—i hvert fall for de "
-"opphavsrettsinnehaverne som har advokater som kan skrive slike ekle "
-"brev som Felten og aibopet.com mottok."
+"opphavsrettsinnehaverne som har advokater som kan skrive slike ekle brev som "
+"Felten og aibopet.com mottok."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law "
"that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease "
"snoops, så vel som brukere, og snoops er stadig gode på sporing ned "
"identiteten til de som bryter reglene."
-#. f24
+#. f24
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal "
"Kirk. The characters would begin with a plot from a real story, then simply "
"continue it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Se for eksempel for deg at du er del av en <citetitle>Star "
-"Track</citetitle>-fanklubb. Dere samles hver måned for å dele trivia, "
-"og kanskje rollespille en slags tilhenger-fantasi om showet. En "
-"person spiller Spock, en annen Kaptein Kirk. Karakterene ville starte "
-"med et plot fra en virkelig historie, og deretter ganske enkelt "
-"fortsette den.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Se for eksempel for deg at du er del av en <citetitle>Star Track</citetitle>-"
+"fanklubb. Dere samles hver måned for å dele trivia, og kanskje rollespille "
+"en slags tilhenger-fantasi om showet. En person spiller Spock, en annen "
+"Kaptein Kirk. Karakterene ville starte med et plot fra en virkelig "
+"historie, og deretter ganske enkelt fortsette den.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"wished without fear of legal control."
msgstr ""
"Før Internettet var dette effektivt sett en helt uregulert aktivitet. "
-"Uansett hva som skjedde på innsiden av din egen klubb, så ville du "
-"aldri bli forstyrret av opphavsrettspolitiet. Du var her fri til å "
-"gjøre som du ville med denne delen av kulturen vår. Du hadde lov til "
-"å bygge på den som du ønsket uten å frykte juridisk kontroll."
+"Uansett hva som skjedde på innsiden av din egen klubb, så ville du aldri bli "
+"forstyrret av opphavsrettspolitiet. Du var her fri til å gjøre som du ville "
+"med denne delen av kulturen vår. Du hadde lov til å bygge på den som du "
+"ønsket uten å frykte juridisk kontroll."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"copyright is extremely efficient. The penalties are severe, and the process "
"is quick."
msgstr ""
-"Men hvis du flyttet klubben din til Internettet, og gjorde den "
-"generelt tilgjengelig for andre å delta, så ville historien bli svært "
-"forskjellig. Roboter som søker igjennom nettet etter brudd på "
-"varemerke og opphavsrettslovgivingen ville raskt finne nettstedet "
-"ditt. Dine publiserte fan-verker, avhengig av eierskapet til seriene "
-"som du avbildet, kunne gjerne gi deg en advokattrussel. Og å ignorere "
-"en slik advokattrussel kunne bli ekstremt kostbart. Opphavsrettsloven "
-"er ekstremt effektiv. Straffene er alvorlige, og prosessen er rask."
+"Men hvis du flyttet klubben din til Internettet, og gjorde den generelt "
+"tilgjengelig for andre å delta, så ville historien bli svært forskjellig. "
+"Roboter som søker igjennom nettet etter brudd på varemerke og "
+"opphavsrettslovgivingen ville raskt finne nettstedet ditt. Dine publiserte "
+"fan-verker, avhengig av eierskapet til seriene som du avbildet, kunne gjerne "
+"gi deg en advokattrussel. Og å ignorere en slik advokattrussel kunne bli "
+"ekstremt kostbart. Opphavsrettsloven er ekstremt effektiv. Straffene er "
+"alvorlige, og prosessen er rask."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"the state started issuing tickets based upon the data you transmitted. That "
"is, in effect, what is happening here."
msgstr ""
-"Denne endringen i den effektive makten til loven er forårsaket av en "
-"endring i hvor enkelt loven kan håndheves. Denne endringen flytter "
-"også lovens balanse radikalt. Det er som om bilen din sendte ut "
-"hastigheten du kjørte med på et hvert tidspunkt. Det ville bare være "
-"et steg igjen før staten begynte å utstede fartsbøter basert på "
-"informasjonen du sender ut. Det er effektivt sett det som skjer her."
+"Denne endringen i den effektive makten til loven er forårsaket av en endring "
+"i hvor enkelt loven kan håndheves. Denne endringen flytter også lovens "
+"balanse radikalt. Det er som om bilen din sendte ut hastigheten du kjørte "
+"med på et hvert tidspunkt. Det ville bare være et steg igjen før staten "
+"begynte å utstede fartsbøter basert på informasjonen du sender ut. Det er "
+"effektivt sett det som skjer her."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Market: Concentration"
msgstr "Marked: Konsentrasjon"
-#. PAGE BREAK 173
+#. PAGE BREAK 173
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past "
"thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from "
"være helt ugjenkjennelige til de som fødte copyright's kontroll."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't "
"for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in "
"for alle andre endringer jeg har beskrevet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In "
"the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical "
msgstr "BMG"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "EMI"
msgstr "EMI"
msgstr "McCain, John"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Universal Music Group"
msgstr "Universal music group"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Warner Music Group"
msgstr "Warner music group"
-#. f25
+#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and "
"Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement "
"FCC oversight: høring før Senatet commerce, science and transport komiteen, "
"108th cong., 1 sess. (22 mai 2003) (setning av senator john mccain)."
-#. f26
+#. f26
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to "
"Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002."
"lynette holloway, \"til tross for en markedsføring blitz cd salg fortsette å "
"skyve,\" new york times, 23 desember 2002."
-#. f27
+#. f27
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003."
"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 174
+#. PAGE BREAK 174
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the "
"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than seventy-"
"radio annonsering inntekter."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are "
"six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were "
msgstr "Fallows, James"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in "
"the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent "
"outlets of media as possible. A picture describes this pattern better than a "
"thousand words could do:"
msgstr ""
-"Mønsteret med Murdoch er møsteret for moderne medier. Ikke bare "
-"store selskaper som eier mange radiostasjoner, men noen få selskaper "
-"som eier så mange mediekilder som mulig. Et bilde beskriver bedre enn "
-"tusen ord dette mønsteret:"
+"Mønsteret med Murdoch er møsteret for moderne medier. Ikke bare store "
+"selskaper som eier mange radiostasjoner, men noen få selskaper som eier så "
+"mange mediekilder som mulig. Et bilde beskriver bedre enn tusen ord dette "
+"mønsteret:"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership."
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 175
+#. PAGE BREAK 175
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is "
"nytt, mer på kanten enn den første. ABC ble fra seg. Du får ikke med deg "
"poenget, fortalte de Lear. Vi vil ha det mindre på kanten, ikke mer."
-#. f29
+#. f29
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum "
"andre. Opphavsretten Lear hadde sikret at han var uavhengighet av nettverk-"
"kontroll.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 176
+#. PAGE BREAK 176
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the "
"<quote>independent</quote> of the networks."
msgstr ""
"Nettverket kontrollerte ikke disse opphavsrettene fordi loven forbød "
-"nettverkene å kontrollere innholdet de syndikerte. Loven krevde et "
-"skille mellom nettverkene og innholdsprodusentene. Den delingen ville "
-"garantere Lear friheten. Og så sent som i 1992, på grunn av disse "
-"reglene, var majoriteten av kjernetids-TV—75 "
-"prosent—<quote>uavhengig</quote> av nettverkene."
+"nettverkene å kontrollere innholdet de syndikerte. Loven krevde et skille "
+"mellom nettverkene og innholdsprodusentene. Den delingen ville garantere "
+"Lear friheten. Og så sent som i 1992, på grunn av disse reglene, var "
+"majoriteten av kjernetids-TV—75 prosent—<quote>uavhengig</quote> "
+"av nettverkene."
-#. f30
+#. f30
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media "
"of prime time television hours per week produced by independent studios "
"decreased 63%.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"I 1994 forlot FCC reglene som krevde denne uavhengigheten. Etter "
-"denne endringen forandret nettverkene raskt balansen. I 1985 var det "
-"tjuefem uavhengige produksjonsstudioer for TV. I 2002 var det kun fem "
-"uavhengige TV-studioer igjen. <quote>I 1992 ble kun 15 prosent av nye "
-"serier produsert som var for et nettverk laget av et selskap "
-"nettverket kontrollerte. I fjor var prosentandelen innslag produsert "
-"av kontrollerte selskaper mer enn firedoblet til 77 prosent.</quote> "
-"<quote>I 1992 ble 16 nye serier produsert uavhengig av "
-"konglomerat-kontroll. I fjor var det kun en.</quote><placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> I 2002 ble 75 prosent av kjernetids-TV "
-"eid av nettverket som sendte det. <quote>I tiårsperioden mellom 1992 "
-"og 2002 økte antall timer per uke produsert av nettverks-studioer med "
-"over 200%, mens antall timer per uke med kjernetids-TV produsert av "
-"uavhengige studioer ble redusert med 63%.</quote><placeholder "
+"I 1994 forlot FCC reglene som krevde denne uavhengigheten. Etter denne "
+"endringen forandret nettverkene raskt balansen. I 1985 var det tjuefem "
+"uavhengige produksjonsstudioer for TV. I 2002 var det kun fem uavhengige TV-"
+"studioer igjen. <quote>I 1992 ble kun 15 prosent av nye serier produsert "
+"som var for et nettverk laget av et selskap nettverket kontrollerte. I fjor "
+"var prosentandelen innslag produsert av kontrollerte selskaper mer enn "
+"firedoblet til 77 prosent.</quote> <quote>I 1992 ble 16 nye serier produsert "
+"uavhengig av konglomerat-kontroll. I fjor var det kun en.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> I 2002 ble 75 prosent av "
+"kjernetids-TV eid av nettverket som sendte det. <quote>I tiårsperioden "
+"mellom 1992 og 2002 økte antall timer per uke produsert av nettverks-"
+"studioer med over 200%, mens antall timer per uke med kjernetids-TV "
+"produsert av uavhengige studioer ble redusert med 63%.</quote><placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
"edgy or to be fired: The content of any show developed for a network is "
"increasingly owned by the network."
msgstr ""
-"I dag ville en annen Norman Lear med en annen <citetitle>All in the "
-"Family</citetitle> oppdage at han har valget mellom å enten gjøre "
-"serien mindre på kanten eller få sparken. Innholdet for et show laget "
-"for et netverk er i stadig større grad eid av nettverket."
+"I dag ville en annen Norman Lear med en annen <citetitle>All in the Family</"
+"citetitle> oppdage at han har valget mellom å enten gjøre serien mindre på "
+"kanten eller få sparken. Innholdet for et show laget for et netverk er i "
+"stadig større grad eid av nettverket."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Diller, Barry"
"Mens antall kanaler har økt dramatisk, har eierskapet til disse kanalene "
"snevret inn fra få til stadig færre. Som Barry Diller sa til Bill Moyers,"
-#. f32
+#. f32
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with "
"thriving independent production companies producing television programs. Now "
"you have less than a handful.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Vel, hvis du har selskaper som produserer, som finansierer, som "
-"kringkaster på sin egen kanal og så distribuerer over hele verden alt "
-"som går gjennom deres kontrollerte distribusjons-system, så får du "
-"færre og færre faktiske stemmer som deltar i prosessen. Vi hadde "
-"tidligere dusinvis med levende uavhengige produksjonsselskaper som "
-"laget TV-programmer. Nå har vi mindre enn en håndfull.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Vel, hvis du har selskaper som produserer, som finansierer, som kringkaster "
+"på sin egen kanal og så distribuerer over hele verden alt som går gjennom "
+"deres kontrollerte distribusjons-system, så får du færre og færre faktiske "
+"stemmer som deltar i prosessen. Vi hadde tidligere dusinvis med levende "
+"uavhengige produksjonsselskaper som laget TV-programmer. Nå har vi mindre "
+"enn en håndfull.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"critical, different views are quashed. This is not the environment for a "
"democracy."
msgstr ""
-"Denne innsnevringen har en effekt på det som blir produsert. "
-"Produktet fra slike store og konsentrerte nettverk er stadig mer "
-"ensrettet. Stadig mer trygt. Stadig mer sterilt. Produktet "
-"nyhetssendinger fra slike nettverk er i stadig større grad "
-"skreddersyddtil meldingen som nettverket ønsker å formidle. Dette er "
-"ikke kommunistpartiet, selv om det nok fra innsiden må føles litt som "
-"kommunistpartiet. Ingen kan stille spørsmål uten å risikere "
-"konsekvenser—ikke nødvendigvis forvisning til Sibir, men "
-"likefullt straff. Uavhengige, kritiske, avvikende syn blir skvist ut. "
-"Dette er ikke et miljø for demokrati."
+"Denne innsnevringen har en effekt på det som blir produsert. Produktet fra "
+"slike store og konsentrerte nettverk er stadig mer ensrettet. Stadig mer "
+"trygt. Stadig mer sterilt. Produktet nyhetssendinger fra slike nettverk er "
+"i stadig større grad skreddersyddtil meldingen som nettverket ønsker å "
+"formidle. Dette er ikke kommunistpartiet, selv om det nok fra innsiden må "
+"føles litt som kommunistpartiet. Ingen kan stille spørsmål uten å risikere "
+"konsekvenser—ikke nødvendigvis forvisning til Sibir, men likefullt "
+"straff. Uavhengige, kritiske, avvikende syn blir skvist ut. Dette er ikke "
+"et miljø for demokrati."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Clark, Kim B."
msgstr "Clark, Kim B."
-#. f33
+#. f33
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say "
"with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies "
"effekten på kultur er vanskelig å måle."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest "
"the concern."
msgstr "men det er en typiske åpenbare eksempel som sterkt at bekymringen."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug wars. "
"Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; criminal "
"regjeringens politikk er sterkt rettet mot narkotika cartels; straffesaker "
"og sivile domstolene er fylt med konsekvensene av denne kampen."
-#. PAGE BREAK 178
+#. PAGE BREAK 178
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any "
"position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I "
"kostnadene."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is "
"through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend "
"problemene."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a "
"media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign "
"Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its "
"message well. It's a fair and reasonable message."
msgstr ""
-"Rimelig nok. Det er en god annonse. Ikke veldig villedede. Den "
-"leverer budskapet sin godt. Det er et rimelig og fornuftig budskap."
+"Rimelig nok. Det er en god annonse. Ikke veldig villedede. Den leverer "
+"budskapet sin godt. Det er et rimelig og fornuftig budskap."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"demonstrate the extraordinary collateral harm that comes from the drug war. "
"Can you do it?"
msgstr ""
-"Men la oss si at du mener dette er et galt budskap, og du ønsker å "
-"kjøre en motreklame. La oss si at du ønsker å sende en serie med "
-"annonser som forsøker å vise den ekstraordinære utilssiktede skade som "
-"krigen mot narkotika fører til. Kan du gjøre det?"
+"Men la oss si at du mener dette er et galt budskap, og du ønsker å kjøre en "
+"motreklame. La oss si at du ønsker å sende en serie med annonser som "
+"forsøker å vise den ekstraordinære utilssiktede skade som krigen mot "
+"narkotika fører til. Kan du gjøre det?"
-#. PAGE BREAK 179
+#. PAGE BREAK 179
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the money. "
"help you get your message out. Can you be sure your message will be heard "
"then?"
msgstr ""
-"Naturligvis koster disse annonsene mye penger. Anta at du klarer å "
-"skaffe pengene. Anta at en gruppe med bekymrede borgere donerer alle "
-"pengene i verden for å hjelpe deg med å få ditt budskap ut. Kan du da "
-"være sikker på at ditt budskap vil bli hørt?"
+"Naturligvis koster disse annonsene mye penger. Anta at du klarer å skaffe "
+"pengene. Anta at en gruppe med bekymrede borgere donerer alle pengene i "
+"verden for å hjelpe deg med å få ditt budskap ut. Kan du da være sikker på "
+"at ditt budskap vil bli hørt?"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Comcast"
msgstr "Comcast"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Marijuana Policy Project"
msgstr "marihuana policy project"
"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
"Nei, det kan du ikke. TV-stasjoner har en generell regel om å unngå "
-"<quote>kontroversielle</quote> annonser. Annonser sponset av "
-"myndighetene anses som ukontroversielle. Annonser som er uenig med "
-"myndighetene er kontroversielle. Denne utvelgelsen kan kanskje tenkes "
-"å være i strid med det første grunnlovstillegget, men høyestrett har "
-"avgjort at stasjonene har rett til å velge hva de sender. Dermed vil "
-"de store kommersielle mediekanalene avvise den en siden av en viktig "
-"debatt muligheten til å legge frem sin sak. Og domstolene vil "
-"forsvare stasjonenes rett til å være så ensidig.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"<quote>kontroversielle</quote> annonser. Annonser sponset av myndighetene "
+"anses som ukontroversielle. Annonser som er uenig med myndighetene er "
+"kontroversielle. Denne utvelgelsen kan kanskje tenkes å være i strid med "
+"det første grunnlovstillegget, men høyestrett har avgjort at stasjonene har "
+"rett til å velge hva de sender. Dermed vil de store kommersielle "
+"mediekanalene avvise den en siden av en viktig debatt muligheten til å legge "
+"frem sin sak. Og domstolene vil forsvare stasjonenes rett til å være så "
+"ensidig.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"handful of companies selects. But you should not like a world in which a "
"mere few get to decide which issues the rest of us get to know about."
msgstr ""
-"Jeg ville også med glede forsvart nettverkenes rettigheter—hvis "
-"vi levde i et mediemarket som virkelig var mangfolding. Men "
-"konsentrasjonen i media får en til å tvile på den forutsetningen. "
-"Hvis en håndfull selskaper kontrollerer tilgangen til media, og den "
-"håndfullen med selskaper får bestemme hvilke politiske holdninger den "
-"vil tillate at fremmes på sine kanaler, da er det på en åpenbar og "
-"viktig måte klart at konsentrasjon betyr noe. Det kan hende du liker "
-"holdningene som denne håndfullen med selskaper velger. Men du børikke "
-"like en verden der et lite mindretall får bestemme hvilke saker resten "
-"av oss får høre om."
+"Jeg ville også med glede forsvart nettverkenes rettigheter—hvis vi "
+"levde i et mediemarket som virkelig var mangfolding. Men konsentrasjonen i "
+"media får en til å tvile på den forutsetningen. Hvis en håndfull selskaper "
+"kontrollerer tilgangen til media, og den håndfullen med selskaper får "
+"bestemme hvilke politiske holdninger den vil tillate at fremmes på sine "
+"kanaler, da er det på en åpenbar og viktig måte klart at konsentrasjon betyr "
+"noe. Det kan hende du liker holdningene som denne håndfullen med selskaper "
+"velger. Men du børikke like en verden der et lite mindretall får bestemme "
+"hvilke saker resten av oss får høre om."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Together"
msgstr "Sammen"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright "
"warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In "
"sann og, vanligvis helt ufarlig. Ingen forstandig sortering som ikke er en "
"Anarkisten kan uenige."
-#. PAGE BREAK 180
+#. PAGE BREAK 180
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has "
"changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both "
"fortid, så må vi spørre om denne egenskapen skal defineres."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright "
"or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, "
"katastrofalt for de viktigste kreative bedriftene i vår kultur i dag."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture "
"notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of "
"regulering—en svekkelse av den reguleringen, å styrke kreativitet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant "
"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now flout. "
"omfanget av opphavsrett, svar på det ekstraordinære økning i kontrollen som "
"teknologi og markedet aktivere."
-#. PAGE BREAK 181
+#. PAGE BREAK 181
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we "
"see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point "
"can now be briefly stated."
msgstr "Dette har vært en lang kapittel. sitt punkt kan nå kort oppgis."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and "
"noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished "
msgid "Noncommercial"
msgstr "Ikke-kommersiell"
-#. PAGE BREAK 182
+#. PAGE BREAK 182
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright law. "
"Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached only "
"På slutten av det nittende århundre hadde loven blitt endret til dette:"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, "
"which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered "
"hovedsakelig gratis."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this "
"change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of "
msgstr "©/Fri"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy "
"machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market "
"gratis. men konsekvensen av fremveksten av digitale teknologier, spesielt i "
"sammenheng med en digital network, betyr at loven nå ser slik ut:"
-#. PAGE BREAK 183
+#. PAGE BREAK 183
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was "
"not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or "
"for å regulere kommersielle utgivere."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does "
"no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether "
"forskrifter om opphavsrett i hver av disse domenene faktisk gjør noe bra."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I "
"also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it "
"bli opprettet hvis avledede rettigheter ble mer kraftig begrenset."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "legal realist movement"
msgstr "juridiske realist bevegelse"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement "
"to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public "
"consistently protected a vibrant and rich free culture."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 184
+#. PAGE BREAK 184
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on "
"the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very "
"debatten i dag."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response "
"to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the "
msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)"
msgstr "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)"
-#. f1.
+#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See H. G. "
"å være storslått og bestemt, og som skar ut. <quote>Dere er blinde og jeg "
"kan se. La meg være i fred!</quote></quote>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 187
+#. PAGE BREAK 187
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the "
"får lese originalen for å lære hvordan historien ender. Jeg tror på fri "
"kultur, men ikke på å avsløre hvordan en historie slutter.)"
-#. PAGE BREAK 188
+#. PAGE BREAK 188
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of "
"finner et gratis eksemplar jeg kan ta, så er det veldig likt det å stjele et "
"eksemplar fra Tower.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 189
+#. PAGE BREAK 189
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from "
"enn et rimelig alternativ. Men jeg tror nulltoleranse-løsningen vil være "
"den verste av de to ekstremene."
-#. PAGE BREAK 190
+#. PAGE BREAK 190
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of "
"enkelt for tidlig å svare på det spørsmålet. Markedskrefter som opererer "
"fritt kan godt gi en helt annen indistri-modell."
-#. f3.
+#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital "
"Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the "
"kontroll som fremmes på vegne av eiendomsrett aksepteres fortsatt. "
"<quote>Piratvirksomhet</quote> avvises fortsatt ukritisk."
-#. PAGE BREAK 193
+#. PAGE BREAK 193
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe "
"favorittartister i en collage og gjøre den tilgjengelig på nettet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of "
"the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and "
"spekter av borgere å bruke teknologi for å uttrykke og kritisere og bidra "
"til kultur rundt."
-#. PAGE BREAK 194
+#. PAGE BREAK 194
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture "
msgid "art, underground"
msgstr "kunst, undergrunns"
-#. f3.
+#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> "
"kulturen rundt oss med et uttrykk som er kritisk eller ettertenksomt."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing "
"law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: "
"bruk var rimelig bruk. Og at jeg derfor tok feil når jeg sa at loven "
"regulerer slik bruk."
-#. PAGE BREAK 196
+#. PAGE BREAK 196
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend "
msgstr ""
"Som Jed Horovitz, forretningsmannen som står bak Video Pipelie sa til meg,"
-#. PAGE BREAK 197
+#. PAGE BREAK 197
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are "
msgstr "nyskapning hemmet av"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "industry establishment opposed to"
msgstr "industrien etablering motsetning til"
"Men det er det en fasett med denne historien som over hodet ikke er "
"venstrevridd. Faktisk er det en fasett som kunne vært skrevet av den mest "
"ekstreme ideologiske forkjemper for markedet. hvis du er en av disse (og en "
-"svært spesiell en, <xref xrefstyle=\"select: pagenumber\" linkend=\"innovators\"/> sider inn i en bok som denne), så kan du se denne "
-"andre fasetten ved å bytte inn <quote>fritt marked</quote> hver gang jeg har "
+"svært spesiell en, <xref xrefstyle=\"select: pagenumber\" linkend="
+"\"innovators\"/> sider inn i en bok som denne), så kan du se denne andre "
+"fasetten ved å bytte inn <quote>fritt marked</quote> hver gang jeg har "
"snakket om <quote>fri kultur</quote>. Poenget er det samme, selv om "
"interessene som påvirker kultur er mer fundamentale."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same "
"charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, "
msgstr "Barry, Hank"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "venture capitalists"
msgstr "venture kapitalister"
-#. PAGE BREAK 198
+#. PAGE BREAK 198
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy "
"that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend="
"hvor du var—på jobb eller hjemme—så snart du hadde logget inn på "
"konto. Systemet var dermed en slags låsbart musikk-skrin."
-#. PAGE BREAK 199
+#. PAGE BREAK 199
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that "
"Dermed forsøkte dette søksmålet å straffe enhver advokat som våget å foreslå "
"at loven var mindre restrektiv en plateselskapene krevde."
-#. PAGE BREAK 200
+#. PAGE BREAK 200
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified "
msgstr "MP3-spillere"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "venture capital for"
msgstr "risikovillig kapital for"
msgid "Needleman, Rafe"
msgstr "Needleman, Rafe"
-#. f4.
+#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> "
"og nødvendigvis vil kvele ny innovasjon. Det er vanskelig nok å starte et "
"selskap. Det blir helt umulig hvis selskapet er stadig truet av søksmål."
-#. PAGE BREAK 201
+#. PAGE BREAK 201
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal "
"mindre kreativitet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair use. "
"Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of law in "
"overregulated kultur, akkurat som effekten av for mye kontroll i markedet er "
"å produsere en overregulatedregulated markedet."
-#. PAGE BREAK 202
+#. PAGE BREAK 202
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the "
"first important way in which the changes I have described will burden "
"innhold bedre."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the "
"efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's "
"effektivt. Hvis Internett gjør at \"piratkopiering\", deretter dette svaret "
"sier, vi bør bryte kneecaps av Internett."
-#. f6.
+#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> "
"notes/\">link #44</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. f7.
+#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27."
msgstr "GartnerG2, 26–27."
"\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 203
+#. PAGE BREAK 203
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why "
"not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical "
msgid "Intel"
msgstr "Intel"
-#. f8.
+#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> "
"Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)."
"familiær for de som støtter det frie markedet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of "
"regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When "
msgstr "Digital Copyright (Litman)"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: "
"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the "
"rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a "
msgstr "Grokster, Ltd."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception "
"is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</"
"radio."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 204
+#. PAGE BREAK 204
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend="
"\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording artist "
"ikke."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The "
"justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist "
"kompensasjon for artistene."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to "
"stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels "
"radiostasjon langt utover san francisco metropolitan area."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are "
"potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in "
"stort antall brukere over hele verden. Ifølge noen anslag har mer enn åtti "
"millioner brukere over hele verden stilt inn på denne nye formen for radio."
-#. PAGE BREAK 205
+#. PAGE BREAK 205
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement "
"potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since "
"beskytte Internett-radio. som en forfatter beskriver howard Armstrongs kamp "
"for å aktivere fm-radio,"
-#. f12.
+#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Lessing, 239."
msgstr "Lessing, 239."
"shackles.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. f13.
+#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Ibid., 229."
msgstr "ibid., 229."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there "
"is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio "
msgstr "om radio"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Internet radio hampered by"
msgstr "Internett-radio som er hemmet av"
msgid "on Internet radio fees"
msgstr "om radio-avgifter på internet"
-#. PAGE BREAK 206
+#. PAGE BREAK 206
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new "
"industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful "
"enn det byrder bakkesendte radio."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)"
msgstr "Carp (opphavsrett voldgift royalty-panelet)"
"would have to collect the following data from <emphasis>every listening "
"transaction</emphasis>:"
msgstr ""
-"Byrden er ikke kun økonimisk. I følge det opprinnelige forslag til "
-"regler, måtte en Internett-radiostasjon (men ikke en bakkebasert "
-"radiostasjon) samle inn følgende informasjon for <emphasis>hver eneste "
-"lytter-transaksjon</emphasis>:"
+"Byrden er ikke kun økonimisk. I følge det opprinnelige forslag til regler, "
+"måtte en Internett-radiostasjon (men ikke en bakkebasert radiostasjon) samle "
+"inn følgende informasjon for <emphasis>hver eneste lytter-transaksjon</"
+"emphasis>:"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "name of the service;"
"compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of "
"the track;"
msgstr ""
-"utgivelsesår for albumet i henhold til opphavsrettsmerking, og i "
-"tilfelle samlealbum, utgivelsesår for albumet og opphavsrettsdato "
-"forsporet;"
+"utgivelsesår for albumet i henhold til opphavsrettsmerking, og i tilfelle "
+"samlealbum, utgivelsesår for albumet og opphavsrettsdato forsporet;"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "featured recording artist;"
"not."
msgstr ""
"Kongressbibliotekaren stoppet til slutt disse rapporteringskravene, i "
-"påvente av flere undersøkelser. Han endret også de opprinnelige "
-"prisene satt av voldgiftspanelet som fikk oppgaven med å fastsette "
-"prisene. Men den grunnleggende forskjellen mellom Internett-radio og "
-"bakkesendt radio består: Internett-radio må betale <emphasis>en slags "
-"opphavsrettsavgift</emphasis> som bakkesendt radio slipper."
+"påvente av flere undersøkelser. Han endret også de opprinnelige prisene "
+"satt av voldgiftspanelet som fikk oppgaven med å fastsette prisene. Men den "
+"grunnleggende forskjellen mellom Internett-radio og bakkesendt radio består: "
+"Internett-radio må betale <emphasis>en slags opphavsrettsavgift</emphasis> "
+"som bakkesendt radio slipper."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was "
"the motive to protect artists against piracy?"
msgstr ""
-"Hvorfor er det slik? Hva rettferdiggjør denne forskjellen? Ble det "
-"gjort noen studier av de økonomiske konsekvensene for Internet-radio "
-"som kan forsvare disse forskjellene? Var motivet å beskytte artister "
-"mot piratvirksomhet?"
+"Hvorfor er det slik? Hva rettferdiggjør denne forskjellen? Ble det gjort "
+"noen studier av de økonomiske konsekvensene for Internet-radio som kan "
+"forsvare disse forskjellene? Var motivet å beskytte artister mot "
+"piratvirksomhet?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Real Networks"
msgstr "Real Networks"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to "
"everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at "
"samtidig. som alex alben fortalte visepresident for public policy på real "
"networks, meg:"
-#. PAGE BREAK 208
+#. PAGE BREAK 208
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony "
"about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and "
"industry with, you know, five or seven big players who can pay a high rate "
"and it's a stable, predictable market</emphasis>.</quote> (Emphasis added.)"
msgstr ""
-"Og RIAA-eksperten svarte, <quote>Vel, vår modell er ikke for "
-"en industri med tusenvis av webcastere. <emphasis>Vi tror "
-"det bør bli en industri med, du vet, fem eller syv store aktører som "
-"kan betale en høy avgift og slik få et stabilt og forutsigbart "
-"marked.</emphasis></quote> (min utheving.)"
+"Og RIAA-eksperten svarte, <quote>Vel, vår modell er ikke for en industri med "
+"tusenvis av webcastere. <emphasis>Vi tror det bør bli en industri med, du "
+"vet, fem eller syv store aktører som kan betale en høy avgift og slik få et "
+"stabilt og forutsigbart marked.</emphasis></quote> (min utheving.)"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"should endorse this use of the law. And yet there is practically no one, on "
"either the right or the left, who is doing anything effective to prevent it."
msgstr ""
-"Oversettelse: Målet er å bruke loven til å fjerne konkurranse, slik "
-"at denne platformen som potensielt muliggjør massiv konkurranse og "
-"dermed fører til en eksplosjon i mangfold og omfang av tilgjengelig "
-"innhold, ikke forårsaker smerte for eldre tiders dinosaurer. Ingen, "
-"hverken på høyre- eller venstresiden, burde bifalle denne bruken av "
-"loven. Og likevel er det praktisk talt ingen, hverken på "
-"høyre- eller venstresiden, som har gjort noe effektivt for å hindre "
-"det."
+"Oversettelse: Målet er å bruke loven til å fjerne konkurranse, slik at denne "
+"platformen som potensielt muliggjør massiv konkurranse og dermed fører til "
+"en eksplosjon i mangfold og omfang av tilgjengelig innhold, ikke forårsaker "
+"smerte for eldre tiders dinosaurer. Ingen, hverken på høyre- eller "
+"venstresiden, burde bifalle denne bruken av loven. Og likevel er det "
+"praktisk talt ingen, hverken på høyre- eller venstresiden, som har gjort noe "
+"effektivt for å hindre det."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Corrupting Citizens"
msgstr "ødelegge borgere"
"muligheten for en demokratisk kreativitet som digital teknologi gjør mulig."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important "
"to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts "
"forfedre, men synes glemt i dag. overregulation skader borgere og svekker "
"rettssikkerhet."
-#. f15.
+#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> "
"music files from the Internet by early 2001."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 209
+#. PAGE BREAK 209
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war "
"inviting a more extreme response by the other."
msgstr ""
-#. f16.
+#. f16.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,</"
"quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, Business."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "alcohol prohibition"
msgstr "alkohol forbud"
-#. f17.
+#. f17.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During "
"Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, no. "
"Jeffrey a. miron og jeffrey zwiebel, \"alkoholforbruk under forbudstiden,\" "
"amerikanske økonomiske anmeldelse 81, no. 2 (1991): 242."
-#. f18.
+#. f18.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform "
"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John P. "
"committee, 108th cong., 1 sess. (5 mars 2003) (setning av john p. walters, "
"direktør for nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll)."
-#. f19.
+#. f19.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax "
"Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "law schools"
msgstr "Jusstudier"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly "
"salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students "
"illegality."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more "
"severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make "
"er mye større enn kostnadene for et alternativ, vi har en god grunn til å "
"vurdere alternativet."
-#. PAGE BREAK 211
+#. PAGE BREAK 211
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we "
"should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics "
"drap alltid og overalt."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but "
"that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people "
"kunne ringe disse fem millioner amerikanere \"borgere,\" ikke \"felons\"."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the "
"Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways "
"får betalt uten å transformere Amerika til en nasjon av felons?"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example."
msgstr "Denne abstrakte punkt kan gjøres mer tydelig med en bestemt eksempel."
-#. PAGE BREAK 212
+#. PAGE BREAK 212
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of "
"plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law "
"kjøpe jazz poster hvis du vil erstatte dem. \"Bruk\" av opptak er gratis."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph "
"records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without "
msgstr "Andromeda"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "mix technology and"
msgstr "blande teknologi og"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a "
"large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing "
"rett."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But "
"unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so "
"CDer som ikke blir rippet. eller de kan aktivere spion programmer å "
"identifisere rippede innhold på folks maskiner."
-#. PAGE BREAK 213
+#. PAGE BREAK 213
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your "
"own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, "
"systemet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the "
"ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with "
"som du beholder også bevege innhold lett?"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a "
"version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only "
"ville være mellom forskjellige eiendom systemer og frihetene hver tillatt."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning "
"forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this "
"hest trukket buggy."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled "
"Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form "
"konkurranse. for dem er valget mellom fortythree millioner amerikanere som "
"kriminelle og deres egen overlevelse."
-#. PAGE BREAK 214
+#. PAGE BREAK 214
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable "
"why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; "
"tradisjon som dypt og viktig som vår tradisjon for fri kultur."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this "
"corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows "
"von Lohmann,"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to "
"one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you "
"beskjed til kunden i det hele tatt, blir identiteten til en internetbruker "
"avslørt."
-#. f20.
+#. f20.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single "
"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> "
"familiene, på samme måte som de hadde saksøkt Jesse Jordan.<placeholder type="
"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. f21.
+#. f21.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses "
"et fingeravtrykk av hver eneste sang i Napster-katalogen. Enhver kopi av "
"disse MP3-ene vil ha samme <quote>fingerprint</quote>."
-#. f22.
+#. f22.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,</"
"til å bruke universitetets datanettverk. Hun kan i noen tilfeller bli "
"utvist."
-#. PAGE BREAK 216
+#. PAGE BREAK 216
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a "
"Denne krigen er ikke annerledes. Som von Lohmann sier det,"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans "
"that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the "
"rekke måter å bruke teknologi til å beskytte dem selv mot dagens trusler på "
"Internet. Dette er en brann som overlatt til seg selv vil brenne ut."
-#. PAGE BREAK 219
+#. PAGE BREAK 219
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
msgid ""
"Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with "
"lage et bibliotek over verk i det fri ved å scanne disse og gjøre dem gratis "
"tilgjengelig."
-#. PAGE BREAK 221
+#. PAGE BREAK 221
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, "
"for en handikappet programmerer."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "constitutional powers of"
msgstr "konstitusjonelle formålet med"
"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their "
"… Writings. …"
msgstr ""
-"Kongressen har myndighet til å fremme utviklingen av vitenskap…ved "
-"å sikre forfattere, i et begrenset tidsrom, … eksklusive rettigheter "
+"Kongressen har myndighet til å fremme utviklingen av vitenskap…ved å "
+"sikre forfattere, i et begrenset tidsrom, … eksklusive rettigheter "
"til sine … skrifter. …"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
msgstr "Jaszi, Peter"
-#. PAGE BREAK 223
+#. PAGE BREAK 223
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending "
"faller i det fri. Du sitter i styret for boet etter Robert Frost. Din "
"økonomirådgiver kommer til styremøtet med en veldig dyster rapport:"
-#. PAGE BREAK 224
+#. PAGE BREAK 224
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in "
"bidrar med opp til dagens verdi av inntektene du forventer fra disse "
"opphavsrettene. Hvilket for oss betyr over $1 000 000.</quote>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 225
+#. PAGE BREAK 225
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, "
"kjøpes (riktignok indirekte), så vil det være alle insentiver i verden for å "
"kjøpe ytterligere utvidelser av opphavsretten."
-#. f3.
+#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey "
"Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years</quote>, "
"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17. oktober 1998, 22."
-#. f4.
+#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,</"
"quote>, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
"#49</ulink>."
-#. f5.
+#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to "
"the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's "
"konstitusjonelle krav at vilkårene være \"begrenset.\" Hvis de kunne "
"forlenge det en gang, de ville utvide den igjen og igjen og igjen."
-#. PAGE BREAK 226
+#. PAGE BREAK 226
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would "
"activity affects interstate commerce. The Supreme Court, the government "
"said, was not in the position to second-guess Congress."
msgstr ""
-"Høyesterett endret, under ledelse av høyesterettsjustitiarius "
-"Rehnquist, det i <citetitle>United States</citetitle> mot "
-"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. Staten hadde argumentert med at å bære "
-"våpen nær skoler påvirket mellomstatlig handel. Våpen nær skoler øker "
-"kriminalitet, kriminalitet reduserte eiendomsverdier, og så videre. I "
-"den muntlige argumentasjonen spurte høyesterettsjustitiariusen staten "
-"om det fantes noen aktivitet som ikke ville påvirke mellomstatlig "
-"handel i henhold til resoneringen som staten fremførte. Staten sa at "
-"det fantes ikke. Hvis kongressen sa at en aktivitet påvirket "
-"mellomstatlig handel, så påvirket den aktiviteten mellomstatlig "
-"handel. Staten sa at Høyesterett ikke var i posisjon til å etterprøve "
-"kongressen."
-
-#. f6.
+"Høyesterett endret, under ledelse av høyesterettsjustitiarius Rehnquist, det "
+"i <citetitle>United States</citetitle> mot <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. "
+"Staten hadde argumentert med at å bære våpen nær skoler påvirket "
+"mellomstatlig handel. Våpen nær skoler øker kriminalitet, kriminalitet "
+"reduserte eiendomsverdier, og så videre. I den muntlige argumentasjonen "
+"spurte høyesterettsjustitiariusen staten om det fantes noen aktivitet som "
+"ikke ville påvirke mellomstatlig handel i henhold til resoneringen som "
+"staten fremførte. Staten sa at det fantes ikke. Hvis kongressen sa at en "
+"aktivitet påvirket mellomstatlig handel, så påvirket den aktiviteten "
+"mellomstatlig handel. Staten sa at Høyesterett ikke var i posisjon til å "
+"etterprøve kongressen."
+
+#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 U."
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> mot <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 U."
"S. 549, 564 (1995)."
-#. f7.
+#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 "
"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. f8.
+#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries "
"from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of "
"regjeringen unending makt til å regulere opphavsrett—begrenset til "
"\"begrenset ganger\" til tross for."
-#. PAGE BREAK 227
+#. PAGE BREAK 227
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress "
"these nine Justices were going to be petty politicians."
msgstr ""
"Det vil si <emphasis>hvis</emphasis> prinsippet annonsert i "
-"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> sto for et prinsipp. Mange mente "
-"avgjørelsen i <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> sto for politikk—en "
-"konservativ høyesterett, som trodde på statenes rettigheter, brukte "
-"sin myndighet over kongressen til å fremme sine egne personlige "
-"politiske preferanser. Men jeg avviste det synet på avgjørelsen fra "
-"høyesterett. Jeg hadde til og med skrevet en artikkel like etter "
-"avgjørelsen som demonstrerte hvor <quote>tro mot opphavet</quote> en "
-"slik tolking var mot Grunnloven. Idéen om at høyesterett avgjorde "
-"saker basert på sin politiske overbevisning slo meg som å usedvanlig "
-"kjedelig. Jeg kom ikke til å dedikere mitt liv til å lære bort "
-"grunnlovsjus hvis disse ni dommerne kun skulle være smålige "
-"politikere."
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> sto for et prinsipp. Mange mente avgjørelsen i "
+"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> sto for politikk—en konservativ "
+"høyesterett, som trodde på statenes rettigheter, brukte sin myndighet over "
+"kongressen til å fremme sine egne personlige politiske preferanser. Men jeg "
+"avviste det synet på avgjørelsen fra høyesterett. Jeg hadde til og med "
+"skrevet en artikkel like etter avgjørelsen som demonstrerte hvor <quote>tro "
+"mot opphavet</quote> en slik tolking var mot Grunnloven. Idéen om at "
+"høyesterett avgjorde saker basert på sin politiske overbevisning slo meg som "
+"å usedvanlig kjedelig. Jeg kom ikke til å dedikere mitt liv til å lære bort "
+"grunnlovsjus hvis disse ni dommerne kun skulle være smålige politikere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure "
"we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not "
msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association"
msgstr "Nashville sangforfatterforening"
-#. f9.
+#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, <citetitle>Eldred</"
"piratkodeks."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a "
"way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the "
"verkene som ikke er berømte, ikke kommersielt utnytttet, og dermed heller "
"ikke lenger tilgjengelig."
-#. f10.
+#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the "
"utvidet vernetiden til opphavsretten generelt.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"id=\"0\"/>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 229
+#. PAGE BREAK 229
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, "
"uformelt har vi en ganske god måte å vite hvem som eier hvilken håndgripelig "
"eiendom."
-#. PAGE BREAK 230
+#. PAGE BREAK 230
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house "
msgstr "Helan og Halvan-filmene"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Lucky Dog, The"
msgstr "heldig hunden, den"
-#. f11.
+#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,</"
"at Sonny Bono utvidelse av opphavsrettsvernetid-loven vil, hvis den ble "
"stående, ødelegge en hel generasjon med amerikansk film."
-#. PAGE BREAK 231
+#. PAGE BREAK 231
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any "
"kommersielle gevinsten fra verkene overstige kostnaden med å gjøre verket "
"tilgjengelig for distribusjon."
-#. f12.
+#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the "
"snakke med en advokat er ofte det samme som å si at du ikke vil tjene noen "
"penger."
-#. PAGE BREAK 232
+#. PAGE BREAK 232
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these "
"kunnskap. For å forstå hvem vi er, hvor vi kom fra og hvordan vi gjorde de "
"feil vi har gjort, så må vi ha tilgang til denne historien."
-#. PAGE BREAK 233
+#. PAGE BREAK 233
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In "
"liv. Det er nå mulig å ta vare på og sikre universell tilgang til denne "
"kunskapen og kulturen, mens det tidligere ikke var mulig."
-#. PAGE BREAK 234
+#. PAGE BREAK 234
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this "
"bestemt bit av den kulturen eller ikke—da kan vi ikke basere oss på at "
"det kommersielle markedet vil gjøre biblioteksjobben for oss."
-#. f13.
+#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> "
"i strid med første grunnlovstillegg."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A "
"panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our "
msgid "Tatel, David"
msgstr "Tatel, David"
-#. PAGE BREAK 236
+#. PAGE BREAK 236
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This "
msgid "Steward, Geoffrey"
msgstr "Steward, Geoffrey"
-#. PAGE BREAK 237
+#. PAGE BREAK 237
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it "
"verden</quote>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a "
"dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it "
"nødvendig å overbevise den om at denne loven var ille. Vi trengte å vise "
"den hvorfor den var i strid med grunnloven."
-#. PAGE BREAK 238
+#. PAGE BREAK 238
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in "
"which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court "
"denne loven var forfatningsstridig uavhengig av ens politikk."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Eagle Forum"
msgstr "Eagle forum"
msgstr "Schlafly, Phyllis"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. Mrs. "
"rettferdighet, som ga Mikke Mus tjue år i disney's kontroll, schlafly hevdet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting "
"our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in "
"grense for Kongressens makt til å angi vilkår. som sterkt konservativ "
"argumentet overtalt en sterk konservative dommer, dommer sentelle."
-#. PAGE BREAK 239
+#. PAGE BREAK 239
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "American Association of Law Libraries"
msgstr "American association of lov biblioteker"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "National Writers Union"
msgstr "nasjonale forfattere union"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, "
"there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including "
"biblioteker og den nasjonale forfattere unionen."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've "
"already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law "
msgstr "Friedman, Milton"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five "
"Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton "
msgstr "Morrison, Alan"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Public Citizen"
msgstr "offentlige borger"
msgid "Reagan, Ronald"
msgstr "Reagan, Ronald"
-#. PAGE BREAK 240
+#. PAGE BREAK 240
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to "
"write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from "
"første endring strategi; og endelig, tidligere advokat general charles stekt."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "Commerce Clause of"
msgstr "handel-setningsdelen i"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor "
"general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
"var en stemme av tilliten i vår argumentet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as "
"well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included "
"store medieselskaper, congressmen og innehaver av opphavsrett."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the "
"law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending "
msgid "Porgy and Bess"
msgstr "Porgy and Bess"
-#. f14.
+#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. "
"citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. "
"01-618), 19."
-#. f15.
+#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse "
"Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28. mars "
"1998, B7."
-#. PAGE BREAK 241
+#. PAGE BREAK 241
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
"effektuere denne kontrollen."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. "
"When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is "
"tradisjonelt ment å blokkere."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean "
"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend copyrights—"
msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader"
msgstr "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader"
-#. PAGE BREAK 242
+#. PAGE BREAK 242
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on "
"Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
"konsekvent avtalt med, var de også stemmene som vi var minst sannsynlig å få."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her "
"general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are "
"ønsket gjort lite fornuftig."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as "
"unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored "
"her."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus "
"had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open "
"- argumentet at dommer sentelle hadde grunnlag i lagmannsrett, at "
"Kongressens makt må tolkes slik at dens nummerert kreftene har begrensninger."
-#. PAGE BREAK 243
+#. PAGE BREAK 243
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am "
"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the "
"vernetid—elleve ganger på førti år."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress "
"extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It "
"slike \"moots\" er i utgangspunktet praksis runder, der wannabe "
"justiariusene brann spørsmål på wannabe vinnere."
-#. PAGE BREAK 244
+#. PAGE BREAK 244
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first "
"sjanse til å vinne.</quote>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't "
"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right "
"proceedings. score tilbragte natten på Høyesterett trinnene slik at de ville "
"være trygg på et sete."
-#. PAGE BREAK 245
+#. PAGE BREAK 245
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of "
"høyesterett for å sikre seg et sete."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for "
"seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my "
"forbeholdt familie av de to andre justiariusene."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I "
"intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This "
"den aller første lovendringen?"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face "
"of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was "
"underskrev hadde i tankene.\", men mitt svar var igjen og igjen å "
"understreke begrensninger på Kongressens makt."
-#. PAGE BREAK 246
+#. PAGE BREAK 246
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, "
"then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives "
"på vei. Det første var et spørsmål fra dommer Kennedy, som observerte,"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, "
"too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone "
"pasning, og mitt svar bommet fullstendig."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been crafted. "
"For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> ruling, "
"justisministeren hadde utformet lopez avgjørelse, og vi håpet at ville han "
"se denne saken som sin andre fetter."
-#. PAGE BREAK 247
+#. PAGE BREAK 247
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. "
"sympati med oss. For ham var vi en gjeng med anarkister. Han spurte så,"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy "
"verbatim other people's books, don't you?"
"ordrett andres bøker, ikke du?"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the "
"public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that "
"utvidbar er den funksjonelle ekvivalenten til en ubegrenset vernetid."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's "
"flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the "
"opphavsrett og patent-setningsdel. alle sanne. men det var ikke til å flytte "
"retten til min side."
-#. PAGE BREAK 248
+#. PAGE BREAK 248
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew "
"måte å tenke på denne saken gjorde jeg optimistisk."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over "
"and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the "
"etablert andre steder."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was "
"five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the "
"som var kjerneargumenet i vår sak var ikke en gang tilstede i domstolens "
"domsavsigelse."
-#. PAGE BREAK 249
+#. PAGE BREAK 249
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent "
"with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found "
"myndighet begrenset, men i denne sammenhengen var den ikke begrenset."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they "
"would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to "
"respektere,."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion "
"was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of "
"om ordene var om patenter eller opphavsrett. Retten la rettferdighet stevens "
"kostnad gå ubesvart."
-#. PAGE BREAK 250
+#. PAGE BREAK 250
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was "
"external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has "
"forfatningsstridig."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because "
"neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was "
"kurerte ikke depresjonen. Sinnet gikk i to retninger."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "originalism"
msgstr "originalism"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have "
"been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of "
"lopez og mange andre \"originalist\" rulings. hvor var deres \"originalism\" "
"nå?"
-#. PAGE BREAK 251
+#. PAGE BREAK 251
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the "
"framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined "
"loven slik den er."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism "
"about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a "
"argument som fulgte i logikken. Jeg trengte ikke å kaste bort min tid viser "
"det bør også følge i popularitet."
-#. PAGE BREAK 252
+#. PAGE BREAK 252
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see "
"a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in "
"down from this pretty picture of dispassionate justice, I could have "
"persuaded."
msgstr ""
-"Mulig det, men jeg tviler. Disse dommerne hadde ingen økonomiske "
-"interesser i å gjøre noe annet en det som var riktig. De blir ikke "
-"lobbiert. De har liten interesse i for å ikke gjøre det som er "
-"riktig. Jeg klarer ikke la være å tenke at om jeg hadde gitt slipp på "
-"min pene bilde av justis uten følelser, så hadde jeg overbevist dem."
+"Mulig det, men jeg tviler. Disse dommerne hadde ingen økonomiske interesser "
+"i å gjøre noe annet en det som var riktig. De blir ikke lobbiert. De har "
+"liten interesse i for å ikke gjøre det som er riktig. Jeg klarer ikke la "
+"være å tenke at om jeg hadde gitt slipp på min pene bilde av justis uten "
+"følelser, så hadde jeg overbevist dem."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"mistake. <quote>The Court is not ready,</quote> Peter Jaszi said; this issue "
"should not be raised until it is."
msgstr ""
-"Men selv om jeg ikke kunne det, så unnskylder det ikke det som "
-"skjedde i januar. For i starten av denne saken hadde en av USAs "
-"ledende professorer innen immaterialretten uttalt offentlig at det var "
-"jeg gjorde en feil ved å fremme denne saken. <quote>Domstolen er ikke "
-"klar</quote> hadde Peter Jaszi sagt og fulgte opp med <quote>dette "
-"temaet bør ikke tas opp før den er det</quote>."
+"Men selv om jeg ikke kunne det, så unnskylder det ikke det som skjedde i "
+"januar. For i starten av denne saken hadde en av USAs ledende professorer "
+"innen immaterialretten uttalt offentlig at det var jeg gjorde en feil ved å "
+"fremme denne saken. <quote>Domstolen er ikke klar</quote> hadde Peter Jaszi "
+"sagt og fulgte opp med <quote>dette temaet bør ikke tas opp før den er det</"
+"quote>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"saken på en måte som ville bidra positivt. Uansett var avgjørelsen om å "
"fremme denne saken feil—en avgjørelse jeg hadde tatt fire år tidligere."
-#. PAGE BREAK 253
+#. PAGE BREAK 253
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act "
"argumentere med konstituelle prinsipper, forsøkte jeg til slutt meg med å "
"argumentere politisk."
-#. PAGE BREAK 256
+#. PAGE BREAK 256
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I "
msgstr "Tysk åndsverkslov"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the "
"Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection "
"men også å redusere en unødvendig regulatorisk belastning som var påtvunget "
"skapere."
-#. PAGE BREAK 258
+#. PAGE BREAK 258
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
"ekstraarbeidet verdt mer enn $1? Er ikke dette det virkelige problemet med "
"registrering?"
-#. PAGE BREAK 260
+#. PAGE BREAK 260
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I "
"var pinlig tynne. Enda viktigere er det at deres spinkelhet viser noe klart "
"om hva denne debatten egentlig handler om."
-#. PAGE BREAK 261
+#. PAGE BREAK 261
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central "
"med sunn fornuft. Hvis sunn fornuft støtter loven, hva forklarer denne "
"sunne fornuften?"
-#. PAGE BREAK 262
+#. PAGE BREAK 262
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright "
"ikke bare å beskytte det som er deres. <emphasis>Deres mål er å sikre at "
"alt som finnes er det som er deres.</emphasis>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 263
+#. PAGE BREAK 263
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard "
"levealder med ti til tjue år. For noen gjøre medisinene sykdommen nesten "
"usynlig."
-#. f1.
+#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating "
msgid "pharmaceutical patents"
msgstr "farmasøytiske patenter"
-#. PAGE BREAK 265
+#. PAGE BREAK 265
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)"
msgstr "USAs handelrepresentant (USTR)"
-#. f3.
+#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Love)."
msgstr ""
-#. f4.
+#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"parallellimport av disse medisinene ville ikke øke salget til de amerikanske "
"selskapene betydelig."
-#. f5.
-#. PAGE BREAK 333
+#. f5.
+#. PAGE BREAK 333
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's "
msgid "of drug patents"
msgstr "av legemiddelpatenter"
-#. PAGE BREAK 268
+#. PAGE BREAK 268
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
"alvorlig for spredningen av idéer og kultur enn nesten enhver annen politisk "
"enkeltavgjørelse vi som demokrati kan fatte."
-#. PAGE BREAK 269
+#. PAGE BREAK 269
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the "
msgstr "biomedisinsk forskning"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "international organization on issues of"
msgstr "internasjonal organisasjon om saker av"
msgstr "Wellcome Trust"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)"
msgstr "World intellectual property organization (WIPO)"
msgid "Global Positioning System"
msgstr "Globalt posisjoneringssystem"
-#. f6.
+#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> "
"19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
"\">link #61</ulink>."
-#. PAGE BREAK 270
+#. PAGE BREAK 270
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the "
msgid "in international debate on intellectual property"
msgstr "i internasjonal debatt om immateriell eiendom"
-#. f7.
+#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
"drev med immaterielle rettighetsspørsmål."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)"
msgstr "World summit på informasjonssamfunnet (wsis)"
-#. PAGE BREAK 271
+#. PAGE BREAK 271
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
msgstr "<quote>copyleft</quote>-lisenser"
-#. f8.
+#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "General Public License (GPL)"
msgstr "general public license (gpl)"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "GPL (General Public License)"
msgstr "GPL (general public license)"
-#. PAGE BREAK 272
+#. PAGE BREAK 272
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free "
msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by"
msgstr "WIPO-møte motarbeidet av"
-#. f9.
+#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink url="
"akkurat hva eiendomssysstemet er ment å oppnå, at individer har retten til å "
"bestemme hva de vil gjøre med <emphasis>sin</emphasis> eiendom."
-#. PAGE BREAK 274
+#. PAGE BREAK 274
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting "
"vise hvorfor hennes kommentarer ga mening. Men det var spesielt en "
"kommentar som gjorde meg trist. En anonym kommentator skrev,"
-#. PAGE BREAK 275
+#. PAGE BREAK 275
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
"og ikke lyver bare er naiv, hva har da vi, det mektigste demokratiet i "
"verden, blitt?"
-#. PAGE BREAK 276
+#. PAGE BREAK 276
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the truth. "
msgid "Dylan, Bob"
msgstr "Dylan, Bob"
-#. f11.
+#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, "
"News</citetitle>, 10. september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://"
"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>."
-#. f12.
+#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,</"
"quote>, mtv.com, 17. september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://"
"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #68</ulink>."
-#. f13.
-#. PAGE BREAK 334
+#. f13.
+#. PAGE BREAK 334
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for "
msgid "public creative archive in"
msgstr "offentlig kreativt arkiv i"
-#. f14.
+#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press "
"fra BBC, 24. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
"cc/notes/\">link #70</ulink>."
-#. f15.
+#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 "
"august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
"\">link #71</ulink>."
-#. PAGE BREAK 278
+#. PAGE BREAK 278
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
"kreve omtanke, og viktigere, det vil kreve at noen omformer RCA-ene av i dag "
"til Causbyere."
-#. PAGE BREAK 279
+#. PAGE BREAK 279
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
msgid "AFTERWORD"
msgstr "Etterord"
-#. PAGE BREAK 280
+#. PAGE BREAK 280
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will "
msgid "initial free character of"
msgstr "opprinnelige frie egenskaper ved"
-#. PAGE BREAK 282
+#. PAGE BREAK 282
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av friheter som tidligere var antatt: Eksempler"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of"
msgstr "restaurering innsats på forrige aspekter av"
msgstr "Hva gjorde at det var sikret?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref "
"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was "
"gjør hva i det elektroniske rom, så forsvinner det friksjons-induserte "
"personvernet fra tidligere tider."
-#. f1.
+#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the "
"Reclaiming Security and Freedom in an Anxious Age</citetitle> (New York: "
"Random House, 2004) (kartlegger avveininger mellom teknologi og personvern)."
-#. PAGE BREAK 284
+#. PAGE BREAK 284
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define <quote>privacy</"
"printerdriver og kopiere den, så ville det gjøre det enklere for meg enn det "
"var for deg å selge en printer i markedet."
-#. PAGE BREAK 285
+#. PAGE BREAK 285
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
msgid "access to opinions of"
msgstr "tilgang til vurderinger fra"
-#. PAGE BREAK 286
+#. PAGE BREAK 286
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"endringer i teknologien og markedet krymper en frihet som vi tok for gitt "
"tidligere."
-#. PAGE BREAK 287
+#. PAGE BREAK 287
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"på deres verk. Dette gjøres mulig med enkle merker, knyttet til "
"menneskelesbare beskrivelser, som igjen er knyttet til vanntette lisenser."
-#. PAGE BREAK 288
+#. PAGE BREAK 288
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr "Garlick, Mia"
-#. PAGE BREAK 289
+#. PAGE BREAK 289
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
msgid "Wayner, Peter"
msgstr "Wayner, Peter"
-#. PAGE BREAK 290
+#. PAGE BREAK 290
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
msgid "Leaphart, Walter"
msgstr "Leaphart, Walter"
-#. f2.
+#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
"rettigheter reservert</quote>, og gir mange muligheten til å si det til "
"andre."
-#. PAGE BREAK 291
+#. PAGE BREAK 291
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"Hvis du kjøper en bil så får du en eierskiftemelding og registrerer bilen. "
"Hvis du kjøper en flybillett så har den navnet ditt på den."
-#. PAGE BREAK 293
+#. PAGE BREAK 293
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"på vår fortid. Og dermed tvinger <emphasis>fraværet</emphasis> av "
"formaliteter mange til å være stille der de ellers ville talt."
-#. f1.
+#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"registreringskostnadene, og enda viktigere så bidrar dette til å gjøre hver "
"enkelt registrering enklere."
-#. PAGE BREAK 295
+#. PAGE BREAK 295
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"spesielt signal når en ikke merker—ikke miste opphavsretten, men miste "
"retten til å straffe noen for å ikke ha skaffet seg tillatelse først."
-#. f2.
+#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"Etter mitt syn skaper loven rundt avledede verker et mer komplisert system "
"enn det som kan rettferdiggjøres ut fra de marginale insentivene dette gir."
-#. PAGE BREAK 296
+#. PAGE BREAK 296
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"selskap har forfatterskapet, og livstiden til forfatteren pluss sytti år for "
"individuelle forfattere."
-#. f3.
+#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 "
"prinsipper som det er viktig å tenke på når det gjelder varighetenen til "
"opphavsretten."
-#. (1)
+#. (1)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
"verk opp med juridiske reguleringer når det ikke lenger gir fordeler til en "
"forfatter."
-#. (2)
-#. PAGE BREAK 298
+#. (2)
+#. PAGE BREAK 298
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
msgid "veterans' pensions"
msgstr "veteranpensjoner"
-#. f4.
+#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/"
"mye, så ser jeg ikke hvorfor vi ikke kan kreve at forfattere bruker ti "
"minutter hvert femtiende år for å fylle ut et enkelt skjema."
-#. (4)
+#. (4)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
msgstr "Kaplan, Benjamin"
-#. f5.
+#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"da. Denne utvidelsen har vært kommentert av en av jussverdens beste "
"dommere, dommer Benjamin Kaplan."
-#. f6.
+#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr "Ibid., 56."
"eksisterende arkitektur for inntekter kombinert med en sterk opphavsrett, en "
"svekket nyskapningsprosess."
-#. PAGE BREAK 301
+#. PAGE BREAK 301
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy\"/>, så muliggjør de fire ulike "
"former for deling:"
-#. A.
+#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
msgstr ""
"Det er noen som bruker delingsnettverk som erstatninger for å kjøpe CDer."
-#. B.
+#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"Det er også noen som bruker delingsnettverk for å prøvelytte, mens de "
"vurderer hva slags CDer de vil kjøpe."
-#. PAGE BREAK 302
-#. C.
+#. PAGE BREAK 302
+#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"ikke lenger er i salg, men fortsatt er vernet av opphavsrett eller som ville "
"ha vært altfor vanskelig å få kjøpt via nettet."
-#. D.
+#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"maskin med et tastatur. Idéen om å alltid være tilkoblet Internett er i "
"hovedsak bare en idé."
-#. PAGE BREAK 303
+#. PAGE BREAK 303
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
msgid "cell phones, music streamed over"
msgstr "mobiltelefoner, musikk streamet via"
-#. f8.
+#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan Inc. "
"quote> innhold er tilgjengelig i form av MP3er via nettet.<placeholder type="
"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 304
+#. PAGE BREAK 304
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"kommersiell publisering er avsluttet, så burde friheten til å handle med "
"musikk være lik den som gjelder for bøker."
-#. PAGE BREAK 305
+#. PAGE BREAK 305
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"alvorlig sykdom hos tusenvis av gruvearbeidere, så har den digitale "
"nettverksteknologien skadet interessene til innholdsindustrien."
-#. PAGE BREAK 306
+#. PAGE BREAK 306
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"lenger er nødvendig, så kan systemet foldes inn i det gamle systemet for å "
"kontrollere tilgang."
-#. PAGE BREAK 307
+#. PAGE BREAK 307
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr "Oppsummert, så er dette mitt forslag:"
-#. PAGE BREAK 308
+#. PAGE BREAK 308
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
msgstr ""
"Vi kan minimere skaden og samtidig maksimere fordelen med innovasjon ved å"
-#. 1.
+#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr "garantere retten til å engasjere seg i type-D-deling;"
-#. 2.
+#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"tillate ikke-kommersiell type-C-deling uten erstatningsansvar, og "
"kommersiell type-C-deling med en lav og fast rate fastsatt ved lov."
-#. 3.
+#. 3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"ødelegge Internettet. Når det er på plass, kan det hende det er riktig å "
"finne måter å spore opp de smålige piratene."
-#. PAGE BREAK 309
+#. PAGE BREAK 309
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
msgid "Supreme Court challenge of"
msgstr "Høyesteretts utfordring av"
-#. f10.
+#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville B. "
"eksistert i hundrevis av år, og de antar at det fungerer slik grunnskolens "
"samfunnsfagsundervisning lærte dem at det fungerer."
-#. PAGE BREAK 310
+#. PAGE BREAK 310
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"på at det ville være endeløs lykke utenfor disse kampene, og som alltid har "
"hatt rett. Denne trege eleven er som alltid takknemlig for hennes "
"evigvarende tålmodighet og kjærlighet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+msgid ""
+"THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street "
+"New York, New York"
+msgstr ""
+"The Penguin Press, medlem av Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street New "
+"York, Yew Uork, USA"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig. All rights reserved."
+msgstr ""
+"Opphavsrettbeskyttet © Lawrence Lessig. Alle rettigheter forbeholdt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+msgid ""
+"Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, 2003. "
+"Copyright © 2003 by The New York Times Co. Reprinted with permission."
+msgstr ""
+"Utdrag fra redaktørartikkel <quote>The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, 16. januar 2003. "
+"Opphavsrettsbeskyttet © 2003 The New York Times Co. Gjengitt med "
+"tillatelse."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+msgid ""
+"Cartoon in <xref linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul "
+"Conrad, copyright Tribune Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. "
+"Reprinted with permission."
+msgstr ""
+"Humortegningen i <xref linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> er "
+"laget av Paul Conrad. Opphavsretten tilhører Tribune Media Services, Inc. "
+"Alle rettigheter forbeholdt. Gjengitt med tillatelse."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+msgid ""
+"Diagram in <xref linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> "
+"courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, Michael J. Copps."
+msgstr ""
+"Diagrammet i <xref linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> "
+"kommer fra kontoret til FCC-kommisjonæren, Michael J. Copps."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data"
+msgstr "Cataloging-in-Publication-data til Library of Congress"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+msgid ""
+"Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law "
+"to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "p. cm."
+msgstr "s. cm."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+msgid "Includes index."
+msgstr "Inkluderer register."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+msgid "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)"
+msgstr "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (Innbundet bok)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+msgid ""
+"1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United "
+"States."
+msgstr "1. Immaterielle rettigheter—USA. 2. Massemedia—SA."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+msgid ""
+"3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United "
+"States. I. Title."
+msgstr "3. Teknologiske nyvinninger—USA. 4. Kunst—USA. I. Tittel."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+msgid "KF2979.L47"
+msgstr "KF2979.l47"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+msgid "343.7309'9—dc22"
+msgstr "343.7309'9—dc22"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+msgid "This book is printed on acid-free paper."
+msgstr "Denne boken er trykt på syrefritt papir."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+msgid "Printed in the United States of America"
+msgstr "Trykt i USA"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+msgid "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4"
+msgstr "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+msgid "Designed by Marysarah Quinn"
+msgstr "Utformet av Marysarah Quinn"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+msgid "&translationblock;"
+msgstr ""
+"Oversatt til bokmål av Petter Reinholdtsen, Anders Hagen Jarmund og Kirill "
+"Miazine. Takk til Ralph Amissah for hjelp med registeroppføringene. "
+"Kildefilene til oversetterprosjektet er <ulink url=\"https://github.com/"
+"petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\">tilgjengelig fra GitHub</ulink>. "
+"Rapporter feil med oversettelsen via GitHub."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this "
+"publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval "
+"system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, "
+"photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission "
+"of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book."
+msgstr ""
+"Ingen del av denne publikasjonen kan bli gjengitt, lagret i eller innført i "
+"et gjenfinningssystem, eller i noen form eller på noen måte overført (bl.a. "
+"elektronisk, mekanisk, fotokopiering, innspilling), uten skriftlig "
+"tillatelse fra både innehaveren av opphavsretten og utgiveren av denne boken."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or "
+"via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and "
+"punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and "
+"do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted "
+"materials. Your support of the author's rights is appreciated."
+msgstr ""
+"den skanning, laste opp og distribusjon av denne boken via Internett eller "
+"via andre midler uten tillatelse fra utgiveren er ulovlig og straffbart ved "
+"lov. kjøpe bare godkjente elektroniske versjoner og ikke delta i eller "
+"oppmuntre elektronisk sjørøver av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. din "
+"støtte av forfatterens rettigheter er verdsatt."
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-12-01 10:48+0100\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-17 16:02+0100\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:167
-msgid ""
-"THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street "
-"New York, New York"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:171
-msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig. All rights reserved."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:174
-msgid ""
-"Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright "
-"Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, "
-"2003. Copyright © 2003 by The New York Times Co. Reprinted with "
-"permission."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:179
-msgid ""
-"Cartoon in <xref linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul "
-"Conrad, copyright Tribune Media Services, Inc. All rights "
-"reserved. Reprinted with permission."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:183
-msgid ""
-"Diagram in <xref linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> "
-"courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, Michael J. Copps."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:187
-msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:190
-msgid ""
-"Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law "
-"to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:195
-msgid "p. cm."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:198
-msgid "Includes index."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:201
-msgid "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:205
-msgid ""
-"1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United "
-"States."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:208
-msgid ""
-"3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United "
-"States. I. Title."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:211
-msgid "KF2979.L47"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:214
-msgid "343.7309'9—dc22"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:217
-msgid "This book is printed on acid-free paper."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:220
-msgid "Printed in the United States of America"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:223
-msgid "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:226
-msgid "Designed by Marysarah Quinn"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:230
-msgid "&translationblock;"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:234
-msgid ""
-"Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this "
-"publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval "
-"system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, "
-"photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission "
-"of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:242
-msgid ""
-"The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or "
-"via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and "
-"punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and "
-"do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted "
-"materials. Your support of the author's rights is appreciated."
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:254
+#: freeculture.xml:168
msgid ""
"To Eric Eldred—whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it "
"continues still."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><lot><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:262
+#: freeculture.xml:176
msgid "List of figures"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:324
+#: freeculture.xml:238
msgid "PREFACE"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:325
+#: freeculture.xml:239
msgid "Pogue, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:327
+#: freeculture.xml:241
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"bold\">At the end</emphasis> of his review of my first "
"book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:338
+#: freeculture.xml:252
msgid ""
"David Pogue, <quote>Don't Just Chat, Do Something,</quote> <citetitle>New "
"York Times</citetitle>, 30 January 2000."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:334
+#: freeculture.xml:248
msgid ""
"Unlike actual law, Internet software has no capacity to punish. It doesn't "
"affect people who aren't online (and only a tiny minority of the world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:343
+#: freeculture.xml:257
msgid ""
"Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or "
"<quote>code,</quote> functioned as a kind of law—and his review "
#. PAGE BREAK 12
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:352
+#: freeculture.xml:266
msgid ""
"Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But "
"even if he was right then, the point is not right now: <citetitle>Free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:363
+#: freeculture.xml:277
msgid ""
"But unlike <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, the argument here is not much about "
"the Internet itself. It is instead about the consequence of the Internet to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:375
+#: freeculture.xml:289
msgid ""
"Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free Societies</citetitle> 57 "
"(Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:370
+#: freeculture.xml:284
msgid ""
"That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages "
"that follow, we come from a tradition of <quote>free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:390
+#: freeculture.xml:304
msgid ""
"If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not "
"<quote>we</quote> on the Left or <quote>you</quote> on the Right, but we who "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:398 freeculture.xml:1052
+#: freeculture.xml:312 freeculture.xml:966
msgid "power, concentration of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13854
+#: freeculture.xml:313 freeculture.xml:13768
msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13855
+#: freeculture.xml:314 freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:13769
msgid "Safire, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:401
+#: freeculture.xml:315
msgid "Stevens, Ted"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:403
+#: freeculture.xml:317
msgid ""
"We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As "
"the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:419
+#: freeculture.xml:333
msgid ""
"William Safire, <quote>The Great Media Gulp,</quote> <citetitle>New York "
"Times</citetitle>, 22 May 2003. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:415
+#: freeculture.xml:329
msgid ""
"Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of "
"power—political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:426
+#: freeculture.xml:340
msgid ""
"This idea is an element of the argument of <citetitle>Free "
"Culture</citetitle>, though my focus is not just on the concentration of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:437
+#: freeculture.xml:351
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">The inspiration</emphasis> for the title and for "
"much of the argument of this book comes from the work of Richard Stallman "
#. PAGE BREAK 14
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:446
+#: freeculture.xml:360
msgid ""
"I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer "
"is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:464
+#: freeculture.xml:378
msgid ""
"Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between "
"anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:479
+#: freeculture.xml:393
msgid "INTRODUCTION"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:480 freeculture.xml:583 freeculture.xml:1041
+#: freeculture.xml:394 freeculture.xml:497 freeculture.xml:955
msgid "Wright brothers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:482
+#: freeculture.xml:396
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">On December 17</emphasis>, 1903, on a windy North "
"Carolina beach for just shy of one hundred seconds, the Wright brothers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:489
+#: freeculture.xml:403
msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14878
+#: freeculture.xml:404 freeculture.xml:14792
msgid "land ownership, air traffic and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4709 freeculture.xml:13757 freeculture.xml:14879
+#: freeculture.xml:405 freeculture.xml:4623 freeculture.xml:13671 freeculture.xml:14793
msgid "property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14879
+#: freeculture.xml:405 freeculture.xml:14793
msgid "air traffic vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:497
+#: freeculture.xml:411
msgid ""
"St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South "
"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:493
+#: freeculture.xml:407
msgid ""
"At the time the Wright brothers invented the airplane, American law held "
"that a property owner presumptively owned not just the surface of his land, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:507
+#: freeculture.xml:421
msgid ""
"Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American "
"law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:767 freeculture.xml:894 freeculture.xml:1021 freeculture.xml:1039 freeculture.xml:1087 freeculture.xml:9609 freeculture.xml:13173 freeculture.xml:13958
+#: freeculture.xml:429 freeculture.xml:442 freeculture.xml:475 freeculture.xml:495 freeculture.xml:681 freeculture.xml:808 freeculture.xml:935 freeculture.xml:953 freeculture.xml:1001 freeculture.xml:9523 freeculture.xml:13087 freeculture.xml:13872
msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:768 freeculture.xml:895 freeculture.xml:1022 freeculture.xml:1040 freeculture.xml:1088 freeculture.xml:9610 freeculture.xml:13174 freeculture.xml:13959
+#: freeculture.xml:430 freeculture.xml:443 freeculture.xml:476 freeculture.xml:496 freeculture.xml:682 freeculture.xml:809 freeculture.xml:936 freeculture.xml:954 freeculture.xml:1002 freeculture.xml:9524 freeculture.xml:13088 freeculture.xml:13873
msgid "Causby, Tinie"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:518
+#: freeculture.xml:432
msgid ""
"In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers "
"Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:530
+#: freeculture.xml:444
msgid "Douglas, William O."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4598 freeculture.xml:5200 freeculture.xml:14266
+#: freeculture.xml:445 freeculture.xml:4512 freeculture.xml:5114 freeculture.xml:14180
msgid "Supreme Court, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:531
+#: freeculture.xml:445
msgid "on airspace vs. land rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:533
+#: freeculture.xml:447
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared "
"the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:553
+#: freeculture.xml:467
msgid ""
"United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that "
"there could be a <quote>taking</quote> if the government's use of its land "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:544
+#: freeculture.xml:458
msgid ""
"[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public "
"highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:567
+#: freeculture.xml:481
msgid "<quote>Common sense revolts at the idea.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 18
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:571
+#: freeculture.xml:485
msgid ""
"This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, "
"but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:585
+#: freeculture.xml:499
msgid ""
"Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the "
"other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:606 freeculture.xml:9617 freeculture.xml:10310
+#: freeculture.xml:520 freeculture.xml:9531 freeculture.xml:10224
msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:607
+#: freeculture.xml:521
msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:608
+#: freeculture.xml:522
msgid "Edison, Thomas"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:609
+#: freeculture.xml:523
msgid "Faraday, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:4340 freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:10217
+#: freeculture.xml:524 freeculture.xml:4254 freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:10131
msgid "radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:6875
+#: freeculture.xml:524 freeculture.xml:6789
msgid "FM spectrum of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 19
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:612
+#: freeculture.xml:526
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Edwin Howard Armstrong</emphasis> is one of "
"America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He came to the great American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:625
+#: freeculture.xml:539
msgid ""
"On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for "
"his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:635
+#: freeculture.xml:549
msgid ""
"On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the "
"Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:646
+#: freeculture.xml:560
msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:657
+#: freeculture.xml:571
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard "
"Armstrong</citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:650
+#: freeculture.xml:564
msgid ""
"A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded "
"like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:662 freeculture.xml:6878
+#: freeculture.xml:576 freeculture.xml:6792
msgid "RCA"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:663 freeculture.xml:2540 freeculture.xml:2558 freeculture.xml:2592 freeculture.xml:2594
+#: freeculture.xml:577 freeculture.xml:2454 freeculture.xml:2472 freeculture.xml:2506 freeculture.xml:2508
msgid "media"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:663 freeculture.xml:2594
+#: freeculture.xml:577 freeculture.xml:2508
msgid "ownership concentration in"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 20
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:665
+#: freeculture.xml:579
msgid ""
"As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior "
"radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:673 freeculture.xml:695
+#: freeculture.xml:587 freeculture.xml:609
msgid "Sarnoff, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:675
+#: freeculture.xml:589
msgid ""
"RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that "
"Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:686
+#: freeculture.xml:600
msgid ""
"See <quote>Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,</quote> "
"First Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:683
+#: freeculture.xml:597
msgid ""
"I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from "
"our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:694 freeculture.xml:6874
+#: freeculture.xml:608 freeculture.xml:6788
msgid "FM radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:697
+#: freeculture.xml:611
msgid ""
"Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a "
"campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:702
+#: freeculture.xml:616
msgid "Lessing, Lawrence"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:710
+#: freeculture.xml:624
msgid "Lessing, 226."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:705
+#: freeculture.xml:619
msgid ""
"The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of "
"strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:714
+#: freeculture.xml:628
msgid "FCC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:714
+#: freeculture.xml:628
msgid "on FM radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:716
+#: freeculture.xml:630
msgid ""
"RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were "
"needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:735
+#: freeculture.xml:649
msgid "Lessing, 256."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:731
+#: freeculture.xml:645
msgid ""
"The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a "
"series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:740
+#: freeculture.xml:654
msgid "AT&T"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:742
+#: freeculture.xml:656
msgid ""
"To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio "
"users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:754
+#: freeculture.xml:668
msgid ""
"Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's "
"patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for "
#. PAGE BREAK 22
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:770
+#: freeculture.xml:684
msgid ""
"This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely "
"with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2423 freeculture.xml:2507 freeculture.xml:2541 freeculture.xml:2567 freeculture.xml:2817 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:7615 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:10216 freeculture.xml:13489 freeculture.xml:14049 freeculture.xml:14050 freeculture.xml:14124
+#: freeculture.xml:701 freeculture.xml:1074 freeculture.xml:2325 freeculture.xml:2337 freeculture.xml:2421 freeculture.xml:2455 freeculture.xml:2481 freeculture.xml:2731 freeculture.xml:6673 freeculture.xml:7529 freeculture.xml:7602 freeculture.xml:10130 freeculture.xml:13403 freeculture.xml:13963 freeculture.xml:13964 freeculture.xml:14038
msgid "Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:13489 freeculture.xml:14049
+#: freeculture.xml:701 freeculture.xml:4663 freeculture.xml:13403 freeculture.xml:13963
msgid "development of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:795
+#: freeculture.xml:709
msgid ""
"Amanda Lenhart, <quote>The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at "
"Internet Access and the Digital Divide,</quote> Pew Internet and American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:789
+#: freeculture.xml:703
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">There's no</emphasis> single inventor of the "
"Internet. Nor is there any good date upon which to mark its birth. Yet in a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:804
+#: freeculture.xml:718
msgid ""
"As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed "
"things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:815
+#: freeculture.xml:729
msgid ""
"Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet "
"itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:824
+#: freeculture.xml:738
msgid "Barlow, Joel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:825
+#: freeculture.xml:739
msgid "culture"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:825
+#: freeculture.xml:739
msgid "commercial vs. noncommercial"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:826
+#: freeculture.xml:740
msgid "Webster, Noah"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 23
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:828
+#: freeculture.xml:742
msgid ""
"We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial "
"and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:840
+#: freeculture.xml:754
msgid ""
"At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our "
"tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:850 freeculture.xml:2914 freeculture.xml:2915 freeculture.xml:2942 freeculture.xml:2943 freeculture.xml:2944 freeculture.xml:7847 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:9677 freeculture.xml:9951 freeculture.xml:9952 freeculture.xml:9953 freeculture.xml:9996
+#: freeculture.xml:764 freeculture.xml:2828 freeculture.xml:2829 freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:2857 freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:7761 freeculture.xml:9590 freeculture.xml:9591 freeculture.xml:9865 freeculture.xml:9866 freeculture.xml:9867 freeculture.xml:9910
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:850
+#: freeculture.xml:764
msgid "commercial creativity as primary purpose of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:866 freeculture.xml:2002 freeculture.xml:2015
+#: freeculture.xml:780 freeculture.xml:1916 freeculture.xml:1929
msgid "Brandeis, Louis D."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:858
+#: freeculture.xml:772
msgid ""
"This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly "
"primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:852
+#: freeculture.xml:766
msgid ""
"The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then "
"quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1761 freeculture.xml:5307 freeculture.xml:6532 freeculture.xml:14089
+#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1675 freeculture.xml:5221 freeculture.xml:6446 freeculture.xml:14003
msgid "free culture"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:873
+#: freeculture.xml:787
msgid "permission culture vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:874
+#: freeculture.xml:788
msgid "permission culture"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:874
+#: freeculture.xml:788
msgid "free culture vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:880 freeculture.xml:10201
+#: freeculture.xml:794 freeculture.xml:10115
msgid "Litman, Jessica"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:878
+#: freeculture.xml:792
msgid ""
"See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: "
"Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:876
+#: freeculture.xml:790
msgid ""
"This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been "
"erased.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:896
+#: freeculture.xml:810
msgid "protection of artists vs. business interests"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:898
+#: freeculture.xml:812
msgid ""
"This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. "
"And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:912
+#: freeculture.xml:826
msgid ""
"For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to "
"participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:931
+#: freeculture.xml:845
msgid ""
"Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is "
"happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:940 freeculture.xml:7570
+#: freeculture.xml:854 freeculture.xml:7484
msgid "Valenti, Jack"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:940 freeculture.xml:7570
+#: freeculture.xml:854 freeculture.xml:7484
msgid "on creative property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:950
+#: freeculture.xml:864
msgid ""
"Amy Harmon, <quote>Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New "
"Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,</quote> <citetitle>New "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:942
+#: freeculture.xml:856
msgid ""
"It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the "
"Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:959
+#: freeculture.xml:873
msgid ""
"If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the "
"content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:967
+#: freeculture.xml:881
msgid ""
"But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much "
"more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:972 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7070 freeculture.xml:7658 freeculture.xml:11203 freeculture.xml:11494 freeculture.xml:12140
+#: freeculture.xml:886 freeculture.xml:6824 freeculture.xml:6937 freeculture.xml:6938 freeculture.xml:6939 freeculture.xml:6984 freeculture.xml:7572 freeculture.xml:11117 freeculture.xml:11408 freeculture.xml:12054
msgid "Constitution, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:972 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7658
+#: freeculture.xml:886 freeculture.xml:6824 freeculture.xml:7572
msgid "First Amendment to"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:973 freeculture.xml:1138 freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1614 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:1772 freeculture.xml:3175 freeculture.xml:3266 freeculture.xml:4338 freeculture.xml:4339 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:5351 freeculture.xml:6534 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7057 freeculture.xml:7058 freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7373 freeculture.xml:7403 freeculture.xml:7438 freeculture.xml:7552 freeculture.xml:7553 freeculture.xml:7614 freeculture.xml:7648 freeculture.xml:7753 freeculture.xml:7767 freeculture.xml:7826 freeculture.xml:7827 freeculture.xml:7925 freeculture.xml:9837 freeculture.xml:10190 freeculture.xml:11143 freeculture.xml:11188
+#: freeculture.xml:887 freeculture.xml:1052 freeculture.xml:1159 freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1528 freeculture.xml:1572 freeculture.xml:1686 freeculture.xml:3089 freeculture.xml:3180 freeculture.xml:4252 freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:4663 freeculture.xml:4664 freeculture.xml:5265 freeculture.xml:6448 freeculture.xml:6891 freeculture.xml:6971 freeculture.xml:6972 freeculture.xml:7156 freeculture.xml:7255 freeculture.xml:7287 freeculture.xml:7317 freeculture.xml:7352 freeculture.xml:7466 freeculture.xml:7467 freeculture.xml:7528 freeculture.xml:7562 freeculture.xml:7667 freeculture.xml:7681 freeculture.xml:7740 freeculture.xml:7741 freeculture.xml:7839 freeculture.xml:9751 freeculture.xml:10104 freeculture.xml:11057 freeculture.xml:11102
msgid "copyright law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:973 freeculture.xml:7057
+#: freeculture.xml:887 freeculture.xml:6971
msgid "as protection of creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:974 freeculture.xml:6911 freeculture.xml:7659
+#: freeculture.xml:888 freeculture.xml:6825 freeculture.xml:7573
msgid "First Amendment"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:975 freeculture.xml:985 freeculture.xml:15277
+#: freeculture.xml:889 freeculture.xml:899 freeculture.xml:15191
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:983
+#: freeculture.xml:897
msgid ""
"Neil W. Netanel, <quote>Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:977
+#: freeculture.xml:891
msgid ""
"These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our "
"Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:993
+#: freeculture.xml:907
msgid ""
"Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the "
"technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1005
+#: freeculture.xml:919
msgid ""
"The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the "
"<quote>centrality of technology</quote> to ordinary life. I don't believe in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1013
+#: freeculture.xml:927
msgid ""
"It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired "
"by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1023 freeculture.xml:13405 freeculture.xml:13488 freeculture.xml:13658
+#: freeculture.xml:937 freeculture.xml:13319 freeculture.xml:13402 freeculture.xml:13572
msgid "intellectual property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1025
+#: freeculture.xml:939
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Like the Causbys'</emphasis> battle, this war is, "
"in part, about <quote>property.</quote> The property of this war is not as "
#. PAGE BREAK 27
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1043
+#: freeculture.xml:957
msgid ""
"And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright "
"brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1054
+#: freeculture.xml:968
msgid ""
"My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly "
"amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1064
+#: freeculture.xml:978
msgid ""
"The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about "
"the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1070
+#: freeculture.xml:984
msgid ""
"Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture "
"benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1074
+#: freeculture.xml:988
msgid ""
"Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of "
"America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1081
+#: freeculture.xml:995
msgid ""
"Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense "
"actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in "
#. PAGE BREAK 28
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1090
+#: freeculture.xml:1004
msgid ""
"I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was "
"right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1101
+#: freeculture.xml:1015
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">The struggle</emphasis> that rages just now "
"centers on two ideas: <quote>piracy</quote> and <quote>property.</quote> My "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1106
+#: freeculture.xml:1020
msgid ""
"My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you "
"into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1114
+#: freeculture.xml:1028
msgid ""
"The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet "
"has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1125
+#: freeculture.xml:1039
msgid ""
"We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of "
"us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1135
+#: freeculture.xml:1049
msgid "<quote>PIRACY</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1138 freeculture.xml:4750
+#: freeculture.xml:1052 freeculture.xml:4664
msgid "English"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1139 freeculture.xml:5160
+#: freeculture.xml:1053 freeculture.xml:5074
msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1140
+#: freeculture.xml:1054
msgid "music publishing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1141 freeculture.xml:3263
+#: freeculture.xml:1055 freeculture.xml:3177
msgid "sheet music"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1143
+#: freeculture.xml:1057
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Since the inception</emphasis> of the law "
"regulating creative property, there has been a war against "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1155
+#: freeculture.xml:1069
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 "
"Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1151
+#: freeculture.xml:1065
msgid ""
"A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the "
"author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1160
+#: freeculture.xml:1074
msgid "efficient content distribution on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1161 freeculture.xml:6760 freeculture.xml:11191
+#: freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:6674 freeculture.xml:11105
msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1161
+#: freeculture.xml:1075
msgid "efficiency of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 31
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1163
+#: freeculture.xml:1077
msgid ""
"Today we are in the middle of another <quote>war</quote> against "
"<quote>piracy.</quote> The Internet has provoked this war. The Internet "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1172
+#: freeculture.xml:1086
msgid ""
"This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The "
"network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1181
+#: freeculture.xml:1095
msgid ""
"The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and "
"increasingly to technology to defend their <quote>property</quote> against "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1189
+#: freeculture.xml:1103
msgid ""
"There's no doubt that <quote>piracy</quote> is wrong, and that pirates "
"should be punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1195
+#: freeculture.xml:1109
msgid "The idea goes something like this:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1199
+#: freeculture.xml:1113
msgid ""
"Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative "
"work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1207
+#: freeculture.xml:1121
msgid "ASCAP"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1208
+#: freeculture.xml:1122
msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1209
+#: freeculture.xml:1123
msgid "Girl Scouts"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1210 freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:7571
+#: freeculture.xml:1124 freeculture.xml:6942 freeculture.xml:7042 freeculture.xml:7485
msgid "creative property"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1210
+#: freeculture.xml:1124
msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1211 freeculture.xml:3071
+#: freeculture.xml:1125 freeculture.xml:2985
msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1217
+#: freeculture.xml:1131
msgid ""
"See Rochelle Dreyfuss, <quote>Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language "
"in the Pepsi Generation,</quote> <citetitle>Notre Dame Law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1230 freeculture.xml:7507
+#: freeculture.xml:1144 freeculture.xml:7421
msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1225
+#: freeculture.xml:1139
msgid ""
"Lisa Bannon, <quote>The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay "
"Up,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1213
+#: freeculture.xml:1127
msgid ""
"This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor "
"Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the <quote>if value, then right</quote> "
#. PAGE BREAK 32
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1237
+#: freeculture.xml:1151
msgid ""
"This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property "
"should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7438 freeculture.xml:7753
+#: freeculture.xml:1159 freeculture.xml:7255 freeculture.xml:7352 freeculture.xml:7667
msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1246 freeculture.xml:1428 freeculture.xml:1585
+#: freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:1342 freeculture.xml:1499
msgid "creativity"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1246
+#: freeculture.xml:1160
msgid "legal restrictions on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1248
+#: freeculture.xml:1162
msgid ""
"Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets "
"the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1255
+#: freeculture.xml:1169
msgid ""
"The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes "
"care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1263
+#: freeculture.xml:1177
msgid ""
"Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all "
"that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1270
+#: freeculture.xml:1184
msgid "creativity impeded by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1271 freeculture.xml:1302
+#: freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:1216
msgid "Florida, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1272 freeculture.xml:1303
+#: freeculture.xml:1186 freeculture.xml:1217
msgid "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1294
+#: freeculture.xml:1208
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic "
"Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1274
+#: freeculture.xml:1188
msgid ""
"But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the "
"law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1310
+#: freeculture.xml:1224
msgid ""
"These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by "
"understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1318
+#: freeculture.xml:1232
msgid "CHAPTER ONE: Creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1319
+#: freeculture.xml:1233
msgid "animated cartoons"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1320
+#: freeculture.xml:1234
msgid "cartoon films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1321 freeculture.xml:5355 freeculture.xml:5389 freeculture.xml:6101 freeculture.xml:6145
+#: freeculture.xml:1235 freeculture.xml:5269 freeculture.xml:5303 freeculture.xml:6015 freeculture.xml:6059
msgid "films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1321
+#: freeculture.xml:1235
msgid "animated"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1322
+#: freeculture.xml:1236
msgid "Steamboat Willie"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1323 freeculture.xml:7532
+#: freeculture.xml:1237 freeculture.xml:7446
msgid "Mickey Mouse"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1325
+#: freeculture.xml:1239
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">In 1928</emphasis>, a cartoon character was "
"born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut in May of that year, in a silent "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1331 freeculture.xml:1548 freeculture.xml:1602 freeculture.xml:1743 freeculture.xml:1989 freeculture.xml:4585 freeculture.xml:6277 freeculture.xml:7531 freeculture.xml:11084 freeculture.xml:11497
+#: freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:1462 freeculture.xml:1516 freeculture.xml:1657 freeculture.xml:1903 freeculture.xml:4499 freeculture.xml:6191 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:10998 freeculture.xml:11411
msgid "Disney, Walt"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1333
+#: freeculture.xml:1247
msgid ""
"Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie "
"<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy "
#. PAGE BREAK 35
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1342
+#: freeculture.xml:1256
msgid ""
"A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth "
"organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1349
+#: freeculture.xml:1263
msgid ""
"The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false "
"starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1362
+#: freeculture.xml:1276
msgid ""
"Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated "
"Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1356
+#: freeculture.xml:1270
msgid ""
"The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They "
"responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1367
+#: freeculture.xml:1281
msgid "Iwerks, Ub"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1369
+#: freeculture.xml:1283
msgid ""
"Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub "
"Iwerks, put it more strongly: <quote>I have never been so thrilled in my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1374
+#: freeculture.xml:1288
msgid ""
"Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively "
"new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1383 freeculture.xml:1745
+#: freeculture.xml:1297 freeculture.xml:1659
msgid "Keaton, Buster"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1384 freeculture.xml:1615 freeculture.xml:2003
+#: freeculture.xml:1298 freeculture.xml:1529 freeculture.xml:1917
msgid "Steamboat Bill, Jr."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1386
+#: freeculture.xml:1300
msgid ""
"This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks "
"another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1392
+#: freeculture.xml:1306
msgid ""
"Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, "
"he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1399 freeculture.xml:1556 freeculture.xml:7342 freeculture.xml:7439 freeculture.xml:7617 freeculture.xml:7726 freeculture.xml:7768
+#: freeculture.xml:1313 freeculture.xml:1470 freeculture.xml:7256 freeculture.xml:7353 freeculture.xml:7531 freeculture.xml:7640 freeculture.xml:7682
msgid "derivative works"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1399 freeculture.xml:1556 freeculture.xml:7439 freeculture.xml:7617
+#: freeculture.xml:1313 freeculture.xml:1470 freeculture.xml:7353 freeculture.xml:7531
msgid "piracy vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:3070 freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:15343
+#: freeculture.xml:1314 freeculture.xml:1473 freeculture.xml:2984 freeculture.xml:3683 freeculture.xml:7354 freeculture.xml:7532 freeculture.xml:15257
msgid "piracy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7618
+#: freeculture.xml:1314 freeculture.xml:1473 freeculture.xml:7354 freeculture.xml:7532
msgid "derivative work vs."
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1408
+#: freeculture.xml:1322
msgid ""
"I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1402
+#: freeculture.xml:1316
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon "
"Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1428 freeculture.xml:1585
+#: freeculture.xml:1342 freeculture.xml:1499
msgid "by transforming previous works"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1429 freeculture.xml:6318 freeculture.xml:7825
+#: freeculture.xml:1343 freeculture.xml:6232 freeculture.xml:7739
msgid "Disney, Inc."
msgstr ""
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1435
+#: freeculture.xml:1349
msgid ""
"He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse "
"that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1431
+#: freeculture.xml:1345
msgid ""
"This <quote>borrowing</quote> was nothing unique, either for Disney or for "
"the industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1449 freeculture.xml:1744 freeculture.xml:11085
+#: freeculture.xml:1363 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:10999
msgid "Grimm fairy tales"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1451
+#: freeculture.xml:1365
msgid ""
"Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think "
"about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I "
#. PAGE BREAK 37
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1460
+#: freeculture.xml:1374
msgid ""
"Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a "
"new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1483
+#: freeculture.xml:1397
msgid ""
"This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and "
"celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4803 freeculture.xml:4869 freeculture.xml:4907 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 freeculture.xml:6728 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7099 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:7164 freeculture.xml:7287 freeculture.xml:7334 freeculture.xml:7371 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7846 freeculture.xml:11142 freeculture.xml:11166 freeculture.xml:11495 freeculture.xml:11496
+#: freeculture.xml:1408 freeculture.xml:4716 freeculture.xml:4717 freeculture.xml:4783 freeculture.xml:4821 freeculture.xml:4877 freeculture.xml:4923 freeculture.xml:5058 freeculture.xml:5152 freeculture.xml:6642 freeculture.xml:6940 freeculture.xml:6941 freeculture.xml:6944 freeculture.xml:7013 freeculture.xml:7039 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:7201 freeculture.xml:7248 freeculture.xml:7285 freeculture.xml:7593 freeculture.xml:7760 freeculture.xml:11056 freeculture.xml:11080 freeculture.xml:11409 freeculture.xml:11410
msgid "copyright"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:11142 freeculture.xml:11496
+#: freeculture.xml:1408 freeculture.xml:4716 freeculture.xml:4877 freeculture.xml:6941 freeculture.xml:6944 freeculture.xml:7039 freeculture.xml:11056 freeculture.xml:11410
msgid "duration of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:5239 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7252 freeculture.xml:8137 freeculture.xml:11076 freeculture.xml:13493 freeculture.xml:14283 freeculture.xml:14284
+#: freeculture.xml:1409 freeculture.xml:1410 freeculture.xml:5153 freeculture.xml:7043 freeculture.xml:7166 freeculture.xml:8051 freeculture.xml:10990 freeculture.xml:13407 freeculture.xml:14197 freeculture.xml:14198
msgid "public domain"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1495
+#: freeculture.xml:1409
msgid "defined"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1496
+#: freeculture.xml:1410
msgid "traditional term for conversion to"
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1503
+#: freeculture.xml:1417
msgid ""
"Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an "
"initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1497
+#: freeculture.xml:1411
msgid ""
"In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively "
"fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1520
+#: freeculture.xml:1434
msgid ""
"At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No "
"permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, "
#. PAGE BREAK 38
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1531
+#: freeculture.xml:1445
msgid ""
"This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of "
"our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1550
+#: freeculture.xml:1464
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Of course</emphasis>, Walt Disney had no monopoly "
"on <quote>Walt Disney creativity.</quote> Nor does America. The norm of free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:1659 freeculture.xml:1773
+#: freeculture.xml:1469 freeculture.xml:1573 freeculture.xml:1687
msgid "comics, Japanese"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1557 freeculture.xml:1775
+#: freeculture.xml:1471 freeculture.xml:1689
msgid "Japanese comics"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1558 freeculture.xml:1776
+#: freeculture.xml:1472 freeculture.xml:1690
msgid "manga"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1561
+#: freeculture.xml:1475
msgid ""
"Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many "
"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1570
+#: freeculture.xml:1484
msgid ""
"Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an "
"unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1581
+#: freeculture.xml:1495
msgid ""
"But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant "
"on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1586 freeculture.xml:1774
+#: freeculture.xml:1500 freeculture.xml:1688
msgid "doujinshi comics"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 39
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1588
+#: freeculture.xml:1502
msgid ""
"This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are "
"also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1604
+#: freeculture.xml:1518
msgid ""
"These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are "
"huge. More than 33,000 <quote>circles</quote> of creators from across Japan "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1614 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:1772
+#: freeculture.xml:1528 freeculture.xml:1572 freeculture.xml:1686
msgid "Japanese"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1617
+#: freeculture.xml:1531
msgid ""
"The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the "
"law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1631
+#: freeculture.xml:1545
msgid "Winick, Judd"
msgstr ""
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1643
+#: freeculture.xml:1557
msgid ""
"For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing "
"Comics</citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1633
+#: freeculture.xml:1547
msgid ""
"Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the "
"view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1648
+#: freeculture.xml:1562
msgid "Superman comics"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1650
+#: freeculture.xml:1564
msgid ""
"American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of "
"the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1660
+#: freeculture.xml:1574
msgid "Mehra, Salil"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1670
+#: freeculture.xml:1584
msgid ""
"See Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain "
"Why All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1662
+#: freeculture.xml:1576
msgid ""
"The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely "
"the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1684
+#: freeculture.xml:1598
msgid ""
"The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that "
"the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1697
+#: freeculture.xml:1611
msgid ""
"I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often "
"as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from "
#. PAGE BREAK 41
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1704
+#: freeculture.xml:1618
msgid ""
"This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a "
"function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1717
+#: freeculture.xml:1631
msgid "<emphasis role='strong'>Let's pause</emphasis> for a moment."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1720
+#: freeculture.xml:1634
msgid ""
"If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first "
"start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1730 freeculture.xml:3088 freeculture.xml:4815 freeculture.xml:5074 freeculture.xml:7956 freeculture.xml:9069
+#: freeculture.xml:1644 freeculture.xml:3002 freeculture.xml:4729 freeculture.xml:4988 freeculture.xml:7870 freeculture.xml:8983
msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1730
+#: freeculture.xml:1644
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The term <citetitle>intellectual "
"property</citetitle> is of relatively recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1725
+#: freeculture.xml:1639
msgid ""
"We live in a world that celebrates <quote>property.</quote> I am one of "
"those celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1747
+#: freeculture.xml:1661
msgid ""
"But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of "
"value out there that <quote>property</quote> doesn't capture. I don't mean "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1761
+#: freeculture.xml:1675
msgid "derivative works based on"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 42
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1763
+#: freeculture.xml:1677
msgid ""
"Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the "
"things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1778
+#: freeculture.xml:1692
msgid ""
"The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a "
"publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1787
+#: freeculture.xml:1701
msgid ""
"Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that "
"the copycat comic artists are <quote>stealing.</quote> This form of Walt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1798 freeculture.xml:4755 freeculture.xml:4887 freeculture.xml:4924 freeculture.xml:5254
+#: freeculture.xml:1712 freeculture.xml:4669 freeculture.xml:4801 freeculture.xml:4838 freeculture.xml:5168
msgid "Shakespeare, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1800
+#: freeculture.xml:1714
msgid ""
"It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin "
"to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking "
#. PAGE BREAK 43
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1814
+#: freeculture.xml:1728
msgid ""
"Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the "
"creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1826
+#: freeculture.xml:1740
msgid ""
"The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is "
"free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1838
+#: freeculture.xml:1752
msgid ""
"Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build "
"upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1847
+#: freeculture.xml:1761
msgid "CHAPTER TWO: <quote>Mere Copyists</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1848
+#: freeculture.xml:1762
msgid "Daguerre, Louis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1849 freeculture.xml:2004 freeculture.xml:2059 freeculture.xml:6837
+#: freeculture.xml:1763 freeculture.xml:1918 freeculture.xml:1973 freeculture.xml:6751
msgid "camera technology"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1850
+#: freeculture.xml:1764
msgid "photography"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1852
+#: freeculture.xml:1766
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1839</emphasis>, Louis Daguerre invented the "
"first practical technology for producing what we would call "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1861
+#: freeculture.xml:1775
msgid "Talbot, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1863
+#: freeculture.xml:1777
msgid ""
"Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This "
"pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make <quote>automatic "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1873
+#: freeculture.xml:1787
msgid "Eastman, George"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 45
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1875
+#: freeculture.xml:1789
msgid ""
"The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen "
"until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1886 freeculture.xml:2041 freeculture.xml:6839
+#: freeculture.xml:1800 freeculture.xml:1955 freeculture.xml:6753
msgid "Kodak cameras"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1887
+#: freeculture.xml:1801
msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1894
+#: freeculture.xml:1808
msgid ""
"Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: "
"Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1889
+#: freeculture.xml:1803
msgid ""
"Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of "
"it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1910 freeculture.xml:1936
+#: freeculture.xml:1824 freeculture.xml:1850
msgid "Coe, Brian"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1910
+#: freeculture.xml:1824
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth "
"of Photography</citetitle> (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1899
+#: freeculture.xml:1813
msgid ""
"The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any "
"person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1929
+#: freeculture.xml:1843
msgid "Jenkins, 177."
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1933
+#: freeculture.xml:1847
msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1918
+#: freeculture.xml:1832
msgid ""
"For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, "
"and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, "
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1951
+#: freeculture.xml:1865
msgid "Coe, 58."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1940
+#: freeculture.xml:1854
msgid ""
"The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It "
"was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1954 freeculture.xml:2060 freeculture.xml:2438 freeculture.xml:2456
+#: freeculture.xml:1868 freeculture.xml:1974 freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2370
msgid "democracy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1954 freeculture.xml:2060 freeculture.xml:2438
+#: freeculture.xml:1868 freeculture.xml:1974 freeculture.xml:2352
msgid "in technologies of expression"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1955 freeculture.xml:2061 freeculture.xml:2101 freeculture.xml:2440
+#: freeculture.xml:1869 freeculture.xml:1975 freeculture.xml:2015 freeculture.xml:2354
msgid "expression, technologies of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1955 freeculture.xml:2061 freeculture.xml:2440
+#: freeculture.xml:1869 freeculture.xml:1975 freeculture.xml:2354
msgid "democratic"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1957
+#: freeculture.xml:1871
msgid ""
"In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The "
"pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1970
+#: freeculture.xml:1884
msgid "permissions"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1970
+#: freeculture.xml:1884
msgid "photography exempted from"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1981
+#: freeculture.xml:1895
msgid ""
"For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1972
+#: freeculture.xml:1886
msgid ""
"What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's "
"genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1990 freeculture.xml:9763
+#: freeculture.xml:1904 freeculture.xml:9677
msgid "images, ownership of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 47
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1992
+#: freeculture.xml:1906
msgid ""
"The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly "
"familiar. The photographer was <quote>taking</quote> something from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2016
+#: freeculture.xml:1930
msgid "Warren, Samuel D."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2013
+#: freeculture.xml:1927
msgid ""
"Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2006
+#: freeculture.xml:1920
msgid ""
"On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, "
"there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the "
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2034
+#: freeculture.xml:1948
msgid ""
"See Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2024
+#: freeculture.xml:1938
msgid ""
"Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early "
"decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2042 freeculture.xml:10004
+#: freeculture.xml:1956 freeculture.xml:9918
msgid "Napster"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2044
+#: freeculture.xml:1958
msgid ""
"We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law "
"gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, "
#. PAGE BREAK 48
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2065
+#: freeculture.xml:1979
msgid ""
"But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard "
"to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2081 freeculture.xml:6838
+#: freeculture.xml:1995 freeculture.xml:6752
msgid "digital cameras"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2082
+#: freeculture.xml:1996
msgid "Just Think!"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2084
+#: freeculture.xml:1998
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San Francisco's "
"Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2099 freeculture.xml:2898
+#: freeculture.xml:2013 freeculture.xml:2812
msgid "education"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2099
+#: freeculture.xml:2013
msgid "in media literacy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2100
+#: freeculture.xml:2014
msgid "media literacy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2101
+#: freeculture.xml:2015
msgid "media literacy and"
msgstr ""
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2109
+#: freeculture.xml:2023
msgid ""
"H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and "
"Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2103
+#: freeculture.xml:2017
msgid ""
"These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly "
"so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2119
+#: freeculture.xml:2033
msgid "Yanofsky, Dave"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 49
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2122
+#: freeculture.xml:2036
msgid ""
"<quote>Media literacy,</quote> as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of "
"Just Think!, puts it, <quote>is the ability … to understand, analyze, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2130
+#: freeculture.xml:2044
msgid ""
"This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For "
"most people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2135 freeculture.xml:2687 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:7806 freeculture.xml:8903 freeculture.xml:8974
+#: freeculture.xml:2049 freeculture.xml:2601 freeculture.xml:6748 freeculture.xml:7720 freeculture.xml:8817 freeculture.xml:8888
msgid "advertising"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2136 freeculture.xml:6836
+#: freeculture.xml:2050 freeculture.xml:6750
msgid "commercials"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2137 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:15341
+#: freeculture.xml:2051 freeculture.xml:6749 freeculture.xml:15255
msgid "television"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2137 freeculture.xml:6835
+#: freeculture.xml:2051 freeculture.xml:6749
msgid "advertising on"
msgstr ""
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2143
+#: freeculture.xml:2057
msgid ""
"Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> "
"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2139
+#: freeculture.xml:2053
msgid ""
"Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television "
"commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2154
+#: freeculture.xml:2068
msgid ""
"A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as "
"crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2165
+#: freeculture.xml:2079
msgid ""
"It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But "
"even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2172 freeculture.xml:2188 freeculture.xml:2294
+#: freeculture.xml:2086 freeculture.xml:2102 freeculture.xml:2208
msgid "Daley, Elizabeth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2173
+#: freeculture.xml:2087
msgid "Crichton, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2187 freeculture.xml:2247 freeculture.xml:2254 freeculture.xml:2327 freeculture.xml:2750
+#: freeculture.xml:2101 freeculture.xml:2161 freeculture.xml:2168 freeculture.xml:2241 freeculture.xml:2664
msgid "Barish, Stephanie"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2185
+#: freeculture.xml:2099
msgid ""
"Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2199
+#: freeculture.xml:2113
msgid ""
"See Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,</quote> E!online, "
"4 November 2000, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2175
+#: freeculture.xml:2089
msgid ""
"This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as "
"Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2206
+#: freeculture.xml:2120
msgid "computer games"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2208
+#: freeculture.xml:2122
msgid ""
"This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, "
"<quote>people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2215
+#: freeculture.xml:2129
msgid ""
"Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to "
"include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2222
+#: freeculture.xml:2136
msgid ""
"From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not "
"access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2230
+#: freeculture.xml:2144
msgid ""
"<quote>Read-only.</quote> Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. "
"Couch potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2246
+#: freeculture.xml:2160
msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. f31
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2251 freeculture.xml:4133 freeculture.xml:5302 freeculture.xml:8792
+#: freeculture.xml:2165 freeculture.xml:4047 freeculture.xml:5216 freeculture.xml:8706
msgid "Ibid."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2235
+#: freeculture.xml:2149
msgid ""
"The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It "
"could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2256
+#: freeculture.xml:2170
msgid ""
"As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to "
"others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2269
+#: freeculture.xml:2183
msgid ""
"The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new "
"problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2277
+#: freeculture.xml:2191
msgid ""
"Using whatever <quote>free web stuff they could find,</quote> and relatively "
"simple tools to enable the kids to mix <quote>image, sound, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 52
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2298
+#: freeculture.xml:2212
msgid ""
"<quote>But isn't education about teaching kids to write?</quote> I asked. In "
"part, of course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2309
+#: freeculture.xml:2223
msgid ""
"What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all "
"you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2329
+#: freeculture.xml:2243
msgid ""
"That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, "
"as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, "
#. PAGE BREAK 53
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2336
+#: freeculture.xml:2250
msgid ""
"Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say "
"something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:2409 freeculture.xml:6130
+#: freeculture.xml:2264 freeculture.xml:2323 freeculture.xml:6044
msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2351
+#: freeculture.xml:2265
msgid "World Trade Center"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:6050
+#: freeculture.xml:2266 freeculture.xml:5964
msgid "news coverage"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2354
+#: freeculture.xml:2268
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>When two planes</emphasis> crashed into the World "
"Trade Center, another into the Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2366
+#: freeculture.xml:2280
msgid ""
"These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored "
"for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2373 freeculture.xml:8731 freeculture.xml:8968
+#: freeculture.xml:2287 freeculture.xml:8645 freeculture.xml:8882
msgid "ABC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2374
+#: freeculture.xml:2288
msgid "CBS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2376
+#: freeculture.xml:2290
msgid ""
"But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September "
"11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different "
#. PAGE BREAK 54
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2391
+#: freeculture.xml:2305
msgid ""
"I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the "
"people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2401
+#: freeculture.xml:2315
msgid ""
"But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows "
"these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2410 freeculture.xml:2505 freeculture.xml:2644
+#: freeculture.xml:2324 freeculture.xml:2419 freeculture.xml:2558
msgid "blogs (Web-logs)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2507
+#: freeculture.xml:2325 freeculture.xml:2421
msgid "blogs on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2412 freeculture.xml:2508
+#: freeculture.xml:2326 freeculture.xml:2422
msgid "Web-logs (blogs)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2414
+#: freeculture.xml:2328
msgid ""
"September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same "
"time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2422 freeculture.xml:2491
+#: freeculture.xml:2336 freeculture.xml:2405
msgid "political discourse"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2423
+#: freeculture.xml:2337
msgid "public discourse conducted on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2425
+#: freeculture.xml:2339
msgid ""
"But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. "
"There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2439
+#: freeculture.xml:2353
msgid "elections"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 55
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2442
+#: freeculture.xml:2356
msgid ""
"That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it "
"does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2455
+#: freeculture.xml:2369
msgid "Tocqueville, Alexis de"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2456
+#: freeculture.xml:2370
msgid "public discourse in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2457
+#: freeculture.xml:2371
msgid "jury system"
msgstr ""
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2474
+#: freeculture.xml:2388
msgid ""
"See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in "
"America</citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2459
+#: freeculture.xml:2373
msgid ""
"But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by "
"the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our "
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2484
+#: freeculture.xml:2398
msgid ""
"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2480
+#: freeculture.xml:2394
msgid ""
"Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, "
"there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are "
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2500
+#: freeculture.xml:2414
msgid ""
"Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton "
"University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2493
+#: freeculture.xml:2407
msgid ""
"More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, "
"the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2506
+#: freeculture.xml:2420
msgid "e-mail"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 56
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2513
+#: freeculture.xml:2427
msgid ""
"Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this "
"problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2524
+#: freeculture.xml:2438
msgid ""
"But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of "
"norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2531
+#: freeculture.xml:2445
msgid "Dean, Howard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2533
+#: freeculture.xml:2447
msgid ""
"The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name "
"Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2538
+#: freeculture.xml:2452
msgid "Lott, Trent"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2539
+#: freeculture.xml:2453
msgid "Thurmond, Strom"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2540
+#: freeculture.xml:2454
msgid "blog pressure on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2541
+#: freeculture.xml:2455
msgid "news events on"
msgstr ""
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2554
+#: freeculture.xml:2468
msgid ""
"Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the "
"Pot,</quote> New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2543
+#: freeculture.xml:2457
msgid ""
"One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the "
"mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2558 freeculture.xml:2592
+#: freeculture.xml:2472 freeculture.xml:2506
msgid "commercial imperatives of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2560
+#: freeculture.xml:2474
msgid ""
"This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't "
"exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2567
+#: freeculture.xml:2481
msgid "peer-generated rankings on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2569
+#: freeculture.xml:2483
msgid ""
"But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can "
"focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2578
+#: freeculture.xml:2492
msgid "journalism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2579
+#: freeculture.xml:2493
msgid "Winer, Dave"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 57
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2581
+#: freeculture.xml:2495
msgid ""
"There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from "
"the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2591 freeculture.xml:2641
+#: freeculture.xml:2505 freeculture.xml:2555
msgid "CNN"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2593 freeculture.xml:2642 freeculture.xml:5994
+#: freeculture.xml:2507 freeculture.xml:2556 freeculture.xml:5908
msgid "Iraq war"
msgstr ""
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2602
+#: freeculture.xml:2516
msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2596
+#: freeculture.xml:2510
msgid ""
"These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated "
"(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public "
#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2622
+#: freeculture.xml:2536
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of "
"Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2614
+#: freeculture.xml:2528
msgid ""
"Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the "
"debate—<quote>amateur</quote> not in the sense of inexperienced, but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2643
+#: freeculture.xml:2557
msgid "Olafson, Steve"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2641
+#: freeculture.xml:2555
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
#. PAGE BREAK 58
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2634
+#: freeculture.xml:2548
msgid ""
"Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with "
"blogs. <quote>It's going to become an essential skill,</quote> Winer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2665
+#: freeculture.xml:2579
msgid ""
"This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you "
"don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2686 freeculture.xml:6825
+#: freeculture.xml:2600 freeculture.xml:6739
msgid "Brown, John Seely"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2689
+#: freeculture.xml:2603
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>John Seely Brown</emphasis> is the chief scientist "
"of the Xerox Corporation. His work, as his Web site describes it, is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2695
+#: freeculture.xml:2609
msgid ""
"Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit "
"differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be "
#. PAGE BREAK 59
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2702
+#: freeculture.xml:2616
msgid ""
"As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When <quote>a lot of us grew "
"up,</quote> he explains, that tinkering was done <quote>on motorcycle "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2715
+#: freeculture.xml:2629
msgid ""
"The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free "
"software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2722
+#: freeculture.xml:2636
msgid ""
"This opportunity creates a <quote>completely new kind of learning "
"platform,</quote> as Brown describes. <quote>As soon as you start doing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2730
+#: freeculture.xml:2644
msgid ""
"In this process, <quote>the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. "
"They are code.</quote> Kids are <quote>shifting to the ability to tinker in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2739
+#: freeculture.xml:2653
msgid ""
"This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same "
"collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, "
#. PAGE BREAK 60
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2752
+#: freeculture.xml:2666
msgid ""
"Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just "
"Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2760
+#: freeculture.xml:2674
msgid ""
"Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as "
"we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly "
#. f22
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2776
+#: freeculture.xml:2690
msgid ""
"See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, <quote>Technological "
"Access Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2769
+#: freeculture.xml:2683
msgid ""
"These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. "
"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2784
+#: freeculture.xml:2698
msgid ""
"<quote>This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,</quote> "
"Brown explains. We need to <quote>understand how kids who grow up digital "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2789
+#: freeculture.xml:2703
msgid ""
"<quote>Yet,</quote> as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will "
"evince, <quote>we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2797
+#: freeculture.xml:2711
msgid ""
"We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving "
"images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2803
+#: freeculture.xml:2717
msgid ""
"<quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet "
"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2810
+#: freeculture.xml:2724
msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2811 freeculture.xml:2855 freeculture.xml:9679
+#: freeculture.xml:2725 freeculture.xml:2769 freeculture.xml:9593
msgid "Jordan, Jesse"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2812
+#: freeculture.xml:2726
msgid "RPI"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2812 freeculture.xml:2813 freeculture.xml:2814
+#: freeculture.xml:2726 freeculture.xml:2727 freeculture.xml:2728
msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2814
+#: freeculture.xml:2728
msgid "computer network search engine of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2815
+#: freeculture.xml:2729
msgid "search engines"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2816
+#: freeculture.xml:2730
msgid "university computer networks, p2p sharing on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2817
+#: freeculture.xml:2731
msgid "search engines used on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2819
+#: freeculture.xml:2733
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In the fall</emphasis> of 2002, Jesse Jordan of "
"Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2827
+#: freeculture.xml:2741
msgid ""
"RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It "
"offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2835
+#: freeculture.xml:2749
msgid ""
"RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one "
"another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2841 freeculture.xml:2897
+#: freeculture.xml:2755 freeculture.xml:2811
msgid "Google"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 62
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2843
+#: freeculture.xml:2757
msgid ""
"Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the "
"Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:3775 freeculture.xml:3776 freeculture.xml:5586 freeculture.xml:8267 freeculture.xml:13592 freeculture.xml:13661
+#: freeculture.xml:2770 freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:3689 freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:5500 freeculture.xml:8181 freeculture.xml:13506 freeculture.xml:13575
msgid "Microsoft"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2856
+#: freeculture.xml:2770
msgid "network file system of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2858
+#: freeculture.xml:2772
msgid ""
"These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for "
"example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2868
+#: freeculture.xml:2782
msgid ""
"Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, "
"his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2881
+#: freeculture.xml:2795
msgid ""
"Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, "
"he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system "
#. PAGE BREAK 63
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2889
+#: freeculture.xml:2803
msgid ""
"Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students "
"could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2898
+#: freeculture.xml:2812
msgid "tinkering as means of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2900
+#: freeculture.xml:2814
msgid ""
"But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files "
"that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2914 freeculture.xml:9677 freeculture.xml:9953
+#: freeculture.xml:2828 freeculture.xml:9591 freeculture.xml:9867
msgid "in recording industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2915
+#: freeculture.xml:2829
msgid "against student file sharing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2916 freeculture.xml:3014 freeculture.xml:3267 freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:4341 freeculture.xml:4342 freeculture.xml:4343 freeculture.xml:9954 freeculture.xml:10364 freeculture.xml:10365 freeculture.xml:10366 freeculture.xml:10522
+#: freeculture.xml:2830 freeculture.xml:2928 freeculture.xml:3181 freeculture.xml:3310 freeculture.xml:4255 freeculture.xml:4256 freeculture.xml:4257 freeculture.xml:9868 freeculture.xml:10278 freeculture.xml:10279 freeculture.xml:10280 freeculture.xml:10436
msgid "recording industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2916 freeculture.xml:9954
+#: freeculture.xml:2830 freeculture.xml:9868
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2917 freeculture.xml:2946 freeculture.xml:3015 freeculture.xml:9955 freeculture.xml:10367 freeculture.xml:10368 freeculture.xml:10520
+#: freeculture.xml:2831 freeculture.xml:2860 freeculture.xml:2929 freeculture.xml:9869 freeculture.xml:10281 freeculture.xml:10282 freeculture.xml:10434
msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2917 freeculture.xml:9955
+#: freeculture.xml:2831 freeculture.xml:9869
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2920
+#: freeculture.xml:2834
msgid ""
"On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The "
"dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2929
+#: freeculture.xml:2843
msgid ""
"<quote>It was absurd,</quote> he told me. <quote>I don't think I did "
"anything wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2942 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:9952
+#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:9590 freeculture.xml:9866
msgid "exaggerated claims of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2943
+#: freeculture.xml:2857
msgid "statutory damages of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2944
+#: freeculture.xml:2858
msgid "individual defendants intimidated by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2945
+#: freeculture.xml:2859
msgid "statutory damages"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2946
+#: freeculture.xml:2860
msgid "intimidation tactics of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 64
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2948
+#: freeculture.xml:2862
msgid ""
"But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and "
"had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2958
+#: freeculture.xml:2872
msgid "Michigan Technical University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2959
+#: freeculture.xml:2873
msgid "Princeton University"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2973
+#: freeculture.xml:2887
msgid ""
"Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit "
"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2961
+#: freeculture.xml:2875
msgid ""
"Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other "
"student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2980
+#: freeculture.xml:2894
msgid ""
"Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An "
"uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2986
+#: freeculture.xml:2900
msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2988
+#: freeculture.xml:2902
msgid ""
"The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They "
"wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2998
+#: freeculture.xml:2912
msgid "legal system, attorney costs in"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 65
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3000
+#: freeculture.xml:2914
msgid ""
"Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But "
"Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3010
+#: freeculture.xml:2924
msgid ""
"So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or "
"$12,000 and a settlement."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:5595 freeculture.xml:5644 freeculture.xml:10262 freeculture.xml:10360 freeculture.xml:10521 freeculture.xml:10544 freeculture.xml:15242 freeculture.xml:15307
+#: freeculture.xml:2927 freeculture.xml:3311 freeculture.xml:4248 freeculture.xml:5509 freeculture.xml:5558 freeculture.xml:10176 freeculture.xml:10274 freeculture.xml:10435 freeculture.xml:10458 freeculture.xml:15156 freeculture.xml:15221
msgid "artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:10262 freeculture.xml:10360 freeculture.xml:10521 freeculture.xml:10544 freeculture.xml:15242 freeculture.xml:15307
+#: freeculture.xml:2927 freeculture.xml:3311 freeculture.xml:4248 freeculture.xml:10176 freeculture.xml:10274 freeculture.xml:10435 freeculture.xml:10458 freeculture.xml:15156 freeculture.xml:15221
msgid "recording industry payments to"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3014 freeculture.xml:4341 freeculture.xml:10364 freeculture.xml:10522
+#: freeculture.xml:2928 freeculture.xml:4255 freeculture.xml:10278 freeculture.xml:10436
msgid "artist remuneration in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3015 freeculture.xml:10368
+#: freeculture.xml:2929 freeculture.xml:10282
msgid "lobbying power of"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3025
+#: freeculture.xml:2939
msgid ""
"Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) "
"(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3033
+#: freeculture.xml:2947
msgid ""
"Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and "
"Punishment,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3017
+#: freeculture.xml:2931
msgid ""
"The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's "
"put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3040
+#: freeculture.xml:2954
msgid ""
"On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The "
"case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3047
+#: freeculture.xml:2961
msgid ""
"I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an "
"activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3054
+#: freeculture.xml:2968
msgid ""
"Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his "
"father told me, Jesse <quote>considers himself very conservative, and so do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3069
+#: freeculture.xml:2983
msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: <quote>Pirates</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3070
+#: freeculture.xml:2984
msgid "in development of content industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3073
+#: freeculture.xml:2987
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis> using the "
"creative property of others without their permission—if <quote>if "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3084
+#: freeculture.xml:2998
msgid "Film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3088
+#: freeculture.xml:3002
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> I am grateful to Peter DiMauro "
"for pointing me to this extraordinary history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, "
#. PAGE BREAK 67
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3086
+#: freeculture.xml:3000
msgid ""
"The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3104
+#: freeculture.xml:3018
msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3108
+#: freeculture.xml:3022
msgid ""
"A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the "
"license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3116
+#: freeculture.xml:3030
msgid "Fox, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3117
+#: freeculture.xml:3031
msgid "General Film Company"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3118 freeculture.xml:3415 freeculture.xml:4567 freeculture.xml:10410
+#: freeculture.xml:3032 freeculture.xml:3329 freeculture.xml:4481 freeculture.xml:10324
msgid "Picker, Randal C."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3142 freeculture.xml:4566 freeculture.xml:10131 freeculture.xml:10257
+#: freeculture.xml:3056 freeculture.xml:4480 freeculture.xml:10045 freeculture.xml:10171
msgid "broadcast flag"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3131
+#: freeculture.xml:3045
msgid ""
"J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent "
"Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3120
+#: freeculture.xml:3034
msgid ""
"With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of "
"nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3153
+#: freeculture.xml:3067
msgid ""
"Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents "
"Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3147
+#: freeculture.xml:3061
msgid ""
"The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies "
"like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously "
#. PAGE BREAK 68
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3163
+#: freeculture.xml:3077
msgid ""
"Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal "
"law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3174
+#: freeculture.xml:3088
msgid "Recorded Music"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3175 freeculture.xml:4338
+#: freeculture.xml:3089 freeculture.xml:4252
msgid "on music recordings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3177
+#: freeculture.xml:3091
msgid ""
"The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how "
"requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3180
+#: freeculture.xml:3094
msgid "Fourneaux, Henri"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3181
+#: freeculture.xml:3095
msgid "Russel, Phil"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3183
+#: freeculture.xml:3097
msgid ""
"At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for "
"reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3192 freeculture.xml:3330
+#: freeculture.xml:3106 freeculture.xml:3244
msgid "Beatles"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3194
+#: freeculture.xml:3108
msgid ""
"But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's "
"phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:3234
+#: freeculture.xml:3131 freeculture.xml:3148
msgid "Kittredge, Alfred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3213
+#: freeculture.xml:3127
msgid ""
"The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to "
"pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3228
+#: freeculture.xml:3142
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 "
"and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3221
+#: freeculture.xml:3135
msgid ""
"Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A "
"publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3238
+#: freeculture.xml:3152
msgid "Sousa, John Philip"
msgstr ""
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3244
+#: freeculture.xml:3158
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of "
"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3250
+#: freeculture.xml:3164
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of "
"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3257
+#: freeculture.xml:3171
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of "
"John Philip Sousa, composer)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3240
+#: freeculture.xml:3154
msgid ""
"The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works "
"were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3261
+#: freeculture.xml:3175
msgid "American Graphophone Company"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3262
+#: freeculture.xml:3176
msgid "player pianos"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3264 freeculture.xml:3265 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:4337 freeculture.xml:4420 freeculture.xml:4421 freeculture.xml:7037 freeculture.xml:7126 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:10361 freeculture.xml:10362 freeculture.xml:10363 freeculture.xml:11141 freeculture.xml:11202 freeculture.xml:12139
+#: freeculture.xml:3178 freeculture.xml:3179 freeculture.xml:4250 freeculture.xml:4251 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:4335 freeculture.xml:6951 freeculture.xml:7040 freeculture.xml:7154 freeculture.xml:7155 freeculture.xml:10275 freeculture.xml:10276 freeculture.xml:10277 freeculture.xml:11055 freeculture.xml:11116 freeculture.xml:12053
msgid "Congress, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3264 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:4420 freeculture.xml:7126 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:10361
+#: freeculture.xml:3178 freeculture.xml:4250 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:7040 freeculture.xml:7154 freeculture.xml:10275
msgid "on copyright laws"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3265 freeculture.xml:4337 freeculture.xml:10363
+#: freeculture.xml:3179 freeculture.xml:4251 freeculture.xml:10277
msgid "on recording industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3266 freeculture.xml:4339 freeculture.xml:10190
+#: freeculture.xml:3180 freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:10104
msgid "statutory licenses in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3267
+#: freeculture.xml:3181
msgid "statutory license system in"
msgstr ""
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3277
+#: freeculture.xml:3191
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 "
"(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating "
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3288
+#: freeculture.xml:3202
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared "
"memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3269
+#: freeculture.xml:3183
msgid ""
"These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the "
"arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3293
+#: freeculture.xml:3207
msgid "cover songs"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 70
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3295
+#: freeculture.xml:3209
msgid ""
"The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer "
"<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3309
+#: freeculture.xml:3223
msgid "compulsory license"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3310 freeculture.xml:4344 freeculture.xml:10189
+#: freeculture.xml:3224 freeculture.xml:4258 freeculture.xml:10103
msgid "statutory licenses"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3312
+#: freeculture.xml:3226
msgid ""
"American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but "
"I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3319 freeculture.xml:14938
+#: freeculture.xml:3233 freeculture.xml:14852
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3321
+#: freeculture.xml:3235
msgid ""
"This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a "
"novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the "
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3346
+#: freeculture.xml:3260
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and "
"H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3332
+#: freeculture.xml:3246
msgid ""
"But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in "
"effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3357
+#: freeculture.xml:3271
msgid ""
"While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, "
"historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for "
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3379
+#: freeculture.xml:3293
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on "
"the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3364
+#: freeculture.xml:3278
msgid ""
"the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system "
"must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3390
+#: freeculture.xml:3304
msgid ""
"By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative "
"work, the record producers, and the public, benefit."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3395 freeculture.xml:4531
+#: freeculture.xml:3309 freeculture.xml:4445
msgid "Radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:4343 freeculture.xml:10365
+#: freeculture.xml:3310 freeculture.xml:4257 freeculture.xml:10279
msgid "radio broadcast and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3399
+#: freeculture.xml:3313
msgid "Radio was also born of piracy."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3414
+#: freeculture.xml:3328
msgid "Hand, Learned"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3405
+#: freeculture.xml:3319
msgid ""
"See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At "
"the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3402
+#: freeculture.xml:3316
msgid ""
"When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a "
"<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3432 freeculture.xml:9433 freeculture.xml:9907 freeculture.xml:12987
+#: freeculture.xml:3346 freeculture.xml:9347 freeculture.xml:9821 freeculture.xml:12901
msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 72
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3422
+#: freeculture.xml:3336
msgid ""
"But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy "
"of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3437
+#: freeculture.xml:3351
msgid ""
"But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio "
"station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3444 freeculture.xml:3951 freeculture.xml:6551 freeculture.xml:6567
+#: freeculture.xml:3358 freeculture.xml:3865 freeculture.xml:6465 freeculture.xml:6481
msgid "Madonna"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3446
+#: freeculture.xml:3360
msgid ""
"This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine "
"it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3452
+#: freeculture.xml:3366
msgid ""
"Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then "
"decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3464
+#: freeculture.xml:3378
msgid ""
"No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists "
"benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3474 freeculture.xml:4537
+#: freeculture.xml:3388 freeculture.xml:4451
msgid "Cable TV"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3475 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8628 freeculture.xml:8667 freeculture.xml:15340
+#: freeculture.xml:3389 freeculture.xml:4272 freeculture.xml:8542 freeculture.xml:8581 freeculture.xml:15254
msgid "cable television"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3477
+#: freeculture.xml:3391
msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 73
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3480
+#: freeculture.xml:3394
msgid ""
"When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable "
"television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3490
+#: freeculture.xml:3404
msgid "Anello, Douglas"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3491
+#: freeculture.xml:3405
msgid "Burdick, Quentin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3492 freeculture.xml:3503
+#: freeculture.xml:3406 freeculture.xml:3417
msgid "Hyde, Rosel H."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3498
+#: freeculture.xml:3412
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the "
"Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee "
#. f14
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3510
+#: freeculture.xml:3424
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, "
"general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3494
+#: freeculture.xml:3408
msgid ""
"Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel "
"Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair "
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3521
+#: freeculture.xml:3435
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, "
"general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3517
+#: freeculture.xml:3431
msgid ""
"The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only "
"business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3527
+#: freeculture.xml:3441
msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:"
msgstr ""
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3536
+#: freeculture.xml:3450
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, "
"president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3531
+#: freeculture.xml:3445
msgid ""
"All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our "
"property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3542 freeculture.xml:3550
+#: freeculture.xml:3456 freeculture.xml:3464
msgid "Heston, Charlton"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3548
+#: freeculture.xml:3462
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, "
"president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3544
+#: freeculture.xml:3458
msgid ""
"These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president "
"Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3555
+#: freeculture.xml:3469
msgid ""
"But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney "
"General Edwin Zimmerman put it,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3571 freeculture.xml:3573
+#: freeculture.xml:3485 freeculture.xml:3487
msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3569
+#: freeculture.xml:3483
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, "
"acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3560
+#: freeculture.xml:3474
msgid ""
"Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright "
"protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3577
+#: freeculture.xml:3491
msgid ""
"Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court "
"held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3581
+#: freeculture.xml:3495
msgid ""
"It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of "
"whether cable companies had to pay for the content they "
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3600
+#: freeculture.xml:3514
msgid ""
"See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The "
"Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3595
+#: freeculture.xml:3509
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a common "
"theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone else's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3617
+#: freeculture.xml:3531
msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: <quote>Piracy</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3619
+#: freeculture.xml:3533
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted "
"material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most significant "
#. PAGE BREAK 76
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3627
+#: freeculture.xml:3541
msgid ""
"But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of "
"<quote>taking</quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3637
+#: freeculture.xml:3551
msgid "Piracy I"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3638 freeculture.xml:3718 freeculture.xml:3768 freeculture.xml:15342
+#: freeculture.xml:3552 freeculture.xml:3632 freeculture.xml:3682 freeculture.xml:15256
msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3639 freeculture.xml:4086 freeculture.xml:9908 freeculture.xml:10762 freeculture.xml:14733 freeculture.xml:15324
+#: freeculture.xml:3553 freeculture.xml:4000 freeculture.xml:9822 freeculture.xml:10676 freeculture.xml:14647 freeculture.xml:15238
msgid "CDs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3639
+#: freeculture.xml:3553
msgid "foreign piracy of"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3647
+#: freeculture.xml:3561
msgid ""
"See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), "
"<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3641
+#: freeculture.xml:3555
msgid ""
"All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are "
"businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3657
+#: freeculture.xml:3571
msgid ""
"This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor "
"in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3663
+#: freeculture.xml:3577
msgid ""
"Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for "
"it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3672
+#: freeculture.xml:3586
msgid ""
"That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the "
"taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American "
#. PAGE BREAK 77
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3683
+#: freeculture.xml:3597
msgid ""
"True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these "
"countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3711
+#: freeculture.xml:3625
msgid "agricultural patents"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3712 freeculture.xml:13279 freeculture.xml:13770 freeculture.xml:13777
+#: freeculture.xml:3626 freeculture.xml:13193 freeculture.xml:13684 freeculture.xml:13691
msgid "Drahos, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3696
+#: freeculture.xml:3610
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: "
"<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3691
+#: freeculture.xml:3605
msgid ""
"If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its "
"laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3733 freeculture.xml:4007 freeculture.xml:15490
+#: freeculture.xml:3647 freeculture.xml:3921 freeculture.xml:15404
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3726
+#: freeculture.xml:3640
msgid ""
"For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan "
"Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3720
+#: freeculture.xml:3634
msgid ""
"Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any "
"case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3737
+#: freeculture.xml:3651
msgid ""
"This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands "
"of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they "
#. PAGE BREAK 78
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3751
+#: freeculture.xml:3665
msgid ""
"This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property "
"right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:15343
+#: freeculture.xml:3683 freeculture.xml:15257
msgid "in Asia"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3770 freeculture.xml:13590 freeculture.xml:14176
+#: freeculture.xml:3684 freeculture.xml:13504 freeculture.xml:14090
msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3771 freeculture.xml:3801 freeculture.xml:12071 freeculture.xml:13605 freeculture.xml:14232
+#: freeculture.xml:3685 freeculture.xml:3715 freeculture.xml:11985 freeculture.xml:13519 freeculture.xml:14146
msgid "GNU/Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3772 freeculture.xml:3802 freeculture.xml:12073 freeculture.xml:13606 freeculture.xml:14233
+#: freeculture.xml:3686 freeculture.xml:3716 freeculture.xml:11987 freeculture.xml:13520 freeculture.xml:14147
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3773
+#: freeculture.xml:3687
msgid "competitive strategies of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3774
+#: freeculture.xml:3688
msgid "Windows"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3775
+#: freeculture.xml:3689
msgid "international software piracy of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3776
+#: freeculture.xml:3690
msgid "Windows operating system of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3778
+#: freeculture.xml:3692
msgid ""
"Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the "
"piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:4824 freeculture.xml:5048 freeculture.xml:6535 freeculture.xml:6611 freeculture.xml:6744 freeculture.xml:7155 freeculture.xml:14264
+#: freeculture.xml:3704 freeculture.xml:4738 freeculture.xml:4962 freeculture.xml:6449 freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:6658 freeculture.xml:7069 freeculture.xml:14178
msgid "law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:14264
+#: freeculture.xml:3704 freeculture.xml:14178
msgid "databases of case reports in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3792
+#: freeculture.xml:3706
msgid ""
"This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good "
"one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3799
+#: freeculture.xml:3713
msgid "Netscape"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3800
+#: freeculture.xml:3714
msgid "Internet Explorer"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3804
+#: freeculture.xml:3718
msgid ""
"Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic "
"a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it "
#. PAGE BREAK 79
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3818
+#: freeculture.xml:3732
msgid ""
"Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I "
"certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3828
+#: freeculture.xml:3742
msgid ""
"But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part "
"suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3837
+#: freeculture.xml:3751
msgid ""
"This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy "
"concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3843
+#: freeculture.xml:3757
msgid ""
"For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly "
"controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3849
+#: freeculture.xml:3763
msgid ""
"These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push "
"us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3855
+#: freeculture.xml:3769
msgid "Piracy II"
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3860
+#: freeculture.xml:3774
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 "
"Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)."
#. PAGE BREAK 80
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3857
+#: freeculture.xml:3771
msgid ""
"The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use "
"that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3868 freeculture.xml:3876 freeculture.xml:9838
+#: freeculture.xml:3782 freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:9752
msgid "innovation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3869
+#: freeculture.xml:3783
msgid "Fanning, Shawn"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3886 freeculture.xml:8861
+#: freeculture.xml:3800 freeculture.xml:8775
msgid "Christensen, Clayton M."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3876
+#: freeculture.xml:3790
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, "
"<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3871
+#: freeculture.xml:3785
msgid ""
"Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the "
"Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like "
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3896
+#: freeculture.xml:3810
msgid ""
"See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood "
"Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3891
+#: freeculture.xml:3805
msgid ""
"The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster "
"amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, "
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3918
+#: freeculture.xml:3832
msgid ""
"See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music "
"Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of "
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3927
+#: freeculture.xml:3841
msgid ""
"Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> "
"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3912
+#: freeculture.xml:3826
msgid ""
"According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have "
"tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3936
+#: freeculture.xml:3850
msgid ""
"Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does "
"not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, "
#. PAGE BREAK 81
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3946
+#: freeculture.xml:3860
msgid ""
"File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different "
"kinds into four types."
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3954
+#: freeculture.xml:3868
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, "
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3964
+#: freeculture.xml:3878
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing "
"it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard "
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3975
+#: freeculture.xml:3889
msgid ""
"There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content "
"that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the "
#. PAGE BREAK 82
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3992
+#: freeculture.xml:3906
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3998
+#: freeculture.xml:3912
msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4006
+#: freeculture.xml:3920
msgid ""
"See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, "
"148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4001
+#: freeculture.xml:3915
msgid ""
"Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of "
"the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4017
+#: freeculture.xml:3931
msgid ""
"Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful "
"type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4033 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10187 freeculture.xml:15050
+#: freeculture.xml:3938 freeculture.xml:3947 freeculture.xml:4304 freeculture.xml:8341 freeculture.xml:8370 freeculture.xml:10101 freeculture.xml:14964
msgid "cassette recording"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10187 freeculture.xml:10188 freeculture.xml:15050 freeculture.xml:15051
+#: freeculture.xml:3938 freeculture.xml:4304 freeculture.xml:8341 freeculture.xml:8370 freeculture.xml:10101 freeculture.xml:10102 freeculture.xml:14964 freeculture.xml:14965
msgid "VCRs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4033
+#: freeculture.xml:3947
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, "
"<citetitle>Technology Evolution and the Music Industry's Business Model "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4026
+#: freeculture.xml:3940
msgid ""
"While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder "
"to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4051
+#: freeculture.xml:3965
msgid "MTV"
msgstr ""
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4061
+#: freeculture.xml:3975
msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4053
+#: freeculture.xml:3967
msgid ""
"Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact "
"regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4066
+#: freeculture.xml:3980
msgid ""
"But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong "
"today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4076
+#: freeculture.xml:3990
msgid ""
"We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the "
"standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4086
+#: freeculture.xml:4000
msgid "sales levels of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4088
+#: freeculture.xml:4002
msgid ""
"Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file "
"sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4097
+#: freeculture.xml:4011
msgid ""
"See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend "
"Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4124
+#: freeculture.xml:4038
msgid "Black, Jane"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4121
+#: freeculture.xml:4035
msgid ""
"Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, "
"13 February 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4093
+#: freeculture.xml:4007
msgid ""
"In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 "
"million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder "
#. PAGE BREAK 84
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4139
+#: freeculture.xml:4053
msgid ""
"But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is "
"because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4147
+#: freeculture.xml:4061
msgid ""
"There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain "
"these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4163
+#: freeculture.xml:4077
msgid ""
"These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, "
"real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording "
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4175
+#: freeculture.xml:4089
msgid ""
"By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no "
"longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4169
+#: freeculture.xml:4083
msgid ""
"One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is "
"technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:6262 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:7613 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7971 freeculture.xml:14436 freeculture.xml:15162 freeculture.xml:15163
+#: freeculture.xml:4102 freeculture.xml:4110 freeculture.xml:4132 freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4662 freeculture.xml:6119 freeculture.xml:6124 freeculture.xml:6176 freeculture.xml:7140 freeculture.xml:7141 freeculture.xml:7527 freeculture.xml:7601 freeculture.xml:7885 freeculture.xml:14350 freeculture.xml:15076 freeculture.xml:15077
msgid "books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:15163
+#: freeculture.xml:4102 freeculture.xml:4110 freeculture.xml:7140 freeculture.xml:15077
msgid "resales of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4196
+#: freeculture.xml:4110
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good "
"estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4190
+#: freeculture.xml:4104
msgid ""
"In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple "
"response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4217
+#: freeculture.xml:4131
msgid "Bernstein, Leonard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:15162
+#: freeculture.xml:4132 freeculture.xml:6119 freeculture.xml:6124 freeculture.xml:7141 freeculture.xml:15076
msgid "out of print"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4220
+#: freeculture.xml:4134
msgid ""
"Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record "
"stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4233
+#: freeculture.xml:4147
msgid ""
"It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the "
"copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:14436
+#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:14350
msgid "free on-line releases of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 86
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4242
+#: freeculture.xml:4156
msgid ""
"Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D "
"sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4260
+#: freeculture.xml:4174
msgid ""
"Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with "
"no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4266
+#: freeculture.xml:4180
msgid ""
"The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably "
"says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4273
+#: freeculture.xml:4187
msgid ""
"For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much "
"of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4287
+#: freeculture.xml:4201
msgid ""
"<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the "
"target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>"
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4304
+#: freeculture.xml:4218
msgid ""
"See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 "
"(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4291
+#: freeculture.xml:4205
msgid ""
"You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of "
"the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4315
+#: freeculture.xml:4229
msgid ""
"If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing "
"technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4326
+#: freeculture.xml:4240
msgid ""
"Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content "
"industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4335
+#: freeculture.xml:4249
msgid "composers, copyright protections of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4340
+#: freeculture.xml:4254
msgid "music recordings played on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4342
+#: freeculture.xml:4256
msgid "copyright protections in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4345
+#: freeculture.xml:4259
msgid "composer's rights vs. producers' rights in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4347
+#: freeculture.xml:4261
msgid ""
"So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened "
"the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4360
+#: freeculture.xml:4274
msgid ""
"Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the "
"claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, "
#. PAGE BREAK 88
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4371
+#: freeculture.xml:4285
msgid ""
"This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, "
"served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4389
+#: freeculture.xml:4303
msgid "Betamax"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4392
+#: freeculture.xml:4306
msgid ""
"In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and "
"distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the "
#. PAGE BREAK 89
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4406
+#: freeculture.xml:4320
msgid ""
"There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to "
"design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4421
+#: freeculture.xml:4335
msgid "on VCR technology"
msgstr ""
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4430
+#: freeculture.xml:4344
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 "
"Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., "
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4442
+#: freeculture.xml:4356
msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475."
msgstr ""
#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4447
+#: freeculture.xml:4361
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)."
#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4458
+#: freeculture.xml:4372
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack "
"Valenti)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4423
+#: freeculture.xml:4337
msgid ""
"MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti "
"called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, "
#. f22
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4475
+#: freeculture.xml:4389
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4478
+#: freeculture.xml:4392
msgid "Kozinski, Alex"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4463
+#: freeculture.xml:4377
msgid ""
"It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In "
"the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in "
#. PAGE BREAK 90
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4481
+#: freeculture.xml:4395
msgid ""
"But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in "
"its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and "
#. f23
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4500
+#: freeculture.xml:4414
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4490
+#: freeculture.xml:4404
msgid ""
"Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to "
"Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4506
+#: freeculture.xml:4420
msgid ""
"Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with "
"the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4517
+#: freeculture.xml:4431
msgid "CASE"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4518
+#: freeculture.xml:4432
msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4519
+#: freeculture.xml:4433
msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4520
+#: freeculture.xml:4434
msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4525
+#: freeculture.xml:4439
msgid "Recordings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4526
+#: freeculture.xml:4440
msgid "Composers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4527 freeculture.xml:4539 freeculture.xml:4545
+#: freeculture.xml:4441 freeculture.xml:4453 freeculture.xml:4459
msgid "No protection"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4528 freeculture.xml:4540
+#: freeculture.xml:4442 freeculture.xml:4454
msgid "Statutory license"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4532
+#: freeculture.xml:4446
msgid "Recording artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4533
+#: freeculture.xml:4447
msgid "N/A"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4534 freeculture.xml:4546
+#: freeculture.xml:4448 freeculture.xml:4460
msgid "Nothing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4538
+#: freeculture.xml:4452
msgid "Broadcasters"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4543
+#: freeculture.xml:4457
msgid "VCR"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4544
+#: freeculture.xml:4458
msgid "Film creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4556
+#: freeculture.xml:4470
msgid ""
"These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other "
"cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4553
+#: freeculture.xml:4467
msgid ""
"In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way "
"content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each "
#. PAGE BREAK 91
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4574
+#: freeculture.xml:4488
msgid ""
"In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or "
"Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4587
+#: freeculture.xml:4501
msgid ""
"When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up "
"the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4598
+#: freeculture.xml:4512
msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law"
msgstr ""
#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4605
+#: freeculture.xml:4519
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4600
+#: freeculture.xml:4514
msgid ""
"We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has "
"answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4616
+#: freeculture.xml:4530
msgid ""
"We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is "
"changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires "
#. f26
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4640
+#: freeculture.xml:4554
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software "
"Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4632
+#: freeculture.xml:4546
msgid ""
"This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode "
"of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4645
+#: freeculture.xml:4559
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about "
"<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4657
+#: freeculture.xml:4571
msgid ""
"<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors "
"insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4666
+#: freeculture.xml:4580
msgid "<quote>PROPERTY</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 94
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4671
+#: freeculture.xml:4585
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A "
"copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4678
+#: freeculture.xml:4592
msgid ""
"But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> "
"right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4689 freeculture.xml:6496 freeculture.xml:14423
+#: freeculture.xml:4603 freeculture.xml:6410 freeculture.xml:14337
msgid "Jefferson, Thomas"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4704
+#: freeculture.xml:4618
msgid ""
"Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in "
"<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4691
+#: freeculture.xml:4605
msgid ""
"The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, "
"though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4709
+#: freeculture.xml:4623
msgid "intangibility of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4711
+#: freeculture.xml:4625
msgid ""
"The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the "
"law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4724
+#: freeculture.xml:4638
msgid ""
"As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are "
"intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4719
+#: freeculture.xml:4633
msgid ""
"But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other "
"words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4734
+#: freeculture.xml:4648
msgid ""
"My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding "
"part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4747
+#: freeculture.xml:4661
msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4748
+#: freeculture.xml:4662
msgid "English copyright law developed for"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4751
+#: freeculture.xml:4665
msgid "England, copyright laws developed in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4752 freeculture.xml:13964
+#: freeculture.xml:4666 freeculture.xml:13878
msgid "United Kingdom"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4752
+#: freeculture.xml:4666
msgid "history of copyright law in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4753 freeculture.xml:4923
+#: freeculture.xml:4667 freeculture.xml:4837
msgid "Branagh, Kenneth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4754
+#: freeculture.xml:4668
msgid "Henry V"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4756 freeculture.xml:4888
+#: freeculture.xml:4670 freeculture.xml:4802
msgid "Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4758
+#: freeculture.xml:4672
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote "
"<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4769 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4962 freeculture.xml:5095
+#: freeculture.xml:4683 freeculture.xml:4767 freeculture.xml:4876 freeculture.xml:5009
msgid "Conger"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4770
+#: freeculture.xml:4684
msgid "Tonson, Jacob"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4776
+#: freeculture.xml:4690
msgid "Jonson, Ben"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4777
+#: freeculture.xml:4691
msgid "Dryden, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4776
+#: freeculture.xml:4690
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4789
+#: freeculture.xml:4703
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical "
"Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), "
#. PAGE BREAK 97
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4772
+#: freeculture.xml:4686
msgid ""
"In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was "
"written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4801 freeculture.xml:4854 freeculture.xml:4994 freeculture.xml:5175 freeculture.xml:5331
+#: freeculture.xml:4715 freeculture.xml:4768 freeculture.xml:4908 freeculture.xml:5089 freeculture.xml:5245
msgid "British Parliament"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4803 freeculture.xml:7164
+#: freeculture.xml:4717 freeculture.xml:7078
msgid "renewability of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4804 freeculture.xml:4856 freeculture.xml:4900 freeculture.xml:5007 freeculture.xml:5094 freeculture.xml:7154
+#: freeculture.xml:4718 freeculture.xml:4770 freeculture.xml:4814 freeculture.xml:4921 freeculture.xml:5008 freeculture.xml:7068
msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4815
+#: freeculture.xml:4729
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely "
"argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4806
+#: freeculture.xml:4720
msgid ""
"Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a "
"little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4824 freeculture.xml:5048
+#: freeculture.xml:4738 freeculture.xml:4962
msgid "common vs. positive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4825 freeculture.xml:5049
+#: freeculture.xml:4739 freeculture.xml:4963
msgid "positive law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4826
+#: freeculture.xml:4740
msgid "Licensing Act (1662)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4828
+#: freeculture.xml:4742
msgid ""
"The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a "
"<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4839 freeculture.xml:5047 freeculture.xml:5118 freeculture.xml:5218
+#: freeculture.xml:4753 freeculture.xml:4961 freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:5132
msgid "common law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4841
+#: freeculture.xml:4755
msgid ""
"There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that "
"there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4855 freeculture.xml:5084 freeculture.xml:5192 freeculture.xml:5270
+#: freeculture.xml:4769 freeculture.xml:4998 freeculture.xml:5106 freeculture.xml:5184
msgid "Scottish publishers"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 98
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4858
+#: freeculture.xml:4772
msgid ""
"This question was important to the publishers, or "
"<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4869
+#: freeculture.xml:4783
msgid "as narrow monopoly right"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4871
+#: freeculture.xml:4785
msgid ""
"The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a "
"book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4881
+#: freeculture.xml:4795
msgid ""
"Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament "
"limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4890
+#: freeculture.xml:4804
msgid ""
"For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very "
"strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4902
+#: freeculture.xml:4816
msgid ""
"The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about "
"the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4907 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7846
+#: freeculture.xml:4821 freeculture.xml:7593 freeculture.xml:7760
msgid "usage restrictions attached to"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 99
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4909
+#: freeculture.xml:4823
msgid ""
"First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to "
"apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4926
+#: freeculture.xml:4840
msgid ""
"So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were "
"perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4935
+#: freeculture.xml:4849
msgid "Henry VIII, King of England"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4936
+#: freeculture.xml:4850
msgid "monopoly, copyright as"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4937
+#: freeculture.xml:4851
msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4939
+#: freeculture.xml:4853
msgid ""
"Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had "
"had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4952
+#: freeculture.xml:4866
msgid ""
"Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was "
"naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4960 freeculture.xml:5253
+#: freeculture.xml:4874 freeculture.xml:5167
msgid "Milton, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4961
+#: freeculture.xml:4875
msgid "booksellers, English"
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4980
+#: freeculture.xml:4894
msgid ""
"Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary "
"Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4965
+#: freeculture.xml:4879
msgid ""
"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a "
"monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4984
+#: freeculture.xml:4898
msgid "Enlightenment"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4985
+#: freeculture.xml:4899
msgid "knowledge, freedom of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4987
+#: freeculture.xml:4901
msgid ""
"Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of "
"knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4996
+#: freeculture.xml:4910
msgid ""
"To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among "
"booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 freeculture.xml:11166
+#: freeculture.xml:4923 freeculture.xml:5058 freeculture.xml:5152 freeculture.xml:11080
msgid "in perpetuity"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5011
+#: freeculture.xml:4925
msgid ""
"When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting "
"anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5020
+#: freeculture.xml:4934
msgid ""
"Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that "
"echo today,"
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5035
+#: freeculture.xml:4949
msgid ""
"A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the "
"House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5025
+#: freeculture.xml:4939
msgid ""
"I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well "
"for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5051
+#: freeculture.xml:4965
msgid ""
"Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series "
"of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5073 freeculture.xml:5083 freeculture.xml:5126
+#: freeculture.xml:4987 freeculture.xml:4997 freeculture.xml:5040
msgid "Patterson, Raymond"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5073
+#: freeculture.xml:4987
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5067
+#: freeculture.xml:4981
msgid ""
"This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the "
"leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5082 freeculture.xml:5191
+#: freeculture.xml:4996 freeculture.xml:5105
msgid "Donaldson, Alexander"
msgstr ""
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5090
+#: freeculture.xml:5004
msgid ""
"For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and "
"Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5086
+#: freeculture.xml:5000
msgid ""
"The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of "
"this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5096
+#: freeculture.xml:5010
msgid "Boswell, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5097
+#: freeculture.xml:5011
msgid "Erskine, Andrew"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5106 freeculture.xml:15586
+#: freeculture.xml:5020 freeculture.xml:15500
msgid "Rose, Mark"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5104
+#: freeculture.xml:5018
msgid ""
"Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard "
"University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5115
+#: freeculture.xml:5029
msgid "Ibid., 93."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5099
+#: freeculture.xml:5013
msgid ""
"Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in "
"Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5126
+#: freeculture.xml:5040
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, "
"<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5120
+#: freeculture.xml:5034
msgid ""
"When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, "
"he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5135
+#: freeculture.xml:5049
msgid "Millar v. Taylor"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5137
+#: freeculture.xml:5051
msgid ""
"The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> "
"like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5143 freeculture.xml:5197
+#: freeculture.xml:5057 freeculture.xml:5111
msgid "Thomson, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5145
+#: freeculture.xml:5059
msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5146
+#: freeculture.xml:5060
msgid "Taylor, Robert"
msgstr ""
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5155
+#: freeculture.xml:5069
msgid ""
"Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5148
+#: freeculture.xml:5062
msgid ""
"Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James "
"Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5162
+#: freeculture.xml:5076
msgid ""
"Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English "
"history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection "
#. PAGE BREAK 103
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5177
+#: freeculture.xml:5091
msgid ""
"Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice "
"were just a matter of logical deduction from first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5194
+#: freeculture.xml:5108
msgid ""
"The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, "
"however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5198
+#: freeculture.xml:5112
msgid "Beckett, Thomas"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5199 freeculture.xml:5306
+#: freeculture.xml:5113 freeculture.xml:5220
msgid "House of Lords"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5200
+#: freeculture.xml:5114
msgid "House of Lords vs."
msgstr ""
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5206
+#: freeculture.xml:5120
msgid "Ibid., 1156."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5202
+#: freeculture.xml:5116
msgid ""
"Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate "
"sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5217
+#: freeculture.xml:5131
msgid "Donaldson v. Beckett"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5220
+#: freeculture.xml:5134
msgid ""
"As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5231
+#: freeculture.xml:5145
msgid ""
"The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to "
"the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5239 freeculture.xml:5307
+#: freeculture.xml:5153 freeculture.xml:5221
msgid "English legal establishment of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 104
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5241
+#: freeculture.xml:5155
msgid ""
"The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks "
"as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5250
+#: freeculture.xml:5164
msgid "Bacon, Francis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5251
+#: freeculture.xml:5165
msgid "Bunyan, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5252
+#: freeculture.xml:5166
msgid "Johnson, Samuel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5256
+#: freeculture.xml:5170
msgid ""
"<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of "
"<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there "
#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5282
+#: freeculture.xml:5196
msgid "Rose, 97."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5272
+#: freeculture.xml:5186
msgid ""
"It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled "
"an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5287
+#: freeculture.xml:5201
msgid ""
"In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally "
"strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5293
+#: freeculture.xml:5207
msgid ""
"By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was "
"honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property "
#. PAGE BREAK 105
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5310
+#: freeculture.xml:5224
msgid ""
"<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an "
"exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5333
+#: freeculture.xml:5247
msgid ""
"At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, "
"resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5350
+#: freeculture.xml:5264
msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5351 freeculture.xml:7648 freeculture.xml:7767 freeculture.xml:7826
+#: freeculture.xml:5265 freeculture.xml:7562 freeculture.xml:7681 freeculture.xml:7740
msgid "fair use and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5352
+#: freeculture.xml:5266
msgid "documentary film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5353
+#: freeculture.xml:5267
msgid "Else, Jon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5354 freeculture.xml:5501 freeculture.xml:7647 freeculture.xml:7689 freeculture.xml:7766 freeculture.xml:7828
+#: freeculture.xml:5268 freeculture.xml:5415 freeculture.xml:7561 freeculture.xml:7603 freeculture.xml:7680 freeculture.xml:7742
msgid "fair use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5354
+#: freeculture.xml:5268
msgid "in documentary film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5355
+#: freeculture.xml:5269
msgid "fair use of copyrighted material in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5357
+#: freeculture.xml:5271
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known "
"for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5364
+#: freeculture.xml:5278
msgid ""
"Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me "
"a story about the freedom to create with film in America today."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5368 freeculture.xml:5434
+#: freeculture.xml:5282 freeculture.xml:5348
msgid "Wagner, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5369 freeculture.xml:5448
+#: freeculture.xml:5283 freeculture.xml:5362
msgid "San Francisco Opera"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5371
+#: freeculture.xml:5285
msgid ""
"In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The "
"focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5378
+#: freeculture.xml:5292
msgid "Simpsons, The"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 107
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5380
+#: freeculture.xml:5294
msgid ""
"During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing "
"checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5389
+#: freeculture.xml:5303
msgid "multiple copyrights associated with"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5391
+#: freeculture.xml:5305
msgid ""
"Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else "
"attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5397
+#: freeculture.xml:5311
msgid "Gracie Films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5398 freeculture.xml:5459 freeculture.xml:5523
+#: freeculture.xml:5312 freeculture.xml:5373 freeculture.xml:5437
msgid "Groening, Matt"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5400
+#: freeculture.xml:5314
msgid ""
"Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office "
"to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5406 freeculture.xml:5458 freeculture.xml:5522
+#: freeculture.xml:5320 freeculture.xml:5372 freeculture.xml:5436
msgid "Fox (film company)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5408
+#: freeculture.xml:5322
msgid ""
"Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be "
"careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5416
+#: freeculture.xml:5330
msgid ""
"Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered "
"… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5425
+#: freeculture.xml:5339
msgid "Herrera, Rebecca"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5427
+#: freeculture.xml:5341
msgid ""
"Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he "
"thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained "
#. PAGE BREAK 108
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5436
+#: freeculture.xml:5350
msgid ""
"<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told "
"me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5449
+#: freeculture.xml:5363
msgid "Day After Trinity, The"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5451
+#: freeculture.xml:5365
msgid ""
"Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on "
"the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5461
+#: freeculture.xml:5375
msgid ""
"There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the "
"copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5472
+#: freeculture.xml:5386
msgid ""
"For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The "
"Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5484
+#: freeculture.xml:5398
msgid ""
"For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that "
"lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5481
+#: freeculture.xml:5395
msgid ""
"But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought "
"is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's "
#. PAGE BREAK 109
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5498
+#: freeculture.xml:5412
msgid ""
"So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's "
"his reply:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5501 freeculture.xml:7828
+#: freeculture.xml:5415 freeculture.xml:7742
msgid "legal intimidation tactics against"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5503
+#: freeculture.xml:5417
msgid ""
"The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the "
"gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5512
+#: freeculture.xml:5426
msgid "Errors and Omissions insurance"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5515
+#: freeculture.xml:5429
msgid ""
"Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors "
"and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5524
+#: freeculture.xml:5438
msgid "Lucas, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5525
+#: freeculture.xml:5439
msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5528
+#: freeculture.xml:5442
msgid ""
"I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I "
"knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and "
#. 3.
#. PAGE BREAK 110
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5540
+#: freeculture.xml:5454
msgid ""
"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School "
"… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox "
#. 4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5552
+#: freeculture.xml:5466
msgid ""
"The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we "
"are up against a release deadline and out of money."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5560
+#: freeculture.xml:5474
msgid ""
"In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore "
"supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5568
+#: freeculture.xml:5482
msgid ""
"This practice shows just how far the law has come from its "
"eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5583
+#: freeculture.xml:5497
msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5584
+#: freeculture.xml:5498
msgid "Allen, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5585 freeculture.xml:5645 freeculture.xml:5830 freeculture.xml:10519 freeculture.xml:14953
+#: freeculture.xml:5499 freeculture.xml:5559 freeculture.xml:5744 freeculture.xml:10433 freeculture.xml:14867
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5588
+#: freeculture.xml:5502
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working "
"at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5595
+#: freeculture.xml:5509
msgid "retrospective compilations on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5596
+#: freeculture.xml:5510
msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5598
+#: freeculture.xml:5512
msgid ""
"Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the "
"emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5608
+#: freeculture.xml:5522
msgid ""
"At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a "
"director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him "
#. PAGE BREAK 112
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5615
+#: freeculture.xml:5529
msgid ""
"That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave "
"wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5622
+#: freeculture.xml:5536
msgid ""
"Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our "
"goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5630
+#: freeculture.xml:5544
msgid ""
"Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, "
"<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5644
+#: freeculture.xml:5558
msgid "publicity rights on images of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5640
+#: freeculture.xml:5554
msgid ""
"Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of "
"publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5634
+#: freeculture.xml:5548
msgid ""
"Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from "
"everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5649
+#: freeculture.xml:5563
msgid ""
"The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing "
"those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5656
+#: freeculture.xml:5570
msgid ""
"I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his "
"resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5662
+#: freeculture.xml:5576
msgid ""
"So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some "
"artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were "
#. PAGE BREAK 113
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5671
+#: freeculture.xml:5585
msgid ""
"We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for "
"the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5682
+#: freeculture.xml:5596
msgid "Sutherland, Donald"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5684
+#: freeculture.xml:5598
msgid ""
"Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed "
"up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5695
+#: freeculture.xml:5609
msgid ""
"It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we "
"weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5699
+#: freeculture.xml:5613
msgid ""
"Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the "
"only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5705
+#: freeculture.xml:5619
msgid ""
"Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands "
"and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the "
#. PAGE BREAK 114
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5717
+#: freeculture.xml:5631
msgid ""
"And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, "
"and it sold very well."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5720
+#: freeculture.xml:5634
msgid "Drucker, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5728
+#: freeculture.xml:5642
msgid ""
"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, "
"<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5722
+#: freeculture.xml:5636
msgid ""
"But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a "
"year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5736
+#: freeculture.xml:5650
msgid ""
"For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and "
"resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5744
+#: freeculture.xml:5658
msgid ""
"I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she "
"gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5752
+#: freeculture.xml:5666
msgid ""
"Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be "
"compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of "
#. PAGE BREAK 115
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5763
+#: freeculture.xml:5677
msgid ""
"Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing "
"mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5783
+#: freeculture.xml:5697
msgid ""
"Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the "
"richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5792
+#: freeculture.xml:5706
msgid ""
"These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat "
"for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of "
#. PAGE BREAK 116
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5805
+#: freeculture.xml:5719
msgid ""
"I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a "
"few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5815
+#: freeculture.xml:5729
msgid ""
"The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth "
"century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5820
+#: freeculture.xml:5734
msgid "Nimmer, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5822
+#: freeculture.xml:5736
msgid ""
"When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, "
"perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5829
+#: freeculture.xml:5743
msgid "Boies, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5832
+#: freeculture.xml:5746
msgid ""
"For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film "
"hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5847
+#: freeculture.xml:5761
msgid ""
"We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by "
"technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5853
+#: freeculture.xml:5767
msgid "Camp Chaos"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 117
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5855
+#: freeculture.xml:5769
msgid ""
"But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its "
"archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5866
+#: freeculture.xml:5780
msgid ""
"All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted "
"to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5873
+#: freeculture.xml:5787
msgid ""
"To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so "
"that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5888
+#: freeculture.xml:5802
msgid ""
"Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for "
"objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if "
#. PAGE BREAK 118
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5894
+#: freeculture.xml:5808
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios "
"announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5907
+#: freeculture.xml:5821
msgid ""
"The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers "
"explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5916
+#: freeculture.xml:5830
msgid ""
"Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you "
"don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5926
+#: freeculture.xml:5840
msgid ""
"This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first "
"continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5941
+#: freeculture.xml:5855
msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5942 freeculture.xml:9267 freeculture.xml:11584 freeculture.xml:11829
+#: freeculture.xml:5856 freeculture.xml:9181 freeculture.xml:11498 freeculture.xml:11743
msgid "archives, digital"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5943 freeculture.xml:8566
+#: freeculture.xml:5857 freeculture.xml:8480
msgid "bots"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5945
+#: freeculture.xml:5859
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of "
"<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5955 freeculture.xml:5986 freeculture.xml:6048
+#: freeculture.xml:5869 freeculture.xml:5900 freeculture.xml:5962
msgid "Way Back Machine"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5957
+#: freeculture.xml:5871
msgid ""
"By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And "
"at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5964
+#: freeculture.xml:5878
msgid "Orwell, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5966
+#: freeculture.xml:5880
msgid ""
"This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In "
"the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were "
#. PAGE BREAK 120
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5974
+#: freeculture.xml:5888
msgid ""
"Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way "
"ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5979
+#: freeculture.xml:5893
msgid ""
"It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no "
"way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5995
+#: freeculture.xml:5909
msgid "White House press releases"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5994
+#: freeculture.xml:5908
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5988
+#: freeculture.xml:5902
msgid ""
"Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the "
"Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6003
+#: freeculture.xml:5917
msgid "history, records of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6005
+#: freeculture.xml:5919
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go "
"back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6016
+#: freeculture.xml:5930
msgid ""
"It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat "
"it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget "
#. PAGE BREAK 121
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6025
+#: freeculture.xml:5939
msgid ""
"The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet "
"Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6036
+#: freeculture.xml:5950
msgid ""
"Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very "
"successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6045 freeculture.xml:6100 freeculture.xml:10504
+#: freeculture.xml:5959 freeculture.xml:6014 freeculture.xml:10418
msgid "Library of Congress"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6046
+#: freeculture.xml:5960
msgid "Television Archive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6047
+#: freeculture.xml:5961
msgid "Vanderbilt University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6049 freeculture.xml:11075 freeculture.xml:14135 freeculture.xml:14265 freeculture.xml:14301
+#: freeculture.xml:5963 freeculture.xml:10989 freeculture.xml:14049 freeculture.xml:14179 freeculture.xml:14215
msgid "libraries"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6049
+#: freeculture.xml:5963
msgid "archival function of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6052
+#: freeculture.xml:5966
msgid ""
"The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human "
"history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6069
+#: freeculture.xml:5983
msgid "Quayle, Dan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6070
+#: freeculture.xml:5984
msgid "60 Minutes"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 122
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6072
+#: freeculture.xml:5986
msgid ""
"Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember "
"that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6083
+#: freeculture.xml:5997
msgid "newspapers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6083
+#: freeculture.xml:5997
msgid "archives of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6085
+#: freeculture.xml:5999
msgid ""
"Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in "
"newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6093
+#: freeculture.xml:6007
msgid ""
"In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, "
"copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6101 freeculture.xml:6145
+#: freeculture.xml:6015 freeculture.xml:6059
msgid "archive of"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6112
+#: freeculture.xml:6026
msgid ""
"Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at "
"the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6103
+#: freeculture.xml:6017
msgid ""
"These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress "
"made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6120
+#: freeculture.xml:6034
msgid ""
"The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were "
"originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, "
#. PAGE BREAK 123
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6132
+#: freeculture.xml:6046
msgid ""
"Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his "
"allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6142
+#: freeculture.xml:6056
msgid "Movie Archive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6143
+#: freeculture.xml:6057
msgid "archive.org"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6143 freeculture.xml:6146
+#: freeculture.xml:6057 freeculture.xml:6060
msgid "Internet Archive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6147
+#: freeculture.xml:6061
msgid "Duck and Cover film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6148
+#: freeculture.xml:6062
msgid "ephemeral films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6149
+#: freeculture.xml:6063
msgid "Prelinger, Rick"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6151
+#: freeculture.xml:6065
msgid ""
"Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose "
"archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6169
+#: freeculture.xml:6083
msgid ""
"Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we "
"otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6177
+#: freeculture.xml:6091
msgid ""
"The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this "
"content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is "
#. PAGE BREAK 124
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6185
+#: freeculture.xml:6099
msgid ""
"For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of "
"creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6197
+#: freeculture.xml:6111
msgid ""
"After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has "
"always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6210
+#: freeculture.xml:6124
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling "
"Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6207
+#: freeculture.xml:6121
msgid ""
"The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very "
"quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6225
+#: freeculture.xml:6139
msgid ""
"Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative "
"property does not hold true with the most important components of popular "
#. PAGE BREAK 125
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6236
+#: freeculture.xml:6150
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was "
"economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6248
+#: freeculture.xml:6162
msgid ""
"Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that "
"for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6256
+#: freeculture.xml:6170
msgid ""
"The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined "
"before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6262
+#: freeculture.xml:6176
msgid "total number of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6264
+#: freeculture.xml:6178
msgid ""
"It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. "
"Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, "
#. PAGE BREAK 126
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6279
+#: freeculture.xml:6193
msgid ""
"Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only "
"archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6294
+#: freeculture.xml:6208
msgid ""
"Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an "
"archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6305
+#: freeculture.xml:6219
msgid "CHAPTER TEN: <quote>Property</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6306
+#: freeculture.xml:6220
msgid "Johnson, Lyndon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6307 freeculture.xml:10263
+#: freeculture.xml:6221 freeculture.xml:10177
msgid "Kennedy, John F."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6309
+#: freeculture.xml:6223
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of "
"the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6319
+#: freeculture.xml:6233
msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6320
+#: freeculture.xml:6234
msgid "MGM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6321
+#: freeculture.xml:6235
msgid "Paramount Pictures"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6322
+#: freeculture.xml:6236
msgid "Twentieth Century Fox"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6323
+#: freeculture.xml:6237
msgid "Universal Pictures"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6324 freeculture.xml:7937 freeculture.xml:8108
+#: freeculture.xml:6238 freeculture.xml:7851 freeculture.xml:8022
msgid "Warner Brothers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6326
+#: freeculture.xml:6240
msgid ""
"The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture "
"Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to "
#. PAGE BREAK 128
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6339
+#: freeculture.xml:6253
msgid ""
"Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has "
"had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6351
+#: freeculture.xml:6265
msgid ""
"In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture "
"depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6360
+#: freeculture.xml:6274
msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6374
+#: freeculture.xml:6288
msgid ""
"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, "
"H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6365
+#: freeculture.xml:6279
msgid ""
"No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the "
"counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and "
#. PAGE BREAK 129
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6384
+#: freeculture.xml:6298
msgid ""
"The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's "
"rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6395
+#: freeculture.xml:6309
msgid ""
"This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with "
"such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6410
+#: freeculture.xml:6324
msgid ""
"Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a "
"bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6407
+#: freeculture.xml:6321
msgid ""
"While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> "
"in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6425
+#: freeculture.xml:6339
msgid ""
"Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our "
"tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is "
#. PAGE BREAK 130
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6433
+#: freeculture.xml:6347
msgid ""
"I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, "
"historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6448
+#: freeculture.xml:6362
msgid ""
"Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of "
"the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6457
+#: freeculture.xml:6371
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is "
"something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6462
+#: freeculture.xml:6376
msgid ""
"The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so "
"strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an "
#. PAGE BREAK 131
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6473
+#: freeculture.xml:6387
msgid ""
"Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti "
"calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6488
+#: freeculture.xml:6402
msgid ""
"The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property "
"are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6498
+#: freeculture.xml:6412
msgid ""
"Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There "
"was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6510
+#: freeculture.xml:6424
msgid ""
"Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least "
"try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6520
+#: freeculture.xml:6434
msgid ""
"To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of "
"these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6532
+#: freeculture.xml:6446
msgid "four modalities of constraint on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6533 freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:9839 freeculture.xml:9956
+#: freeculture.xml:6447 freeculture.xml:6703 freeculture.xml:9753 freeculture.xml:9870
msgid "regulation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6533
+#: freeculture.xml:6447
msgid "four modalities of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6534
+#: freeculture.xml:6448
msgid "as ex post regulation modality"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6535 freeculture.xml:6611 freeculture.xml:6744
+#: freeculture.xml:6449 freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:6658
msgid "as constraint modality"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 132
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6539
+#: freeculture.xml:6453
msgid ""
"To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how "
"property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6548
+#: freeculture.xml:6462
msgid ""
"How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken "
"the right or regulation."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6549 freeculture.xml:6741 freeculture.xml:7109
+#: freeculture.xml:6463 freeculture.xml:6655 freeculture.xml:7023
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6553
+#: freeculture.xml:6467
msgid ""
"At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group "
"that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6569 freeculture.xml:6631 freeculture.xml:6745
+#: freeculture.xml:6483 freeculture.xml:6545 freeculture.xml:6659
msgid "norms, regulatory influence of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6571
+#: freeculture.xml:6485
msgid ""
"Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual "
"for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6581 freeculture.xml:6630 freeculture.xml:6722 freeculture.xml:6761 freeculture.xml:9848 freeculture.xml:10082
+#: freeculture.xml:6495 freeculture.xml:6544 freeculture.xml:6636 freeculture.xml:6675 freeculture.xml:9762 freeculture.xml:9996
msgid "market constraints"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6583
+#: freeculture.xml:6497
msgid ""
"The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through "
"conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6592 freeculture.xml:6629 freeculture.xml:6680 freeculture.xml:6721 freeculture.xml:6743
+#: freeculture.xml:6506 freeculture.xml:6543 freeculture.xml:6594 freeculture.xml:6635 freeculture.xml:6657
msgid "architecture, constraint effected through"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6594
+#: freeculture.xml:6508
msgid ""
"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, "
"<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds "
#. PAGE BREAK 134
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6615
+#: freeculture.xml:6529
msgid ""
"So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: "
"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6621
+#: freeculture.xml:6535
msgid ""
"The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective "
"freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6632
+#: freeculture.xml:6546
msgid "driving speed, constraints on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6633
+#: freeculture.xml:6547
msgid "speeding, constraints on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6635
+#: freeculture.xml:6549
msgid ""
"So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a "
"high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6653
+#: freeculture.xml:6567
msgid ""
"By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean "
"to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's "
#. PAGE BREAK 135
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6649
+#: freeculture.xml:6563
msgid ""
"The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While "
"these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6677
+#: freeculture.xml:6591
msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6678
+#: freeculture.xml:6592
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6719
+#: freeculture.xml:6633
msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6720
+#: freeculture.xml:6634
msgid "Commons, John R."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6690
+#: freeculture.xml:6604
msgid ""
"Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They "
"object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6682
+#: freeculture.xml:6596
msgid ""
"These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand "
"the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6727
+#: freeculture.xml:6641
msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6728 freeculture.xml:7099
+#: freeculture.xml:6642 freeculture.xml:7013
msgid "four regulatory modalities on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6730
+#: freeculture.xml:6644
msgid ""
"The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, "
"Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6736
+#: freeculture.xml:6650
msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6740 freeculture.xml:7108
+#: freeculture.xml:6654 freeculture.xml:7022
msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 136
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6748
+#: freeculture.xml:6662
msgid ""
"There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law "
"limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6759
+#: freeculture.xml:6673
msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6760
+#: freeculture.xml:6674
msgid "regulatory balance lost in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6762
+#: freeculture.xml:6676
msgid "MP3s"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6764
+#: freeculture.xml:6678
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p "
"sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6773 freeculture.xml:7616 freeculture.xml:7926
+#: freeculture.xml:6687 freeculture.xml:7530 freeculture.xml:7840
msgid "technology"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6773
+#: freeculture.xml:6687
msgid "established industries threatened by changes in"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 137
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6775
+#: freeculture.xml:6689
msgid ""
"Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. "
"Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6785
+#: freeculture.xml:6699
msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6786
+#: freeculture.xml:6700
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6788
+#: freeculture.xml:6702
msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:9839
+#: freeculture.xml:6703 freeculture.xml:9753
msgid "as establishment protectionism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6791
+#: freeculture.xml:6705
msgid ""
"Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the "
"warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6804 freeculture.xml:6944
+#: freeculture.xml:6718 freeculture.xml:6858
msgid "farming"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6805
+#: freeculture.xml:6719
msgid "steel industry"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 138
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6807
+#: freeculture.xml:6721
msgid ""
"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to "
"preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6827
+#: freeculture.xml:6741
msgid ""
"Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign "
"to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6840
+#: freeculture.xml:6754
msgid "railroad industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6841
+#: freeculture.xml:6755
msgid "remote channel changers"
msgstr ""
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6851
+#: freeculture.xml:6765
msgid ""
"See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a "
"Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6843
+#: freeculture.xml:6757
msgid ""
"But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it "
"doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6872
+#: freeculture.xml:6786
msgid "free market, technological changes in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6873 freeculture.xml:15529
+#: freeculture.xml:6787 freeculture.xml:15443
msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6876 freeculture.xml:13729
+#: freeculture.xml:6790 freeculture.xml:13643
msgid "Gates, Bill"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6877 freeculture.xml:7891
+#: freeculture.xml:6791 freeculture.xml:7805
msgid "market competition"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6890
+#: freeculture.xml:6804
msgid ""
"Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, "
"1994), 170–71."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6880
+#: freeculture.xml:6794
msgid ""
"The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free "
"society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6901
+#: freeculture.xml:6815
msgid ""
"Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new "
"technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6912
+#: freeculture.xml:6826
msgid "speech, freedom of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6912
+#: freeculture.xml:6826
msgid "constitutional guarantee of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6914
+#: freeculture.xml:6828
msgid ""
"In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, "
"copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry "
#. PAGE BREAK 140
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6930
+#: freeculture.xml:6844
msgid ""
"My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes "
"that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6939
+#: freeculture.xml:6853
msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6941
+#: freeculture.xml:6855
msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6942
+#: freeculture.xml:6856
msgid "DDT"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6943
+#: freeculture.xml:6857
msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6946
+#: freeculture.xml:6860
msgid ""
"In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul "
"Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6953
+#: freeculture.xml:6867
msgid ""
"No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop "
"production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6957
+#: freeculture.xml:6871
msgid "Carson, Rachel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6958
+#: freeculture.xml:6872
msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6959
+#: freeculture.xml:6873
msgid "environmentalism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6961
+#: freeculture.xml:6875
msgid ""
"But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, "
"which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6967
+#: freeculture.xml:6881
msgid ""
"No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim "
"to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6976
+#: freeculture.xml:6890
msgid "Boyle, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6977
+#: freeculture.xml:6891
msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in"
msgstr ""
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6983
+#: freeculture.xml:6897
msgid ""
"See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
"Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law "
#. PAGE BREAK 141
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6979
+#: freeculture.xml:6893
msgid ""
"It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle "
"appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7001
+#: freeculture.xml:6915
msgid ""
"My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this "
"effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7013
+#: freeculture.xml:6927
msgid ""
"In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free "
"culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7022
+#: freeculture.xml:6936
msgid "Beginnings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7023
+#: freeculture.xml:6937
msgid "on creative property"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11494
+#: freeculture.xml:6938 freeculture.xml:11408
msgid "copyright purpose established in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11203
+#: freeculture.xml:6939 freeculture.xml:11117
msgid "Progress Clause of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:11495
+#: freeculture.xml:6940 freeculture.xml:11409
msgid "constitutional purpose of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7028
+#: freeculture.xml:6942
msgid "constitutional tradition on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:11204
+#: freeculture.xml:6943 freeculture.xml:11118
msgid "Progress Clause"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7032
+#: freeculture.xml:6946
msgid ""
"America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved "
"English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7037
+#: freeculture.xml:6951
msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7039
+#: freeculture.xml:6953
msgid ""
"The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to "
"Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article "
#. PAGE BREAK 142
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7044
+#: freeculture.xml:6958
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, "
"by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7058
+#: freeculture.xml:6972
msgid "history of American"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7060
+#: freeculture.xml:6974
msgid ""
"The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in "
"chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7069
+#: freeculture.xml:6983
msgid "Senate, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7070
+#: freeculture.xml:6984
msgid "structural checks and balances of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7071
+#: freeculture.xml:6985
msgid "electoral college"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7073
+#: freeculture.xml:6987
msgid ""
"The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the "
"Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7090
+#: freeculture.xml:7004
msgid ""
"I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call "
"<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond "
#. PAGE BREAK 143
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7101
+#: freeculture.xml:7015
msgid ""
"Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in "
"technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7112
+#: freeculture.xml:7026
msgid "We will end here:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7115
+#: freeculture.xml:7029
msgid "<quote>Copyright</quote> today."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7116
+#: freeculture.xml:7030
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 144
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7119
+#: freeculture.xml:7033
msgid "Let me explain how."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7124
+#: freeculture.xml:7038
msgid "Law: Duration"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7127 freeculture.xml:7419
+#: freeculture.xml:7041 freeculture.xml:7333
msgid "Copyright Act (1790)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7128
+#: freeculture.xml:7042
msgid "common law protections of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7129
+#: freeculture.xml:7043
msgid "balance of U.S. content in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7145
+#: freeculture.xml:7059
msgid "Crosskey, William W."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7139
+#: freeculture.xml:7053
msgid ""
"William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History "
"of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7131
+#: freeculture.xml:7045
msgid ""
"When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced "
"the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7155
+#: freeculture.xml:7069
msgid "federal vs. state"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7157
+#: freeculture.xml:7071
msgid ""
"That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting "
"copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7166
+#: freeculture.xml:7080
msgid ""
"In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal "
"copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was "
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7182
+#: freeculture.xml:7096
msgid ""
"Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to "
"1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7174
+#: freeculture.xml:7088
msgid ""
"While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten "
"years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered "
#. PAGE BREAK 145
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7200
+#: freeculture.xml:7114
msgid ""
"This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of "
"copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted "
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7215
+#: freeculture.xml:7129
msgid ""
"Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of "
"the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7209
+#: freeculture.xml:7123
msgid ""
"Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of "
"copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of "
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7233
+#: freeculture.xml:7147
msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7229
+#: freeculture.xml:7143
msgid ""
"Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an "
"actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:11141
+#: freeculture.xml:7155 freeculture.xml:11055
msgid "copyright terms extended by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:11143
+#: freeculture.xml:7156 freeculture.xml:11057
msgid "term extensions in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7244
+#: freeculture.xml:7158
msgid ""
"In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was "
"changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7251 freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:11167 freeculture.xml:15447
+#: freeculture.xml:7165 freeculture.xml:7200 freeculture.xml:11081 freeculture.xml:15361
msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7252 freeculture.xml:11147
+#: freeculture.xml:7166 freeculture.xml:11061
msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7254
+#: freeculture.xml:7168
msgid ""
"Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined "
"copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:11146 freeculture.xml:11147 freeculture.xml:13234 freeculture.xml:13715
+#: freeculture.xml:7177 freeculture.xml:11060 freeculture.xml:11061 freeculture.xml:13148 freeculture.xml:13629
msgid "patents"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:11146
+#: freeculture.xml:7177 freeculture.xml:11060
msgid "in public domain"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 146
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7265
+#: freeculture.xml:7179
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of "
"works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7277
+#: freeculture.xml:7191
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, "
"little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7287
+#: freeculture.xml:7201
msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7288 freeculture.xml:13388
+#: freeculture.xml:7202 freeculture.xml:13302
msgid "corporations"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7288
+#: freeculture.xml:7202
msgid "copyright terms for"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7290
+#: freeculture.xml:7204
msgid ""
"The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works "
"created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7300
+#: freeculture.xml:7214
msgid ""
"This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure "
"that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7319
+#: freeculture.xml:7233
msgid ""
"These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first "
"year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7311
+#: freeculture.xml:7225
msgid ""
"The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is "
"dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7333
+#: freeculture.xml:7247
msgid "Law: Scope"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7334 freeculture.xml:7553
+#: freeculture.xml:7248 freeculture.xml:7467
msgid "scope of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7336
+#: freeculture.xml:7250
msgid ""
"The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by "
"the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7342
+#: freeculture.xml:7256
msgid "historical shift in copyright coverage of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7344
+#: freeculture.xml:7258
msgid ""
"In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, "
"charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7357
+#: freeculture.xml:7271
msgid ""
"This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today "
"are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7371
+#: freeculture.xml:7285
msgid "marking of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7372
+#: freeculture.xml:7286
msgid "formalities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7373
+#: freeculture.xml:7287
msgid "registration requirement of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 148
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7375
+#: freeculture.xml:7289
msgid ""
"At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural "
"limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7390
+#: freeculture.xml:7304
msgid ""
"The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding "
"that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7403
+#: freeculture.xml:7317
msgid "European"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7405
+#: freeculture.xml:7319
msgid ""
"All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American "
"system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7416
+#: freeculture.xml:7330
msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences."
msgstr ""
#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7428
+#: freeculture.xml:7342
msgid ""
"See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the "
"Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7421
+#: freeculture.xml:7335
msgid ""
"If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually "
"copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another "
#. PAGE BREAK 149
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7443
+#: freeculture.xml:7357
msgid ""
"The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by "
"hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7453
+#: freeculture.xml:7367
msgid ""
"Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is "
"automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7462
+#: freeculture.xml:7376
msgid ""
"That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use "
"exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7467
+#: freeculture.xml:7381
msgid ""
"That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control "
"competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7482
+#: freeculture.xml:7396
msgid ""
"It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, "
"though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7504
+#: freeculture.xml:7418
msgid ""
"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal "
"Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7494
+#: freeculture.xml:7408
msgid ""
"In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free "
"culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7526
+#: freeculture.xml:7440
msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7519
+#: freeculture.xml:7433
msgid ""
"Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about "
"the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7514
+#: freeculture.xml:7428
msgid ""
"Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can "
"go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7534
+#: freeculture.xml:7448
msgid ""
"This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be "
"able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7542
+#: freeculture.xml:7456
msgid ""
"These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the "
"derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7551
+#: freeculture.xml:7465
msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7552 freeculture.xml:7614 freeculture.xml:7827
+#: freeculture.xml:7466 freeculture.xml:7528 freeculture.xml:7741
msgid "copies as core issue of"
msgstr ""
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7560
+#: freeculture.xml:7474
msgid ""
"This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly "
"regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7555
+#: freeculture.xml:7469
msgid ""
"Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in "
"copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7571
+#: freeculture.xml:7485
msgid "other property rights vs."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 151
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7574
+#: freeculture.xml:7488
msgid ""
"<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for "
"<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's "
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7593
+#: freeculture.xml:7507
msgid ""
"Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we "
"should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7588
+#: freeculture.xml:7502
msgid ""
"This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very "
"slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7606
+#: freeculture.xml:7520
msgid ""
"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty "
"circle."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7610
+#: freeculture.xml:7524
msgid "All potential uses of a book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7611
+#: freeculture.xml:7525
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7613
+#: freeculture.xml:7527
msgid "three types of uses of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7615
+#: freeculture.xml:7529
msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7616
+#: freeculture.xml:7530
msgid "copyright intent altered by"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 152
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7621
+#: freeculture.xml:7535
msgid ""
"Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all "
"its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7634
+#: freeculture.xml:7548
msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7635
+#: freeculture.xml:7549
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7638
+#: freeculture.xml:7552
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by "
"copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7650
+#: freeculture.xml:7564
msgid ""
"Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that "
"remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7655
+#: freeculture.xml:7569
msgid ""
"Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a "
"copyrighted work."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7656
+#: freeculture.xml:7570
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7661
+#: freeculture.xml:7575
msgid ""
"These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as "
"unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7671
+#: freeculture.xml:7585
msgid "Unregulated copying considered <quote>fair uses.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7672
+#: freeculture.xml:7586
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7676
+#: freeculture.xml:7590
msgid ""
"Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively "
"regulated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7677
+#: freeculture.xml:7591
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 154
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7682
+#: freeculture.xml:7596
msgid ""
"In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three "
"sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7971 freeculture.xml:10217
+#: freeculture.xml:7601 freeculture.xml:7885 freeculture.xml:10131
msgid "on Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7688
+#: freeculture.xml:7602
msgid "books on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7689 freeculture.xml:7766
+#: freeculture.xml:7603 freeculture.xml:7680
msgid "Internet burdens on"
msgstr ""
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7694
+#: freeculture.xml:7608
msgid ""
"I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be "
"different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7691
+#: freeculture.xml:7605
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a "
"copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
#. PAGE BREAK 155
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7714
+#: freeculture.xml:7628
msgid ""
"So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the "
"Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7725
+#: freeculture.xml:7639
msgid "e-books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7726
+#: freeculture.xml:7640
msgid "technological developments and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7728
+#: freeculture.xml:7642
msgid ""
"But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of "
"rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7740
+#: freeculture.xml:7654
msgid ""
"There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is "
"not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7746
+#: freeculture.xml:7660
msgid ""
"First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever "
"intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7755
+#: freeculture.xml:7669
msgid ""
"Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative "
"uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7768
+#: freeculture.xml:7682
msgid "fair use vs."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 156
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7770
+#: freeculture.xml:7684
msgid ""
"Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden "
"on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7789
+#: freeculture.xml:7703
msgid ""
"This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free "
"culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7805
+#: freeculture.xml:7719
msgid "Video Pipeline"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7807 freeculture.xml:15344
+#: freeculture.xml:7721 freeculture.xml:15258
msgid "film industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7807
+#: freeculture.xml:7721
msgid "trailer advertisements of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7809
+#: freeculture.xml:7723
msgid ""
"The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the "
"business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7815 freeculture.xml:7890 freeculture.xml:14090
+#: freeculture.xml:7729 freeculture.xml:7804 freeculture.xml:14004
msgid "browsing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7817
+#: freeculture.xml:7731
msgid ""
"The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to "
"think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The "
#. PAGE BREAK 157
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7830
+#: freeculture.xml:7744
msgid ""
"In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it "
"intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7847
+#: freeculture.xml:7761
msgid "willful infringement findings in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7848
+#: freeculture.xml:7762
msgid "willful infringement"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7850
+#: freeculture.xml:7764
msgid ""
"Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were "
"predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7860
+#: freeculture.xml:7774
msgid ""
"Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video "
"stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7868
+#: freeculture.xml:7782
msgid "first-sale doctrine"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7870
+#: freeculture.xml:7784
msgid ""
"Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would "
"consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7889
+#: freeculture.xml:7803
msgid "Barnes & Noble"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 158
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7894
+#: freeculture.xml:7808
msgid ""
"No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control "
"is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7909
+#: freeculture.xml:7823
msgid ""
"Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed "
"architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7918
+#: freeculture.xml:7832
msgid "Architecture and Law: Force"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7920
+#: freeculture.xml:7834
msgid ""
"The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second "
"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7925
+#: freeculture.xml:7839
msgid "technology as automatic enforcer of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7926
+#: freeculture.xml:7840
msgid "copyright enforcement controlled by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7928
+#: freeculture.xml:7842
msgid ""
"In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that "
"controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7935
+#: freeculture.xml:7849
msgid "Casablanca"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7936 freeculture.xml:8107
+#: freeculture.xml:7850 freeculture.xml:8021
msgid "Marx Brothers"
msgstr ""
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7947
+#: freeculture.xml:7861
msgid ""
"See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7939
+#: freeculture.xml:7853
msgid ""
"There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner "
"Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7956
+#: freeculture.xml:7870
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, "
"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7952
+#: freeculture.xml:7866
msgid ""
"This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers "
"that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7966
+#: freeculture.xml:7880
msgid ""
"An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the "
"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7973
+#: freeculture.xml:7887
msgid ""
"On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the "
"Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7985
+#: freeculture.xml:7899
msgid "Adobe eBook Reader"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7987
+#: freeculture.xml:7901
msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7990
+#: freeculture.xml:7904
msgid ""
"An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a "
"book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7997
+#: freeculture.xml:7911
msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 160
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8001
+#: freeculture.xml:7915
msgid ""
"As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book "
"library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8014
+#: freeculture.xml:7928
msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8015
+#: freeculture.xml:7929
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8018
+#: freeculture.xml:7932
msgid ""
"If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions "
"that the publisher purports to grant with this book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8022
+#: freeculture.xml:7936
msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8023
+#: freeculture.xml:7937
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 161
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8027
+#: freeculture.xml:7941
msgid ""
"According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard "
"of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8034
+#: freeculture.xml:7948
msgid "Aristotle"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8035
+#: freeculture.xml:7949
msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8037
+#: freeculture.xml:7951
msgid ""
"Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the "
"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8041
+#: freeculture.xml:7955
msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8042
+#: freeculture.xml:7956
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8045
+#: freeculture.xml:7959
msgid ""
"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at "
"all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8050
+#: freeculture.xml:7964
msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8051
+#: freeculture.xml:7965
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8053 freeculture.xml:9889
+#: freeculture.xml:7967 freeculture.xml:9803
msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8054 freeculture.xml:9890 freeculture.xml:11205 freeculture.xml:11251 freeculture.xml:13544
+#: freeculture.xml:7968 freeculture.xml:9804 freeculture.xml:11119 freeculture.xml:11165 freeculture.xml:13458
msgid "Lessig, Lawrence"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8056
+#: freeculture.xml:7970
msgid ""
"Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original "
"e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8062
+#: freeculture.xml:7976
msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8063
+#: freeculture.xml:7977
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8066
+#: freeculture.xml:7980
msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!"
msgstr ""
#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8076
+#: freeculture.xml:7990
msgid ""
"In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for "
"example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8069
+#: freeculture.xml:7983
msgid ""
"Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls "
"<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8091
+#: freeculture.xml:8005
msgid ""
"The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within "
"which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are "
#. PAGE BREAK 163
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8111
+#: freeculture.xml:8025
msgid ""
"These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world "
"where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8117
+#: freeculture.xml:8031
msgid ""
"This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright "
"<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8126
+#: freeculture.xml:8040
msgid ""
"How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls "
"built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8133
+#: freeculture.xml:8047
msgid ""
"We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook "
"Reader."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8136
+#: freeculture.xml:8050
msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8137
+#: freeculture.xml:8051
msgid "e-book restrictions on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8139
+#: freeculture.xml:8053
msgid ""
"Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public "
"relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8147
+#: freeculture.xml:8061
msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</quote>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8149
+#: freeculture.xml:8063
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8153
+#: freeculture.xml:8067
msgid ""
"Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, "
"not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8158
+#: freeculture.xml:8072
msgid ""
"The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the "
"text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8166
+#: freeculture.xml:8080
msgid ""
"Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to "
"restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8181
+#: freeculture.xml:8095
msgid ""
"The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative "
"companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8191
+#: freeculture.xml:8105
msgid ""
"To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story "
"of mine that makes the same point."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8194 freeculture.xml:8338 freeculture.xml:8403 freeculture.xml:8511
+#: freeculture.xml:8108 freeculture.xml:8252 freeculture.xml:8317 freeculture.xml:8425
msgid "Aibo robotic dog"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8195 freeculture.xml:8339 freeculture.xml:8404 freeculture.xml:8512
+#: freeculture.xml:8109 freeculture.xml:8253 freeculture.xml:8318 freeculture.xml:8426
msgid "robotic dog"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8196 freeculture.xml:8340 freeculture.xml:8405 freeculture.xml:8513
+#: freeculture.xml:8110 freeculture.xml:8254 freeculture.xml:8319 freeculture.xml:8427
msgid "Sony"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8196 freeculture.xml:8340 freeculture.xml:8405 freeculture.xml:8513
+#: freeculture.xml:8110 freeculture.xml:8254 freeculture.xml:8319 freeculture.xml:8427
msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8198
+#: freeculture.xml:8112
msgid ""
"Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo "
"learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and "
#. PAGE BREAK 165
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8203
+#: freeculture.xml:8117
msgid ""
"The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up "
"clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8212
+#: freeculture.xml:8126
msgid ""
"<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute "
"computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8219
+#: freeculture.xml:8133
msgid "hacks"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8221
+#: freeculture.xml:8135
msgid ""
"If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word "
"<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8235
+#: freeculture.xml:8149
msgid ""
"Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like "
"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8242
+#: freeculture.xml:8156
msgid ""
"The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and "
"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance "
#. PAGE BREAK 166
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8252
+#: freeculture.xml:8166
msgid ""
"I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United "
"States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8267
+#: freeculture.xml:8181
msgid "government case against"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8269
+#: freeculture.xml:8183
msgid ""
"Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not "
"literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:10843
+#: freeculture.xml:8206 freeculture.xml:10757
msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8282
+#: freeculture.xml:8196
msgid ""
"See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to "
"Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8280
+#: freeculture.xml:8194
msgid ""
"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8300
+#: freeculture.xml:8214
msgid ""
"The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to "
"exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8310
+#: freeculture.xml:8224
msgid ""
"When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In "
"exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of "
#. PAGE BREAK 167
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8317
+#: freeculture.xml:8231
msgid ""
"Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the "
"team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8323
+#: freeculture.xml:8237
msgid ""
"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United "
"States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8331
+#: freeculture.xml:8245
msgid ""
"What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing "
"the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8342
+#: freeculture.xml:8256
msgid ""
"What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then "
"received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8349
+#: freeculture.xml:8263
msgid ""
"Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's "
"copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8358
+#: freeculture.xml:8272
msgid ""
"And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of "
"encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an "
#. PAGE BREAK 168
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8364
+#: freeculture.xml:8278
msgid ""
"Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public "
"Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8372
+#: freeculture.xml:8286
msgid ""
"In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread "
"of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8377
+#: freeculture.xml:8291
msgid ""
"The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about "
"cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8388
+#: freeculture.xml:8302
msgid ""
"The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code "
"designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8395
+#: freeculture.xml:8309
msgid ""
"But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the "
"extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at "
#. PAGE BREAK 169
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8407
+#: freeculture.xml:8321
msgid ""
"Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a "
"copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8419
+#: freeculture.xml:8333
msgid ""
"The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line "
"of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8426 freeculture.xml:8461
+#: freeculture.xml:8340 freeculture.xml:8375
msgid "Rogers, Fred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8437 freeculture.xml:8474 freeculture.xml:8500
+#: freeculture.xml:8351 freeculture.xml:8388 freeculture.xml:8414
msgid "Conrad, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8429
+#: freeculture.xml:8343
msgid ""
"The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by "
"Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8456
+#: freeculture.xml:8370
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of "
"America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8441
+#: freeculture.xml:8355
msgid ""
"Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the "
"<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I "
#. PAGE BREAK 170
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8467
+#: freeculture.xml:8381
msgid ""
"Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses "
"that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8472
+#: freeculture.xml:8386
msgid ""
"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8477
+#: freeculture.xml:8391
msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8480
+#: freeculture.xml:8394
msgid ""
"The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention "
"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8487
+#: freeculture.xml:8401
msgid "handguns"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 171
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8489
+#: freeculture.xml:8403
msgid ""
"A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree "
"such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8497
+#: freeculture.xml:8411
msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8498
+#: freeculture.xml:8412
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8502
+#: freeculture.xml:8416
msgid ""
"The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns "
"are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8515
+#: freeculture.xml:8429
msgid ""
"The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the "
"balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8523
+#: freeculture.xml:8437
msgid ""
"This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The "
"controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8535
+#: freeculture.xml:8449
msgid ""
"There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law "
"that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease "
#. f24
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8554
+#: freeculture.xml:8468
msgid ""
"For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal "
"Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8548
+#: freeculture.xml:8462
msgid ""
"For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan "
"club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8560
+#: freeculture.xml:8474
msgid ""
"Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. "
"No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8568
+#: freeculture.xml:8482
msgid ""
"But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally "
"available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8578
+#: freeculture.xml:8492
msgid ""
"This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the "
"ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8587
+#: freeculture.xml:8501
msgid "Market: Concentration"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 173
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8589
+#: freeculture.xml:8503
msgid ""
"So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past "
"thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8607
+#: freeculture.xml:8521
msgid ""
"Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't "
"for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8614
+#: freeculture.xml:8528
msgid ""
"This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In "
"the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8625
+#: freeculture.xml:8539
msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8629
+#: freeculture.xml:8543
msgid "BMG"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8630 freeculture.xml:9999
+#: freeculture.xml:8544 freeculture.xml:9913
msgid "EMI"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8631
+#: freeculture.xml:8545
msgid "McCain, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8632 freeculture.xml:10006
+#: freeculture.xml:8546 freeculture.xml:9920
msgid "Universal Music Group"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8633
+#: freeculture.xml:8547
msgid "Warner Music Group"
msgstr ""
#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8639
+#: freeculture.xml:8553
msgid ""
"FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and "
"Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement "
#. f26
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8646
+#: freeculture.xml:8560
msgid ""
"Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to "
"Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002."
#. f27
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8652
+#: freeculture.xml:8566
msgid ""
"Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8635
+#: freeculture.xml:8549
msgid ""
"Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain "
"summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, "
#. PAGE BREAK 174
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8657
+#: freeculture.xml:8571
msgid ""
"The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the "
"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8669
+#: freeculture.xml:8583
msgid ""
"Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are "
"six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8683 freeculture.xml:8700
+#: freeculture.xml:8597 freeculture.xml:8614
msgid "Fallows, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8680
+#: freeculture.xml:8594
msgid ""
"Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in "
"the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8698
+#: freeculture.xml:8612
msgid ""
"James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic "
"Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8687
+#: freeculture.xml:8601
msgid ""
"Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its "
"integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8705
+#: freeculture.xml:8619
msgid ""
"The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large "
"companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8711
+#: freeculture.xml:8625
msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8712
+#: freeculture.xml:8626
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 175
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8716
+#: freeculture.xml:8630
msgid ""
"Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is "
"distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8721
+#: freeculture.xml:8635
msgid ""
"My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing "
"more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8727
+#: freeculture.xml:8641
msgid ""
"Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration "
"may matter."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8730
+#: freeculture.xml:8644
msgid "Lear, Norman"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8732 freeculture.xml:8795
+#: freeculture.xml:8646 freeculture.xml:8709
msgid "All in the Family"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8734
+#: freeculture.xml:8648
msgid ""
"In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the "
"Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It "
#. f29
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8746
+#: freeculture.xml:8660
msgid ""
"Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum "
"Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8741
+#: freeculture.xml:8655
msgid ""
"Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to "
"have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that "
#. PAGE BREAK 176
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8757
+#: freeculture.xml:8671
msgid ""
"The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the "
"networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a "
#. f30
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8776
+#: freeculture.xml:8690
msgid ""
"NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media "
"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8766
+#: freeculture.xml:8680
msgid ""
"In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After "
"that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8797
+#: freeculture.xml:8711
msgid ""
"Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the "
"Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8802
+#: freeculture.xml:8716
msgid "Diller, Barry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8803
+#: freeculture.xml:8717
msgid "Moyers, Bill"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8805
+#: freeculture.xml:8719
msgid ""
"While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of "
"those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry "
#. f32
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8820
+#: freeculture.xml:8734
msgid ""
"<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with "
"Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8811
+#: freeculture.xml:8725
msgid ""
"Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their "
"channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8827
+#: freeculture.xml:8741
msgid ""
"This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large "
"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8838
+#: freeculture.xml:8752
msgid "Clark, Kim B."
msgstr ""
#. f33
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8847
+#: freeculture.xml:8761
msgid ""
"Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The "
"Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8840
+#: freeculture.xml:8754
msgid ""
"Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration "
"affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8864
+#: freeculture.xml:8778
msgid ""
"I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say "
"with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8870
+#: freeculture.xml:8784
msgid ""
"But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest "
"the concern."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8874
+#: freeculture.xml:8788
msgid ""
"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug "
"wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; "
#. PAGE BREAK 178
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8879
+#: freeculture.xml:8793
msgid ""
"Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any "
"position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8898
+#: freeculture.xml:8812
msgid ""
"You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is "
"through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8905
+#: freeculture.xml:8819
msgid ""
"Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a "
"media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8917
+#: freeculture.xml:8831
msgid ""
"Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its "
"message well. It's a fair and reasonable message."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8921
+#: freeculture.xml:8835
msgid ""
"But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a "
"countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to "
#. PAGE BREAK 179
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8927
+#: freeculture.xml:8841
msgid ""
"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the "
"money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8969
+#: freeculture.xml:8883
msgid "Comcast"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8970
+#: freeculture.xml:8884
msgid "Marijuana Policy Project"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8971
+#: freeculture.xml:8885
msgid "NBC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8972
+#: freeculture.xml:8886
msgid "WJOA"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8973
+#: freeculture.xml:8887
msgid "WRC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8944
+#: freeculture.xml:8858
msgid ""
"The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that "
"directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8934
+#: freeculture.xml:8848
msgid ""
"No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding "
"<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8978
+#: freeculture.xml:8892
msgid ""
"I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a "
"media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8991
+#: freeculture.xml:8905
msgid "Together"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8993
+#: freeculture.xml:8907
msgid ""
"There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright "
"warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In "
#. PAGE BREAK 180
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8999
+#: freeculture.xml:8913
msgid ""
"But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has "
"changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9015
+#: freeculture.xml:8929
msgid ""
"Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright "
"or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9021
+#: freeculture.xml:8935
msgid ""
"But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture "
"notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9033
+#: freeculture.xml:8947
msgid ""
"Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant "
"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now "
#. PAGE BREAK 181
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9045
+#: freeculture.xml:8959
msgid ""
"For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we "
"see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9069
+#: freeculture.xml:8983
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a "
"similar point in his <quote>four surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9054
+#: freeculture.xml:8968
msgid ""
"Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they "
"affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9075
+#: freeculture.xml:8989
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point "
"can now be briefly stated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9079
+#: freeculture.xml:8993
msgid ""
"At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and "
"noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9091 freeculture.xml:9128
+#: freeculture.xml:9005 freeculture.xml:9042
msgid "PUBLISH"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9092 freeculture.xml:9129 freeculture.xml:9167 freeculture.xml:9199
+#: freeculture.xml:9006 freeculture.xml:9043 freeculture.xml:9081 freeculture.xml:9113
msgid "TRANSFORM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9097 freeculture.xml:9134 freeculture.xml:9172 freeculture.xml:9204
+#: freeculture.xml:9011 freeculture.xml:9048 freeculture.xml:9086 freeculture.xml:9118
msgid "Commercial"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9098 freeculture.xml:9135 freeculture.xml:9136 freeculture.xml:9173 freeculture.xml:9174 freeculture.xml:9205 freeculture.xml:9206 freeculture.xml:9210 freeculture.xml:9211
+#: freeculture.xml:9012 freeculture.xml:9049 freeculture.xml:9050 freeculture.xml:9087 freeculture.xml:9088 freeculture.xml:9119 freeculture.xml:9120 freeculture.xml:9124 freeculture.xml:9125
msgid "©"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9099 freeculture.xml:9103 freeculture.xml:9104 freeculture.xml:9140 freeculture.xml:9141 freeculture.xml:9179
+#: freeculture.xml:9013 freeculture.xml:9017 freeculture.xml:9018 freeculture.xml:9054 freeculture.xml:9055 freeculture.xml:9093
msgid "Free"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9102 freeculture.xml:9139 freeculture.xml:9177 freeculture.xml:9209
+#: freeculture.xml:9016 freeculture.xml:9053 freeculture.xml:9091 freeculture.xml:9123
msgid "Noncommercial"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 182
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9111
+#: freeculture.xml:9025
msgid ""
"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright "
"law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9120
+#: freeculture.xml:9034
msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9148
+#: freeculture.xml:9062
msgid ""
"Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, "
"which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9154
+#: freeculture.xml:9068
msgid ""
"In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this "
"change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9166 freeculture.xml:9198
+#: freeculture.xml:9080 freeculture.xml:9112
msgid "COPY"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9178
+#: freeculture.xml:9092
msgid "©/Free"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9186
+#: freeculture.xml:9100
msgid ""
"The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy "
"machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market "
#. PAGE BREAK 183
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9218
+#: freeculture.xml:9132
msgid ""
"Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was "
"not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9226
+#: freeculture.xml:9140
msgid ""
"Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does "
"no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9232
+#: freeculture.xml:9146
msgid ""
"I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I "
"also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9256
+#: freeculture.xml:9170
msgid "legal realist movement"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9250
+#: freeculture.xml:9164
msgid ""
"It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement "
"to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9244
+#: freeculture.xml:9158
msgid ""
"The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course "
"copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any "
#. PAGE BREAK 184
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9269
+#: freeculture.xml:9183
msgid ""
"We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on "
"the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9288
+#: freeculture.xml:9202
msgid ""
"Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response "
"to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9305
+#: freeculture.xml:9219
msgid "PUZZLES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9309
+#: freeculture.xml:9223
msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9310
+#: freeculture.xml:9224
msgid "chimeras"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9311
+#: freeculture.xml:9225
msgid "Wells, H. G."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9312
+#: freeculture.xml:9226
msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)"
msgstr ""
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9320
+#: freeculture.xml:9234
msgid ""
"H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See "
"H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9315
+#: freeculture.xml:9229
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by "
"H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9332
+#: freeculture.xml:9246
msgid ""
"Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight "
"to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are "
#. PAGE BREAK 187
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9344
+#: freeculture.xml:9258
msgid ""
"The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the "
"virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9355
+#: freeculture.xml:9269
msgid ""
"When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously "
"delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9361
+#: freeculture.xml:9275
msgid ""
"After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain "
"is affected,</quote> he reports."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9365
+#: freeculture.xml:9279
msgid ""
"<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things "
"that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9370
+#: freeculture.xml:9284
msgid ""
"The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty "
"that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9376
+#: freeculture.xml:9290
msgid ""
"<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They "
"inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. "
#. PAGE BREAK 188
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9382
+#: freeculture.xml:9296
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of "
"twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9396
+#: freeculture.xml:9310
msgid ""
"Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A "
"single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9404
+#: freeculture.xml:9318
msgid ""
"The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and "
"culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9418
+#: freeculture.xml:9332
msgid ""
"But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a "
"p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9427
+#: freeculture.xml:9341
msgid ""
"Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking "
"into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with "
#. PAGE BREAK 189
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9438
+#: freeculture.xml:9352
msgid ""
"But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from "
"Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9448
+#: freeculture.xml:9362
msgid ""
"The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it "
"is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9464 freeculture.xml:9750 freeculture.xml:10844
+#: freeculture.xml:9378 freeculture.xml:9664 freeculture.xml:10758
msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9495
+#: freeculture.xml:9409
msgid "Conyers, John, Jr."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9496 freeculture.xml:10255
+#: freeculture.xml:9410 freeculture.xml:10169
msgid "Berman, Howard L."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9464
+#: freeculture.xml:9378
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the "
"report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9455
+#: freeculture.xml:9369
msgid ""
"We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, "
"with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9502
+#: freeculture.xml:9416
msgid ""
"Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as "
"though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9509
+#: freeculture.xml:9423
msgid ""
"Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than "
"embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that "
#. PAGE BREAK 190
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9521
+#: freeculture.xml:9435
msgid ""
"Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of "
"the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9529
+#: freeculture.xml:9443
msgid ""
"I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> "
"music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9542
+#: freeculture.xml:9456
msgid ""
"eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, "
"and we want to protect those rights."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9546
+#: freeculture.xml:9460
msgid ""
"But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major "
"labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9563
+#: freeculture.xml:9477
msgid ""
"WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital "
"Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9553
+#: freeculture.xml:9467
msgid ""
"This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with "
"respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9577 freeculture.xml:9950
+#: freeculture.xml:9491 freeculture.xml:9864
msgid "Vivendi Universal"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9574
+#: freeculture.xml:9488
msgid ""
"In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of "
"<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9580
+#: freeculture.xml:9494
msgid ""
"Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It "
"will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9588
+#: freeculture.xml:9502
msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9590
+#: freeculture.xml:9504
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to "
"protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9598
+#: freeculture.xml:9512
msgid ""
"My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in "
"particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9604
+#: freeculture.xml:9518
msgid ""
"In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first "
"time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9612
+#: freeculture.xml:9526
msgid ""
"Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is "
"still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme "
#. PAGE BREAK 193
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9620
+#: freeculture.xml:9534
msgid ""
"There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe "
"just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9627
+#: freeculture.xml:9541
msgid "Constraining Creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9629
+#: freeculture.xml:9543
msgid ""
"In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. "
"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9644
+#: freeculture.xml:9558
msgid ""
"This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of "
"the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 194
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9655
+#: freeculture.xml:9569
msgid ""
"Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture "
"that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9665
+#: freeculture.xml:9579
msgid ""
"Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the "
"current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9675 freeculture.xml:9698
+#: freeculture.xml:9589 freeculture.xml:9612
msgid "Worldcom"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9678
+#: freeculture.xml:9592
msgid "doctors malpractice claims against"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9693
+#: freeculture.xml:9607
msgid ""
"See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at "
"WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9714
+#: freeculture.xml:9628
msgid "Bush, George W."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9705
+#: freeculture.xml:9619
msgid ""
"The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the "
"House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9681
+#: freeculture.xml:9595
msgid ""
"That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of "
"extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9720
+#: freeculture.xml:9634
msgid "art, underground"
msgstr ""
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9741
+#: freeculture.xml:9655
msgid ""
"See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9722
+#: freeculture.xml:9636
msgid ""
"The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high "
"penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9752
+#: freeculture.xml:9666
msgid ""
"Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing "
"law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9765
+#: freeculture.xml:9679
msgid ""
"Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting "
"infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9776
+#: freeculture.xml:9690
msgid ""
"Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described "
"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, "
#. PAGE BREAK 196
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9787
+#: freeculture.xml:9701
msgid ""
"But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend "
"your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9797
+#: freeculture.xml:9711
msgid ""
"Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate "
"<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9808
+#: freeculture.xml:9722
msgid ""
"For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of "
"a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9819
+#: freeculture.xml:9733
msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me,"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 197
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9823
+#: freeculture.xml:9737
msgid ""
"We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are "
"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9836
+#: freeculture.xml:9750
msgid "Constraining Innovators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9837
+#: freeculture.xml:9751
msgid "innovation hampered by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9838
+#: freeculture.xml:9752
msgid "industry establishment opposed to"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9841
+#: freeculture.xml:9755
msgid ""
"The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity "
"quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9850
+#: freeculture.xml:9764
msgid ""
"But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, "
"it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9861
+#: freeculture.xml:9775
msgid ""
"The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same "
"charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:9995 freeculture.xml:10001
+#: freeculture.xml:9788 freeculture.xml:9909 freeculture.xml:9915
msgid "Barry, Hank"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9875 freeculture.xml:10007
+#: freeculture.xml:9789 freeculture.xml:9921
msgid "venture capitalists"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 198
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9877
+#: freeculture.xml:9791
msgid ""
"This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy "
"that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9892
+#: freeculture.xml:9806
msgid ""
"Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in "
"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9896
+#: freeculture.xml:9810
msgid "MP3.com"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9897
+#: freeculture.xml:9811
msgid "my.mp3.com"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9898
+#: freeculture.xml:9812
msgid "Roberts, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9900
+#: freeculture.xml:9814
msgid ""
"In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was "
"keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9908
+#: freeculture.xml:9822
msgid "preference data on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9910
+#: freeculture.xml:9824
msgid ""
"To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to "
"recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9917
+#: freeculture.xml:9831
msgid ""
"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. "
"MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference "
#. PAGE BREAK 199
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9929
+#: freeculture.xml:9843
msgid ""
"No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that "
"opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9939
+#: freeculture.xml:9853
msgid ""
"To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to "
"a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9951 freeculture.xml:9996
+#: freeculture.xml:9865 freeculture.xml:9910
msgid "distribution technology targeted in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9956
+#: freeculture.xml:9870
msgid "outsize penalties of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9958
+#: freeculture.xml:9872
msgid ""
"Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed "
"by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9968
+#: freeculture.xml:9882
msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9971
+#: freeculture.xml:9885
msgid ""
"After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a "
"malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a "
#. PAGE BREAK 200
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9982
+#: freeculture.xml:9896
msgid ""
"The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified "
"amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9997
+#: freeculture.xml:9911
msgid "BMW"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9998
+#: freeculture.xml:9912
msgid "cars, MP3 sound systems in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10000
+#: freeculture.xml:9914
msgid "Hummer, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10002
+#: freeculture.xml:9916
msgid "Hummer Winblad"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10003
+#: freeculture.xml:9917
msgid "MP3 players"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10004
+#: freeculture.xml:9918
msgid "venture capital for"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10005 freeculture.xml:10051
+#: freeculture.xml:9919 freeculture.xml:9965
msgid "Needleman, Rafe"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10015
+#: freeculture.xml:9929
msgid ""
"See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10009
+#: freeculture.xml:9923
msgid ""
"This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal "
"and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10047
+#: freeculture.xml:9961
msgid ""
"Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10038
+#: freeculture.xml:9952
msgid ""
"I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, "
"there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10059
+#: freeculture.xml:9973
msgid ""
"This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your "
"life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats "
#. PAGE BREAK 201
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10069
+#: freeculture.xml:9983
msgid ""
"The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal "
"enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10084
+#: freeculture.xml:9998
msgid ""
"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair "
"use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of "
#. PAGE BREAK 202
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10096
+#: freeculture.xml:10010
msgid ""
"The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the "
"first important way in which the changes I have described will burden "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10115
+#: freeculture.xml:10029
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden "
"on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10122
+#: freeculture.xml:10036
msgid ""
"The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the "
"efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10137
+#: freeculture.xml:10051
msgid ""
"<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> "
"GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law "
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10150
+#: freeculture.xml:10064
msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10133
+#: freeculture.xml:10047
msgid ""
"The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the "
"content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would "
#. PAGE BREAK 203
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10154
+#: freeculture.xml:10068
msgid ""
"In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why "
"not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10163 freeculture.xml:12072
+#: freeculture.xml:10077 freeculture.xml:11986
msgid "Intel"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10169
+#: freeculture.xml:10083
msgid ""
"See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> "
"Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10165
+#: freeculture.xml:10079
msgid ""
"In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, "
"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10177
+#: freeculture.xml:10091
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which "
"this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10182
+#: freeculture.xml:10096
msgid ""
"Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of "
"regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10200
+#: freeculture.xml:10114
msgid "Digital Copyright (Litman)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10198
+#: freeculture.xml:10112
msgid ""
"Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: "
"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10192
+#: freeculture.xml:10106
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10210
+#: freeculture.xml:10124
msgid ""
"But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the "
"rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10216
+#: freeculture.xml:10130
msgid "radio on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10221
+#: freeculture.xml:10135
msgid "Grokster, Ltd."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10221
+#: freeculture.xml:10135
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception "
"is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10240
+#: freeculture.xml:10154
msgid "Tauzin, Billy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10256
+#: freeculture.xml:10170
msgid "Hollings, Fritz"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10240
+#: freeculture.xml:10154
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For example, in July 2002, "
"Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10219
+#: freeculture.xml:10133
msgid ""
"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses "
#. PAGE BREAK 204
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10267
+#: freeculture.xml:10181
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10278
+#: freeculture.xml:10192
msgid ""
"The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The "
"justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10289
+#: freeculture.xml:10203
msgid ""
"Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to "
"stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10298
+#: freeculture.xml:10212
msgid ""
"This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are "
"potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in "
#. PAGE BREAK 205
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10314
+#: freeculture.xml:10228
msgid ""
"Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement "
"potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10338
+#: freeculture.xml:10252
msgid "Lessing, 239."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10324
+#: freeculture.xml:10238
msgid ""
"An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, "
"thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded "
#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10348
+#: freeculture.xml:10262
msgid "Ibid., 229."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10343
+#: freeculture.xml:10257
msgid ""
"This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong "
"was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10353
+#: freeculture.xml:10267
msgid ""
"Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there "
"is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10362
+#: freeculture.xml:10276
msgid "on radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10366
+#: freeculture.xml:10280
msgid "Internet radio hampered by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10367 freeculture.xml:10520
+#: freeculture.xml:10281 freeculture.xml:10434
msgid "on Internet radio fees"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 206
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10370
+#: freeculture.xml:10284
msgid ""
"But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new "
"industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10409
+#: freeculture.xml:10323
msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10392
+#: freeculture.xml:10306
msgid ""
"This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration "
"Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10385
+#: freeculture.xml:10299
msgid ""
"This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher "
"estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10421
+#: freeculture.xml:10335
msgid ""
"The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were "
"proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10429
+#: freeculture.xml:10343
msgid "name of the service;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10432
+#: freeculture.xml:10346
msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10435
+#: freeculture.xml:10349
msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10438
+#: freeculture.xml:10352
msgid "date of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10441
+#: freeculture.xml:10355
msgid "time of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10444
+#: freeculture.xml:10358
msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10447
+#: freeculture.xml:10361
msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10450
+#: freeculture.xml:10364
msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10453
+#: freeculture.xml:10367
msgid "sound recording title;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10456
+#: freeculture.xml:10370
msgid "ISRC code of the recording;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10459
+#: freeculture.xml:10373
msgid ""
"release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of "
"compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10462
+#: freeculture.xml:10376
msgid "featured recording artist;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10465
+#: freeculture.xml:10379
msgid "retail album title;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10468
+#: freeculture.xml:10382
msgid "recording label;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10471
+#: freeculture.xml:10385
msgid "UPC code of the retail album;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10474
+#: freeculture.xml:10388
msgid "catalog number;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10477
+#: freeculture.xml:10391
msgid "copyright owner information;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10480
+#: freeculture.xml:10394
msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10483
+#: freeculture.xml:10397
msgid "name of the service or entity;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10486
+#: freeculture.xml:10400
msgid "channel or program;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10489
+#: freeculture.xml:10403
msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10492
+#: freeculture.xml:10406
msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10495
+#: freeculture.xml:10409
msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10498
+#: freeculture.xml:10412
msgid "unique user identifier;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10501
+#: freeculture.xml:10415
msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10506
+#: freeculture.xml:10420
msgid ""
"The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, "
"pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10514
+#: freeculture.xml:10428
msgid ""
"Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic "
"consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10518 freeculture.xml:15323
+#: freeculture.xml:10432 freeculture.xml:15237
msgid "Real Networks"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10524
+#: freeculture.xml:10438
msgid ""
"In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to "
"everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at "
#. PAGE BREAK 208
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10530
+#: freeculture.xml:10444
msgid ""
"The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony "
"about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10546
+#: freeculture.xml:10460
msgid ""
"And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an "
"industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10558
+#: freeculture.xml:10472
msgid ""
"Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that "
"this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10574
+#: freeculture.xml:10488
msgid "Corrupting Citizens"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10576
+#: freeculture.xml:10490
msgid ""
"Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives "
"dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10582
+#: freeculture.xml:10496
msgid ""
"In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important "
"to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10591
+#: freeculture.xml:10505
msgid ""
"Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> "
"Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink "
#. PAGE BREAK 209
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10587
+#: freeculture.xml:10501
msgid ""
"The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war "
"of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number "
#. f16.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10625
+#: freeculture.xml:10539
msgid ""
"Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA "
"Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10612
+#: freeculture.xml:10526
msgid ""
"The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal "
"system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10636
+#: freeculture.xml:10550
msgid "alcohol prohibition"
msgstr ""
#. f17.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10648
+#: freeculture.xml:10562
msgid ""
"Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During "
"Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, "
#. f18.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10656
+#: freeculture.xml:10570
msgid ""
"National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform "
"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John "
#. f19.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10666
+#: freeculture.xml:10580
msgid ""
"See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax "
"Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10638
+#: freeculture.xml:10552
msgid ""
"Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something "
"more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10674
+#: freeculture.xml:10588
msgid "law schools"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10676
+#: freeculture.xml:10590
msgid ""
"This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly "
"salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10693
+#: freeculture.xml:10607
msgid ""
"The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more "
"severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make "
#. PAGE BREAK 211
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10706
+#: freeculture.xml:10620
msgid ""
"My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we "
"should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10713
+#: freeculture.xml:10627
msgid ""
"My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but "
"that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10727
+#: freeculture.xml:10641
msgid ""
"When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the "
"Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10739
+#: freeculture.xml:10653
msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 212
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10742
+#: freeculture.xml:10656
msgid ""
"We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of "
"plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10753
+#: freeculture.xml:10667
msgid ""
"But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph "
"records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10761
+#: freeculture.xml:10675
msgid "Andromeda"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10762
+#: freeculture.xml:10676
msgid "mix technology and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10764
+#: freeculture.xml:10678
msgid ""
"This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a "
"large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10775
+#: freeculture.xml:10689
msgid ""
"This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But "
"unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so "
#. PAGE BREAK 213
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10785
+#: freeculture.xml:10699
msgid ""
"If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your "
"own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10800
+#: freeculture.xml:10714
msgid ""
"If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the "
"ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10809
+#: freeculture.xml:10723
msgid ""
"My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a "
"version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10820
+#: freeculture.xml:10734
msgid ""
"I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning "
"forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10829
+#: freeculture.xml:10743
msgid ""
"Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled "
"Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form "
#. PAGE BREAK 214
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10835
+#: freeculture.xml:10749
msgid ""
"It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable "
"why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10846
+#: freeculture.xml:10760
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this "
"corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10854 freeculture.xml:10954
+#: freeculture.xml:10768 freeculture.xml:10868
msgid "von Lohmann, Fred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10856
+#: freeculture.xml:10770
msgid ""
"<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von "
"Lohmann explains,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10861
+#: freeculture.xml:10775
msgid ""
"then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to "
"one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10873
+#: freeculture.xml:10787
msgid ""
"And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into "
"criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10878
+#: freeculture.xml:10792
msgid ""
"Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA "
"launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the "
#. f20.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10896
+#: freeculture.xml:10810
msgid ""
"See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single "
"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10887
+#: freeculture.xml:10801
msgid ""
"The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to "
"sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded "
#. f21.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10914
+#: freeculture.xml:10828
msgid ""
"See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses "
"Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10910
+#: freeculture.xml:10824
msgid ""
"Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A "
"report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted "
#. f22.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10935
+#: freeculture.xml:10849
msgid ""
"See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not "
"Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10923
+#: freeculture.xml:10837
msgid ""
"So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a "
"CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you "
#. PAGE BREAK 216
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10956
+#: freeculture.xml:10870
msgid ""
"Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a "
"lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10971
+#: freeculture.xml:10885
msgid ""
"So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans "
"that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10991
+#: freeculture.xml:10905
msgid ""
"When forty to sixty million Americans are considered "
"<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:11004
+#: freeculture.xml:10918
msgid "BALANCES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11009
+#: freeculture.xml:10923
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at "
"the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11016
+#: freeculture.xml:10930
msgid ""
"As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the "
"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11024
+#: freeculture.xml:10938
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all "
"around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current "
#. PAGE BREAK 219
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11034
+#: freeculture.xml:10948
msgid ""
"Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with "
"plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11042
+#: freeculture.xml:10956
msgid ""
"Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and "
"fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11047
+#: freeculture.xml:10961
msgid ""
"We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, "
"binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11053
+#: freeculture.xml:10967
msgid ""
"This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my "
"failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:11063
+#: freeculture.xml:10977
msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11064
+#: freeculture.xml:10978
msgid "Eldred, Eric"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11065
+#: freeculture.xml:10979
msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11067
+#: freeculture.xml:10981
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his "
"daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11075
+#: freeculture.xml:10989
msgid "of public-domain literature"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11076
+#: freeculture.xml:10990
msgid "library of works derived from"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11078
+#: freeculture.xml:10992
msgid ""
"It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne "
"any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a "
#. PAGE BREAK 221
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11087
+#: freeculture.xml:11001
msgid ""
"Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, "
"though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11097
+#: freeculture.xml:11011
msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11099
+#: freeculture.xml:11013
msgid ""
"Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source "
"as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11124 freeculture.xml:12171
+#: freeculture.xml:11038 freeculture.xml:12085
msgid "pornography"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11124
+#: freeculture.xml:11038
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with "
"pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11113
+#: freeculture.xml:11027
msgid ""
"The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public "
"domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11144
+#: freeculture.xml:11058
msgid "Frost, Robert"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11145
+#: freeculture.xml:11059
msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11149
+#: freeculture.xml:11063
msgid ""
"As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection "
"of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11164 freeculture.xml:11176
+#: freeculture.xml:11078 freeculture.xml:11090
msgid "Bono, Mary"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11165 freeculture.xml:11177
+#: freeculture.xml:11079 freeculture.xml:11091
msgid "Bono, Sonny"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11176
+#: freeculture.xml:11090
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11171
+#: freeculture.xml:11085
msgid ""
"This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in "
"memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11188
+#: freeculture.xml:11102
msgid "felony punishment for infringement of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11189
+#: freeculture.xml:11103
msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11190
+#: freeculture.xml:11104
msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11191
+#: freeculture.xml:11105
msgid "felony punishments for"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11193
+#: freeculture.xml:11107
msgid ""
"Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through "
"civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11202 freeculture.xml:12139
+#: freeculture.xml:11116 freeculture.xml:12053
msgid "constitutional powers of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11205 freeculture.xml:11251
+#: freeculture.xml:11119 freeculture.xml:11165
msgid "Eldred case involvement of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11207
+#: freeculture.xml:11121
msgid ""
"It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a "
"constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11218
+#: freeculture.xml:11132
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by "
"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11225
+#: freeculture.xml:11139
msgid ""
"As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of "
"Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11237 freeculture.xml:12733
+#: freeculture.xml:11151 freeculture.xml:12647
msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 223
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11239
+#: freeculture.xml:11153
msgid ""
"In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending "
"existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11253
+#: freeculture.xml:11167
msgid ""
"As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting "
"late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11264
+#: freeculture.xml:11178
msgid ""
"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of "
"government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11273
+#: freeculture.xml:11187
msgid ""
"If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the "
"very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11283
+#: freeculture.xml:11197
msgid ""
"So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of "
"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to "
#. PAGE BREAK 224
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11290
+#: freeculture.xml:11204
msgid ""
"<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in "
"works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11298
+#: freeculture.xml:11212
msgid ""
"<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, "
"<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11304
+#: freeculture.xml:11218
msgid ""
"<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing "
"something about it?</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11308
+#: freeculture.xml:11222
msgid ""
"<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could "
"contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11313
+#: freeculture.xml:11227
msgid ""
"You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know "
"whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11319
+#: freeculture.xml:11233
msgid ""
"<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you "
"will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11325
+#: freeculture.xml:11239
msgid ""
"You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct "
"conclusion:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11329
+#: freeculture.xml:11243
msgid ""
"<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than "
"$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11335
+#: freeculture.xml:11249
msgid ""
"<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to "
"you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from "
#. PAGE BREAK 225
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11341
+#: freeculture.xml:11255
msgid ""
"You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, "
"you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11352
+#: freeculture.xml:11266
msgid ""
"Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be "
"bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11364
+#: freeculture.xml:11278
msgid ""
"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey "
"Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11371
+#: freeculture.xml:11285
msgid ""
"See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information "
"Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11379
+#: freeculture.xml:11293
msgid ""
"Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11357
+#: freeculture.xml:11271
msgid ""
"In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term "
"Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11386
+#: freeculture.xml:11300
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to "
"the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's "
#. PAGE BREAK 226
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11401
+#: freeculture.xml:11315
msgid ""
"It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would "
"not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11414
+#: freeculture.xml:11328
msgid ""
"Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very "
"broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11424
+#: freeculture.xml:11338
msgid ""
"As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no "
"limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11430 freeculture.xml:12220
+#: freeculture.xml:11344 freeculture.xml:12134
msgid "Rehnquist, William H."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11432
+#: freeculture.xml:11346
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in "
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11447
+#: freeculture.xml:11361
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 "
"U.S. 549, 564 (1995)."
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11454
+#: freeculture.xml:11368
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 "
"U.S. 598 (2000)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11445
+#: freeculture.xml:11359
msgid ""
"<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's "
"arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11461
+#: freeculture.xml:11375
msgid ""
"If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries "
"from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of "
#. PAGE BREAK 227
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11458
+#: freeculture.xml:11372
msgid ""
"If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress "
"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11482
+#: freeculture.xml:11396
msgid ""
"<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in "
"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11499
+#: freeculture.xml:11413
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure "
"we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11516
+#: freeculture.xml:11430
msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association"
msgstr ""
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11524
+#: freeculture.xml:11438
msgid ""
"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, "
"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11518
+#: freeculture.xml:11432
msgid ""
"Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the "
"Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11534
+#: freeculture.xml:11448
msgid ""
"As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a "
"way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11546
+#: freeculture.xml:11460
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are "
"responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in "
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11564
+#: freeculture.xml:11478
msgid ""
"The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the "
"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11558
+#: freeculture.xml:11472
msgid ""
"If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) "
"affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that "
#. PAGE BREAK 229
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11573
+#: freeculture.xml:11487
msgid ""
"Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, "
"as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11586
+#: freeculture.xml:11500
msgid ""
"Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still "
"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11594
+#: freeculture.xml:11508
msgid ""
"Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the "
"current copyright owners. How would you do that?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11598
+#: freeculture.xml:11512
msgid ""
"Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners "
"somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11605
+#: freeculture.xml:11519
msgid ""
"But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of "
"the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11614
+#: freeculture.xml:11528
msgid ""
"<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the "
"apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11619
+#: freeculture.xml:11533
msgid ""
"Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty "
"of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles "
#. PAGE BREAK 230
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11628
+#: freeculture.xml:11542
msgid ""
"So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house "
"by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11643
+#: freeculture.xml:11557
msgid ""
"Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The "
"library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11655
+#: freeculture.xml:11569
msgid ""
"The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, "
"and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11660
+#: freeculture.xml:11574
msgid "Agee, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11661 freeculture.xml:12096
+#: freeculture.xml:11575 freeculture.xml:12010
msgid "Hal Roach Studios"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11662
+#: freeculture.xml:11576
msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11663
+#: freeculture.xml:11577
msgid "Lucky Dog, The"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11676
+#: freeculture.xml:11590
msgid ""
"See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright "
"Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11665
+#: freeculture.xml:11579
msgid ""
"Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which "
"owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11683
+#: freeculture.xml:11597
msgid ""
"Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this "
"culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that "
#. PAGE BREAK 231
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11689
+#: freeculture.xml:11603
msgid ""
"His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any "
"continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11707
+#: freeculture.xml:11621
msgid ""
"Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the "
"Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11700
+#: freeculture.xml:11614
msgid ""
"We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most "
"of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11717
+#: freeculture.xml:11631
msgid ""
"Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. "
"Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11725
+#: freeculture.xml:11639
msgid ""
"Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't "
"only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11733
+#: freeculture.xml:11647
msgid ""
"<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the "
"copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a "
#. PAGE BREAK 232
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11744
+#: freeculture.xml:11658
msgid ""
"For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these "
"costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11755
+#: freeculture.xml:11669
msgid ""
"But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have "
"expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11763
+#: freeculture.xml:11677
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by "
"humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11771
+#: freeculture.xml:11685
msgid ""
"But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative "
"work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11781
+#: freeculture.xml:11695
msgid ""
"Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep "
"libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't "
#. PAGE BREAK 233
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11794
+#: freeculture.xml:11708
msgid ""
"Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In "
"this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11801
+#: freeculture.xml:11715
msgid ""
"Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our "
"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11812
+#: freeculture.xml:11726
msgid ""
"The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a "
"film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11821
+#: freeculture.xml:11735
msgid ""
"In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our "
"history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11827
+#: freeculture.xml:11741
msgid "But this situation has now changed."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11831
+#: freeculture.xml:11745
msgid ""
"One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies "
"is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital "
#. PAGE BREAK 234
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11844
+#: freeculture.xml:11758
msgid ""
"And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this "
"digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11854
+#: freeculture.xml:11768
msgid ""
"Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that "
"technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11865
+#: freeculture.xml:11779
msgid ""
"You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for "
"Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11871
+#: freeculture.xml:11785
msgid ""
"Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that "
"publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered "
#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11895
+#: freeculture.xml:11809
msgid ""
"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> "
"20 December 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11883
+#: freeculture.xml:11797
msgid ""
"I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should "
"rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11902
+#: freeculture.xml:11816
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on "
"Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11911
+#: freeculture.xml:11825
msgid ""
"The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A "
"panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11918
+#: freeculture.xml:11832
msgid ""
"Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights "
"be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11929
+#: freeculture.xml:11843
msgid ""
"We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the "
"case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11934
+#: freeculture.xml:11848
msgid "Tatel, David"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 236
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11936
+#: freeculture.xml:11850
msgid ""
"The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This "
"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11945
+#: freeculture.xml:11859
msgid ""
"It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme "
"Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11952
+#: freeculture.xml:11866
msgid ""
"But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our "
"petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11958
+#: freeculture.xml:11872
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these "
"words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11969
+#: freeculture.xml:11883
msgid ""
"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been "
"won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11974 freeculture.xml:11988
+#: freeculture.xml:11888 freeculture.xml:11902
msgid "Steward, Geoffrey"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 237
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11976
+#: freeculture.xml:11890
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it "
"became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11986 freeculture.xml:12349 freeculture.xml:12365 freeculture.xml:12462 freeculture.xml:12682 freeculture.xml:12713 freeculture.xml:12811
+#: freeculture.xml:11900 freeculture.xml:12263 freeculture.xml:12279 freeculture.xml:12376 freeculture.xml:12596 freeculture.xml:12627 freeculture.xml:12725
msgid "Ayer, Don"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11987
+#: freeculture.xml:11901
msgid "Bromberg, Dan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11990
+#: freeculture.xml:11904
msgid ""
"There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was "
"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12000
+#: freeculture.xml:11914
msgid ""
"I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a "
"dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12021
+#: freeculture.xml:11935
msgid ""
"In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm "
"caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no "
#. PAGE BREAK 238
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12029
+#: freeculture.xml:11943
msgid ""
"There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in "
"which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12047 freeculture.xml:12074
+#: freeculture.xml:11961 freeculture.xml:11988
msgid "Eagle Forum"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12048
+#: freeculture.xml:11962
msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12050
+#: freeculture.xml:11964
msgid ""
"The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12064
+#: freeculture.xml:11978
msgid ""
"In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting "
"our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in "
#. PAGE BREAK 239
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12076
+#: freeculture.xml:11990
msgid ""
"In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it "
"gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12088
+#: freeculture.xml:12002
msgid "American Association of Law Libraries"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12089
+#: freeculture.xml:12003
msgid "National Writers Union"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12091
+#: freeculture.xml:12005
msgid ""
"Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, "
"there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12098
+#: freeculture.xml:12012
msgid ""
"But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've "
"already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12104
+#: freeculture.xml:12018
msgid "Akerlof, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12105
+#: freeculture.xml:12019
msgid "Arrow, Kenneth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12106
+#: freeculture.xml:12020
msgid "Buchanan, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12107
+#: freeculture.xml:12021
msgid "Coase, Ronald"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12108
+#: freeculture.xml:12022
msgid "Friedman, Milton"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12110
+#: freeculture.xml:12024
msgid ""
"This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five "
"Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12120 freeculture.xml:12138 freeculture.xml:12351 freeculture.xml:12714
+#: freeculture.xml:12034 freeculture.xml:12052 freeculture.xml:12265 freeculture.xml:12628
msgid "Fried, Charles"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12121
+#: freeculture.xml:12035
msgid "Morrison, Alan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12122
+#: freeculture.xml:12036
msgid "Public Citizen"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12123 freeculture.xml:12350 freeculture.xml:13499
+#: freeculture.xml:12037 freeculture.xml:12264 freeculture.xml:13413
msgid "Reagan, Ronald"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 240
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12125
+#: freeculture.xml:12039
msgid ""
"The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to "
"write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12140
+#: freeculture.xml:12054
msgid "Commerce Clause of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12142
+#: freeculture.xml:12056
msgid ""
"Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor "
"general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12154
+#: freeculture.xml:12068
msgid ""
"The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as "
"well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12161
+#: freeculture.xml:12075
msgid ""
"The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the "
"law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12169
+#: freeculture.xml:12083
msgid "Gershwin, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12170
+#: freeculture.xml:12084
msgid "Porgy and Bess"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12180
+#: freeculture.xml:12094
msgid ""
"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19."
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12188
+#: freeculture.xml:12102
msgid ""
"Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse "
"Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March "
#. PAGE BREAK 241
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12173
+#: freeculture.xml:12087
msgid ""
"Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12197
+#: freeculture.xml:12111
msgid ""
"This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. "
"When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12209
+#: freeculture.xml:12123
msgid ""
"We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean "
"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12216
+#: freeculture.xml:12130
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was "
"little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12221 freeculture.xml:12407
+#: freeculture.xml:12135 freeculture.xml:12321
msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12223
+#: freeculture.xml:12137
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called "
"<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12232 freeculture.xml:12257 freeculture.xml:12609 freeculture.xml:12621
+#: freeculture.xml:12146 freeculture.xml:12171 freeculture.xml:12523 freeculture.xml:12535
msgid "Breyer, Stephen"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12233 freeculture.xml:12573
+#: freeculture.xml:12147 freeculture.xml:12487
msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 242
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12235
+#: freeculture.xml:12149
msgid ""
"The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on "
"Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12247
+#: freeculture.xml:12161
msgid ""
"In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her "
"general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12259
+#: freeculture.xml:12173
msgid ""
"Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as "
"unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12268
+#: freeculture.xml:12182
msgid ""
"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice "
"Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12276
+#: freeculture.xml:12190
msgid ""
"This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus "
"had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open "
#. PAGE BREAK 243
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12286
+#: freeculture.xml:12200
msgid ""
"This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am "
"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12300
+#: freeculture.xml:12214
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side "
"came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12308
+#: freeculture.xml:12222
msgid ""
"There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly "
"agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12315
+#: freeculture.xml:12229
msgid ""
"But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress "
"extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It "
#. PAGE BREAK 244
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12330
+#: freeculture.xml:12244
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first "
"week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12340
+#: freeculture.xml:12254
msgid ""
"I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single "
"point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12353
+#: freeculture.xml:12267
msgid ""
"One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He "
"had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12359
+#: freeculture.xml:12273
msgid ""
"<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be "
"willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12367
+#: freeculture.xml:12281
msgid ""
"He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't "
"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right "
#. PAGE BREAK 245
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12377
+#: freeculture.xml:12291
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of "
"people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12387
+#: freeculture.xml:12301
msgid ""
"Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for "
"seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12402
+#: freeculture.xml:12316
msgid ""
"When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I "
"intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12409
+#: freeculture.xml:12323
msgid ""
"Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history "
"was bothering her."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12414
+#: freeculture.xml:12328
msgid ""
"justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, "
"and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12421
+#: freeculture.xml:12335
msgid ""
"She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face "
"of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was "
#. PAGE BREAK 246
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12427
+#: freeculture.xml:12341
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, "
"then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12435
+#: freeculture.xml:12349
msgid ""
"There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the "
"Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12441
+#: freeculture.xml:12355
msgid ""
"justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, "
"too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12449
+#: freeculture.xml:12363
msgid ""
"Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I "
"answered,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12455
+#: freeculture.xml:12369
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing "
"in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12464
+#: freeculture.xml:12378
msgid ""
"That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer "
"was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12471
+#: freeculture.xml:12385
msgid ""
"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been "
"crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> "
#. PAGE BREAK 247
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12476
+#: freeculture.xml:12390
msgid ""
"It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. "
"To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12483
+#: freeculture.xml:12397
msgid ""
"chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy "
"verbatim other people's books, don't you?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12487
+#: freeculture.xml:12401
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the "
"public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12495
+#: freeculture.xml:12409
msgid "Olson, Theodore B."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12497
+#: freeculture.xml:12411
msgid ""
"Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the "
"Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12503
+#: freeculture.xml:12417
msgid ""
"justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time "
"would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12511
+#: freeculture.xml:12425
msgid ""
"When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's "
"flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the "
#. PAGE BREAK 248
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12524
+#: freeculture.xml:12438
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew "
"there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12533
+#: freeculture.xml:12447
msgid ""
"The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over "
"and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12548
+#: freeculture.xml:12462
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was "
"five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12556
+#: freeculture.xml:12470
msgid ""
"A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off "
"the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12561
+#: freeculture.xml:12475
msgid ""
"My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money "
"in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12567
+#: freeculture.xml:12481
msgid ""
"I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the "
"principle in this case from the principle in "
#. PAGE BREAK 249
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12577
+#: freeculture.xml:12491
msgid ""
"Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent "
"with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12582
+#: freeculture.xml:12496
msgid ""
"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice "
"Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12588
+#: freeculture.xml:12502
msgid ""
"But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was "
"reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12599
+#: freeculture.xml:12513
msgid ""
"Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they "
"would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12611
+#: freeculture.xml:12525
msgid ""
"Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion "
"was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of "
#. PAGE BREAK 250
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12624
+#: freeculture.xml:12538
msgid ""
"Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was "
"external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12635
+#: freeculture.xml:12549
msgid ""
"These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because "
"neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12642
+#: freeculture.xml:12556
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is "
"a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12647
+#: freeculture.xml:12561
msgid "originalism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12649
+#: freeculture.xml:12563
msgid ""
"It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have "
"been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of "
#. PAGE BREAK 251
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12662
+#: freeculture.xml:12576
msgid ""
"Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the "
"framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12677
+#: freeculture.xml:12591
msgid ""
"My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I "
"had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12684
+#: freeculture.xml:12598
msgid ""
"Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism "
"about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a "
#. PAGE BREAK 252
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12695
+#: freeculture.xml:12609
msgid ""
"As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see "
"a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12716
+#: freeculture.xml:12630
msgid ""
"Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have "
"been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12721
+#: freeculture.xml:12635
msgid ""
"My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not "
"ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12727
+#: freeculture.xml:12641
msgid ""
"Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing "
"anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12735
+#: freeculture.xml:12649
msgid ""
"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in "
"January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12742
+#: freeculture.xml:12656
msgid ""
"After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, "
"that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, "
#. PAGE BREAK 253
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12751
+#: freeculture.xml:12665
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act "
"itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12766
+#: freeculture.xml:12680
msgid ""
"In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing "
"the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12780 freeculture.xml:12785
+#: freeculture.xml:12694 freeculture.xml:12699
msgid "Bolling, Ruben"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12775
+#: freeculture.xml:12689
msgid ""
"The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious "
"images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12783
+#: freeculture.xml:12697
msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:12784
+#: freeculture.xml:12698
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12788
+#: freeculture.xml:12702
msgid ""
"The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from "
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12799
+#: freeculture.xml:12713
msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12801
+#: freeculture.xml:12715
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was "
"decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12813
+#: freeculture.xml:12727
msgid ""
"It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San "
"Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same "
#. PAGE BREAK 256
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12823
+#: freeculture.xml:12737
msgid ""
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I "
"proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12831
+#: freeculture.xml:12745
msgid ""
"We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric "
"Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12836
+#: freeculture.xml:12750
msgid ""
"Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either "
"the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12844 freeculture.xml:13045
+#: freeculture.xml:12758 freeculture.xml:12959
msgid "Forbes, Steve"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12846
+#: freeculture.xml:12760
msgid ""
"The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in "
"an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12858
+#: freeculture.xml:12772
msgid ""
"Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration "
"requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12868
+#: freeculture.xml:12782
msgid "Berlin Act (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12869 freeculture.xml:12910
+#: freeculture.xml:12783 freeculture.xml:12824
msgid "Berne Convention (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12877
+#: freeculture.xml:12791
msgid "German copyright law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12877
+#: freeculture.xml:12791
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the "
"Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12872
+#: freeculture.xml:12786
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12904
+#: freeculture.xml:12818
msgid ""
"That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd "
"copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12912
+#: freeculture.xml:12826
msgid ""
"The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in "
"1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12922
+#: freeculture.xml:12836
msgid ""
"These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the "
"formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12930
+#: freeculture.xml:12844
msgid ""
"Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the "
"nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a "
#. PAGE BREAK 258
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12938
+#: freeculture.xml:12852
msgid ""
"In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12950
+#: freeculture.xml:12864
msgid ""
"This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the "
"argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12959
+#: freeculture.xml:12873
msgid ""
"No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because "
"you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12975
+#: freeculture.xml:12889
msgid ""
"It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in "
"copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12990
+#: freeculture.xml:12904
msgid ""
"This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we "
"tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13000
+#: freeculture.xml:12914
msgid ""
"But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to "
"know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13009
+#: freeculture.xml:12923
msgid ""
"The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is "
"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13016
+#: freeculture.xml:12930
msgid ""
"If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended "
"term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13023
+#: freeculture.xml:12937
msgid ""
"Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the "
"work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than "
#. PAGE BREAK 260
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13029
+#: freeculture.xml:12943
msgid ""
"It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I "
"completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13047
+#: freeculture.xml:12961
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some "
"in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13053
+#: freeculture.xml:12967
msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13055
+#: freeculture.xml:12969
msgid ""
"One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
"bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13064
+#: freeculture.xml:12978
msgid ""
"But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the "
"MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of "
#. PAGE BREAK 261
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13072
+#: freeculture.xml:12986
msgid ""
"The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central "
"concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13093
+#: freeculture.xml:13007
msgid ""
"Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do "
"this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13101
+#: freeculture.xml:13015
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two "
"stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13111
+#: freeculture.xml:13025
msgid ""
"I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been "
"about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And "
#. PAGE BREAK 262
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13120
+#: freeculture.xml:13034
msgid ""
"When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright "
"owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13130
+#: freeculture.xml:13044
msgid "Kelly, Kevin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13132
+#: freeculture.xml:13046
msgid ""
"But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, "
"then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13142
+#: freeculture.xml:13056
msgid "What does this industry really want?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13145
+#: freeculture.xml:13059
msgid ""
"With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the "
"effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13156
+#: freeculture.xml:13070
msgid ""
"The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The "
"most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not "
#. PAGE BREAK 263
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13164
+#: freeculture.xml:13078
msgid ""
"It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard "
"to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13176
+#: freeculture.xml:13090
msgid ""
"What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if "
"the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13183
+#: freeculture.xml:13097
msgid ""
"All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
"<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13195
+#: freeculture.xml:13109
msgid "CONCLUSION"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13196
+#: freeculture.xml:13110
msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13197
+#: freeculture.xml:13111
msgid "AIDS medications"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13198
+#: freeculture.xml:13112
msgid "antiretroviral drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13199
+#: freeculture.xml:13113
msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13200 freeculture.xml:13713
+#: freeculture.xml:13114 freeculture.xml:13627
msgid "drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13200 freeculture.xml:13713
+#: freeculture.xml:13114 freeculture.xml:13627
msgid "pharmaceutical"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13201
+#: freeculture.xml:13115
msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13203
+#: freeculture.xml:13117
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people "
"with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13210
+#: freeculture.xml:13124
msgid ""
"There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. "
"These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13225
+#: freeculture.xml:13139
msgid ""
"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating "
"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13218
+#: freeculture.xml:13132
msgid ""
"These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United "
"States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13234 freeculture.xml:13715
+#: freeculture.xml:13148 freeculture.xml:13629
msgid "on pharmaceuticals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13235
+#: freeculture.xml:13149
msgid "pharmaceutical patents"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 265
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13238
+#: freeculture.xml:13152
msgid ""
"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13246
+#: freeculture.xml:13160
msgid ""
"There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
"not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13257
+#: freeculture.xml:13171
msgid ""
"But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another "
"thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13263
+#: freeculture.xml:13177
msgid "international law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13264
+#: freeculture.xml:13178
msgid "parallel importation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13265
+#: freeculture.xml:13179
msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13278 freeculture.xml:13771
+#: freeculture.xml:13192 freeculture.xml:13685
msgid "Braithwaite, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13276
+#: freeculture.xml:13190
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: "
"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13267
+#: freeculture.xml:13181
msgid ""
"In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
"importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13282
+#: freeculture.xml:13196
msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)"
msgstr ""
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13290
+#: freeculture.xml:13204
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13317
+#: freeculture.xml:13231
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13284
+#: freeculture.xml:13198
msgid ""
"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13324
+#: freeculture.xml:13238
msgid ""
"We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt "
"patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13334
+#: freeculture.xml:13248
msgid ""
"By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
"government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13342
+#: freeculture.xml:13256
msgid ""
"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was "
#. f5.
#. PAGE BREAK 333
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13357
+#: freeculture.xml:13271
msgid ""
"See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's "
"Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13351
+#: freeculture.xml:13265
msgid ""
"Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
"which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13379
+#: freeculture.xml:13293
msgid ""
"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13388
+#: freeculture.xml:13302
msgid "in pharmaceutical industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13390
+#: freeculture.xml:13304
msgid ""
"Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their "
"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13398
+#: freeculture.xml:13312
msgid ""
"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13405
+#: freeculture.xml:13319
msgid "of drug patents"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 268
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13407
+#: freeculture.xml:13321
msgid ""
"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13429
+#: freeculture.xml:13343
msgid ""
"So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13435
+#: freeculture.xml:13349
msgid ""
"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13450
+#: freeculture.xml:13364
msgid ""
"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. "
#. PAGE BREAK 269
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13459
+#: freeculture.xml:13373
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the "
"cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13473
+#: freeculture.xml:13387
msgid ""
"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13486 freeculture.xml:14256
+#: freeculture.xml:13400 freeculture.xml:14170
msgid "academic journals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13487 freeculture.xml:13500
+#: freeculture.xml:13401 freeculture.xml:13414
msgid "biomedical research"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13488 freeculture.xml:13658
+#: freeculture.xml:13402 freeculture.xml:13572
msgid "international organization on issues of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13490 freeculture.xml:13607 freeculture.xml:14175
+#: freeculture.xml:13404 freeculture.xml:13521 freeculture.xml:14089
msgid "IBM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13491 freeculture.xml:14322
+#: freeculture.xml:13405 freeculture.xml:14236
msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13492 freeculture.xml:14323
+#: freeculture.xml:13406 freeculture.xml:14237
msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13493
+#: freeculture.xml:13407
msgid "public projects in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13494
+#: freeculture.xml:13408
msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13495
+#: freeculture.xml:13409
msgid "Wellcome Trust"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13496 freeculture.xml:13659
+#: freeculture.xml:13410 freeculture.xml:13573
msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13497
+#: freeculture.xml:13411
msgid "World Wide Web"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13498
+#: freeculture.xml:13412
msgid "Global Positioning System"
msgstr ""
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13505
+#: freeculture.xml:13419
msgid ""
"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink "
#. PAGE BREAK 270
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13502
+#: freeculture.xml:13416
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the "
"United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13538
+#: freeculture.xml:13452
msgid ""
"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13544
+#: freeculture.xml:13458
msgid "in international debate on intellectual property"
msgstr ""
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13547
+#: freeculture.xml:13461
msgid ""
"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
"meeting."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13546
+#: freeculture.xml:13460
msgid ""
"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was "
"ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13556 freeculture.xml:13712
+#: freeculture.xml:13470 freeculture.xml:13626
msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 271
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13558
+#: freeculture.xml:13472
msgid ""
"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13582
+#: freeculture.xml:13496
msgid ""
"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13591 freeculture.xml:15321
+#: freeculture.xml:13505 freeculture.xml:15235
msgid "Apple Corporation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13592
+#: freeculture.xml:13506
msgid "on free software"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13594
+#: freeculture.xml:13508
msgid ""
"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
"least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13604
+#: freeculture.xml:13518
msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13620
+#: freeculture.xml:13534
msgid ""
"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13609
+#: freeculture.xml:13523
msgid ""
"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13638
+#: freeculture.xml:13552
msgid "General Public License (GPL)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13639
+#: freeculture.xml:13553
msgid "GPL (General Public License)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 272
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13641
+#: freeculture.xml:13555
msgid ""
"More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free "
"software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13660
+#: freeculture.xml:13574
msgid "Krim, Jonathan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13661
+#: freeculture.xml:13575
msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by"
msgstr ""
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13671
+#: freeculture.xml:13585
msgid ""
"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13663
+#: freeculture.xml:13577
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13677
+#: freeculture.xml:13591
msgid ""
"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13685 freeculture.xml:13743
+#: freeculture.xml:13599 freeculture.xml:13657
msgid "Boland, Lois"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13687
+#: freeculture.xml:13601
msgid ""
"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13698
+#: freeculture.xml:13612
msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13703
+#: freeculture.xml:13617
msgid ""
"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13714
+#: freeculture.xml:13628
msgid "generic drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13717
+#: freeculture.xml:13631
msgid ""
"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to "
"<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13731
+#: freeculture.xml:13645
msgid ""
"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
#. PAGE BREAK 274
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13745
+#: freeculture.xml:13659
msgid ""
"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting "
"<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13756
+#: freeculture.xml:13670
msgid "feudal system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13757
+#: freeculture.xml:13671
msgid "feudal system of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13759
+#: freeculture.xml:13673
msgid ""
"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
"Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13776
+#: freeculture.xml:13690
msgid ""
"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13773
+#: freeculture.xml:13687
msgid ""
"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13787
+#: freeculture.xml:13701
msgid ""
"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
#. PAGE BREAK 275
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13796
+#: freeculture.xml:13710
msgid ""
"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
"should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13808
+#: freeculture.xml:13722
msgid ""
"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13819
+#: freeculture.xml:13733
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13827
+#: freeculture.xml:13741
msgid ""
"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13833
+#: freeculture.xml:13747
msgid ""
"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
"should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for "
#. PAGE BREAK 276
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13844
+#: freeculture.xml:13758
msgid ""
"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the "
"truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13852
+#: freeculture.xml:13766
msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13856
+#: freeculture.xml:13770
msgid "Turner, Ted"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13858
+#: freeculture.xml:13772
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this "
"struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13869
+#: freeculture.xml:13783
msgid ""
"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13877
+#: freeculture.xml:13791
msgid ""
"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness "
"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13884
+#: freeculture.xml:13798
msgid ""
"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13894
+#: freeculture.xml:13808
msgid ""
"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13901
+#: freeculture.xml:13815
msgid ""
"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13909
+#: freeculture.xml:13823
msgid ""
"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
"tragedy."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13912
+#: freeculture.xml:13826
msgid "Dylan, Bob"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13918
+#: freeculture.xml:13832
msgid ""
"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, "
"September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13936
+#: freeculture.xml:13850
msgid ""
"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old "
"Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f13.
#. PAGE BREAK 334
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13943
+#: freeculture.xml:13857
msgid ""
"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for "
"Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13914
+#: freeculture.xml:13828
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is "
"filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13960
+#: freeculture.xml:13874
msgid "BBC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13961
+#: freeculture.xml:13875
msgid "Brazil, free culture in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13962 freeculture.xml:14353
+#: freeculture.xml:13876 freeculture.xml:14267
msgid "Creative Commons"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13963
+#: freeculture.xml:13877
msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13964
+#: freeculture.xml:13878
msgid "public creative archive in"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13969
+#: freeculture.xml:13883
msgid ""
"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press "
"release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13978
+#: freeculture.xml:13892
msgid ""
"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 "
"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. PAGE BREAK 278
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13966
+#: freeculture.xml:13880
msgid ""
"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
"will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens "
#. PAGE BREAK 279
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13992
+#: freeculture.xml:13906
msgid ""
"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
"potential is ever to be realized."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14000
+#: freeculture.xml:13914
msgid "AFTERWORD"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 280
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14004
+#: freeculture.xml:13918
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will "
"agree with me that something must be done to change where we are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14009
+#: freeculture.xml:13923
msgid ""
"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
"which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14015
+#: freeculture.xml:13929
msgid ""
"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
"significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14022
+#: freeculture.xml:13936
msgid ""
"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
"an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14031
+#: freeculture.xml:13945
msgid "US, NOW"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14033
+#: freeculture.xml:13947
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright "
"warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14040
+#: freeculture.xml:13954
msgid ""
"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14050
+#: freeculture.xml:13964
msgid "initial free character of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 282
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14052
+#: freeculture.xml:13966
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
"tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14064
+#: freeculture.xml:13978
msgid ""
"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14080
+#: freeculture.xml:13994
msgid ""
"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither "
"<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14088
+#: freeculture.xml:14002
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14089
+#: freeculture.xml:14003
msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14091
+#: freeculture.xml:14005
msgid "privacy rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14093
+#: freeculture.xml:14007
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14103
+#: freeculture.xml:14017
msgid "What made it assured?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14107
+#: freeculture.xml:14021
msgid ""
"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref "
"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14122
+#: freeculture.xml:14036
msgid "Amazon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14123
+#: freeculture.xml:14037
msgid "cookies, Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14124
+#: freeculture.xml:14038
msgid "privacy protection on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14126
+#: freeculture.xml:14040
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14135
+#: freeculture.xml:14049
msgid "privacy rights in use of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14137
+#: freeculture.xml:14051
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14155
+#: freeculture.xml:14069
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the "
"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> "
#. PAGE BREAK 284
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14149
+#: freeculture.xml:14063
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define "
"<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14174
+#: freeculture.xml:14088
msgid "Data General"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14178
+#: freeculture.xml:14092
msgid ""
"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
"movement. When computers with software were first made available "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14185
+#: freeculture.xml:14099
msgid "Stallman, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14187
+#: freeculture.xml:14101
msgid ""
"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14195
+#: freeculture.xml:14109
msgid ""
"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14206
+#: freeculture.xml:14120
msgid "proprietary code"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14208
+#: freeculture.xml:14122
msgid ""
"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
#. PAGE BREAK 285
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14217
+#: freeculture.xml:14131
msgid ""
"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14226
+#: freeculture.xml:14140
msgid "Torvalds, Linus"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14228
+#: freeculture.xml:14142
msgid ""
"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14236
+#: freeculture.xml:14150
msgid ""
"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14247
+#: freeculture.xml:14161
msgid ""
"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14257
+#: freeculture.xml:14171
msgid "scientific journals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14259
+#: freeculture.xml:14173
msgid ""
"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14263
+#: freeculture.xml:14177
msgid "Lexis and Westlaw"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14265 freeculture.xml:14301
+#: freeculture.xml:14179 freeculture.xml:14215
msgid "journals in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14266
+#: freeculture.xml:14180
msgid "access to opinions of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 286
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14268
+#: freeculture.xml:14182
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14283
+#: freeculture.xml:14197
msgid "access fees for material in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14284
+#: freeculture.xml:14198
msgid "license system for rebuilding of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14286
+#: freeculture.xml:14200
msgid ""
"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14297
+#: freeculture.xml:14211
msgid ""
"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14303
+#: freeculture.xml:14217
msgid ""
"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14315
+#: freeculture.xml:14229
msgid ""
"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
#. PAGE BREAK 287
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14325
+#: freeculture.xml:14239
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14339
+#: freeculture.xml:14253
msgid ""
"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14352
+#: freeculture.xml:14266
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14355
+#: freeculture.xml:14269
msgid ""
"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
"increasing control effected through law and technology."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14358
+#: freeculture.xml:14272
msgid "Stanford University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14360
+#: freeculture.xml:14274
msgid ""
"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
#. PAGE BREAK 288
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14371
+#: freeculture.xml:14285
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14389
+#: freeculture.xml:14303
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14400
+#: freeculture.xml:14314
msgid ""
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14410
+#: freeculture.xml:14324
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 289
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14412
+#: freeculture.xml:14326
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14425
+#: freeculture.xml:14339
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The "
"aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14438
+#: freeculture.xml:14352
msgid ""
"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14445
+#: freeculture.xml:14359
msgid ""
"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14457
+#: freeculture.xml:14371
msgid ""
"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14462
+#: freeculture.xml:14376
msgid "Free for All (Wayner)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14463
+#: freeculture.xml:14377
msgid "Wayner, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 290
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14465
+#: freeculture.xml:14379
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14476
+#: freeculture.xml:14390
msgid "Public Enemy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14477
+#: freeculture.xml:14391
msgid "rap music"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14478
+#: freeculture.xml:14392
msgid "Leaphart, Walter"
msgstr ""
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14495
+#: freeculture.xml:14409
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14480
+#: freeculture.xml:14394
msgid ""
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14504
+#: freeculture.xml:14418
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
#. PAGE BREAK 291
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14516
+#: freeculture.xml:14430
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14526
+#: freeculture.xml:14440
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14534
+#: freeculture.xml:14448
msgid ""
"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14548
+#: freeculture.xml:14462
msgid "THEM, SOON"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14550
+#: freeculture.xml:14464
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by "
"individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14557
+#: freeculture.xml:14471
msgid ""
"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14564
+#: freeculture.xml:14478
msgid "1. More Formalities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14566
+#: freeculture.xml:14480
msgid ""
"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If "
#. PAGE BREAK 293
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14573
+#: freeculture.xml:14487
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14578
+#: freeculture.xml:14492
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14584
+#: freeculture.xml:14498
msgid "Why?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14587
+#: freeculture.xml:14501
msgid ""
"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14596
+#: freeculture.xml:14510
msgid ""
"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14610
+#: freeculture.xml:14524
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14608
+#: freeculture.xml:14522
msgid ""
"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14618
+#: freeculture.xml:14532
msgid ""
"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14630
+#: freeculture.xml:14544
msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14632
+#: freeculture.xml:14546
msgid ""
"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14645
+#: freeculture.xml:14559
msgid ""
"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14654
+#: freeculture.xml:14568
msgid ""
"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name "
#. PAGE BREAK 295
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14664
+#: freeculture.xml:14578
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14679
+#: freeculture.xml:14593
msgid "MARKING"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14681
+#: freeculture.xml:14595
msgid ""
"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14691
+#: freeculture.xml:14605
msgid ""
"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14697
+#: freeculture.xml:14611
msgid ""
"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14714
+#: freeculture.xml:14628
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
#. PAGE BREAK 296
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14707
+#: freeculture.xml:14621
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14727
+#: freeculture.xml:14641
msgid ""
"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14733
+#: freeculture.xml:14647
msgid "copyright marking of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14735
+#: freeculture.xml:14649
msgid ""
"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14747
+#: freeculture.xml:14661
msgid ""
"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14755
+#: freeculture.xml:14669
msgid ""
"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14760
+#: freeculture.xml:14674
msgid ""
"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14772
+#: freeculture.xml:14686
msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14774
+#: freeculture.xml:14688
msgid ""
"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14787
+#: freeculture.xml:14701
msgid ""
"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 "
"(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14779
+#: freeculture.xml:14693
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a "
"seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14794
+#: freeculture.xml:14708
msgid ""
"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
#. (1)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14802
+#: freeculture.xml:14716
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
#. (2)
#. PAGE BREAK 298
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14811
+#: freeculture.xml:14725
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14823
+#: freeculture.xml:14737
msgid "veterans' pensions"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14834
+#: freeculture.xml:14748
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14826
+#: freeculture.xml:14740
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
#. (4)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14845
+#: freeculture.xml:14759
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14861
+#: freeculture.xml:14775
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14867
+#: freeculture.xml:14781
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After "
"all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14877
+#: freeculture.xml:14791
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14881
+#: freeculture.xml:14795
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14889
+#: freeculture.xml:14803
msgid ""
"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive "
"right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14897
+#: freeculture.xml:14811
msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
msgstr ""
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14903
+#: freeculture.xml:14817
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14899
+#: freeculture.xml:14813
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14916
+#: freeculture.xml:14830
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14912
+#: freeculture.xml:14826
msgid ""
"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14921
+#: freeculture.xml:14835
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14928
+#: freeculture.xml:14842
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14941
+#: freeculture.xml:14855
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14955
+#: freeculture.xml:14869
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14971
+#: freeculture.xml:14885
msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14969
+#: freeculture.xml:14883
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14963
+#: freeculture.xml:14877
msgid ""
"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14977
+#: freeculture.xml:14891
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 301
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14984
+#: freeculture.xml:14898
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14994
+#: freeculture.xml:14908
msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14996
+#: freeculture.xml:14910
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15003
+#: freeculture.xml:14917
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15012
+#: freeculture.xml:14926
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15019
+#: freeculture.xml:14933
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15028
+#: freeculture.xml:14942
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15033
+#: freeculture.xml:14947
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"purchasing CDs."
#. PAGE BREAK 302
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15039
+#: freeculture.xml:14953
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15045
+#: freeculture.xml:14959
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15053
+#: freeculture.xml:14967
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15061
+#: freeculture.xml:14975
msgid ""
"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15069
+#: freeculture.xml:14983
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15074
+#: freeculture.xml:14988
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
#. PAGE BREAK 303
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15086
+#: freeculture.xml:15000
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15100
+#: freeculture.xml:15014
msgid "cell phones, music streamed over"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15120
+#: freeculture.xml:15034
msgid ""
"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan "
"Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15102
+#: freeculture.xml:15016
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
#. PAGE BREAK 304
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15127
+#: freeculture.xml:15041
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15143
+#: freeculture.xml:15057
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different "
"<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15154
+#: freeculture.xml:15068
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content "
"that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15165
+#: freeculture.xml:15079
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15175
+#: freeculture.xml:15089
msgid ""
"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 305
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15186
+#: freeculture.xml:15100
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15196
+#: freeculture.xml:15110
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15206
+#: freeculture.xml:15120
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15214
+#: freeculture.xml:15128
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15218
+#: freeculture.xml:15132
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
#. PAGE BREAK 306
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15229
+#: freeculture.xml:15143
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15236 freeculture.xml:15278
+#: freeculture.xml:15150 freeculture.xml:15192
msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15276
+#: freeculture.xml:15190
msgid "Fisher, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15242
+#: freeculture.xml:15156
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, "
"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15238
+#: freeculture.xml:15152
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15292
+#: freeculture.xml:15206
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
#. PAGE BREAK 307
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15309
+#: freeculture.xml:15223
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15322
+#: freeculture.xml:15236
msgid "MusicStore"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15324
+#: freeculture.xml:15238
msgid "prices of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15326
+#: freeculture.xml:15240
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of "
"<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15341
+#: freeculture.xml:15255
msgid "cable vs. broadcast"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15344
+#: freeculture.xml:15258
msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15346
+#: freeculture.xml:15260
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of "
"<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15358
+#: freeculture.xml:15272
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15367
+#: freeculture.xml:15281
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 308
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15372
+#: freeculture.xml:15286
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15379
+#: freeculture.xml:15293
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15385
+#: freeculture.xml:15299
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15389
+#: freeculture.xml:15303
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
#. 3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15395
+#: freeculture.xml:15309
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15400
+#: freeculture.xml:15314
msgid ""
"But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a "
"competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15406
+#: freeculture.xml:15320
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
#. PAGE BREAK 309
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15420
+#: freeculture.xml:15334
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15431
+#: freeculture.xml:15345
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15433
+#: freeculture.xml:15347
msgid ""
"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15439
+#: freeculture.xml:15353
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15446
+#: freeculture.xml:15360
msgid "Nimmer, Melville"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15447
+#: freeculture.xml:15361
msgid "Supreme Court challenge of"
msgstr ""
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15458
+#: freeculture.xml:15372
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville "
"B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15449
+#: freeculture.xml:15363
msgid ""
"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a "
"<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15464
+#: freeculture.xml:15378
msgid ""
"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15474
+#: freeculture.xml:15388
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15469
+#: freeculture.xml:15383
msgid ""
"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
#. PAGE BREAK 310
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15498
+#: freeculture.xml:15412
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15506
+#: freeculture.xml:15420
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15516
+#: freeculture.xml:15430
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15524
+#: freeculture.xml:15438
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15531
+#: freeculture.xml:15445
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
#. PAGE BREAK 311
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15540
+#: freeculture.xml:15454
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15549
+#: freeculture.xml:15463
msgid ""
"We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is "
"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15558
+#: freeculture.xml:15472
msgid "NOTES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15560
+#: freeculture.xml:15474
msgid ""
"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15579
+#: freeculture.xml:15493
msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15581
+#: freeculture.xml:15495
msgid ""
"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15588
+#: freeculture.xml:15502
msgid ""
"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 337
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15601
+#: freeculture.xml:15515
msgid ""
"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15612
+#: freeculture.xml:15526
msgid ""
"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15632
+#: freeculture.xml:15546
msgid ""
"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15641
+#: freeculture.xml:15555
msgid ""
"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
"always been right. This slow learner is, as ever, grateful for her perpetual "
"patience and love."
msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15566
+msgid ""
+"THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street "
+"New York, New York"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15570
+msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig. All rights reserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15573
+msgid ""
+"Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright "
+"Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, "
+"2003. Copyright © 2003 by The New York Times Co. Reprinted with "
+"permission."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15578
+msgid ""
+"Cartoon in <xref linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul "
+"Conrad, copyright Tribune Media Services, Inc. All rights "
+"reserved. Reprinted with permission."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15582
+msgid ""
+"Diagram in <xref linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> "
+"courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, Michael J. Copps."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15586
+msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15589
+msgid ""
+"Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law "
+"to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15594
+msgid "p. cm."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15597
+msgid "Includes index."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15600
+msgid "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15604
+msgid ""
+"1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United "
+"States."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15607
+msgid ""
+"3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United "
+"States. I. Title."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15610
+msgid "KF2979.L47"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15613
+msgid "343.7309'9—dc22"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15616
+msgid "This book is printed on acid-free paper."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15619
+msgid "Printed in the United States of America"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15622
+msgid "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15625
+msgid "Designed by Marysarah Quinn"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15629
+msgid "&translationblock;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15633
+msgid ""
+"Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this "
+"publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval "
+"system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, "
+"photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission "
+"of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15641
+msgid ""
+"The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or "
+"via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and "
+"punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and "
+"do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted "
+"materials. Your support of the author's rights is appreciated."
+msgstr ""
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff