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"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-07 09:02+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere@hungry.com>\n"
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"X-Generator: Lokalize 1.0\n"
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+#. type: Content of the copy entity
+msgid "©"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <book>
msgid "en"
msgstr "no"
"Free Culture is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license "
"permits non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is given. "
"For more information about the license, click the icon above, or visit "
-"<ulink "
-"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/</ulink> "
-"</holder> </copyright>"
+"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\">http://"
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/</ulink> </holder> </copyright>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><title>
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para>
msgid ""
-"LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink "
-"url=\"http://www.lessig.org/\">http://www.lessig.org</ulink>), professor of "
-"law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty Scholar at Stanford Law "
-"School, is founder of the Stanford Center for Internet and Society and is "
-"chairman of the Creative Commons (<ulink "
-"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). "
-"The author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other "
-"Laws of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of "
-"the Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and "
-"Public Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free Software Foundation's Award "
-"for the Advancement of Free Software, twice listed in BusinessWeek's \"e.biz "
-"25,\" and named one of Scientific American's \"50 visionaries.\" A graduate "
-"of the University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, and Yale Law "
-"School, Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Seventh Circuit "
-"Court of Appeals."
+"LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org/\">http://www.lessig."
+"org</ulink>), professor of law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty "
+"Scholar at Stanford Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for "
+"Internet and Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons (<ulink url="
+"\"http://creativecommons.org/\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). The "
+"author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other Laws "
+"of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of the "
+"Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and Public "
+"Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free Software Foundation's Award for the "
+"Advancement of Free Software, twice listed in BusinessWeek's \"e.biz 25,\" "
+"and named one of Scientific American's \"50 visionaries.\" A graduate of the "
+"University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, and Yale Law School, "
+"Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of "
+"Appeals."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
"Michael J. Copps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data "
"Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law "
"to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig. p. cm. "
-"Includes index. ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover) 1. Intellectual "
-"property--United States. 2. Mass media--United States. 3. Technological "
-"innovations--United States. 4. Art--United States. I. Title. KF2979.L47 "
-"343.7309'9--dc22 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Printed in the "
-"United States of America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 Designed by Marysarah Quinn "
-"Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this "
-"publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval "
-"system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, "
-"photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission "
-"of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. The "
-"scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or via "
-"any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and "
-"punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and "
-"do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted "
-"materials. Your support of the author's rights is appreciated."
+"Includes index. ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover) 1. Intellectual property--"
+"United States. 2. Mass media--United States. 3. Technological innovations--"
+"United States. 4. Art--United States. I. Title. KF2979.L47 343.7309'9--dc22 "
+"This book is printed on acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of "
+"America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 Designed by Marysarah Quinn Without limiting the "
+"rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be "
+"reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, "
+"in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording "
+"or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright "
+"owner and the above publisher of this book. The scanning, uploading, and "
+"distribution of this book via the Internet or via any other means without "
+"the permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by law. Please "
+"purchase only authorized electronic editions and do not participate in or "
+"encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted materials. Your support of the "
+"author's rights is appreciated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"cyberspace, david pogue, en glimrende skribent og forfatter av utallige "
"tekniske og -relaterte tekster, skrev dette:"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" New York Times, 30 January "
"2000."
-msgstr "David pogue, \"ikke bare chat, gjøre noe,\" new york times, 30 januar 2000."
+msgstr ""
+"David pogue, \"ikke bare chat, gjøre noe,\" new york times, 30 januar 2000."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"flip off the modem.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book--that software, or "
"\"code,\" functioned as a kind of law--and his review suggested the happy "
"Pogue var skeptisk til argumentet kjernen av boken--denne programvaren, "
"eller \"kode\", som fungerte som et slags lov-- og sin anmeldelse foreslo "
"lykkelig tanken at hvis livet i cyberspace fikk dårlig, vi kan alltid "
-"\"duskregn, drazzle, druzzle, drome\"-som bare snu en bryter og være "
-"hjem. Slå av modemet, koble fra datamaskinen, og eventuelle problemer som "
-"finnes i at plass ikke ville \"påvirke\" oss lenger."
+"\"duskregn, drazzle, druzzle, drome\"-som bare snu en bryter og være hjem. "
+"Slå av modemet, koble fra datamaskinen, og eventuelle problemer som finnes i "
+"at plass ikke ville \"påvirke\" oss lenger."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 12
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Pogue might have been right in 1999--I'm skeptical, but maybe. But even if "
"he was right then, the point is not right now: Free Culture is about the "
"Richard M. Stallman, Free Software, Free Societies 57 ( Joshua Gay, ed. "
"2002)."
msgstr ""
-"Richard m stallman, fri programvare, gratis samfunn 57 (joshua homofil, "
-"ed. 2002)."
+"Richard m stallman, fri programvare, gratis samfunn 57 (joshua homofil, ed. "
+"2002)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"powerful, or of creators from the past."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not \"we\" on "
"the Left or \"you\" on the Right, but we who have no stake in the particular "
"industri av kultur som definert av det tjuende århundre. enten du er på "
"venstre eller høyre, hvis du er i denne forstand disinterested, vil "
"historien jeg fortelle her problemer du. for at endringene beskrive jeg "
-"påvirker verdier som begge sider av vår politiske kultur anser "
-"grunnleggende."
+"påvirker verdier som begge sider av vår politiske kultur anser grunnleggende."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As "
"the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits "
"stevens\", han formulerte kanskje mest bare rettferdig hva som var på spill: "
"konsentrasjonen strøm. og så han spurte:"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid "William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" New York Times, 22 May 2003."
msgstr "William safire, \"stor media svelge,\" mai new york times, 22 2003."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
-"Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of "
-"power--political, corporate, media, cultural--should be anathema to "
-"conservatives. The diffusion of power through local control, thereby "
-"encouraging individual participation, is the essence of federalism and the "
-"
greatest expression of democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of power--"
+"political, corporate, media, cultural--should be anathema to conservatives. "
+"The diffusion of power through local control, thereby encouraging individual "
+"participation, is the essence of federalism and the greatest expression of "
+"democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"This idea is an element of the argument of Free Culture, though my focus is "
"not just on the concentration of power produced by concentrations in "
"Jeg godtar at kritikk, hvis det er faktisk en kritikk. arbeidet med en "
"advokat er alltid avledede produkter, og jeg mener å gjøre ingenting mer i "
"denne boken enn å minne en kultur om en tradisjon som har alltid vært sin "
-"egen. som stallman forsvare jeg denne tradisjonen på grunnlag av "
-"verdiene. som stallman tror jeg det er verdiene av frihet. og som stallman, "
-"jeg tror de er verdiene for vår fortid som må forsvares i vår fremtid. en "
-"fri kultur har vært vår fortid, men det vil bare være vår fremtid hvis vi "
-"endrer banen vi er på akkurat nå. XV som Stallmans argumenter gratis "
-"programvare, et argument for fri kultur stumbles på en forvirring som er "
-"vanskelig å unngå, og enda vanskeligere å forstå. en fri kultur er ikke en "
-"kultur uten egenskapen; Det er ikke en kultur der kunstnere ikke får "
-"betalt. en kultur uten egenskapen eller i hvilke skaperne kan ikke få "
-"betalt, er anarki, ikke frihet. Anarki er ikke hva jeg forhånd her."
+"egen. som stallman forsvare jeg denne tradisjonen på grunnlag av verdiene. "
+"som stallman tror jeg det er verdiene av frihet. og som stallman, jeg tror "
+"de er verdiene for vår fortid som må forsvares i vår fremtid. en fri kultur "
+"har vært vår fortid, men det vil bare være vår fremtid hvis vi endrer banen "
+"vi er på akkurat nå. XV som Stallmans argumenter gratis programvare, et "
+"argument for fri kultur stumbles på en forvirring som er vanskelig å unngå, "
+"og enda vanskeligere å forstå. en fri kultur er ikke en kultur uten "
+"egenskapen; Det er ikke en kultur der kunstnere ikke får betalt. en kultur "
+"uten egenskapen eller i hvilke skaperne kan ikke få betalt, er anarki, ikke "
+"frihet. Anarki er ikke hva jeg forhånd her."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American "
-"law--deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by the "
-"most important legal thinkers of our past--mattered. If my land reaches to "
-"the heavens, what happens when United flies over my field? Do I have the "
-"right to banish it from my property? Am I allowed to enter into an exclusive "
+"Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American law--"
+"deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by the most "
+"important legal thinkers of our past--mattered. If my land reaches to the "
+"heavens, what happens when United flies over my field? Do I have the right "
+"to banish it from my property? Am I allowed to enter into an exclusive "
"license with Delta Airlines? Could we set up an auction to decide how much "
"these rights are worth?"
msgstr ""
"kan jeg til å inngå en eksklusiv lisens med delta airlines? kan vi sette opp "
"en auksjon til å bestemme hvor mye disse rettighetene er verdt?"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers "
"Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying "
"oppover,\" deretter regjeringen var adgang på deres eiendom, og causbys "
"ønsket å stoppe."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared "
"the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, "
-"then Congress's declaration could well have been an unconstitutional "
-"\"taking\" of property without compensation. The Court acknowledged that "
-"\"it is ancient doctrine that common law ownership of the land extended to "
-"the periphery of the universe.\" But Justice Douglas had no patience for "
-"ancient doctrine. In a single paragraph, hundreds of years of property law "
-"were erased. As he wrote for the Court,"
+"then Congress's declaration could well have been an unconstitutional \"taking"
+"\" of property without compensation. The Court acknowledged that \"it is "
+"ancient doctrine that common law ownership of the land extended to the "
+"periphery of the universe.\" But Justice Douglas had no patience for ancient "
+"doctrine. In a single paragraph, hundreds of years of property law were "
+"erased. As he wrote for the Court,"
msgstr ""
"Høyesterett enige om å høre causbys' tilfelle. Kongressen hadde erklært "
"luftveiene offentlige, men hvis ens egenskapen virkelig utvidet til "
"opphavsrettslovgivningen slettet. som han skrev for hoffet,"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that "
"there could be a \"taking\" if the government's use of its land effectively "
"bli en \"tar\" Hvis regjeringens bruken av sine land ødelagt effektivt "
"verdien av causbys' land. i dette eksemplet ble foreslått for meg av keith "
"aoki flott stykke, \"(immaterielle) og suverenitet: notater mot en "
-"kulturelle geografi forfatterskap,\" stanford law gå gjennom 48 (1996): "
-"året etter, 1333. Se også paul goldstein, fast eiendom (mineola, n.y.: "
-"foundation press (1984)), 111213."
+"kulturelle geografi forfatterskap,\" stanford law gå gjennom 48 (1996): året "
+"etter, 1333. Se også paul goldstein, fast eiendom (mineola, n.y.: foundation "
+"press (1984)), 111213."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"suits. Common sense revolts at the idea. To recognize such private claims to "
"the airspace would clog these highways, seriously interfere with their "
"control and development in the public interest, and transfer into private "
-"ownership that to which only the public has a just claim.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"ownership that to which only the public has a just claim.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid "\"Common sense revolts at the idea.\""
msgstr "sunn fornuft opprør på ideen."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 18
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, "
-"but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to "
-"dither. Other justices would have blathered on for pages to reach the "
-"conclusion that Douglas holds in a single line: \"Common sense revolts at "
-"the idea.\" But whether it takes pages or a few words, it is the special "
-"genius of a common law system, as ours is, that the law adjusts to the "
-"technologies of the time. And as it adjusts, it changes. Ideas that were as "
-"solid as rock in one age crumble in another."
+"but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to dither. "
+"Other justices would have blathered on for pages to reach the conclusion "
+"that Douglas holds in a single line: \"Common sense revolts at the idea.\" "
+"But whether it takes pages or a few words, it is the special genius of a "
+"common law system, as ours is, that the law adjusts to the technologies of "
+"the time. And as it adjusts, it changes. Ideas that were as solid as rock in "
+"one age crumble in another."
msgstr ""
"Dette er hvordan loven fungerer vanligvis. ikke ofte dette brått eller "
"impatiently, men til slutt, er dette hvordan det fungerer. Det var douglas's "
"tiden. og når den er justert, endres den. ideer som var så solid som rock i "
"en alder crumble i et annet."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the "
"other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there "
"den andre siden av endringen. causbys var bare bønder. og selv om det var "
"ingen tvil om mange som dem som var lei av den voksende trafikk i luften "
"(selv om en ikke håper mange høner fløy seg i vegger), causbys av verden vil "
-"være svært vanskelig å samle og stoppe ideen, og teknologien, "
-"wright-brødrene hadde birthed. wright-brødrene spyttet fly i teknologiske "
-"meme bassenget; ideen deretter spre seg som et virus i en kylling coop; "
-"bønder som causbys funnet seg selv omringet av \"hva syntes rimelig\" gitt "
+"være svært vanskelig å samle og stoppe ideen, og teknologien, wright-"
+"brødrene hadde birthed. wright-brødrene spyttet fly i teknologiske meme "
+"bassenget; ideen deretter spre seg som et virus i en kylling coop; bønder "
+"som causbys funnet seg selv omringet av \"hva syntes rimelig\" gitt "
"teknologien som wrights hadde produsert. de kunne stå på sine gårder, dead "
"kyllinger i hånden og riste deres fists på disse newfangled teknologiene "
"alle de ønsket. de kunne ringe sine representanter eller selv fil en "
"his most significant invention--FM radio. Until then, consumer radio had "
"been amplitude-modulated (AM) radio. The theorists of the day had said that "
"frequency-modulated (FM) radio could never work. They were right about FM "
-"radio in a narrow band of spectrum. But Armstrong discovered that "
-"frequency-modulated radio in a wide band of spectrum would deliver an "
-"astonishing fidelity of sound, with much less transmitter power and static."
+"radio in a narrow band of spectrum. But Armstrong discovered that frequency-"
+"modulated radio in a wide band of spectrum would deliver an astonishing "
+"fidelity of sound, with much less transmitter power and static."
msgstr ""
"på dagen etter jul, var 1933, fire patenter utstedt til armstrong for hans "
"viktigste oppfinnelse--fm-radio. inntil da, hadde forbruker radio vært "
-"amplitude modulated (am)-radio. teoretikere av dagen hadde sagt at "
-"frekvens-modulated (fm)-radio kan aldri fungere. de var rett om fm-radio i "
-"et smale band av spekteret. men armstrong oppdaget at frekvens-modulated "
-"radio i et bredt spektrum-band ville levere en forbløffende gjengivelse av "
-"lyd, med mye mindre transmitter strøm og statisk."
+"amplitude modulated (am)-radio. teoretikere av dagen hadde sagt at frekvens-"
+"modulated (fm)-radio kan aldri fungere. de var rett om fm-radio i et smale "
+"band av spekteret. men armstrong oppdaget at frekvens-modulated radio i et "
+"bredt spektrum-band ville levere en forbløffende gjengivelse av lyd, med mye "
+"mindre transmitter strøm og statisk."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the "
-"Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York "
-"City. He tuned his radio dial across a range of AM stations, until the radio "
+"Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York City. "
+"He tuned his radio dial across a range of AM stations, until the radio "
"locked on a broadcast that he had arranged from seventeen miles away. The "
"radio fell totally silent, as if dead, and then with a clarity no one else "
"in that room had ever heard from an electrical device, it produced the sound "
"Lawrence Lessing, Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong "
"(Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209."
msgstr ""
-"Lawrence lessing, mann av Hi-Fi: edwin howard armstrong (philadelphia: "
-"j. b. lipincott selskap, 1956), 209."
+"Lawrence lessing, mann av Hi-Fi: edwin howard armstrong (philadelphia: j. b. "
+"lipincott selskap, 1956), 209."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"sounded like paper and not like a crackling forest fire. . . . Sousa marches "
"were played from records and a piano solo and guitar number were "
"performed. . . . The music was projected with a live-ness rarely if ever "
-"heard before from a radio \"music box.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"heard before from a radio \"music box.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 20
msgid ""
"As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior "
"radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working "
-"for RCA. RCA was the dominant player in the then dominant AM radio "
-"market. By 1935, there were a thousand radio stations across the United "
-"States, but the stations in large cities were all owned by a handful of "
-"networks."
+"for RCA. RCA was the dominant player in the then dominant AM radio market. "
+"By 1935, there were a thousand radio stations across the United States, but "
+"the stations in large cities were all owned by a handful of networks."
msgstr ""
"som vår egen sunn fornuft forteller oss, hadde armstrong oppdaget en "
"telefonsamtale radioteknologi. men på tidspunktet for hans oppfinnelse, "
"dominerende am radiomarkedet. som 1935, var det tusen radiostasjoner over "
"hele USA, men stasjonene i store byer var eid av en håndfull av nettverk."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that "
"Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was "
"began to use its power with the government to stall FM radio's deployment "
"generally. In 1936, RCA hired the former head of the FCC and assigned him "
"the task of assuring that the FCC assign spectrum in a way that would "
-"castrate FM--principally by moving FM radio to a different band of "
-"spectrum. At first, these efforts failed. But when Armstrong and the nation "
-"were distracted by World War II, RCA's work began to be more "
-"successful. Soon after the war ended, the FCC announced a set of policies "
-"that would have one clear effect: FM radio would be crippled. As Lawrence "
-"Lessing described it,"
+"castrate FM--principally by moving FM radio to a different band of spectrum. "
+"At first, these efforts failed. But when Armstrong and the nation were "
+"distracted by World War II, RCA's work began to be more successful. Soon "
+"after the war ended, the FCC announced a set of policies that would have one "
+"clear effect: FM radio would be crippled. As Lawrence Lessing described it,"
msgstr ""
"RCA først holdt teknologien i huset, insistere på at ytterligere tester var "
"nødvendig. Når, etter to år med testing, armstrong vokste utålmodige, "
msgid ""
"The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a "
"series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, "
-"were almost incredible in their force and deviousness.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"were almost incredible in their force and deviousness.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"FM radio was thus choked, at least temporarily."
msgstr ""
"Hvis du vil lage plass i spekteret for de nyeste gamble, TV, fm radio "
-"brukere var å bli flyttet til et helt nytt spektrum band. kraften til "
-"fm-radiostasjoner ble også kuttet, betydning fm kan ikke lenger brukes til å "
+"brukere var å bli flyttet til et helt nytt spektrum band. kraften til fm-"
+"radiostasjoner ble også kuttet, betydning fm kan ikke lenger brukes til å "
"overføre trådløst programmer fra én del av landet til en annen. (denne "
"endringen var sterkt støttes av at&t, fordi tapet av fm relésending "
"stasjoner ville bety radiostasjoner må kjøpe kablet koblinger fra at&t.) "
"broken, and now broke, in 1954 Armstrong wrote a short note to his wife and "
"then stepped out of a thirteenth-story window to his death."
msgstr ""
-"Armstrong motstått rca's innsats. svar motstått rca Armstrongs "
-"patenter. etter innlemme fm-teknologien i den nye standarden for TV, rca "
-"erklærte patentene ugyldig--baselessly og nesten femten år etter at de ble "
-"utstedt. det dermed nektet å betale royalties til ham. i seks år kjempet "
-"armstrong en kostbar krig til søksmål for å forsvare patentene. til slutt, "
-"akkurat som patentene utløpt, rca tilbudt en utligning som er så lav at det "
-"ikke ville selv dekke Armstrongs lawyers avgifter. beseiret, ødelagte og nå "
-"blakk, i 1954 armstrong skrev en kort notat til kona og deretter gikk ut av "
-"et trettende-etasjers vindu til hans død."
+"Armstrong motstått rca's innsats. svar motstått rca Armstrongs patenter. "
+"etter innlemme fm-teknologien i den nye standarden for TV, rca erklærte "
+"patentene ugyldig--baselessly og nesten femten år etter at de ble utstedt. "
+"det dermed nektet å betale royalties til ham. i seks år kjempet armstrong en "
+"kostbar krig til søksmål for å forsvare patentene. til slutt, akkurat som "
+"patentene utløpt, rca tilbudt en utligning som er så lav at det ikke ville "
+"selv dekke Armstrongs lawyers avgifter. beseiret, ødelagte og nå blakk, i "
+"1954 armstrong skrev en kort notat til kona og deretter gikk ut av et "
+"trettende-etasjers vindu til hans død."
#. PAGE BREAK 22
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Amanda Lenhart, \"The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at "
"Internet Access and the Digital Divide,\" Pew Internet and American Life "
-"Project, 15 April 2003: 6, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #2</ulink>."
+"Project, 15 April 2003: 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #2</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed "
"things. Some of these changes are technical--the Internet has made "
-"communication faster, it has lowered the cost of gathering data, and so "
-"on. These technical changes are not the focus of this book. They are "
-"important. They are not well understood. But they are the sort of thing that "
-"would simply go away if we all just switched the Internet off. They don't "
-"affect people who don't use the Internet, or at least they don't affect them "
+"communication faster, it has lowered the cost of gathering data, and so on. "
+"These technical changes are not the focus of this book. They are important. "
+"They are not well understood. But they are the sort of thing that would "
+"simply go away if we all just switched the Internet off. They don't affect "
+"people who don't use the Internet, or at least they don't affect them "
"directly. They are the proper subject of a book about the Internet. But this "
"is not a book about the Internet."
msgstr ""
"selv. mest, hvis de gjenkjent denne endringen, vil avvise det. de fleste ser "
"ikke ennå endringen som Internett har introdusert."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 23
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial "
"and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By "
"Vi kan skimtes en følelse av denne endringen ved å skille mellom "
"kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell kultur, og ved å tilordne lovens regulering "
"av hver. \"kommersielle kultur\" mener jeg at en del av vår kultur som er "
-"produsert og solgt eller produsert for å bli solgt. \"ikke-kommersiell "
-"kultur\" mener jeg alle resten. Når gamle menn lørdag rundt parker eller på "
-"et gatehjørne fortelle historier som barn og andre forbrukes, som var "
-"ikke-kommersiell kultur. Når noah webster publisert sin \"reader\", eller "
-"joel barlow hans poesi, som var kommersielle kultur."
+"produsert og solgt eller produsert for å bli solgt. \"ikke-kommersiell kultur"
+"\" mener jeg alle resten. Når gamle menn lørdag rundt parker eller på et "
+"gatehjørne fortelle historier som barn og andre forbrukes, som var ikke-"
+"kommersiell kultur. Når noah webster publisert sin \"reader\", eller joel "
+"barlow hans poesi, som var kommersielle kultur."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our "
"tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if "
"culture--telling stories, reenacting scenes from plays or TV, participating "
"in fan clubs, sharing music, making tapes--were left alone by the law."
msgstr ""
-"i begynnelsen av vår historie, og omtrent hele vår tradisjon ble "
-"ikke-kommersiell kultur i hovedsak unregulated. Selvfølgelig, kan hvis din "
+"i begynnelsen av vår historie, og omtrent hele vår tradisjon ble ikke-"
+"kommersiell kultur i hovedsak unregulated. Selvfølgelig, kan hvis din "
"historiene var utuktig, eller hvis din sang forstyrret freden, deretter "
"loven gripe. men loven var aldri direkte opptatt med opprettelse eller "
-"spredning av denne formen for kultur, og det igjen denne kulturen "
-"\"gratis.\" det vanlige måter som vanlige enkeltpersoner delt og "
-"transformert deres kultur--fortelle historier, reenacting scener fra spiller "
-"eller tv, delta i fan klubber, deling av musikk, slik at kassetter--var "
-"igjen alene ved loven."
+"spredning av denne formen for kultur, og det igjen denne kulturen \"gratis."
+"\" det vanlige måter som vanlige enkeltpersoner delt og transformert deres "
+"kultur--fortelle historier, reenacting scener fra spiller eller tv, delta i "
+"fan klubber, deling av musikk, slik at kassetter--var igjen alene ved loven."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly "
"primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. "
"publikasjonen, men også en interesse for personvern. ved å gi forfattere "
"eneretten til første publikasjon, ga copyright lovene i delstaten forfattere "
"makt til å kontrollere spredningen av fakta om dem. se d. samuel d. warren "
-"og louis brandeis, \"rett til personvern,\" harvard law gå gjennom 4 "
-"(1890): 193, 198200."
+"og louis brandeis, \"rett til personvern,\" harvard law gå gjennom 4 (1890): "
+"193, 198200."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been "
-"erased.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the "
-"stage for this erasure and, pushed by big media, the law has now affected "
-"it. For the first time in our tradition, the ordinary ways in which "
-"individuals create and share culture fall within the reach of the regulation "
-"of the law, which has expanded to draw within its control a vast amount of "
-"culture and creativity that it never reached before. The technology that "
-"preserved the balance of our history--between uses of our culture that were "
-"free and uses of our culture that were only upon permission--has been "
-"undone. The consequence is that we are less and less a free culture, more "
-"and more a permission culture."
+"This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been erased."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the stage for "
+"this erasure and, pushed by big media, the law has now affected it. For the "
+"first time in our tradition, the ordinary ways in which individuals create "
+"and share culture fall within the reach of the regulation of the law, which "
+"has expanded to draw within its control a vast amount of culture and "
+"creativity that it never reached before. The technology that preserved the "
+"balance of our history--between uses of our culture that were free and uses "
+"of our culture that were only upon permission--has been undone. The "
+"consequence is that we are less and less a free culture, more and more a "
+"permission culture."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"motivasjon. men proteksjonistisk som rettferdiggjør endringene som jeg vil "
"beskrive nedenfor er ikke begrenset og balansert Sorter som har definert "
"loven i siste. Dette er ikke en proteksjonistisk å beskytte kunstnere. i "
-"stedet er det en proteksjonistisk å beskytte visse former for "
-"virksomheten. selskaper truet av potensial av Internett til å endre måten "
-"både kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell kultur er laget og delt har forent å "
+"stedet er det en proteksjonistisk å beskytte visse former for virksomheten. "
+"selskaper truet av potensial av Internett til å endre måten både "
+"kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell kultur er laget og delt har forent å "
"indusere lovgivere til å bruke loven til å beskytte dem. Det er historien om "
"rca og armstrong; Det er drømmen av causbys."
"culture; that market could include a much wider and more diverse range of "
"creators; those creators could produce and distribute a much more vibrant "
"range of creativity; and depending upon a few important factors, those "
-"creators could earn more on average from this system than creators do "
-"today--all so long as the RCAs of our day don't use the law to protect "
-"themselves against this competition."
+"creators could earn more on average from this system than creators do today--"
+"all so long as the RCAs of our day don't use the law to protect themselves "
+"against this competition."
msgstr ""
"for Internett har utløste en ekstraordinære mulighet for mange til å delta i "
"ferd med å bygge og pleie en kultur som går langt ut over lokale grenser. at "
"strøm er endret markedet for å lage og dyrke kultur Generelt, og at "
"endringen i sin tur truer etablert innhold bransjer. Internett er dermed til "
-"bransjer som bygget og distribuerte innholdet i det tjuende århundret hva "
-"fm-radio var på am-radio, eller hva bilen var til jernbane industrien av det "
+"bransjer som bygget og distribuerte innholdet i det tjuende århundret hva fm-"
+"radio var på am-radio, eller hva bilen var til jernbane industrien av det "
"nittende århundre: begynnelsen av slutten, eller minst en betydelig "
"transformasjon. Digital teknologi, knyttet til Internett, kunne produsere en "
"langt mer konkurransedyktig og vibrerende markedet for å bygge og pleie "
"to remake the Internet before the Internet remakes them."
msgstr ""
"Likevel, som jeg hevder på sidene som følger, som er nøyaktig hva som skjer "
-"i vår kultur i dag. Disse moderne-dag-ekvivalenter av tidlig "
-"1900-tallet-radio eller av 1800-tallet jernbaner bruker deres makt for å få "
-"lov til å beskytte dem mot dette nye, mer effektive, mer levende teknologi "
-"for bygging av kultur. de lykkes i sin plan å remake Internett før Internett "
-"remakes dem."
+"i vår kultur i dag. Disse moderne-dag-ekvivalenter av tidlig 1900-tallet-"
+"radio eller av 1800-tallet jernbaner bruker deres makt for å få lov til å "
+"beskytte dem mot dette nye, mer effektive, mer levende teknologi for bygging "
+"av kultur. de lykkes i sin plan å remake Internett før Internett remakes dem."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Amy Harmon, \"Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New "
"Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,\" New York Times, 17 "
"property or against it."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the "
"content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the "
"\"piratkopiering\" er galt, og at loven, riktig innstilt, skal straffe pent "
"\"piratkopiering\", enten av eller på Internett."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much "
"more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the "
"men de enkle trosoppfatninger maskere et mye mer grunnleggende spørsmål og "
"en mye mer dramatisk endring. min frykt er at med mindre vi kommer til å se "
"denne endringen, krig for å befri verden av Internett \"pirater\" også "
-"kvitte vår kultur med verdier som er integrert til vår tradisjon fra "
-"starten."
+"kvitte vår kultur med verdier som er integrert til vår tradisjon fra starten."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" Yale Law "
"Journal 106 (1996): 283."
"First Amendment protected creators against state control. And as Professor "
"Neil Netanel powerfully argues,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
"copyright law, properly balanced, protected creators against private "
-"control. Our tradition was thus neither Soviet nor the tradition of "
-"patrons. It instead carved out a wide berth within which creators could "
-"cultivate and extend our culture."
+"control. Our tradition was thus neither Soviet nor the tradition of patrons. "
+"It instead carved out a wide berth within which creators could cultivate and "
+"extend our culture."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the "
"technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective "
"bygd opp en slags kulturelle adel; de i edle klassen leve enkelt; dem "
"utenfor ikke. men det er adel noen form som er fremmed for vår tradisjon."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the \"centrality "
"of technology\" to ordinary life. I don't believe in gods, digital or "
"It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired "
"by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by "
"understanding this battle, it is an effort to map peace. There is no good "
-"reason for the current struggle around Internet technologies to "
-"continue. There will be great harm to our tradition and culture if it is "
-"allowed to continue unchecked. We must come to understand the source of this "
-"war. We must resolve it soon."
+"reason for the current struggle around Internet technologies to continue. "
+"There will be great harm to our tradition and culture if it is allowed to "
+"continue unchecked. We must come to understand the source of this war. We "
+"must resolve it soon."
msgstr ""
"i stedet er det et forsøk på å forstå en håpløst ødeleggende krig som er "
"inspirert av teknologien av Internett, men nå langt utenfor koden. og ved å "
"fortsette ukontrollert. Vi må komme til å forstå kilden til denne krigen. Vi "
"må løse det snart."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Like the Causbys' battle, this war is, in part, about \"property.\" The "
"property of this war is not as tangible as the Causbys', and no innocent "
-"chicken has yet to lose its life. Yet the ideas surrounding this "
-"\"property\" are as obvious to most as the Causbys' claim about the "
-"sacredness of their farm was to them. We are the Causbys. Most of us take "
-"for granted the extraordinarily powerful claims that the owners of "
-"\"intellectual property\" now assert. Most of us, like the Causbys, treat "
-"these claims as obvious. And hence we, like the Causbys, object when a new "
-"technology interferes with this property. It is as plain to us as it was to "
-"them that the new technologies of the Internet are \"trespassing\" upon "
-"legitimate claims of \"property.\" It is as plain to us as it was to them "
-"that the law should intervene to stop this trespass."
+"chicken has yet to lose its life. Yet the ideas surrounding this \"property"
+"\" are as obvious to most as the Causbys' claim about the sacredness of "
+"their farm was to them. We are the Causbys. Most of us take for granted the "
+"extraordinarily powerful claims that the owners of \"intellectual property\" "
+"now assert. Most of us, like the Causbys, treat these claims as obvious. And "
+"hence we, like the Causbys, object when a new technology interferes with "
+"this property. It is as plain to us as it was to them that the new "
+"technologies of the Internet are \"trespassing\" upon legitimate claims of "
+"\"property.\" It is as plain to us as it was to them that the law should "
+"intervene to stop this trespass."
msgstr ""
"som causbys' kamp, denne krigen er delvis, om \"egenskapen.\" egenskapen av "
"denne krigen er ikke så konkrete som causbys', og ingen uskyldige kylling "
"fornuft på siden av bolig i denne krigen. i motsetning til heldig wright "
"brødrene, har Internett ikke inspirert en revolusjon på høykant."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly "
"amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more "
"ansiktet av disse ytterpunktene fordi, som med armstrong versus rca, "
"kraftigere siden har sikret at det har kraftigere visningen?"
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 28
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was "
"right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I "
"krever i dag er stadig like dumt som en sheriff arrestere et fly for "
"trespass. men konsekvensene av dette dumhet vil være mye mer dyptgripende."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The struggle that rages just now centers on two ideas: \"piracy\" and "
"\"property.\" My aim in this book's next two parts is to explore these two "
"angir en kontekst som er innenfor disse tilsynelatende enkle ideer kan være "
"mer fullt forstått."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet "
"has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by "
"historien om en mer konsekvens av denne formen for korrupsjon--en konsekvens "
"som de fleste av oss fortsatt oblivious."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "\"PIRACY\""
msgstr "piratkopiering"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Since the inception of the law regulating creative property, there has been "
"a war against \"piracy.\" The precise contours of this concept, \"piracy,\" "
"own use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 31
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Today we are in the middle of another \"war\" against \"piracy.\" The "
"Internet has provoked this war. The Internet makes possible the efficient "
"in a way unimagined a generation ago."
msgstr ""
"i dag er vi midt i en annen \"krig\" mot \"piratkopiering.\" Internett har "
-"provosert denne krigen. Internett gjør mulig effektiv spredning av "
-"innhold. Peer-to-peer (p2p) fildeling er blant den mest effektive av "
-"effektiv teknologi gjør det mulig for Internett. ved hjelp av distributed "
+"provosert denne krigen. Internett gjør mulig effektiv spredning av innhold. "
+"Peer-to-peer (p2p) fildeling er blant den mest effektive av effektiv "
+"teknologi gjør det mulig for Internett. ved hjelp av distributed "
"intelligence, p2p systemer forenkle enkel spredning av innhold på en måte "
"som unimagined en generasjon siden."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The "
"network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and "
"copyrighted content. That sharing in turn has excited the war, as copyright "
"owners fear the sharing will \"rob the author of the profit.\""
msgstr ""
-"Denne effektivitet respekterer ikke tradisjonelle linjene av "
-"opphavsrett. nettverket diskriminerer ikke mellom deling av "
-"opphavsrettsbeskyttet og uncopyrighted innhold. Dermed har det vært en enorm "
-"mengde deling av opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold. at deling har i sin tur "
-"glade krigen som eiere av opphavsretter frykter deling vil \"rob forfatteren "
-"av overskuddet.\""
+"Denne effektivitet respekterer ikke tradisjonelle linjene av opphavsrett. "
+"nettverket diskriminerer ikke mellom deling av opphavsrettsbeskyttet og "
+"uncopyrighted innhold. Dermed har det vært en enorm mengde deling av "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold. at deling har i sin tur glade krigen som "
+"eiere av opphavsretter frykter deling vil \"rob forfatteren av overskuddet.\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and "
"increasingly to technology to defend their \"property\" against this "
"være \"gratis\" glem tatoveringer, never mind kroppspiercing--våre barn blir "
"tyver!"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"There's no doubt that \"piracy\" is wrong, and that pirates should be "
"punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put this notion "
"Det er ingen tvil om at \"piratkopiering\" er galt, og at pirates bør bli "
"straffet. men før vi gå til executioners, vi bør sette denne oppfatningen av "
"\"piratkopiering\" i noen sammenheng. for som konseptet blir stadig mer "
-"brukt, er i sin kjerne en ekstraordinære idé som er nesten helt sikkert "
-"galt."
+"brukt, er i sin kjerne en ekstraordinære idé som er nesten helt sikkert galt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid "The idea goes something like this:"
"Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative "
"work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take "
"something of value from someone else, I should have their permission. The "
-"taking of something of value from someone else without permission is "
-"wrong. It is a form of piracy."
+"taking of something of value from someone else without permission is wrong. "
+"It is a form of piracy."
msgstr ""
"skapende arbeid har verdi; Når jeg bruker, eller ta eller bygge på kreative "
"arbeidet til andre, tar jeg fra dem noe av verdi. Når jeg tar noe av verdi "
"fra noen andre, skulle jeg ha deres tillatelse. å ta av noe av verdi fra "
"noen andre uten tillatelse er galt. Det er en form for piratkopiering."
-#, mtrans
+#. f2
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Rochelle Dreyfuss, \"Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in "
"the Pepsi Generation,\" Notre Dame Law Review 65 (1990): 397."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Lisa Bannon, \"The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,\" "
-"Wall Street Journal, 21 August 1996, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</ulink>; Jonathan Zittrain, "
-"\"Calling Off the Copyright War: In Battle of Property vs. Free Speech, No "
-"One Wins,\" Boston Globe, 24 November 2002."
+"Wall Street Journal, 21 August 1996, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</ulink>; Jonathan Zittrain, \"Calling Off the "
+"Copyright War: In Battle of Property vs. Free Speech, No One Wins,\" Boston "
+"Globe, 24 November 2002."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"creative property<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> --if there is "
"value, then someone must have a right to that value. It is the perspective "
"that led a composers' rights organization, ASCAP, to sue the Girl Scouts for "
-"failing to pay for the songs that girls sang around Girl Scout "
-"campfires.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> There was \"value\" (the "
-"songs) so there must have been a \"right\"--even against the Girl Scouts."
+"failing to pay for the songs that girls sang around Girl Scout campfires."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> There was \"value\" (the songs) so "
+"there must have been a \"right\"--even against the Girl Scouts."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 32
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property "
"should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law "
"Denne ideen er absolutt en mulig forståelse av hvordan kreative egenskapen "
"skal fungere. Det kan godt være en mulig design for et system av loven "
"beskytte creative-egenskapen. men den \"Hvis verdien, deretter høyre\" teori "
-"av creative-egenskapen har aldri vært america's teori om "
-"kreative-egenskapen. Det har aldri tatt tak i vår lov."
+"av creative-egenskapen har aldri vært america's teori om kreative-"
+"egenskapen. Det har aldri tatt tak i vår lov."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial "
"creators but effectively that of anyone. Although that expansion would not "
"matter much if copyright law regulated only \"copying,\" when the law "
-"regulates as broadly and obscurely as it does, the extension matters a "
-"lot. The burden of this law now vastly outweighs any original "
-"benefit--certainly as it affects noncommercial creativity, and increasingly "
-"as it affects commercial creativity as well. Thus, as we'll see more clearly "
-"in the chapters below, the law's role is less and less to support "
-"creativity, and more and more to protect certain industries against "
-"competition. Just at the time digital technology could unleash an "
-"extraordinary range of commercial and noncommercial creativity, the law "
-"burdens this creativity with insanely complex and vague rules and with the "
-"threat of obscenely severe penalties. We may be seeing, as Richard Florida "
-"writes, the \"Rise of the Creative Class.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> Unfortunately, we are also seeing an extraordinary rise of "
-"regulation of this creative class."
-msgstr ""
-
-#, mtrans
+"regulates as broadly and obscurely as it does, the extension matters a lot. "
+"The burden of this law now vastly outweighs any original benefit--certainly "
+"as it affects noncommercial creativity, and increasingly as it affects "
+"commercial creativity as well. Thus, as we'll see more clearly in the "
+"chapters below, the law's role is less and less to support creativity, and "
+"more and more to protect certain industries against competition. Just at the "
+"time digital technology could unleash an extraordinary range of commercial "
+"and noncommercial creativity, the law burdens this creativity with insanely "
+"complex and vague rules and with the threat of obscenely severe penalties. "
+"We may be seeing, as Richard Florida writes, the \"Rise of the Creative "
+"Class.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Unfortunately, we are also "
+"seeing an extraordinary rise of regulation of this creative class."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by "
"understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper "
msgstr ""
"gutter jobbet fra en musikk og lydeffekter score. etter flere falske starter "
"kom lyd og handling av med pistolen. munn-organisten spilte melodien, resten "
-"av oss i lyd avdeling bammed tin pans og blåste lysbilde plystre på "
-"beat. synkroniseringen var ganske nær."
+"av oss i lyd avdeling bammed tin pans og blåste lysbilde plystre på beat. "
+"synkroniseringen var ganske nær."
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"Leonard Maltin, Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons "
"(New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 3435."
"The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They "
"responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought "
"they were kidding me. So they put me in the audience and ran the action "
-"again. It was terrible, but it was wonderful! And it was something "
-"
new!<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"again. It was terrible, but it was wonderful! And it was something new!"
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub "
-"Iwerks, put it more strongly: \"I have never been so thrilled in my "
-"life. Nothing since has ever equaled it.\""
+"Iwerks, put it more strongly: \"I have never been so thrilled in my life. "
+"Nothing since has ever equaled it.\""
msgstr ""
"Disney's deretter partner, og en av animasjons mest ekstraordinære talenter, "
"ub iwerks, sette det mer sterkt: \"Jeg har aldri vært så begeistret i mitt "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively "
-"new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had "
-"rarely--except in Disney's hands--been anything more than filler for other "
-"films. Throughout animation's early history, it was Disney's invention that "
-"set the standard that others struggled to match. And quite often, Disney's "
-"great genius, his spark of creativity, was built upon the work of others."
+"Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively new. "
+"Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had rarely--"
+"except in Disney's hands--been anything more than filler for other films. "
+"Throughout animation's early history, it was Disney's invention that set the "
+"standard that others struggled to match. And quite often, Disney's great "
+"genius, his spark of creativity, was built upon the work of others."
msgstr ""
-"Disney hadde opprettet noe veldig nytt, basert på noe relativt "
-"nytt. synkronisert lyd brakt livet til en form av kreativitet som hadde "
-"sjelden--unntatt i disney's hender--blitt noe mer enn filler for andre "
-"filmer. gjennom animasjons tidlig historien var det disney's oppfinnelse som "
-"satte standarden som andre kjempet for å matche. og ganske ofte disney's "
-"stor geni, hans gnist av kreativitet, ble bygd på arbeidet til andre."
+"Disney hadde opprettet noe veldig nytt, basert på noe relativt nytt. "
+"synkronisert lyd brakt livet til en form av kreativitet som hadde sjelden--"
+"unntatt i disney's hender--blitt noe mer enn filler for andre filmer. "
+"gjennom animasjons tidlig historien var det disney's oppfinnelse som satte "
+"standarden som andre kjempet for å matche. og ganske ofte disney's stor "
+"geni, hans gnist av kreativitet, ble bygd på arbeidet til andre."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave "
"Smith of the Disney Archives, Disney paid royalties to use the music for "
-"five songs in Steamboat Willie: \"Steamboat Bill,\" \"The Simpleton\" "
-"(Delille), \"Mischief Makers\" (Carbonara), \"Joyful Hurry No. 1\" (Baron), "
-"and \"Gawky Rube\" (Lakay). A sixth song, \"The Turkey in the Straw,\" was "
-"already in the public domain. Letter from David Smith to Harry Surden, 10 "
-"July 2003, on file with author."
+"five songs in Steamboat Willie: \"Steamboat Bill,\" \"The Simpleton"
+"\" (Delille), \"Mischief Makers\" (Carbonara), \"Joyful Hurry No. "
+"1\" (Baron), and \"Gawky Rube\" (Lakay). A sixth song, \"The Turkey in the "
+"Straw,\" was already in the public domain. Letter from David Smith to Harry "
+"Surden, 10 July 2003, on file with author."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, \"The Mouse that "
-"Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>."
+"Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"his day.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> So did many others. Early "
"cartoons are filled with knockoffs--slight variations on winning themes; "
"retellings of ancient stories. The key to success was the brilliance of the "
-"differences. With Disney, it was sound that gave his animation its "
-"spark. Later, it was the quality of his work relative to the production-line "
+"differences. With Disney, it was sound that gave his animation its spark. "
+"Later, it was the quality of his work relative to the production-line "
"cartoons with which he competed. Yet these additions were built upon a base "
"that was borrowed. Disney added to the work of others before him, creating "
"something new out of something just barely old."
"noen ganger var denne lån liten. noen ganger var det betydelig. Tenk på "
"eventyr av the Sunday. Hvis du er så oblivious som jeg var, er du "
"sannsynligvis tror at disse fortellingene er glade, søte historier, passer "
-"for alle barn ved sengetid. faktisk grimm eventyr er, vel, for oss, "
-"dystre. Det er en sjelden og kanskje altfor ambisiøse forelder som ville "
-"våge å lese disse blodig, moralistiske fortellingene til hans eller hennes "
-"barn, ved sengetid eller når som helst."
+"for alle barn ved sengetid. faktisk grimm eventyr er, vel, for oss, dystre. "
+"Det er en sjelden og kanskje altfor ambisiøse forelder som ville våge å lese "
+"disse blodig, moralistiske fortellingene til hans eller hennes barn, ved "
+"sengetid eller når som helst."
#. PAGE BREAK 37
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"recent example that we should perhaps quickly forget, Treasure Planet "
"(2003). In all of these cases, Disney (or Disney, Inc.) ripped creativity "
"from the culture around him, mixed that creativity with his own "
-"extraordinary talent, and then burned that mix into the soul of his "
-"culture. Rip, mix, and burn."
+"extraordinary talent, and then burned that mix into the soul of his culture. "
+"Rip, mix, and burn."
msgstr ""
"Disney tok disse historiene og retold dem på en måte som førte dem inn i en "
"ny tidsalder. Han animert historiene, med både tegn og lys. uten å fjerne "
"egen ekstraordinære talent, og deretter brent blanding inn i sjelen til sin "
"kultur. rippe blande og brenne."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and "
"celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except "
"Dette er en slags kreativitet. Det er en kreativitet som vi bør huske og "
"feire. Det er noen som vil si at det er ingen kreativitet bortsett fra denne "
"typen. Vi trenger ikke å gå så langt å anerkjenne sin betydning. Vi kan "
-"kalle denne \"disney kreativitet,\" selv om det ville være litt "
-"misvisende. Det er mer presist, \"walt disney kreativitet\"--en form for "
-"uttrykk og geni som bygger på kultur rundt oss, og som gjør det noe annet."
+"kalle denne \"disney kreativitet,\" selv om det ville være litt misvisende. "
+"Det er mer presist, \"walt disney kreativitet\"--en form for uttrykk og geni "
+"som bygger på kultur rundt oss, og som gjør det noe annet."
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
"year, and the proportion renewing. Thus, if 100 copyrights are registered in "
"year 1, and only 15 are renewed, and the renewal term is 28 years, then the "
"average term is 32.2 years. For the renewal data and other relevant data, "
-"see the Web site associated with this book, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>."
+"see the Web site associated with this book, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively "
-"fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite "
-"vibrant. The average term of copyright was just around thirty years--for "
-"that minority of creative work that was in fact copyrighted.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That means that for thirty years, on average, "
-"the authors or copyright holders of a creative work had an \"exclusive "
-"right\" to control certain uses of the work. To use this copyrighted work in "
-"limited ways required the permission of the copyright owner."
+"In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively fresh. "
+"The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite vibrant. "
+"The average term of copyright was just around thirty years--for that "
+"minority of creative work that was in fact copyrighted.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That means that for thirty years, on average, the "
+"authors or copyright holders of a creative work had an \"exclusive right\" "
+"to control certain uses of the work. To use this copyrighted work in limited "
+"ways required the permission of the copyright owner."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No "
"permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, "
msgstr ""
"på slutten av en opphavsrett sikt sender et arbeid i public domain. Ingen "
"tillatelse kreves for deretter å trekke på, eller bruke som fungerer. Ingen "
-"tillatelse og derfor ingen jurister. public domain er en \"advokat-free "
-"zone.\" dermed, det meste av innholdet fra det nittende århundre var gratis "
-"for disney du bruker, og bygger på i 1928. Det var gratis for alle--enten "
-"tilkoblet eller ikke, om det er rik eller ikke, om godkjente eller "
-"ikke--hvis du vil bruke, og bygge på."
+"tillatelse og derfor ingen jurister. public domain er en \"advokat-free zone."
+"\" dermed, det meste av innholdet fra det nittende århundre var gratis for "
+"disney du bruker, og bygger på i 1928. Det var gratis for alle--enten "
+"tilkoblet eller ikke, om det er rik eller ikke, om godkjente eller ikke--"
+"hvis du vil bruke, og bygge på."
#. PAGE BREAK 38
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"neste walt disney å bygge på uten tillatelse. ennå i dag, er den offentlige "
"sfæren presumptive bare for innhold fra før den store depresjonen."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Of course, Walt Disney had no monopoly on \"Walt Disney creativity.\" Nor "
"does America. The norm of free culture has, until recently, and except "
"within totalitarian nations, been broadly exploited and quite universal."
msgstr ""
-"Selvfølgelig, walt disney hadde ingen monopol på \"walt disney "
-"kreativitet.\" heller ikke Amerika. norm for fri kultur har, inntil nylig, "
-"og unntatt i totalitære nasjoner, vært forstand utnyttede og ganske "
-"universell."
+"Selvfølgelig, walt disney hadde ingen monopol på \"walt disney kreativitet."
+"\" heller ikke Amerika. norm for fri kultur har, inntil nylig, og unntatt i "
+"totalitære nasjoner, vært forstand utnyttede og ganske universell."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many "
-"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: manga, or "
-"comics. The Japanese are fanatics about comics. Some 40 percent of "
-"publications are comics, and 30 percent of publication revenue derives from "
-"comics. They are everywhere in Japanese society, at every magazine stand, "
-"carried by a large proportion of commuters on Japan's extraordinary system "
-"of public transportation."
+"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: manga, or comics. "
+"The Japanese are fanatics about comics. Some 40 percent of publications are "
+"comics, and 30 percent of publication revenue derives from comics. They are "
+"everywhere in Japanese society, at every magazine stand, carried by a large "
+"proportion of commuters on Japan's extraordinary system of public "
+"transportation."
msgstr ""
"Tenk deg for eksempel en form av kreativitet som synes underlig for mange "
"amerikanere, men det er uunngåelig i japansk kultur: manga, eller "
"magasinet stå båret av en stor andel av pendlere på Japans ekstraordinære "
"systemet av offentlig transport."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an "
"unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much "
"Amerikanerne har en tendens til å se på denne formen for kultur. Det er en "
"unattractive kjennetegnet av våre. vi sannsynligvis misforstå mye om manga, "
"fordi få av oss noensinne har lest noe nær historiene som disse \"grafiske "
-"romaner\" fortelle. for japansk, manga dekker alle aspekter av sosiale "
-"liv. tegneserier er \"menn i strømpebukse.\" for oss, og likevel, det er "
-"ikke som hvis new york-bane er fylt med leserne av joyce eller selv "
-"hemingway. mennesker av ulike kulturer distrahere seg på forskjellige måter, "
-"japanske på dette interessant annen måte."
+"romaner\" fortelle. for japansk, manga dekker alle aspekter av sosiale liv. "
+"tegneserier er \"menn i strømpebukse.\" for oss, og likevel, det er ikke som "
+"hvis new york-bane er fylt med leserne av joyce eller selv hemingway. "
+"mennesker av ulike kulturer distrahere seg på forskjellige måter, japanske "
+"på dette interessant annen måte."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"manga som fra en advokat perspektiv er ganske rart, men fra en disney "
"perspektiv er ganske godt kjent."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 39
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This is the phenomenon of doujinshi. Doujinshi are also comics, but they are "
"a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the creation of doujinshi. It "
"is not doujinshi if it is just a copy; the artist must make a contribution "
"to the art he copies, by transforming it either subtly or significantly. A "
-"doujinshi comic can thus take a mainstream comic and develop it "
-"differently--with a different story line. Or the comic can keep the "
-"character in character but change its look slightly. There is no formula for "
-"what makes the doujinshi sufficiently \"different.\" But they must be "
-"different if they are to be considered true doujinshi. Indeed, there are "
-"committees that review doujinshi for inclusion within shows and reject any "
-"copycat comic that is merely a copy."
+"doujinshi comic can thus take a mainstream comic and develop it differently--"
+"with a different story line. Or the comic can keep the character in "
+"character but change its look slightly. There is no formula for what makes "
+"the doujinshi sufficiently \"different.\" But they must be different if they "
+"are to be considered true doujinshi. Indeed, there are committees that "
+"review doujinshi for inclusion within shows and reject any copycat comic "
+"that is merely a copy."
msgstr ""
"Dette er fenomenet doujinshi. doujinshi er også tegneserier, men de er en "
"slags copycat tegneserie. en rik ethic styrer opprettingen av doujinshi. Det "
"er ikke doujinshi Hvis det er bare en kopi; kunstneren må gi et bidrag til "
"kunst som han overfører, gjøre det subtly eller betydelig. en doujinshi "
-"tegneserie kan dermed ta en mainstream tegneserie og utvikle den "
-"annerledes--med en annen historie-linje. eller tegneserier kan holde tegnet "
-"i karakter, men endre sitt utseende litt. Det er ingen formel for det som "
-"gjør doujinshi tilstrekkelig \"annerledes.\", men de må være forskjellige "
-"hvis de skal anses som sann doujinshi. Det er faktisk komiteer som gjennomgå "
-"doujinshi for inkludering i viser og avvise enhver copycat tegneserie som er "
-"bare en kopi."
-
-#, mtrans
-msgid ""
-"These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are "
-"huge. More than 33,000 \"circles\" of creators from across Japan produce "
-"these bits of Walt Disney creativity. More than 450,000 Japanese come "
-"together twice a year, in the largest public gathering in the country, to "
-"exchange and sell them. This market exists in parallel to the mainstream "
-"commercial manga market. In some ways, it obviously competes with that "
-"market, but there is no sustained effort by those who control the commercial "
-"manga market to shut the doujinshi market down. It flourishes, despite the "
+"tegneserie kan dermed ta en mainstream tegneserie og utvikle den annerledes--"
+"med en annen historie-linje. eller tegneserier kan holde tegnet i karakter, "
+"men endre sitt utseende litt. Det er ingen formel for det som gjør doujinshi "
+"tilstrekkelig \"annerledes.\", men de må være forskjellige hvis de skal "
+"anses som sann doujinshi. Det er faktisk komiteer som gjennomgå doujinshi "
+"for inkludering i viser og avvise enhver copycat tegneserie som er bare en "
+"kopi."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+msgid ""
+"These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are huge. "
+"More than 33,000 \"circles\" of creators from across Japan produce these "
+"bits of Walt Disney creativity. More than 450,000 Japanese come together "
+"twice a year, in the largest public gathering in the country, to exchange "
+"and sell them. This market exists in parallel to the mainstream commercial "
+"manga market. In some ways, it obviously competes with that market, but "
+"there is no sustained effort by those who control the commercial manga "
+"market to shut the doujinshi market down. It flourishes, despite the "
"competition and despite the law."
msgstr ""
"disse copycat tegneseriene er ikke en liten del av manga-markedet. de er "
"to ganger i året, i den største offentlig sammenkomst i landet, å bytte og "
"selge dem. Dette markedet finnes i parallell til det mainstream kommersielle "
"manga-markedet. det åpenbart konkurrerer med dette markedet på noen måter, "
-"men det er ingen vedvarende innsats av de som styrer kommersielle "
-"manga-markedet for å stenge doujinshi markedet. den blomstrer, til tross for "
+"men det er ingen vedvarende innsats av de som styrer kommersielle manga-"
+"markedet for å stenge doujinshi markedet. den blomstrer, til tross for "
"konkurransen og til tross for loven."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the "
"law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese "
"days of comics in America are very much like what's going on in Japan "
"now. . . . American comics were born out of copying each other. . . . That's "
"how [the artists] learn to draw--by going into comic books and not tracing "
-"them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from "
-"
them.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from them."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of "
-"the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are "
-"allowed. Speaking of Superman, Winick told me, \"there are these rules and "
-"you have to stick to them.\" There are things Superman \"cannot\" do. \"As a "
-"creator, it's frustrating having to stick to some parameters which are fifty "
-"years old.\""
+"the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are allowed. "
+"Speaking of Superman, Winick told me, \"there are these rules and you have "
+"to stick to them.\" There are things Superman \"cannot\" do. \"As a creator, "
+"it's frustrating having to stick to some parameters which are fifty years "
+"old.\""
msgstr ""
"amerikanske tegneserier nå er helt forskjellige, winick forklarer, delvis på "
"grunn av juridiske vanskelighetene med å tilpasse tegneserier måte doujinshi "
"er tillatt. Speaking of superman, winick fortalte meg, \"det er disse "
-"reglene og du har å holde oss til dem\" det er ting superman \"ikke\" "
-"gjøre. \"som en creator, det er frustrerende måtte holde oss til noen "
-"parametere som er femti år.\""
+"reglene og du har å holde oss til dem\" det er ting superman \"ikke\" gjøre. "
+"\"som en creator, det er frustrerende måtte holde oss til noen parametere "
+"som er femti år.\""
-#, mtrans
+#. f6
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Salil K. Mehra, \"Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why "
"All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?\" Rutgers Law Review 55 "
"would lead manga and anime artists to forgo bringing legal actions for "
"infringement. One hypothesis is that all manga artists may be better off "
"collectively if they set aside their individual self-interest and decide not "
-"to press their legal rights. This is essentially a prisoner's dilemma "
-"solved.\""
+"to press their legal rights. This is essentially a prisoner's dilemma solved."
+"\""
msgstr ""
"se salil k. mehra, \"copyright og tegneserier i japan: gjør loven forklare "
"hvorfor alle tegneseriene min gutt klokker er japanske import?\" rutgers lov "
"the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the "
"mitigation. Temple University law professor Salil Mehra, for example, "
"hypothesizes that the manga market accepts these technical violations "
-"because they spur the manga market to be more wealthy and "
-"productive. Everyone would be worse off if doujinshi were banned, so the law "
-"
does not ban doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"because they spur the manga market to be more wealthy and productive. "
+"Everyone would be worse off if doujinshi were banned, so the law does not "
+"ban doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that "
"the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may "
"artister, hvorfor er det ikke en mer generell mønster av blokkerer denne "
"\"gratis tar\" av doujinshi kultur?"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often "
"as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from "
"a major Japanese law firm. \"We don't have enough lawyers,\" he told me one "
-"afternoon. There \"just aren't enough resources to prosecute cases like "
-"this.\""
+"afternoon. There \"just aren't enough resources to prosecute cases like this."
+"\""
msgstr ""
"Jeg tilbrakte fire fantastiske måneder i japan, og jeg spurt dette "
"spørsmålet så ofte som jeg kunne. kanskje ble den beste kontoen til slutt "
"begynne å tenke disse problemene, bør så bare om nå du være rådvill om noe "
"du ikke hadde tenkt gjennom før."
-#, mtrans
+#. f7
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"The term intellectual property is of relatively recent origin. See Siva "
"Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 11 (New York: New York University "
"Disney animators had stolen a set of pencils to draw Steamboat Willie, we'd "
"have no hesitation in condemning that taking as wrong-- even though trivial, "
"even if unnoticed. Yet there was nothing wrong, at least under the law of "
-"the day, with Disney's taking from Buster Keaton or from the Brothers "
-"Grimm. There was nothing wrong with the taking from Keaton because Disney's "
-"use would have been considered \"fair.\" There was nothing wrong with the "
-"taking from the Grimms because the Grimms' work was in the public domain."
+"the day, with Disney's taking from Buster Keaton or from the Brothers Grimm. "
+"There was nothing wrong with the taking from Keaton because Disney's use "
+"would have been considered \"fair.\" There was nothing wrong with the taking "
+"from the Grimms because the Grimms' work was in the public domain."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 42
"galt. i tillegg til å ha begått, ville han har stjålet noe av verdi. lov "
"forbud at stjele i enhver form, enten store eller små."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that "
"the copycat comic artists are \"stealing.\" This form of Walt Disney "
"kreativitet er sett på som rettferdig og høyre, selv om advokater spesielt "
"finner det vanskelig å si hvorfor."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin "
"to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking "
"of movie: five asteroid films in the late 1990s; two volcano disaster films "
"in 1997."
msgstr ""
-"Det er det samme med tusen eksempler som vises overalt når du begynner å "
-"se. forskere bygge på arbeidet til andre forskere uten å be om eller betale "
-"for privilegiet. (\"Unnskyld meg, professor einstein, men kanskje jeg har "
+"Det er det samme med tusen eksempler som vises overalt når du begynner å se. "
+"forskere bygge på arbeidet til andre forskere uten å be om eller betale for "
+"privilegiet. (\"Unnskyld meg, professor einstein, men kanskje jeg har "
"tillatelse til å bruke ditt Relativitetsteorien for å vise at du var galt om "
"quantum fysikk?\") fungerende virksomheter utfører bearbeidelser av verk av "
"shakespeare uten sikring tillatelse fra noen. (mener noen shakespeare ville "
"kultur som er gratis for å ta--gratis samfunn nærmere enn fri, kanskje, men "
"alle samfunn til en viss grad."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The hard question is therefore not whether a culture is free. All cultures "
"are free to some degree. The hard question instead is \"How free is this "
"eller tillatelse, kulturer la mye mindre. våre var en fri kultur. det blir "
"mye mindre."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "CHAPTER TWO: \"Mere Copyists\""
msgstr "Kapittel to: \"kun copyists\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for "
"producing what we would call \"photographs.\" Appropriately enough, they "
"i 1839, louis daguerre oppfant den første praktiske teknologien for å "
"produsere det vi vil kalle \"fotografier.\" riktig nok, de ble kalt "
"\"daguerreotypes.\" prosessen var komplisert og kostbart, og feltet var "
-"dermed begrenset til profesjonelle og noen ivrige og velstående "
-"amatører. (det var enda en amerikansk daguerre tilknytning som hjalp "
-"regulere bransjen, som gjør alle slike tilknytninger, ved å holde "
-"konkurranse å holde prisene.)"
+"dermed begrenset til profesjonelle og noen ivrige og velstående amatører. "
+"(det var enda en amerikansk daguerre tilknytning som hjalp regulere "
+"bransjen, som gjør alle slike tilknytninger, ved å holde konkurranse å holde "
+"prisene.)"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This "
"pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make \"automatic "
-"pictures.\" William Talbot soon discovered a process for making "
-"\"negatives.\" But because the negatives were glass, and had to be kept wet, "
-"the process still remained expensive and cumbersome. In the 1870s, dry "
-"plates were developed, making it easier to separate the taking of a picture "
-"from its developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it was still "
-"not a process within reach of most amateurs."
+"pictures.\" William Talbot soon discovered a process for making \"negatives."
+"\" But because the negatives were glass, and had to be kept wet, the process "
+"still remained expensive and cumbersome. In the 1870s, dry plates were "
+"developed, making it easier to separate the taking of a picture from its "
+"developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it was still not a "
+"process within reach of most amateurs."
msgstr ""
"likevel til tross for høye priser var etterspørselen etter daguerreotypes "
"sterk. Dette presset oppfinnere å finne enklere og billigere måter å gjøre "
"until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an "
"amateur photographer, was frustrated by the technology of photographs made "
"with plates. In a flash of insight (so to speak), Eastman saw that if the "
-"film could be made to be flexible, it could be held on a single "
-"spindle. That roll could then be sent to a developer, driving the costs of "
+"film could be made to be flexible, it could be held on a single spindle. "
+"That roll could then be sent to a developer, driving the costs of "
"photography down substantially. By lowering the costs, Eastman expected he "
"could dramatically broaden the population of photographers."
msgstr ""
"teknologiske endringen som gjorde det mulig masse fotografering skje ikke "
"før 1888, og var etableringen av en enkelt mann. George eastman, selv en "
-"amatør fotograf, var frustrert av fotografier som er laget med "
-"plater-teknologi. i en flash av innsikt (så å si), så eastman at hvis filmen "
-"kan gjøres for å være fleksibel, kunne det bli avholdt på en enkelt "
-"spindel. at roll kunne deretter sendes til en utvikler, senke kostnadene for "
+"amatør fotograf, var frustrert av fotografier som er laget med plater-"
+"teknologi. i en flash av innsikt (så å si), så eastman at hvis filmen kan "
+"gjøres for å være fleksibel, kunne det bli avholdt på en enkelt spindel. at "
+"roll kunne deretter sendes til en utvikler, senke kostnadene for "
"fotografering vesentlig. ved å senke kostnadene, forventet eastman han kan "
"dramatisk utvide befolkningen av fotografer."
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The "
"pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it "
"photography, there was a series of judicial decisions that could well have "
"changed the course of photography substantially. Courts were asked whether "
"the photographer, amateur or professional, required permission before he "
-"could capture and print whatever image he wanted. Their answer was "
-"
no.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"could capture and print whatever image he wanted. Their answer was no."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 47
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly "
"familiar. The photographer was \"taking\" something from the person or "
"så bør også, disse fotografer ikke være fritt til å ta bilder som de trodde "
"verdifull."
-#, mtrans
+#. f7
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" Harvard "
"Law Review 4 (1890): 193."
"Brandeis, who would become a Supreme Court Justice, thought the rule should "
"be different for images from private spaces.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"id=\"0\"/>) It may be that this means that the photographer gets something "
-"for nothing. Just as Disney could take inspiration from Steamboat Bill, "
-"Jr. or the Brothers Grimm, the photographer should be free to capture an "
-"image without compensating the source."
+"for nothing. Just as Disney could take inspiration from Steamboat Bill, Jr. "
+"or the Brothers Grimm, the photographer should be free to capture an image "
+"without compensating the source."
msgstr ""
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"See Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" Law and Contemporary "
"Problems 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, \"Privacy,\" California Law "
-"Review 48 (1960) 398407; White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc., 971 "
-"F. 2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)."
+"Review 48 (1960) 398407; White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc., 971 F. "
+"2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)."
msgstr ""
"se melville b. nimmer, \"rett publisitet,\" lov og moderne problemer 19 "
-"(1954): 203; William l. prosser, \"personvern\", california lov gå "
-"gjennom 48 (1960) 398407; hvite v. samsung electronics america, inc., 971 "
-"f. 2D 1395 (9 cir. 1992), cert. nektet, 508 amerikansk 951 (1993)."
+"(1954): 203; William l. prosser, \"personvern\", california lov gå gjennom "
+"48 (1960) 398407; hvite v. samsung electronics america, inc., 971 f. 2D 1395 "
+"(9 cir. 1992), cert. nektet, 508 amerikansk 951 (1993)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"craft an exception for famous people: commercial photographers who snap "
"pictures of famous people for commercial purposes have more restrictions "
"than the rest of us. But in the ordinary case, the image can be captured "
-"without clearing the rights to do the capturing.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>)"
+"without clearing the rights to do the capturing.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>)"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law "
"gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, "
"bli vist før et selskap utviklet bilder. Vi kunne forestille seg et system å "
"utvikle for å demonstrere tillatelsen."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 48
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard "
"to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement "
"for permission had been built into the rules that govern it. Photography "
-"would have existed. It would have grown in importance over "
-"time. Professionals would have continued to use the technology as they "
-"did--since professionals could have more easily borne the burdens of the "
-"permission system. But the spread of photography to ordinary people would "
-"not have occurred. Nothing like that growth would have been realized. And "
-"certainly, nothing like that growth in a democratic technology of expression "
-"would have been realized. If you drive through San Francisco's Presidio, "
-"you might see two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with colorful and "
-"striking images, and the logo \"Just Think!\" in place of the name of a "
-"school. But there's little that's \"just\" cerebral in the projects that "
-"these busses enable. These buses are filled with technologies that teach "
-"kids to tinker with film. Not the film of Eastman. Not even the film of your "
-"VCR. Rather the \"film\" of digital cameras. Just Think! is a project that "
-"enables kids to make films, as a way to understand and critique the filmed "
-"culture that they find all around them. Each year, these busses travel to "
-"more than thirty schools and enable three hundred to five hundred children "
-"to learn something about media by doing something with media. By doing, "
-"they think. By tinkering, they learn."
+"would have existed. It would have grown in importance over time. "
+"Professionals would have continued to use the technology as they did--since "
+"professionals could have more easily borne the burdens of the permission "
+"system. But the spread of photography to ordinary people would not have "
+"occurred. Nothing like that growth would have been realized. And certainly, "
+"nothing like that growth in a democratic technology of expression would have "
+"been realized. If you drive through San Francisco's Presidio, you might see "
+"two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with colorful and striking "
+"images, and the logo \"Just Think!\" in place of the name of a school. But "
+"there's little that's \"just\" cerebral in the projects that these busses "
+"enable. These buses are filled with technologies that teach kids to tinker "
+"with film. Not the film of Eastman. Not even the film of your VCR. Rather "
+"the \"film\" of digital cameras. Just Think! is a project that enables kids "
+"to make films, as a way to understand and critique the filmed culture that "
+"they find all around them. Each year, these busses travel to more than "
+"thirty schools and enable three hundred to five hundred children to learn "
+"something about media by doing something with media. By doing, they think. "
+"By tinkering, they learn."
msgstr ""
"men selv om vi kunne tenke seg dette systemet av tillatelse, det ville være "
"svært vanskelig å se hvordan fotografering kunne ha blomstret som det gjorde "
-"Hvis kravet om tillatelse hadde blitt bygget inn i reglene som styrer "
-"det. fotografering ville har eksistert. det ville ha vokst betydning over "
-"tid. profesjonelle ville har fortsatt å bruke teknologi som de gjorde--siden "
+"Hvis kravet om tillatelse hadde blitt bygget inn i reglene som styrer det. "
+"fotografering ville har eksistert. det ville ha vokst betydning over tid. "
+"profesjonelle ville har fortsatt å bruke teknologi som de gjorde--siden "
"fagfolk kan lettere båret byrdene av tillatelse-systemet. Men spredning av "
"fotografering til vanlige folk ville ikke ha skjedd. ingenting som at "
"veksten ville har blitt realisert. og Ja, ingenting som at veksten i en "
msgid ""
"H. Edward Goldberg, \"Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software "
"You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,\" cadalyst, February "
-"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#7</ulink>."
+"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #7</"
+"ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly "
-"so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen "
-"dramatically. As one analyst puts it, \"Five years ago, a good real-time "
-"digital video editing system cost $25,000. Today you can get professional "
-"quality for $595.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These buses are "
-"filled with technology that would have cost hundreds of thousands just ten "
-"years ago. And it is now feasible to imagine not just buses like this, but "
-"classrooms across the country where kids are learning more and more of "
-"something teachers call \"media literacy.\""
+"These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly so. "
+"The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen dramatically. As "
+"one analyst puts it, \"Five years ago, a good real-time digital video "
+"editing system cost $25,000. Today you can get professional quality for $595."
+"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These buses are filled with "
+"technology that would have cost hundreds of thousands just ten years ago. "
+"And it is now feasible to imagine not just buses like this, but classrooms "
+"across the country where kids are learning more and more of something "
+"teachers call \"media literacy.\""
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 49
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"Media literacy,\" as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of Just Think!, "
"puts it, \"is the ability . . . to understand, analyze, and deconstruct "
"bilder. Målet er å gjøre [barn] literate om måten mediet fungerer, hvordan "
"den er konstruert, slik den er levert, og måten å få tilgang til den.\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This may seem like an odd way to think about \"literacy.\" For most people, "
"literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway and noticing "
"flest, leseferdighet handler om lesing og skriving. Faulkner og hemingway og "
"merke delte infinitiv er det ting som \"literate\" folk vet om."
-#, mtrans
+#. f10
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Judith Van Evra, Television and Child Development (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence "
"Erlbaum Associates, 1990); \"Findings on Family and TV Study,\" Denver Post, "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television "
-"commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials "
-"generally,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> it is increasingly "
-"important to understand the \"grammar\" of media. For just as there is a "
-"grammar for the written word, so, too, is there one for media. And just as "
-"kids learn how to write by writing lots of terrible prose, kids learn how to "
-"write media by constructing lots of (at least at first) terrible media."
+"commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials generally,"
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> it is increasingly important to "
+"understand the \"grammar\" of media. For just as there is a grammar for the "
+"written word, so, too, is there one for media. And just as kids learn how to "
+"write by writing lots of terrible prose, kids learn how to write media by "
+"constructing lots of (at least at first) terrible media."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as "
"crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written "
"understands how difficult writing is--how difficult it is to sequence the "
-"story, to keep a reader's attention, to craft language to be "
-"understandable--few of us have any real sense of how difficult media is. Or "
-"more fundamentally, few of us have a sense of how media works, how it holds "
-"an audience or leads it through a story, how it triggers emotion or builds "
+"story, to keep a reader's attention, to craft language to be understandable--"
+"few of us have any real sense of how difficult media is. Or more "
+"fundamentally, few of us have a sense of how media works, how it holds an "
+"audience or leads it through a story, how it triggers emotion or builds "
"suspense."
msgstr ""
"et voksende felt av akademikere og aktivister ser denne formen for "
"leseferdighet som avgjørende for den neste generasjonen av kultur. for om "
"noen som har skrevet forstår hvor vanskelig skriving er--hvor vanskelig det "
"er å sekvens historien, å holde leserens oppmerksomhet, håndverket språk å "
-"være forståelig--få av oss har en reell følelse av hvor vanskelig media "
-"er. eller mer fundamentalt, få av oss har en følelse av hvordan media "
-"fungerer, hvordan det holder et publikum eller fører det gjennom en "
-"artikkel, hvordan det utløser følelser eller bygger spenning."
+"være forståelig--få av oss har en reell følelse av hvor vanskelig media er. "
+"eller mer fundamentalt, få av oss har en følelse av hvordan media fungerer, "
+"hvordan det holder et publikum eller fører det gjennom en artikkel, hvordan "
+"det utløser følelser eller bygger spenning."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But "
-"even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the "
-"film. The skill came from experiencing the making of a film, not from "
-"reading a book about it. One learns to write by writing and then reflecting "
-"upon what one has written. One learns to write with images by making them "
-"and then reflecting upon what one has created."
-msgstr ""
-"Det tok filmskapning en generasjon før det kunne gjøre disse tingene "
-"godt. men selv da kunnskap var av filming, ikke skriftlig om "
-"filmen. ferdigheten kom fra opplever inngåelse av en film, ikke fra å lese "
-"en bok om den. en lærer å skrive ved å skrive og deretter gjenspeiler på hva "
-"man har skrevet. en lærer å skrive med bilder ved å gjøre dem og deretter "
-"reflektere over hva man har opprettet."
+"even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the film. "
+"The skill came from experiencing the making of a film, not from reading a "
+"book about it. One learns to write by writing and then reflecting upon what "
+"one has written. One learns to write with images by making them and then "
+"reflecting upon what one has created."
+msgstr ""
+"Det tok filmskapning en generasjon før det kunne gjøre disse tingene godt. "
+"men selv da kunnskap var av filming, ikke skriftlig om filmen. ferdigheten "
+"kom fra opplever inngåelse av en film, ikke fra å lese en bok om den. en "
+"lærer å skrive ved å skrive og deretter gjenspeiler på hva man har skrevet. "
+"en lærer å skrive med bilder ved å gjøre dem og deretter reflektere over hva "
+"man har opprettet."
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 November "
-"2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#8</ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22 November 2000, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>."
+"2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #8</"
+"ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22 November 2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern "
"California's Annenberg Center for Communication and dean of the USC School "
"of Cinema-Television, explained to me, the grammar was about \"the placement "
-"of objects, color, . . . rhythm, pacing, and texture.\"<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But as computers open up an interactive space "
-"where a story is \"played\" as well as experienced, that grammar "
-"changes. The simple control of narrative is lost, and so other techniques "
-"are necessary. Author Michael Crichton had mastered the narrative of "
-"science fiction. But when he tried to design a computer game based on one "
-"of his works, it was a new craft he had to learn. How to lead people through "
-"a game without their feeling they have been led was not obvious, even to a "
-"
wildly successful author.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"of objects, color, . . . rhythm, pacing, and texture.\"<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But as computers open up an interactive space where "
+"a story is \"played\" as well as experienced, that grammar changes. The "
+"simple control of narrative is lost, and so other techniques are necessary. "
+"Author Michael Crichton had mastered the narrative of science fiction. But "
+"when he tried to design a computer game based on one of his works, it was a "
+"new craft he had to learn. How to lead people through a game without their "
+"feeling they have been led was not obvious, even to a wildly successful "
+"author.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, "
"\"people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t is "
"denne ferdigheten er nøyaktig håndverket filmskaper lærer. som daley "
"beskriver, er\"folk veldig overrasket om hvordan de er ledet gjennom en "
"film. [i] t er perfekt konstruert for å hindre at du ser det, så du har "
-"ingen anelse om. Hvis en filmskaper lykkes du ikke vet hvordan du ble "
-"ledet.\"Hvis du vet at du ble ledet gjennom en film, filmen mislyktes."
+"ingen anelse om. Hvis en filmskaper lykkes du ikke vet hvordan du ble ledet."
+"\"Hvis du vet at du ble ledet gjennom en film, filmen mislyktes."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"at boksen fungerer i. ellers bare en svært få mennesker kan skrive med dette "
"språket, og resten av oss er redusert til å være skrivebeskyttet."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"Read-only.\" Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. Couch "
"potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth century."
"the craft of writing. Or best, reading and understanding the tools that "
"enable the writing to lead or mislead. The aim of any literacy, and this "
"literacy in particular, is to \"empower people to choose the appropriate "
-"language for what they need to create or express.\"<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It is to enable students \"to communicate in "
-"the language of the twenty-first century.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"1\"/>"
+"language for what they need to create or express.\"<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It is to enable students \"to communicate in the "
+"language of the twenty-first century.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"fiasko. men daley og barish kjørte et program som ga barn en mulighet til å "
"bruke filmen til å uttrykke mening om noe elevene vet noe om--pistol vold."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new "
"problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the "
"enn i noen annen klasse å gjøre hva utdanning bør være omtrent--lære å "
"uttrykke seg."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Using whatever \"free web stuff they could find,\" and relatively simple "
"tools to enable the kids to mix \"image, sound, and text,\" Barish said this "
"students, `you have to do it in text,' they would've just thrown their hands "
"up and gone and done something else,\" Barish described, in part, no doubt, "
"because expressing themselves in text is not something these students can do "
-"well. Yet neither is text a form in which these ideas can be expressed "
-"well. The power of this message depended upon its connection to this form of "
+"well. Yet neither is text a form in which these ideas can be expressed well. "
+"The power of this message depended upon its connection to this form of "
"expression."
msgstr ""
"bruker noe \"gratis web ting de kunne finne\", og relativt enkle verktøy til "
"å aktivere barna å blande \"bilde, lyd og tekst\", sa barish denne klassen "
"produsert en rekke prosjekter som viste noe om pistol vold som noen ellers "
-"ville forstå. Dette var et problem nær livene til disse "
-"studentene. prosjektet \"ga dem et verktøy og myndighet dem å være i stand "
-"til å både forstå det og snakke om det,\" barish forklart. som verktøyet "
-"lyktes i lage uttrykk--langt mer vellykket og kraftfullt enn kunne ha blitt "
-"skapt med bare teksten. \"Hvis du hadde sagt til disse studenter, 'du har å "
-"gjøre det i tekst', de ville har bare kastet sine hender opp og borte og "
-"gjort noe annet,\" er barish beskrevet i del, ingen tvil, fordi uttrykker "
-"seg i tekst ikke noe disse studentene kan gjøre godt. likevel verken er "
-"tekst et skjema i som disse ideene kan uttrykkes godt. kraften i denne "
-"meldingen depended upon dens forbindelse til denne formen for uttrykk."
-
-#, mtrans
+"ville forstå. Dette var et problem nær livene til disse studentene. "
+"prosjektet \"ga dem et verktøy og myndighet dem å være i stand til å både "
+"forstå det og snakke om det,\" barish forklart. som verktøyet lyktes i lage "
+"uttrykk--langt mer vellykket og kraftfullt enn kunne ha blitt skapt med bare "
+"teksten. \"Hvis du hadde sagt til disse studenter, 'du har å gjøre det i "
+"tekst', de ville har bare kastet sine hender opp og borte og gjort noe annet,"
+"\" er barish beskrevet i del, ingen tvil, fordi uttrykker seg i tekst ikke "
+"noe disse studentene kan gjøre godt. likevel verken er tekst et skjema i som "
+"disse ideene kan uttrykkes godt. kraften i denne meldingen depended upon "
+"dens forbindelse til denne formen for uttrykk."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 52
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"But isn't education about teaching kids to write?\" I asked. In part, of "
"course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, Daley "
"økende grad, ikke den mektigste delen--for å bygge betydning. som daley "
"forklart i den mest flyttende del av vårt intervju"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all "
"you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You "
"can do all sorts of other things. He just can't read your text. So Johnny "
"comes to school and you say, \"Johnny, you're illiterate. Nothing you can do "
"matters.\" Well, Johnny then has two choices: He can dismiss you or he [can] "
-"dismiss himself. If his ego is healthy at all, he's going to dismiss "
-"you. [But i]nstead, if you say, \"Well, with all these things that you can "
-"do, let's talk about this issue. Play for me music that you think reflects "
-"that, or show me images that you think reflect that, or draw for me "
-"something that reflects that.\" Not by giving a kid a video camera and "
-". . . saying, \"Let's go have fun with the video camera and make a little "
-"movie.\" But instead, really help you take these elements that you "
-"understand, that are your language, and construct meaning about the "
-"topic. . . ."
+"dismiss himself. If his ego is healthy at all, he's going to dismiss you. "
+"[But i]nstead, if you say, \"Well, with all these things that you can do, "
+"let's talk about this issue. Play for me music that you think reflects that, "
+"or show me images that you think reflect that, or draw for me something that "
+"reflects that.\" Not by giving a kid a video camera and . . . saying, "
+"\"Let's go have fun with the video camera and make a little movie.\" But "
+"instead, really help you take these elements that you understand, that are "
+"your language, and construct meaning about the topic. . . ."
msgstr ""
"Hva du ønsker er å gi disse elevene måter for å bygge betydning. Hvis alt du "
"gi dem er tekst, er de ikke til å gjøre det på. fordi de ikke kan. du vet, "
"alle slags andre ting. han kan bare lese teksten. så johnny kommer til "
"skolen, og du sier, \"johnny, du er analfabeter. ingenting du kan gjøre "
"saker.\"Vel, johnny deretter har du to valg: han kan ignorere du eller han "
-"[kan] avvise selv. Hvis hans ego er sunn overhodet, skal han ignorere "
-"du. [men jeg] nstead, hvis du sier, \"Vel, med alle disse tingene du kan "
-"gjøre, la oss snakke om dette problemet. spille for meg musikk som du tror "
+"[kan] avvise selv. Hvis hans ego er sunn overhodet, skal han ignorere du. "
+"[men jeg] nstead, hvis du sier, \"Vel, med alle disse tingene du kan gjøre, "
+"la oss snakke om dette problemet. spille for meg musikk som du tror "
"gjenspeiler som, eller vise meg bilder som du tror gjenspeile som, eller "
"tegne for meg noe som gjenspeiler som.\"ikke ved å gi en gutt et videokamera "
"og... sa:\"La oss gå har moro med videokameraet og gjøre en liten film.\", "
"men i stedet, virkelig hjelpe deg med å ta disse elementene du forstår, som "
"er ditt språk, og konstruere mening om emnet...."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, "
"as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, \"I "
"lærerne fortalte stephanie, ville de omskrive et avsnitt 5, 6, 7, 8 ganger, "
"till de fått det riktig."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 53
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say "
"something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually "
"terrorisme var at forsinkede andre angrepet var perfekt timet for å sikre at "
"hele verden ville være å se."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored "
-"for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the "
-"screen. There was a formula to interviews. There was \"balance,\" and "
-"seriousness. This was news choreographed in the way we have increasingly "
-"come to expect it, \"news as entertainment,\" even if the entertainment is "
-"tragedy."
+"for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the screen. "
+"There was a formula to interviews. There was \"balance,\" and seriousness. "
+"This was news choreographed in the way we have increasingly come to expect "
+"it, \"news as entertainment,\" even if the entertainment is tragedy."
msgstr ""
"disse retellings hadde en stadig familiær stemning. Det var musikk scoret "
"for intermissions og fancy grafikk som flashed hele skjermen. Det var en "
"koreograferte i måten vi er stadig mer vant til det, \"nyheter som "
"underholdning,\" selv om underholdning er tragedie."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But in addition to this produced news about the \"tragedy of September 11,\" "
"those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different production as "
"well. The Internet was filled with accounts of the same events. Yet these "
"Internet accounts had a very different flavor. Some people constructed photo "
"pages that captured images from around the world and presented them as slide "
-"shows with text. Some offered open letters. There were sound "
-"recordings. There was anger and frustration. There were attempts to provide "
-"context. There was, in short, an extraordinary worldwide barn raising, in "
-"the sense Mike Godwin uses the term in his book Cyber Rights, around a news "
-"event that had captured the attention of the world. There was ABC and CBS, "
-"but there was also the Internet."
+"shows with text. Some offered open letters. There were sound recordings. "
+"There was anger and frustration. There were attempts to provide context. "
+"There was, in short, an extraordinary worldwide barn raising, in the sense "
+"Mike Godwin uses the term in his book Cyber Rights, around a news event that "
+"had captured the attention of the world. There was ABC and CBS, but there "
+"was also the Internet."
msgstr ""
"men i tillegg til denne produsert nyheter om \"tragedie av 11 september\", "
"de av oss knyttet til Internett kom å se en svært forskjellige produksjon "
-"samt. Internett var fylt med kontoene til samme hendelsene. disse "
-"Internett-kontoer hadde ennå en helt annen smaken. noen mennesker konstruert "
-"foto sider som tatt bilder fra rundt om i verden og presenterte seg som "
+"samt. Internett var fylt med kontoene til samme hendelsene. disse Internett-"
+"kontoer hadde ennå en helt annen smaken. noen mennesker konstruert foto "
+"sider som tatt bilder fra rundt om i verden og presenterte seg som "
"lysbildefremvisninger med tekst. noen tilbudt åpne bokstaver. Det var "
-"lydopptak. Det var sinne og frustrasjon. var det forsøk på å gi "
-"kontekst. Det var, kort sagt, en ekstraordinære verdensomspennende låven "
-"heve, i den forstand mike godwin bruker termen i hans bok cyber rettigheter, "
-"rundt et aktuelt arrangement som hadde fanget oppmerksomheten av verden. Det "
-"var abc og cbs, men det var også Internett."
+"lydopptak. Det var sinne og frustrasjon. var det forsøk på å gi kontekst. "
+"Det var, kort sagt, en ekstraordinære verdensomspennende låven heve, i den "
+"forstand mike godwin bruker termen i hans bok cyber rettigheter, rundt et "
+"aktuelt arrangement som hadde fanget oppmerksomheten av verden. Det var abc "
+"og cbs, men det var også Internett."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 54
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"I don't mean simply to praise the Internet--though I do think the people who "
"supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead to point to "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. "
-"There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private "
-"life. But there are many who use the space to engage in public "
-"discourse. Discussing matters of public import, criticizing others who are "
-"mistaken in their views, criticizing politicians about the decisions they "
-"make, offering solutions to problems we all see: blogs create the sense of a "
-"virtual public meeting, but one in which we don't all hope to be there at "
-"the same time and in which conversations are not necessarily linked. The "
-"best of the blog entries are relatively short; they point directly to words "
-"used by others, criticizing with or adding to them. They are arguably the "
-"most important form of unchoreographed public discourse that we have."
+"There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private life. "
+"But there are many who use the space to engage in public discourse. "
+"Discussing matters of public import, criticizing others who are mistaken in "
+"their views, criticizing politicians about the decisions they make, offering "
+"solutions to problems we all see: blogs create the sense of a virtual public "
+"meeting, but one in which we don't all hope to be there at the same time and "
+"in which conversations are not necessarily linked. The best of the blog "
+"entries are relatively short; they point directly to words used by others, "
+"criticizing with or adding to them. They are arguably the most important "
+"form of unchoreographed public discourse that we have."
msgstr ""
"men i USA, blogger har tatt på en svært forskjellig karakter. Det er noen "
"som bruker området bare for å snakke om deres private liv. men det er mange "
"som vi alle ser: blogger skape følelse av et virtuelt offentlige møte, men "
"en i som vi ikke alle håper å være der på samme tid, og der samtaler ikke "
"nødvendigvis er koblet. best av bloggoppføringene er relativt kort; de peker "
-"direkte til ord som brukes av andre, kritiserer med eller legge til i "
-"dem. de er uten tvil den viktigste formen for unchoreographed offentlige "
+"direkte til ord som brukes av andre, kritiserer med eller legge til i dem. "
+"de er uten tvil den viktigste formen for unchoreographed offentlige "
"diskusjon som vi har."
#. PAGE BREAK 55
msgstr ""
"Det er en sterk uttalelse. Likevel står det så mye om vårt demokrati som det "
"gjør om blogger. Dette er delen av Amerika som er mest vanskelig for de av "
-"oss som elsker Amerika for å godta: vårt demokrati har "
-"atrofier. selvfølgelig vi har valg, og mesteparten av tiden domstolene "
-"tillate disse valgene til å telle. et relativt lite antall folk stemme i "
-"disse valgene. syklusen av disse valgene blir helt professionalized og "
-"routinized. de fleste av oss tror dette er demokrati."
+"oss som elsker Amerika for å godta: vårt demokrati har atrofier. "
+"selvfølgelig vi har valg, og mesteparten av tiden domstolene tillate disse "
+"valgene til å telle. et relativt lite antall folk stemme i disse valgene. "
+"syklusen av disse valgene blir helt professionalized og routinized. de "
+"fleste av oss tror dette er demokrati."
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
"See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, bk. 1, "
"trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), ch. 16."
msgstr ""
-"Se for eksempel alexis de tocqueville, demokrati i Amerika, bk. 1, "
-"trans. Henry reeve (new york: bantam books, 2000), ch. 16."
+"Se for eksempel alexis de tocqueville, demokrati i Amerika, bk. 1, trans. "
+"Henry reeve (new york: bantam books, 2000), ch. 16."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by "
"the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our "
"tradition, it also means control through reasoned discourse. This was the "
-"idea that captured the imagination of Alexis de Tocqueville, the "
-"nineteenth-century French lawyer who wrote the most important account of "
-"early \"Democracy in America.\" It wasn't popular elections that fascinated "
-"him--it was the jury, an institution that gave ordinary people the right to "
+"idea that captured the imagination of Alexis de Tocqueville, the nineteenth-"
+"century French lawyer who wrote the most important account of early "
+"\"Democracy in America.\" It wasn't popular elections that fascinated him--"
+"it was the jury, an institution that gave ordinary people the right to "
"choose life or death for other citizens. And most fascinating for him was "
"that the jury didn't just vote about the outcome they would impose. They "
"deliberated. Members argued about the \"right\" result; they tried to "
"persuade each other of the \"right\" result, and in criminal cases at least, "
-"they had to agree upon a unanimous result for the process to come to an "
-"
end.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"they had to agree upon a unanimous result for the process to come to an end."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. f16
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" Journal of Political "
"Philosophy 10 (2) (2002): 129."
msgid ""
"Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, "
"there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are "
-"pushing to create just such an institution.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> And in some towns in New England, something close to deliberation "
+"pushing to create just such an institution.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> And in some towns in New England, something close to deliberation "
"remains. But for most of us for most of the time, there is no time or place "
"for \"democratic deliberation\" to occur."
msgstr ""
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
-"Cass Sunstein, Republic.com (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), "
-"6580, 175, 182, 183, 192."
+"Cass Sunstein, Republic.com (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 65"
+"80, 175, 182, 183, 192."
msgstr ""
-"Cass sunstein, republic.com (princeton: princeton university press, 2001), "
-"6580, 175, 182, 183, 192."
+"Cass sunstein, republic.com (princeton: princeton university press, 2001), 65"
+"80, 175, 182, 183, 192."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"for communication. Blogs allow for public discourse without the public ever "
"needing to gather in a single public place."
msgstr ""
-"gå inn i bloggen. bloggens svært arkitektur løser en del av dette "
-"problemet. folk innlegg når de vil bokføre, og folk lese når de ønsker å "
-"lese. det mest vanskelig tid er synkron tid. teknologier som gjør asynkron "
-"kommunikasjon, for eksempel e-post, øke muligheten for "
-"kommunikasjon. blogger tillate public discourse uten publikum noensinne "
-"trenger å samles i en enkelt offentlig sted."
+"gå inn i bloggen. bloggens svært arkitektur løser en del av dette problemet. "
+"folk innlegg når de vil bokføre, og folk lese når de ønsker å lese. det mest "
+"vanskelig tid er synkron tid. teknologier som gjør asynkron kommunikasjon, "
+"for eksempel e-post, øke muligheten for kommunikasjon. blogger tillate "
+"public discourse uten publikum noensinne trenger å samles i en enkelt "
+"offentlig sted."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of "
-"norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. "
-"Indeed, the space is filled with political speech, on both the right and the "
-"left. Some of the most popular sites are conservative or libertarian, but "
-"there are many of all political stripes. And even blogs that are not "
-"political cover political issues when the occasion merits."
+"But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of norms. "
+"There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. Indeed, the "
+"space is filled with political speech, on both the right and the left. Some "
+"of the most popular sites are conservative or libertarian, but there are "
+"many of all political stripes. And even blogs that are not political cover "
+"political issues when the occasion merits."
msgstr ""
"Men utover arkitektur, blogger også har løst problemet med normer. Det er "
"ingen normen (ennå) i bloggen plass for ikke å snakke om politikk. faktisk, "
"effect."
msgstr ""
"betydningen av disse bloggene er liten nå, men ikke så små. navnet howard "
-"dean kan godt har bleknet fra 2004 presidentvalget rase men for "
-"blogger. Selv om antall lesere er liten, er ennå lesing har en effekt."
+"dean kan godt har bleknet fra 2004 presidentvalget rase men for blogger. "
+"Selv om antall lesere er liten, er ennå lesing har en effekt."
-#, mtrans
+#. f18
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Noah Shachtman, \"With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,\" New "
"York Times, 16 January 2003, G5."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the "
-"mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott "
-"\"misspoke\" at a party for Senator Strom Thurmond, essentially praising "
-"Thurmond's segregationist policies, he calculated correctly that this story "
-"would disappear from the mainstream press within forty-eight hours. It "
-"did. But he didn't calculate its life cycle in blog space. The bloggers kept "
-"researching the story. Over time, more and more instances of the same "
-"\"misspeaking\" emerged. Finally, the story broke back into the mainstream "
-"press. In the end, Lott was forced to resign as senate majority "
-"leader.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott \"misspoke"
+"\" at a party for Senator Strom Thurmond, essentially praising Thurmond's "
+"segregationist policies, he calculated correctly that this story would "
+"disappear from the mainstream press within forty-eight hours. It did. But he "
+"didn't calculate its life cycle in blog space. The bloggers kept researching "
+"the story. Over time, more and more instances of the same \"misspeaking\" "
+"emerged. Finally, the story broke back into the mainstream press. In the "
+"end, Lott was forced to resign as senate majority leader.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"historier. folk lese hva som er populært; Hva er populære har blitt valgt av "
"en veldig demokratisk prosess med node-generert rangeringer."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 57
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from "
"the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and "
"John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information "
"Online,\" New York Times, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci D. Kramer, \"Shuttle "
"Disaster Coverage Mixed, but Strong Overall,\" Online Journalism Review, 2 "
-"February 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</ulink>."
+"February 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #10</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"benefits, and costs, that might entail."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. f21
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" New York "
"Times, 29 September 2003, C4. (\"Not all news organizations have been as "
#. PAGE BREAK 58
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with "
-"blogs. \"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for "
-"public figures and increasingly for private figures as well. It's not clear "
-"that \"journalism\" is happy about this--some journalists have been told to "
+"Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with blogs. "
+"\"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for public "
+"figures and increasingly for private figures as well. It's not clear that "
+"\"journalism\" is happy about this--some journalists have been told to "
"curtail their blogging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it is "
"clear that we are still in transition. \"A lot of what we are doing now is "
"warm-up exercises,\" Winer told me. There is a lot that must mature before "
"copyright), Winer said, \"we will be the last thing that gets shut down.\""
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because \"you don't "
-"have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.\" That is "
-"true. But it affects democracy in another way as well. As more and more "
-"citizens express what they think, and defend it in writing, that will change "
-"the way people understand public issues. It is easy to be wrong and "
-"misguided in your head. It is harder when the product of your mind can be "
-"criticized by others. Of course, it is a rare human who admits that he has "
-"been persuaded that he is wrong. But it is even rarer for a human to ignore "
-"when he has been proven wrong. The writing of ideas, arguments, and "
-"criticism improves democracy. Today there are probably a couple of million "
-"blogs where such writing happens. When there are ten million, there will be "
-"something extraordinary to report."
+"have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.\" That is true. "
+"But it affects democracy in another way as well. As more and more citizens "
+"express what they think, and defend it in writing, that will change the way "
+"people understand public issues. It is easy to be wrong and misguided in "
+"your head. It is harder when the product of your mind can be criticized by "
+"others. Of course, it is a rare human who admits that he has been persuaded "
+"that he is wrong. But it is even rarer for a human to ignore when he has "
+"been proven wrong. The writing of ideas, arguments, and criticism improves "
+"democracy. Today there are probably a couple of million blogs where such "
+"writing happens. When there are ten million, there will be something "
+"extraordinary to report."
msgstr ""
"denne talen påvirker demokrati. vin mener at skjer fordi \"du trenger ikke å "
"arbeide for noen som styrer, [for] en gatekeeper.\" det er sant. men det har "
"blogger der skrive slike skjer. Når det er ti millioner, vil det være noe "
"ekstraordinære til rapporten."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, "
"as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and . . . the creation of "
"knowledge ecologies for creating . . . innovation.\""
msgstr ""
"John seely brown er den ledende vitenskapsmannen for xerox corporation. hans "
-"arbeid, som hans webområdet beskriver det, er \"menneskelige læring "
-"og... etableringen av kunnskap dagsykluser for å opprette... innovasjon.\""
+"arbeid, som hans webområdet beskriver det, er \"menneskelige læring og... "
+"etableringen av kunnskap dagsykluser for å opprette... innovasjon.\""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"brun dermed ser på disse teknologiene av digitale kreativitet litt "
"annerledes fra perspektiver jeg har skisserte så langt. Jeg er sikker på at "
-"han ville bli begeistret for enhver teknologi som kan forbedre "
-"demokrati. men hans håv kommer fra hvordan disse teknologiene berører "
-"læring."
+"han ville bli begeistret for enhver teknologi som kan forbedre demokrati. "
+"men hans håv kommer fra hvordan disse teknologiene berører læring."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 59
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When \"a lot of us grew up,\" he "
"explains, that tinkering was done \"on motorcycle engines, lawnmower "
"engines, automobiles, radios, and so on.\" But digital technologies enable a "
-"different kind of tinkering--with abstract ideas though in concrete "
-"form. The kids at Just Think! not only think about how a commercial portrays "
-"a politician; using digital technology, they can take the commercial apart "
-"and manipulate it, tinker with it to see how it does what it does. Digital "
+"different kind of tinkering--with abstract ideas though in concrete form. "
+"The kids at Just Think! not only think about how a commercial portrays a "
+"politician; using digital technology, they can take the commercial apart and "
+"manipulate it, tinker with it to see how it does what it does. Digital "
"technologies launch a kind of bricolage, or \"free collage,\" as Brown calls "
"it. Many get to add to or transform the tinkering of many others."
msgstr ""
"technology works can tinker with the code."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This opportunity creates a \"completely new kind of learning platform,\" as "
"Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you . . . unleash a "
"free collage on the community, so that other people can start looking at "
-"your code, tinkering with it, trying it out, seeing if they can improve "
-"it.\" Each effort is a kind of apprenticeship. \"Open source becomes a major "
+"your code, tinkering with it, trying it out, seeing if they can improve it."
+"\" Each effort is a kind of apprenticeship. \"Open source becomes a major "
"apprenticeship platform.\""
msgstr ""
"anledningen oppretter en \"helt ny type læring plattform,\" som brown "
"hver innsats er en slags læretid. \"åpen kildekode blir en større læretid "
"plattform.\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In this process, \"the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. They "
"are code.\" Kids are \"shifting to the ability to tinker in the abstract, "
"tinkering with other people's stuff. The more you tinker the more you "
"improve.\" The more you improve, the more you learn."
msgstr ""
-"i denne prosessen, \"konkrete ting du tinker med er abstrakt. de er "
-"koden.\"barn er\"skiftende til muligheten til å tinker i abstrakt og denne "
-"fiksing og triksing er ikke lenger en isolert aktivitet som du gjør i "
-"garasjen. du er fiksing og triksing med en fellesskapet plattform.... du er "
-"fiksing og triksing med andres ting. Jo mer du tinker jo mer du "
-"forbedre.\"jo mer du forbedre, jo mer du lærer."
+"i denne prosessen, \"konkrete ting du tinker med er abstrakt. de er koden."
+"\"barn er\"skiftende til muligheten til å tinker i abstrakt og denne fiksing "
+"og triksing er ikke lenger en isolert aktivitet som du gjør i garasjen. du "
+"er fiksing og triksing med en fellesskapet plattform.... du er fiksing og "
+"triksing med andres ting. Jo mer du tinker jo mer du forbedre.\"jo mer du "
+"forbedre, jo mer du lærer."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same "
"collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, "
"\"the Web [is] the first medium that truly honors multiple forms of "
"intelligence.\" Earlier technologies, such as the typewriter or word "
-"processors, helped amplify text. But the Web amplifies much more than "
-"text. \"The Web . . . says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if you "
-"are visual, if you are interested in film . . . [then] there is a lot you "
-"can start to do on this medium. [It] can now amplify and honor these "
-"multiple forms of intelligence.\""
+"processors, helped amplify text. But the Web amplifies much more than text. "
+"\"The Web . . . says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if you are "
+"visual, if you are interested in film . . . [then] there is a lot you can "
+"start to do on this medium. [It] can now amplify and honor these multiple "
+"forms of intelligence.\""
msgstr ""
"Denne samme ting skjer med innhold, også. og det skjer på samme måte som "
"samarbeid når innholdet er en del av nettet. som brown sier det, \"web [er] "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just "
-"Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as "
-"creates. It develops talents differently, and it builds a different kind of "
+"Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as creates. "
+"It develops talents differently, and it builds a different kind of "
"recognition."
msgstr ""
"Brown snakker om hva elizabeth daley, stephanie barish og tror bare! lære: "
"curiosity, would otherwise ensure."
msgstr ""
"frihet til å tinker med disse objektene er ennå ikke garantert. som vi ser "
-"gjennom i løpet av denne boken, er faktisk at freedom stadig svært "
-"omstridt. mens det er ingen tvil om at din far hadde rett til å tinker med "
-"motor, er det stor tvil om at barnet ditt vil ha rett til å tinker med "
-"bilder hun finner rundt. lov og, i økende grad teknologi forstyrre en frihet "
-"som teknologi, og nysgjerrighet, ellers ville sikre."
+"gjennom i løpet av denne boken, er faktisk at freedom stadig svært omstridt. "
+"mens det er ingen tvil om at din far hadde rett til å tinker med motor, er "
+"det stor tvil om at barnet ditt vil ha rett til å tinker med bilder hun "
+"finner rundt. lov og, i økende grad teknologi forstyrre en frihet som "
+"teknologi, og nysgjerrighet, ellers ville sikre."
-#, mtrans
+#. f22
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, \"Technological Access "
"Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,\" Communications of the "
"These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. "
"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter 10) has "
"developed a powerful argument in favor of the \"right to tinker\" as it "
-"applies to computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or "
-"more fundamental. It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, "
-"because of the law."
+"applies to computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or more "
+"fundamental. It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, because "
+"of the law."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,\" Brown "
"explains. We need to \"understand how kids who grow up digital think and "
"forklarer. Vi trenger å \"forstå hvordan barn som vokser opp digital tror og "
"vil lære.\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"Yet,\" as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will evince, "
"\"we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the natural "
"og legger til et mellomrom for kommentarer og en mulighet til å spre at "
"kreativiteten overalt. men bygger vi lov til å lukke den teknologien."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter "
"9, quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence."
"RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It "
"offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to "
"information sciences. More than 65 percent of its five thousand "
-"undergraduates finished in the top 10 percent of their high school "
-"class. The school is thus a perfect mix of talent and experience to imagine "
-"and then build, a generation for the network age."
+"undergraduates finished in the top 10 percent of their high school class. "
+"The school is thus a perfect mix of talent and experience to imagine and "
+"then build, a generation for the network age."
msgstr ""
"RPI er en av Amerikas fremst teknologiske forskningsinstitusjoner. Det "
"tilbyr grader i feltene fra arkitektur og konstruksjon til information "
"enable students to get access to the Internet, as well as more intimate "
"access to other members of the RPI community."
msgstr ""
-"rpi's datanettverk kobler studenter, lærere og administrasjon til "
-"hverandre. den har også koblinger rpi til Internett. ikke alt som er "
-"tilgjengelig på nettverket rpi er tilgjengelig på Internett. men nettverket "
-"er utformet for å aktivere studenter å få tilgang til Internett, så vel som "
-"mer intimt tilgang til andre medlemmer av samfunnet rpi."
+"rpi's datanettverk kobler studenter, lærere og administrasjon til hverandre. "
+"den har også koblinger rpi til Internett. ikke alt som er tilgjengelig på "
+"nettverket rpi er tilgjengelig på Internett. men nettverket er utformet for "
+"å aktivere studenter å få tilgang til Internett, så vel som mer intimt "
+"tilgang til andre medlemmer av samfunnet rpi."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 62
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the "
"Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of "
"outside the business can't get. Universities do it as well."
msgstr ""
"søkemotorer er et mål på et nettverk intimitet. Google brakt Internett mye "
-"nærmere for oss alle av utrolig å forbedre kvaliteten på Søk på "
-"nettverket. spesialitet søkemotorer kan gjøre dette enda bedre. ideen om "
-"\"intranett\" søkemotorer, søkemotorer som søke innenfor nettverket av en "
-"bestemt institusjon, er å gi brukere av at institusjonen bedre tilgang til "
-"materiale fra som institusjon. bedrifter gjøre dette hele tiden, slik at "
-"ansatte skal ha tilgang til materiale som ikke kan få personer utenfor "
-"bedriften. universiteter gjøre det også."
+"nærmere for oss alle av utrolig å forbedre kvaliteten på Søk på nettverket. "
+"spesialitet søkemotorer kan gjøre dette enda bedre. ideen om \"intranett\" "
+"søkemotorer, søkemotorer som søke innenfor nettverket av en bestemt "
+"institusjon, er å gi brukere av at institusjonen bedre tilgang til materiale "
+"fra som institusjon. bedrifter gjøre dette hele tiden, slik at ansatte skal "
+"ha tilgang til materiale som ikke kan få personer utenfor bedriften. "
+"universiteter gjøre det også."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"by adding a button that a user could click to see if the machine holding the "
"file was still on-line."
msgstr ""
-"jesse's var ikke den første søkemotoren som er bygd for "
-"rpi-nettverket. motoren hans var faktisk en enkel endring av motorer som "
-"andre hadde bygget. hans enkelt høyst betydelig forbedring i forhold til "
-"disse motorene var å fikse en feil i microsoft-fildeling systemet som kan "
-"føre til en brukers datamaskin til å krasje. med motorer som fantes før Hvis "
-"du prøvde å få tilgang til en fil via en windows-leser som var på en "
-"datamaskin som var frakoblet, datamaskinen kan krasje. Jesse endret systemet "
-"litt for å løse det problemet, ved å legge til en knapp som en bruker kan "
-"klikke for å se om maskinen holde filen var fortsatt on-line."
+"jesse's var ikke den første søkemotoren som er bygd for rpi-nettverket. "
+"motoren hans var faktisk en enkel endring av motorer som andre hadde bygget. "
+"hans enkelt høyst betydelig forbedring i forhold til disse motorene var å "
+"fikse en feil i microsoft-fildeling systemet som kan føre til en brukers "
+"datamaskin til å krasje. med motorer som fantes før Hvis du prøvde å få "
+"tilgang til en fil via en windows-leser som var på en datamaskin som var "
+"frakoblet, datamaskinen kan krasje. Jesse endret systemet litt for å løse "
+"det problemet, ved å legge til en knapp som en bruker kan klikke for å se om "
+"maskinen holde filen var fortsatt on-line."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, "
"he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system "
"was functioning quite well. Jesse had more than one million files in his "
-"directory, including every type of content that might be on users' "
-"computers."
+"directory, including every type of content that might be on users' computers."
msgstr ""
"jesse's motor gikk on-line i slutten av oktober. de følgende seks måneder "
"fortsatte han å tweak det for å forbedre funksjonaliteten. av mars, var "
"servert med avhandlinger fra dressen. som han lese disse papirene og så "
"nyhetsrapporter om dem, ble han stadig mer forbauset."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. . . . "
-"I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran or "
-". . . what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it in any way that "
+"I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran "
+"or . . . what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it in any way that "
"promoted or enhanced the work of pirates. I just modified the search engine "
"in a way that would make it easier to use\"--again, a search engine, which "
"Jesse had not himself built, using the Windows filesharing system, which "
"access to content, which Jesse had not himself created or posted, and the "
"vast majority of which had nothing to do with music."
msgstr ""
-"\"det var absurd,\" sa han til meg. \"Jeg tror ikke jeg gjorde noe "
-"galt.... Jeg tror ikke det er noe galt med søkemotoren som jeg kjørte "
-"eller... hva jeg hadde gjort til den. Jeg mener, jeg ikke hadde endret det "
-"på noen måte som forfremmet eller utvidet arbeidet av pirater. Jeg bare "
-"endret søkemotoren på en måte som ville gjøre det enklere å bruke \"--igjen, "
-"en søkemotor, som jesse hadde ikke selv bygget, ved hjelp av windows "
+"\"det var absurd,\" sa han til meg. \"Jeg tror ikke jeg gjorde noe galt.... "
+"Jeg tror ikke det er noe galt med søkemotoren som jeg kjørte eller... hva "
+"jeg hadde gjort til den. Jeg mener, jeg ikke hadde endret det på noen måte "
+"som forfremmet eller utvidet arbeidet av pirater. Jeg bare endret "
+"søkemotoren på en måte som ville gjøre det enklere å bruke \"--igjen, en "
+"søkemotor, som jesse hadde ikke selv bygget, ved hjelp av windows "
"filesharing systemet, som jesse hadde ikke selv bygget, for å la medlemmer "
"av rpi-fellesskapet for å få tilgang til innhold, som jesse hadde ikke selv "
"opprettet eller lagt ut, og det store flertallet av som hadde ingenting å "
"gjøre med musikk."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 64
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and "
"had therefore \"willfully\" violated copyright laws. They demanded that he "
"pay them the damages for his wrong. For cases of \"willful infringement,\" "
"the Copyright Act specifies something lawyers call \"statutory damages.\" "
-"These damages permit a copyright owner to claim $150,000 per "
-"infringement. As the RIAA alleged more than one hundred specific copyright "
-"infringements, they therefore demanded that Jesse pay them at least "
-"$15,000,000."
+"These damages permit a copyright owner to claim $150,000 per infringement. "
+"As the RIAA alleged more than one hundred specific copyright infringements, "
+"they therefore demanded that Jesse pay them at least $15,000,000."
msgstr ""
"men riaa branded jesse en pirat. de hevdet han opererte et nettverk og "
"derfor \"willfully\" hadde brutt lover om opphavsrett. de krevde at han "
"riaa påståtte mer enn hundre bestemt opphavsrett infringements, krevde de "
"derfor at jesse betale dem minst $15,000,000."
-#, mtrans
+#. f1
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit "
"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" Professional Media Group LCC 6 (2003): "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other "
-"student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at "
-"Princeton. Their situations were similar to Jesse's. Though each case was "
-"different in detail, the bottom line in each was exactly the same: huge "
-"demands for \"damages\" that the RIAA claimed it was entitled to. If you "
-"added up the claims, these four lawsuits were asking courts in the United "
-"States to award the plaintiffs close to $100 billion--six times the total "
-"profit of the film industry in 2001.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at Princeton. "
+"Their situations were similar to Jesse's. Though each case was different in "
+"detail, the bottom line in each was exactly the same: huge demands for "
+"\"damages\" that the RIAA claimed it was entitled to. If you added up the "
+"claims, these four lawsuits were asking courts in the United States to award "
+"the plaintiffs close to $100 billion--six times the total profit of the film "
+"industry in 2001.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"penger jesse hatt. Jesse hadde lagret $12.000 fra sommerjobber og andre "
"sysselsetting. de krevde $12000 for å avvise saken."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They "
"wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it "
"mange felt av teknologi for resten av sitt liv. han nektet. de gjorde ham "
"forstå at denne prosessen av å sued ikke var til å være hyggelig. (som "
"jesse's far recounted til meg, sjef advokaten på saken, matt oppenheimer, "
-"fortalte jesse, \"du ikke ønsker å betale et besøk til en tannlege som "
-"meg.\") og hele riaa insisterte den ikke ville avgjøre saken før det tok "
-"hver krone jesse hadde lagret."
+"fortalte jesse, \"du ikke ønsker å betale et besøk til en tannlege som meg."
+"\") og hele riaa insisterte den ikke ville avgjøre saken før det tok hver "
+"krone jesse hadde lagret."
#. PAGE BREAK 65
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
-"Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) "
-"(272042--Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for the Arts, "
-"More Than One in a Blue Moon (2000)."
+"Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) (272042--"
+"Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for the Arts, More Than "
+"One in a Blue Moon (2000)."
msgstr ""
-"yrkesmessig sysselsetting undersøkelse, US dept. of labor (2001) "
-"(272042--musikere og vokalister). Se også nasjonale legat for arts, mer enn "
-"en i en blå månen (2000)."
+"yrkesmessig sysselsetting undersøkelse, US dept. of labor (2001) (272042--"
+"musikere og vokalister). Se også nasjonale legat for arts, mer enn en i en "
+"blå månen (2000)."
-#, mtrans
+#. f3
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" Wall "
"Street Journal, 10 September 2003, A24."
"jeg noensinne forutsi noe lignende, men jeg tror det er bare helt absurd det "
"riaa har gjort."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his "
"father told me, Jesse \"considers himself very conservative, and so do "
"pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the wrong "
"message. And he wants to correct the record.\""
msgstr ""
-"jesse's foreldre forråde en bestemt stolthet i deres motvillige "
-"aktivist. som sin far fortalte meg, jesse \"anser seg selv svært "
-"konservativ, og så gjøre jeg.... Han er ikke en tree hugger.... Jeg tror det "
-"er bisarre at de ville plukke på ham. men han ønsker å la folk få vite at de "
-"sender feil budskap. og han ønsker å korrigere posten."
+"jesse's foreldre forråde en bestemt stolthet i deres motvillige aktivist. "
+"som sin far fortalte meg, jesse \"anser seg selv svært konservativ, og så "
+"gjøre jeg.... Han er ikke en tree hugger.... Jeg tror det er bisarre at de "
+"ville plukke på ham. men han ønsker å la folk få vite at de sender feil "
+"budskap. og han ønsker å korrigere posten."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: \"Pirates\""
msgstr "Kapittel fire: \"pirater\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"If \"piracy\" means using the creative property of others without their "
"permission--if \"if value, then right\" is true--then the history of the "
msgstr ""
"Hvis \"piratkopiering\" betyr ved hjelp av kreative egenskapen til andre "
"uten deres tillatelse--Hvis \"Hvis verdien, deretter høyre\" er sant-- "
-"deretter historien av innhold industrien er en historie om "
-"piratkopiering. viktig sektor av \"store media\" i dag - filmen, poster, "
-"radio og kabel-tv--ble født av en form for piratkopiering derfor "
-"definert. konsekvent historien er hvordan siste generasjon pirater bli med "
-"denne generasjon country club--før nå."
+"deretter historien av innhold industrien er en historie om piratkopiering. "
+"viktig sektor av \"store media\" i dag - filmen, poster, radio og kabel-tv--"
+"ble født av en form for piratkopiering derfor definert. konsekvent historien "
+"er hvordan siste generasjon pirater bli med denne generasjon country club--"
+"før nå."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
msgid "Film"
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary "
"history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 8793, "
msgstr ""
"Jeg er takknemlig til peter dimauro for å sette meg til dette ekstraordinære "
"historie. Se også siva vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 8793, som "
-"inneholder informasjon om edison's \"opplevelser\" med opphavsrett og "
-"patent."
+"inneholder informasjon om edison's \"opplevelser\" med opphavsrett og patent."
#. PAGE BREAK 67
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East "
"Coast to California in the early twentieth century in part to escape "
-"controls that patents granted the inventor of filmmaking, Thomas "
-"Edison. These controls were exercised through a monopoly \"trust,\" the "
-"Motion Pictures Patents Company, and were based on Thomas Edison's creative "
+"controls that patents granted the inventor of filmmaking, Thomas Edison. "
+"These controls were exercised through a monopoly \"trust,\" the Motion "
+"Pictures Patents Company, and were based on Thomas Edison's creative "
"property--patents. Edison formed the MPPC to exercise the rights this "
"creative property gave him, and the MPPC was serious about the control it "
"demanded."
"en tidsfrist for januar 1909 ble angitt for alle selskaper i samsvar med "
"lisens. februar, ulisensiert outlaws, som henviste til seg selv som "
"independents protesterte tillit og videreførte virksomhet uten å sende til "
-"edison-monopol. i løpet av 1909 sommeren var uavhengige bevegelsen i "
-"full-swing, med produsenter og teater eiere bruker ulovlig utstyr og "
-"importerte film lager til å lage sine egne underjordisk marked."
+"edison-monopol. i løpet av 1909 sommeren var uavhengige bevegelsen i full-"
+"swing, med produsenter og teater eiere bruker ulovlig utstyr og importerte "
+"film lager til å lage sine egne underjordisk marked."
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
"J. A. Aberdeen, Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent Motion "
"Picture Producers (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and expanded texts "
"posted at \"The Edison Movie Monopoly: The Motion Picture Patents Company "
-"vs. the Independent Outlaws,\" available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #11</ulink>. For a discussion of "
-"the economic motive behind both these limits and the limits imposed by "
-"Victor on phonographs, see Randal C. Picker, \"From Edison to the Broadcast "
-"Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the Propertization of "
-"Copyright\" (September 2002), University of Chicago Law School, James "
-"M. Olin Program in Law and Economics, Working Paper No. 159."
+"vs. the Independent Outlaws,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #11</ulink>. For a discussion of the economic motive behind "
+"both these limits and the limits imposed by Victor on phonographs, see "
+"Randal C. Picker, \"From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent "
+"and Refusal and the Propertization of Copyright\" (September 2002), "
+"University of Chicago Law School, James M. Olin Program in Law and "
+"Economics, Working Paper No. 159."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
"discontinued product supply to theaters which showed unlicensed films, and "
"effectively monopolized distribution with the acquisition of all U.S. film "
"exchanges, except for the one owned by the independent William Fox who "
-"defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like "
-"Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted. "
+"The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like Fox. "
+"And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted. "
"\"Shooting was disrupted by machinery stolen, and `accidents' resulting in "
"loss of negatives, equipment, buildings and sometimes life and limb "
"frequently occurred.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That led the "
"prominently, did just that."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 68
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal "
"law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a "
"rullebladet industri ble født av en annen type piratkopiering, om å se "
"hvordan krever en bit av detaljer om hvordan loven regulerer musikk."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for "
"reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the "
"på tiden at edison og henri fourneaux oppfunnet maskiner for å gjengi musikk "
"(edison fonograf, fourneaux spiller piano), ga loven komponister den "
"eksklusive retten til å kontrollere eksemplarer av deres musikk og den "
-"eksklusive retten til å kontrollere offentlig fremføring av musikken "
-"deres. med andre ord, i 1900, hvis jeg ønsket en kopi av phil russel's 1899 "
-"hit \"happy mose,\" loven sa jeg måtte betale for rett til å få en kopi av "
-"den musikalske poeng, og jeg vil også måtte betale for retten til å utføre "
-"det offentlig."
+"eksklusive retten til å kontrollere offentlig fremføring av musikken deres. "
+"med andre ord, i 1900, hvis jeg ønsket en kopi av phil russel's 1899 hit "
+"\"happy mose,\" loven sa jeg måtte betale for rett til å få en kopi av den "
+"musikalske poeng, og jeg vil også måtte betale for retten til å utføre det "
+"offentlig."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"But what if I wanted to record \"Happy Mose,\" using Edison's phonograph or "
"Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear enough that I "
"The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to "
"pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it,"
msgstr ""
-"komponister (og utgivere) var ingen så glade om denne kapasiteten til "
-"pirat. som i Sør-dakota senator alfred sa kittredge,"
+"komponister (og utgivere) var ingen så glade om denne kapasiteten til pirat. "
+"som i Sør-dakota senator alfred sa kittredge,"
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
"Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, "
"1976)."
msgstr ""
-"endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer copyright: hearings på "
-"s. 6330 og hr 19853 før (felles) komiteer på patenter, 59th cong. 59, 1 "
-"sess. (1906) (setning av senator alfred b. kittredge av Sør-dakota, "
-"formann), reprinted i lovgivningens bakgrunn av copyright act, e. brylawski "
-"for fulton og abe goldman, Red. (south hackensack, NJ: rothman opptrykk, "
-"1976)."
+"endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer copyright: hearings på s. "
+"6330 og hr 19853 før (felles) komiteer på patenter, 59th cong. 59, 1 sess. "
+"(1906) (setning av senator alfred b. kittredge av Sør-dakota, formann), "
+"reprinted i lovgivningens bakgrunn av copyright act, e. brylawski for fulton "
+"og abe goldman, Red. (south hackensack, NJ: rothman opptrykk, 1976)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A "
-"publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights "
-"it. Along come the phonographic companies and companies who cut music rolls "
-"and deliberately steal the work of the brain of the composer and publisher "
-"without any regard for [their] rights.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights it. "
+"Along come the phonographic companies and companies who cut music rolls and "
+"deliberately steal the work of the brain of the composer and publisher "
+"without any regard for [their] rights.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. f5
"The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works "
"were \"sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of American "
"composers,\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> and the \"music "
-"publishing industry\" was thereby \"at the complete mercy of this one "
-"pirate.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As John Philip Sousa put "
-"it, in as direct a way as possible, \"When they make money out of my pieces, "
-"
I want a share of it.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
+"publishing industry\" was thereby \"at the complete mercy of this one pirate."
+"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As John Philip Sousa put it, in "
+"as direct a way as possible, \"When they make money out of my pieces, I want "
+"a share of it.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 28384 (statement of "
"Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating Company of New "
"of [the public], whom they represent, and whose servants they are.\" \"All "
"talk about `theft,'\" the general counsel of the American Graphophone "
"Company wrote, \"is the merest claptrap, for there exists no property in "
-"ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by "
-"
statute.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by statute."
+"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 70
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer and the recording "
"artist. Congress amended the law to make sure that composers would be paid "
"granting the composer complete control over the right to make mechanical "
"reproductions, Congress gave recording artists a right to record the music, "
"at a price set by Congress, once the composer allowed it to be recorded "
-"once. This is the part of copyright law that makes cover songs "
-"possible. Once a composer authorizes a recording of his song, others are "
-"free to record the same song, so long as they pay the original composer a "
-"fee set by the law."
+"once. This is the part of copyright law that makes cover songs possible. "
+"Once a composer authorizes a recording of his song, others are free to "
+"record the same song, so long as they pay the original composer a fee set by "
+"the law."
msgstr ""
"loven løst snart denne kampen til fordel for komponisten og opptak "
"kunstneren. kongressen endret loven å sørge for at komponister ville bli "
"andre gratis å registrere samme sang, så lenge de betaler den opprinnelige "
"komponisten et gebyr som er angitt av loven."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"American law ordinarily calls this a \"compulsory license,\" but I will "
"refer to it as a \"statutory license.\" A statutory license is a license "
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
-"Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and "
-"H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., "
-"217 (1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted in "
-"Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe "
-"Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976)."
+"Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and H.R. "
+"11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., 217 "
+"(1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted in Legislative "
+"History of the 1909 Copyright Act, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. "
+"(South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976)."
msgstr ""
"Copyright lov revision: hearings på s. 2499, s. 2900, hr 243 og hr 11794 før "
"(felles) komiteen på patenter, 60 cong., 1 sess., 217 (1908) (setning av "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in "
-"effect, the law subsidizes the recording industry through a kind of "
-"piracy--by giving recording artists a weaker right than it otherwise gives "
-"creative authors. The Beatles have less control over their creative work "
-"than Grisham does. And the beneficiaries of this less control are the "
-"recording industry and the public. The recording industry gets something of "
-"value for less than it otherwise would pay; the public gets access to a much "
-"wider range of musical creativity. Indeed, Congress was quite explicit about "
-"its reasons for granting this right. Its fear was the monopoly power of "
-"rights holders, and that that power would stifle follow-on "
-"creativity.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"effect, the law subsidizes the recording industry through a kind of piracy--"
+"by giving recording artists a weaker right than it otherwise gives creative "
+"authors. The Beatles have less control over their creative work than Grisham "
+"does. And the beneficiaries of this less control are the recording industry "
+"and the public. The recording industry gets something of value for less than "
+"it otherwise would pay; the public gets access to a much wider range of "
+"musical creativity. Indeed, Congress was quite explicit about its reasons "
+"for granting this right. Its fear was the monopoly power of rights holders, "
+"and that that power would stifle follow-on creativity.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on "
-"the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March "
-"1967). I am grateful to Glenn Brown for drawing my attention to this report."
+"the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March 1967). "
+"I am grateful to Glenn Brown for drawing my attention to this report."
msgstr ""
"Copyright lov revision: rapporten skal følge med HR 2512, huset committee on "
"rettsvesenet, 90th cong., 1 sess., huset dokument nr. 83, (8 mars 1967). Jeg "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system "
-"must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a "
-"half-billion-dollar business of great economic importance in the United "
-"States and throughout the world; records today are the principal means of "
-"disseminating music, and this creates special problems, since performers "
-"need unhampered access to musical material on nondiscriminatory "
-"terms. Historically, the record producers pointed out, there were no "
-"recording rights before 1909 and the 1909 statute adopted the compulsory "
-"license as a deliberate anti-monopoly condition on the grant of these "
-"rights. They argue that the result has been an outpouring of recorded music, "
-"with the public being given lower prices, improved quality, and a greater "
-"choice.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a half-billion-"
+"dollar business of great economic importance in the United States and "
+"throughout the world; records today are the principal means of disseminating "
+"music, and this creates special problems, since performers need unhampered "
+"access to musical material on nondiscriminatory terms. Historically, the "
+"record producers pointed out, there were no recording rights before 1909 and "
+"the 1909 statute adopted the compulsory license as a deliberate anti-"
+"monopoly condition on the grant of these rights. They argue that the result "
+"has been an outpouring of recorded music, with the public being given lower "
+"prices, improved quality, and a greater choice.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid "Radio was also born of piracy."
msgstr "Radio ble også født av piratkopiering."
-#, mtrans
+#. f12
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See 17 United States Code, sections 106 and 110. At the beginning, record "
"companies printed \"Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast\" and other messages "
"purporting to restrict the ability to play a record on a radio station. "
"Judge Learned Hand rejected the argument that a warning attached to a record "
-"might restrict the rights of the radio station. See RCA Manufacturing "
-"Co. v. Whiteman, 114 F. 2d 86 (2nd Cir. 1940). See also Randal C. Picker, "
-"\"From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and "
-"the Propertization of Copyright,\" University of Chicago Law Review 70 "
-"(2003): 281."
+"might restrict the rights of the radio station. See RCA Manufacturing Co. v. "
+"Whiteman, 114 F. 2d 86 (2nd Cir. 1940). See also Randal C. Picker, \"From "
+"Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the "
+"Propertization of Copyright,\" University of Chicago Law Review 70 (2003): "
+"281."
msgstr ""
"se 17, united states code, inndelinger 106 og 110. på begynnelsen av, spille "
"inn selskapene skrives ut \"ikke lisensiert for radiosendingen\" og andre "
"meldinger purporting å begrense muligheten til å spille en post på en "
"radiostasjon. dommer lært hånd avvist argumentet at en advarsel som er "
"knyttet til en post kan begrense rettighetene til radiostasjonen. se rca "
-"produksjon co v. whiteman, 114 f. 2d 86 (2nd cir. 1940). Se også randal "
-"c. datovelger, \"fra edison til kringkasting flagg: mekanismer av samtykke "
-"og nektet og propertization av opphavsrett,\" university of chicago lov gå "
+"produksjon co v. whiteman, 114 f. 2d 86 (2nd cir. 1940). Se også randal c. "
+"datovelger, \"fra edison til kringkasting flagg: mekanismer av samtykke og "
+"nektet og propertization av opphavsrett,\" university of chicago lov gå "
"gjennom 70 (2003): 281."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a \"public "
-"performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> As I described above, the law gives the composer (or copyright "
-"holder) an exclusive right to public performances of his work. The radio "
-"station thus owes the composer money for that performance."
+"performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> As I described above, the law gives the composer (or copyright holder) an "
+"exclusive right to public performances of his work. The radio station thus "
+"owes the composer money for that performance."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 72
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy "
"of the composer's work. The radio station is also performing a copy of the "
"teateroppsetninger av at musikk. så hvis madonna ønsker å synge sangen i det "
"offentlige, hun har å bli din tillatelse."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then "
"decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists "
-"benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the "
-"performance rights they give up. Maybe. But even if so, the law ordinarily "
-"gives the creator the right to make this choice. By making the choice for "
-"him or her, the law gives the radio station the right to take something for "
-"nothing."
+"No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists benefit. "
+"On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the performance rights "
+"they give up. Maybe. But even if so, the law ordinarily gives the creator "
+"the right to make this choice. By making the choice for him or her, the law "
+"gives the radio station the right to take something for nothing."
msgstr ""
"ingen tvil, kan man argumentere at, på saldo, artistene nytte. i "
"gjennomsnitt er kampanjen de får verdt mer enn ytelse rettigheter de gir "
"nektet å betale broadcasters for innhold som de echoed til sine kunder. selv "
"når kabelselskaper begynte å selge tilgang til TV-sendinger, nektet de å "
"betale for hva de solgte. kabelselskaper var dermed napsterizing "
-"broadcasters' innhold, men mer egregiously enn noe napster gjorde "
-"noensinne--napster belastet aldri for innholdet det aktivert andre til å gi "
-"bort."
+"broadcasters' innhold, men mer egregiously enn noe napster gjorde noensinne--"
+"napster belastet aldri for innholdet det aktivert andre til å gi bort."
#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel "
"Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of \"unfair and "
-"potentially destructive competition.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> There may have been a \"public interest\" in spreading the reach "
-"of cable TV, but as Douglas Anello, general counsel to the National "
-"Association of Broadcasters, asked Senator Quentin Burdick during testimony, "
-"\"Does public interest dictate that you use somebody else's "
-"property?\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As another broadcaster "
-"put it,"
+"potentially destructive competition.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> There may have been a \"public interest\" in spreading the reach of "
+"cable TV, but as Douglas Anello, general counsel to the National Association "
+"of Broadcasters, asked Senator Quentin Burdick during testimony, \"Does "
+"public interest dictate that you use somebody else's property?\"<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As another broadcaster put it,"
msgstr ""
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only "
-"business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid "
-"
for.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid for."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"These were \"free-ride[rs],\" Screen Actor's Guild president Charlton Heston "
-"said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are "
"already compensated, who already have a monopoly, should be permitted to "
"extend that monopoly. . . . The question here is how much compensation they "
-"should have and how far back they should carry their right to "
-"
compensation.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"should have and how far back they should carry their right to compensation."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"opphavsrett eiere tok kabelselskaper til retten. Høyesterett holdt to ganger "
"at kabelselskaper skyldte opphavsrett eierne ingenting."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of "
"whether cable companies had to pay for the content they \"pirated.\" In the "
"posten spillere og spilleren pianoer. Ja, kabelselskaper 'd have to pay for "
"innholdet som de kringkaster; men prisen de vil måtte betale ble ikke angitt "
"av eieren av opphavsretten. Prisen ble satt ved lov, slik at broadcasters "
-"ikke kunne utøve vetorett over de nye teknologiene "
-"av-kabelen. kabelselskaper dermed bygde sitt imperium delvis på en "
-"\"piratkopiering\" av verdiene som skapes av broadcasters' innhold."
+"ikke kunne utøve vetorett over de nye teknologiene av-kabelen. "
+"kabelselskaper dermed bygde sitt imperium delvis på en \"piratkopiering\" av "
+"verdiene som skapes av broadcasters' innhold."
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, The Engine of Free "
"Expression: Copyright on the Internet--The Myth of Free Information, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#13</ulink>. \"The threat of piracy--the use of someone else's creative work "
-"without permission or compensation--has grown with the Internet.\""
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #13</ulink>. "
+"\"The threat of piracy--the use of someone else's creative work without "
+"permission or compensation--has grown with the Internet.\""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"These separate stories sing a common theme. If \"piracy\" means using value "
-"from someone else's creative property without permission from that "
-"creator--as it is increasingly described today<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> -- then every industry affected by copyright today is the product "
-"and beneficiary of a certain kind of piracy. Film, records, radio, cable "
+"from someone else's creative property without permission from that creator--"
+"as it is increasingly described today<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> -- then every industry affected by copyright today is the product and "
+"beneficiary of a certain kind of piracy. Film, records, radio, cable "
"TV. . . . The list is long and could well be expanded. Every generation "
"welcomes the pirates from the last. Every generation--until now."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: \"Piracy\""
msgstr "Kapittel fem: \"piratkopiering\""
"There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in "
"many forms. The most significant is commercial piracy, the unauthorized "
"taking of other people's content within a commercial context. Despite the "
-"many justifications that are offered in its defense, this taking is "
-"wrong. No one should condone it, and the law should stop it."
+"many justifications that are offered in its defense, this taking is wrong. "
+"No one should condone it, and the law should stop it."
msgstr ""
"Det er piratkopiering av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. mye av det. Denne "
"sjørøver kommer i mange former. den mest betydningsfulle er kommersielle "
"kontekst. til tross for mange justifications som tilbys i sitt forsvar, er "
"dette tar galt. ingen bør condone det, og loven skal slutte det."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 76
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of \"taking\" that is "
"more directly related to the Internet. That taking, too, seems wrong to "
-"many, and it is wrong much of the time. Before we paint this taking "
-"\"piracy,\" however, we should understand its nature a bit more. For the "
-"harm of this taking is significantly more ambiguous than outright copying, "
-"and the law should account for that ambiguity, as it has so often done in "
-"the past."
+"many, and it is wrong much of the time. Before we paint this taking \"piracy,"
+"\" however, we should understand its nature a bit more. For the harm of "
+"this taking is significantly more ambiguous than outright copying, and the "
+"law should account for that ambiguity, as it has so often done in the past."
msgstr ""
"men samt kopieringsfirma piratkopiering, det er en annen type \"tar\" som er "
"mer direkte relatert til Internett. det tar også, synes galt å mange, og det "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for "
-"it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred "
-"years of the American Republic, America did not honor foreign copyrights. We "
-"were born, in this sense, a pirate nation. It might therefore seem "
-"hypocritical for us to insist so strongly that other developing nations "
-"treat as wrong what we, for the first hundred years of our existence, "
-"treated as right."
+"Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for it. "
+"We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred years "
+"of the American Republic, America did not honor foreign copyrights. We were "
+"born, in this sense, a pirate nation. It might therefore seem hypocritical "
+"for us to insist so strongly that other developing nations treat as wrong "
+"what we, for the first hundred years of our existence, treated as right."
msgstr ""
"som er ikke å si at unnskyldninger og justifications ikke kunne laget for "
"den. Vi kan, for eksempel minne oss at for de første hundre år av den "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the "
-"taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American "
-"works. Thus the American publishers who published foreign works without the "
+"taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American works. "
+"Thus the American publishers who published foreign works without the "
"permission of foreign authors were not violating any rule. The copy shops "
"in Asia, by contrast, are violating Asian law. Asian law does protect "
"foreign copyrights, and the actions of the copy shops violate that law. So "
"legal wrong as well."
msgstr ""
"den unnskyldning er ikke veldig sterk. teknisk, vår lov ikke Ben å ta av "
-"utenlandske fungerer. det begrenset eksplisitt seg til amerikanske "
-"works. Dermed ble er amerikansk utgivere som publisert utenlandske fungerer "
-"uten tillatelse fra utenlandske forfattere ikke bryter "
-"reglementet. kopieringsfirmaer i asia, derimot, er krenkjer asiatiske "
-"lov. asiatiske lov beskytter utenlandske opphavsrettigheter, og handlingene "
-"til kopieringsfirmaer bryter den lov. så feil for piratvirksomhet som de "
-"delta i er ikke bare en moralsk galt, men en juridisk galt, og ikke bare et "
+"utenlandske fungerer. det begrenset eksplisitt seg til amerikanske works. "
+"Dermed ble er amerikansk utgivere som publisert utenlandske fungerer uten "
+"tillatelse fra utenlandske forfattere ikke bryter reglementet. "
+"kopieringsfirmaer i asia, derimot, er krenkjer asiatiske lov. asiatiske lov "
+"beskytter utenlandske opphavsrettigheter, og handlingene til "
+"kopieringsfirmaer bryter den lov. så feil for piratvirksomhet som de delta i "
+"er ikke bare en moralsk galt, men en juridisk galt, og ikke bare et "
"internasjonalt juridiske galt, men en lokalt juridiske galt også."
#. PAGE BREAK 77
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these "
-"countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to "
-"protect copyright internationally. We may have been born a pirate nation, "
-"but we will not allow any other nation to have a similar childhood."
+"True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these countries. "
+"No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to protect "
+"copyright internationally. We may have been born a pirate nation, but we "
+"will not allow any other nation to have a similar childhood."
msgstr ""
"sant, disse lokale regler har, i kraft, blitt påtvunget disse landene. ikke "
"noe land kan være en del av verdensøkonomien og velge ikke å beskytte "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the "
-"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 1013, 209. The "
-"Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement "
-"obligates member nations to create administrative and enforcement mechanisms "
-"for intellectual property rights, a costly proposition for developing "
-"countries. Additionally, patent rights may lead to higher prices for staple "
-"industries such as agriculture. Critics of TRIPS question the disparity "
-"between burdens imposed upon developing countries and benefits conferred to "
-"industrialized nations. TRIPS does permit governments to use patents for "
-"public, noncommercial uses without first obtaining the patent holder's "
-"permission. Developing nations may be able to use this to gain the benefits "
-"of foreign patents at lower prices. This is a promising strategy for "
-"developing nations within the TRIPS framework."
+"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 1013, 209. The Trade-"
+"Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement obligates "
+"member nations to create administrative and enforcement mechanisms for "
+"intellectual property rights, a costly proposition for developing countries. "
+"Additionally, patent rights may lead to higher prices for staple industries "
+"such as agriculture. Critics of TRIPS question the disparity between burdens "
+"imposed upon developing countries and benefits conferred to industrialized "
+"nations. TRIPS does permit governments to use patents for public, "
+"noncommercial uses without first obtaining the patent holder's permission. "
+"Developing nations may be able to use this to gain the benefits of foreign "
+"patents at lower prices. This is a promising strategy for developing nations "
+"within the TRIPS framework."
msgstr ""
"se peter drahos med john braithwaite, informasjon Føydalisme: hvem som eier "
"knowledge economy? (new york: ny press, 2003), 1013, 209. handel-relaterte "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan "
-"Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy (New York: Amacom, 2002), "
-"14490. \"In some instances . . . the impact of piracy on the copyright "
-"holder's ability to appropriate the value of the work will be "
-"negligible. One obvious instance is the case where the individual engaging "
-"in pirating would not have purchased an original even if pirating were not "
-"an option.\" Ibid., 149."
+"Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy (New York: Amacom, 2002), 14490. "
+"\"In some instances . . . the impact of piracy on the copyright holder's "
+"ability to appropriate the value of the work will be negligible. One obvious "
+"instance is the case where the individual engaging in pirating would not "
+"have purchased an original even if pirating were not an option.\" Ibid., 149."
msgstr ""
"for en analyse av økonomiske virkningen av kopiering teknologi, kan du se "
-"stan liebowitz, rethinking nettverk økonomien (new york: amacom, 2002), "
-"14490. \"i noen tilfeller... virkningen av piratkopiering på "
+"stan liebowitz, rethinking nettverk økonomien (new york: amacom, 2002), 144"
+"90. \"i noen tilfeller... virkningen av piratkopiering på "
"opphavsrettsinnehavers evne til å tilegne verdien av arbeidet vil være "
"ubetydelig. en opplagt forekomsten er tilfelle der individuelle engasjerende "
"i pirating ikke ville ha kjøpt en original selv om pirating var ikke en "
"otherwise would have had.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands "
"of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they "
"taking. Extremists in this debate love to say, \"You wouldn't go into Barnes "
"& Noble and take a book off of the shelf without paying; why should it "
"be any different with on-line music?\" The difference is, of course, that "
-"when you take a book from Barnes & Noble, it has one less book to "
-"sell. By contrast, when you take an MP3 from a computer network, there is "
-"not one less CD that can be sold. The physics of piracy of the intangible "
-"are different from the physics of piracy of the tangible."
+"when you take a book from Barnes & Noble, it has one less book to sell. "
+"By contrast, when you take an MP3 from a computer network, there is not one "
+"less CD that can be sold. The physics of piracy of the intangible are "
+"different from the physics of piracy of the tangible."
msgstr ""
"Dette er ofte til stede (skjønt jeg har venner som har kjøpt mange tusenvis "
"av piratkopiert DVD som absolutt har nok penger til å betale for innholdet "
"barnes & noble og ta en bok på sokkelen uten å betale; Hvorfor bør det "
"være annerledes med on-line musikk?\"forskjellen er, selvfølgelig, at når du "
"tar en bok fra barnes & noble, den har en mindre bok å selge. Når du tar "
-"en mp3 fra et datanettverk, er det derimot ikke en mindre cd som kan "
-"selges. fysikk av piratkopiering av immaterielle er forskjellige fra fysikk "
-"av piratkopiering av en konkret."
+"en mp3 fra et datanettverk, er det derimot ikke en mindre cd som kan selges. "
+"fysikk av piratkopiering av immaterielle er forskjellige fra fysikk av "
+"piratkopiering av en konkret."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 78
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property "
"right of a very special sort, it is a property right. Like all property "
"rights, the copyright gives the owner the right to decide the terms under "
"which content is shared. If the copyright owner doesn't want to sell, she "
"doesn't have to. There are exceptions: important statutory licenses that "
-"apply to copyrighted content regardless of the wish of the copyright "
-"owner. Those licenses give people the right to \"take\" copyrighted content "
-"whether or not the copyright owner wants to sell. But where the law does not "
-"give people the right to take content, it is wrong to take that content even "
-"if the wrong does no harm. If we have a property system, and that system is "
+"apply to copyrighted content regardless of the wish of the copyright owner. "
+"Those licenses give people the right to \"take\" copyrighted content whether "
+"or not the copyright owner wants to sell. But where the law does not give "
+"people the right to take content, it is wrong to take that content even if "
+"the wrong does no harm. If we have a property system, and that system is "
"properly balanced to the technology of a time, then it is wrong to take "
"property without the permission of a property owner. That is exactly what "
"\"property\" means."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good "
-"one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, "
-"for example, are given free access to the two largest legal databases. The "
+"This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good one. "
+"Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, for "
+"example, are given free access to the two largest legal databases. The "
"companies marketing both hope the students will become so used to their "
"service that they will want to use it and not the other when they become "
"lawyers (and must pay high subscription fees)."
msgstr ""
"Dette argumentet er også, noe sant. avhengighet-strategi er en god en. mange "
"virksomheter praktisere det.. noen trives på grunn av den. Law studenter, "
-"for eksempel får du gratis tilgang til de to største juridiske "
-"databasene. selskapene markedsføring håper begge elevene vil så bli brukt "
-"til deres tjeneste som de vil bruke det, og ikke den andre når de blir "
-"jurister (og må betale høy abonnementsavgift)."
+"for eksempel får du gratis tilgang til de to største juridiske databasene. "
+"selskapene markedsføring håper begge elevene vil så bli brukt til deres "
+"tjeneste som de vil bruke det, og ikke den andre når de blir jurister (og må "
+"betale høy abonnementsavgift)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"dermed mens jeg forstår drar av disse justifications for piratkopiering, og "
"jeg absolutt se motivasjon, etter min mening, til slutt, kuttes disse "
-"innsats på rettferdiggjørende kommersielle piratkopiering bare ikke "
-"det. Denne typen piratkopiering er frodig og bare ren galt. det forandre "
-"ikke innholdet det stjeler; det ikke forandre markedet den konkurrerer "
-"i. den bare gir noen tilgang til noe som loven sier han ikke skal "
-"ha. ingenting er endret for å tegne den lov i tvil. denne formen for "
-"piratkopiering er flat ut feil."
+"innsats på rettferdiggjørende kommersielle piratkopiering bare ikke det. "
+"Denne typen piratkopiering er frodig og bare ren galt. det forandre ikke "
+"innholdet det stjeler; det ikke forandre markedet den konkurrerer i. den "
+"bare gir noen tilgang til noe som loven sier han ikke skal ha. ingenting er "
+"endret for å tegne den lov i tvil. denne formen for piratkopiering er flat "
+"ut feil."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part "
"suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all \"piracy\" is. Or at "
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"See Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary "
"National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do Business (New York: "
"independently."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. f6
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" San "
"Francisco Chronicle, 24 September 2002, A1; \"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide,\" New "
"Scientist, 6 July 2002, 42; Benny Evangelista, \"Napster Names CEO, Secures "
-"New Financing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 23 May 2003, C1; \"Napster's "
-"Wake-Up Call,\" Economist, 24 June 2000, 23; John Naughton, \"Hollywood at "
-"War with the Internet\" (London) Times, 26 July 2002, 18."
+"New Financing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 23 May 2003, C1; \"Napster's Wake-"
+"Up Call,\" Economist, 24 June 2000, 23; John Naughton, \"Hollywood at War "
+"with the Internet\" (London) Times, 26 July 2002, 18."
msgstr ""
"se carolyn lochhead, \"silicon valley dream, hollywood mareritt\" san "
"francisco chronicle, 24 september 2002, a1; \"rock 'n' roll suicide,\" new "
"og eldre har lastet ned musikk fra Internett og 30 prosent har lyttet til "
"digitale musikkfiler som er lagret på datamaskinene sine."
-#, mtrans
+#. f8
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" New York "
"Times, 6 June 2003, A1."
"estimated that 60 million Americans had downloaded music--28 percent of "
"Americans older than 12.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A survey "
"by the NPD group quoted in The New York Times estimated that 43 million "
-"citizens used file-sharing networks to exchange content in May "
-"2003.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The vast majority of these "
-"are not kids. Whatever the actual figure, a massive quantity of content is "
-"being \"taken\" on these networks. The ease and inexpensiveness of "
-"file-sharing networks have inspired millions to enjoy music in a way that "
-"they hadn't before."
+"citizens used file-sharing networks to exchange content in May 2003."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The vast majority of these are not "
+"kids. Whatever the actual figure, a massive quantity of content is being "
+"\"taken\" on these networks. The ease and inexpensiveness of file-sharing "
+"networks have inspired millions to enjoy music in a way that they hadn't "
+"before."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does "
-"not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, "
+"Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does not. "
+"And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, "
"calculating the actual harm to copyright owners is more complicated than one "
"might think. So consider--a bit more carefully than the polarized voices "
"around this debate usually do--the kinds of sharing that file sharing "
"enables, and the kinds of harm it entails."
msgstr ""
-"noen av denne nyter innebærer brudd på opphavsrettigheter. noen av det "
-"ikke. og selv blant delen som er teknisk brudd på opphavsrettigheter, "
-"beregne faktiske skade til opphavsrett eiere er mer komplisert enn man "
-"skulle tro. så vurdere--litt mer forsiktig enn polarisert stemmene rundt "
-"denne debatten vanligvis gjør--hvilke deler som gir mulighet for fildeling, "
-"og hva slags skade det innebærer."
+"noen av denne nyter innebærer brudd på opphavsrettigheter. noen av det ikke. "
+"og selv blant delen som er teknisk brudd på opphavsrettigheter, beregne "
+"faktiske skade til opphavsrett eiere er mer komplisert enn man skulle tro. "
+"så vurdere--litt mer forsiktig enn polarisert stemmene rundt denne debatten "
+"vanligvis gjør--hvilke deler som gir mulighet for fildeling, og hva slags "
+"skade det innebærer."
#. PAGE BREAK 81
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"would. The latter are the target of category A: users who download instead "
"of purchasing."
msgstr ""
-"Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for å kjøpe "
-"innhold. Derfor, når en ny madonna cd frigis, i stedet for å kjøpe cd, disse "
-"brukerne bare ta det. Vi kan liten uenighet om om alle som tar det ville "
-"faktisk ha kjøpt den hvis deling ikke gjøre den tilgjengelig gratis. mest "
-"trolig ikke ville ha, men klart det er noen som ville. sistnevnte er målet "
-"for kategori a: brukere som laster ned i stedet for å kjøpe."
+"Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for å kjøpe innhold. "
+"Derfor, når en ny madonna cd frigis, i stedet for å kjøpe cd, disse brukerne "
+"bare ta det. Vi kan liten uenighet om om alle som tar det ville faktisk ha "
+"kjøpt den hvis deling ikke gjøre den tilgjengelig gratis. mest trolig ikke "
+"ville ha, men klart det er noen som ville. sistnevnte er målet for kategori "
+"a: brukere som laster ned i stedet for å kjøpe."
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
"vil faktisk være ganske god. netto effekt av en slik deling kan øke antallet "
"av musikk som er kjøpt."
-#, mtrans
+#. C.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content "
"that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the "
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid "See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,14849."
msgstr "se liebowitz, rethinking nettverk økonomien, 14849."
msgid ""
"Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of "
"the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of "
-"economics, only type A sharing is clearly harmful.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Type B sharing is illegal but plainly "
-"beneficial. Type C sharing is illegal, yet good for society (since more "
-"exposure to music is good) and harmless to the artist (since the work is not "
-"otherwise available). So how sharing matters on balance is a hard question "
-"to answer--and certainly much more difficult than the current rhetoric "
-"around the issue suggests."
+"economics, only type A sharing is clearly harmful.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Type B sharing is illegal but plainly beneficial. "
+"Type C sharing is illegal, yet good for society (since more exposure to "
+"music is good) and harmless to the artist (since the work is not otherwise "
+"available). So how sharing matters on balance is a hard question to answer--"
+"and certainly much more difficult than the current rhetoric around the issue "
+"suggests."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful "
"type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers "
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, Technology Evolution and the Music "
"Industry's Business Model Crisis (2003), 3. This report describes the music "
"audio tape became a threat, the Office of Technical Assessment conducted a "
"survey of consumer behavior. In 1988, 40 percent of consumers older than ten "
"had taped music to a cassette format. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology "
-"Assessment, Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the Law, "
-"OTA-CIT-422 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, October "
-"1989), 14556."
+"Assessment, Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the Law, OTA-"
+"CIT-422 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, October 1989), "
+"14556."
msgstr ""
"se cap gemini ernst og unge, teknologiutviklingen og music industriens "
"business modell krisen (2003), 3. Denne rapporten beskriver musikkbransjens "
-"innsats for å stigmatiserer spirende praksisen med kassett taping på "
-"1970-tallet, inkludert en reklamekampanje med en kassett-figur skull og "
-"bildeteksten \"hjem taping er å drepe musikk.\" på tiden digital audio "
-"tape ble en trussel, office of tekniske vurdering gjennomført en "
-"undersøkelse av forbrukernes adferd. i 1988 hadde 40 prosent av forbrukere "
-"som er eldre enn ti tapet musikk til en kassett-format. USA Kongressen, "
-"office of technology vurdering, copyright og hjem kopiering: teknologi "
-"utfordringer loven, ota-cit-422 (washington, DC: USA Government printing "
-"office, oktober 1989), 14556."
+"innsats for å stigmatiserer spirende praksisen med kassett taping på 1970-"
+"tallet, inkludert en reklamekampanje med en kassett-figur skull og "
+"bildeteksten \"hjem taping er å drepe musikk.\" på tiden digital audio tape "
+"ble en trussel, office of tekniske vurdering gjennomført en undersøkelse av "
+"forbrukernes adferd. i 1988 hadde 40 prosent av forbrukere som er eldre enn "
+"ti tapet musikk til en kassett-format. USA Kongressen, office of technology "
+"vurdering, copyright og hjem kopiering: teknologi utfordringer loven, ota-"
+"cit-422 (washington, DC: USA Government printing office, oktober 1989), 145"
+"56."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame "
"technology for any drop in sales. The history of cassette recording is a "
"good example. As a study by Cap Gemini Ernst & Young put it, \"Rather "
-"than exploiting this new, popular technology, the labels fought "
-"
it.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The labels claimed that every "
+"than exploiting this new, popular technology, the labels fought it."
+"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The labels claimed that every "
"album taped was an album unsold, and when record sales fell by 11.4 percent "
"in 1981, the industry claimed that its point was proved. Technology was the "
"problem, and banning or regulating technology was the answer."
"regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In "
"the end,\" Cap Gemini concludes, \"the `crisis' . . . was not the fault of "
"the tapers--who did not [stop after MTV came into being]--but had to a large "
-"extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the major "
-"
labels.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the major labels."
+"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"skadelig. spørsmålet er hvordan skadelige type er også en deling, og hvor "
"nyttig de andre typene deling er."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the "
"standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The "
"little static reason to resist them."
msgstr ""
"Vi begynner å svare på dette spørsmålet ved å fokusere på netto skade, fra "
-"standpunktet av industrien som helhet, at deling nettverk. den \"net "
-"skaden\" til industrien som helhet er beløpet etter hvilken type en deling "
+"standpunktet av industrien som helhet, at deling nettverk. den \"net skaden"
+"\" til industrien som helhet er beløpet etter hvilken type en deling "
"overskrider type b. Hvis plateselskapene solgte flere poster gjennom "
"prøvetaking enn de mistet gjennom substitusjonsbehandling, og deretter dele "
"nettverk ville faktisk fordel musikk bedriftene på balanse. de ville derfor "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Recording Industry Association of America, 2002 Yearend Statistics, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#15</ulink>. A later report indicates even greater losses. See Recording "
-"Industry Association of America, Some Facts About Music Piracy, 25 June "
-"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#16</ulink>: \"In the past four years, unit shipments of recorded music have "
-"fallen by 26 percent from 1.16 billion units in to 860 million units in 2002 "
-"in the United States (based on units shipped). In terms of sales, revenues "
-"are down 14 percent, from $14.6 billion in to $12.6 billion last year (based "
-"on U.S. dollar value of shipments). The music industry worldwide has gone "
-"from a $39 billion industry in 2000 down to a $32 billion industry in 2002 "
-"(based on U.S. dollar value of shipments).\""
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #15</ulink>. "
+"A later report indicates even greater losses. See Recording Industry "
+"Association of America, Some Facts About Music Piracy, 25 June 2003, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #16</ulink>: "
+"\"In the past four years, unit shipments of recorded music have fallen by 26 "
+"percent from 1.16 billion units in to 860 million units in 2002 in the "
+"United States (based on units shipped). In terms of sales, revenues are "
+"down 14 percent, from $14.6 billion in to $12.6 billion last year (based on "
+"U.S. dollar value of shipments). The music industry worldwide has gone from "
+"a $39 billion industry in 2000 down to a $32 billion industry in 2002 (based "
+"on U.S. dollar value of shipments).\""
msgstr ""
#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February "
-"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#17</ulink>."
+"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #17</"
+"ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 "
-"million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This confirms a trend over the past few "
-"years. The RIAA blames Internet piracy for the trend, though there are many "
-"other causes that could account for this drop. SoundScan, for example, "
-"reports a more than 20 percent drop in the number of CDs released since "
-"1999. That no doubt accounts for some of the decrease in sales. Rising "
-"prices could account for at least some of the loss. \"From 1999 to 2001, the "
-"average price of a CD rose 7.2 percent, from $13.04 to $14.19.\"<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Competition from other forms of media could "
-"also account for some of the decline. As Jane Black of BusinessWeek notes, "
-"\"The soundtrack to the film High Fidelity has a list price of $18.98. You "
-"could get the whole movie [on DVD] for $19.99.\"<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
+"million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This confirms a trend over the past few years. The "
+"RIAA blames Internet piracy for the trend, though there are many other "
+"causes that could account for this drop. SoundScan, for example, reports a "
+"more than 20 percent drop in the number of CDs released since 1999. That no "
+"doubt accounts for some of the decrease in sales. Rising prices could "
+"account for at least some of the loss. \"From 1999 to 2001, the average "
+"price of a CD rose 7.2 percent, from $13.04 to $14.19.\"<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Competition from other forms of media could also "
+"account for some of the decline. As Jane Black of BusinessWeek notes, \"The "
+"soundtrack to the film High Fidelity has a list price of $18.98. You could "
+"get the whole movie [on DVD] for $19.99.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 84
"gratis. Således, selv om 2,6 ganger det totale antallet CDer som selges ble "
"lastet ned gratis, salgsinntekter falt med bare 6.7 prosent."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain "
"these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording "
"industry constantly asks, \"What's the difference between downloading a song "
"and stealing a CD?\"--but their own numbers reveal the difference. If I "
-"steal a CD, then there is one less CD to sell. Every taking is a lost "
-"sale. But on the basis of the numbers the RIAA provides, it is absolutely "
-"clear that the same is not true of downloads. If every download were a lost "
-"sale--if every use of Kazaa \"rob[bed] the author of [his] profit\"--then "
-"the industry would have suffered a 100 percent drop in sales last year, not "
-"a 7 percent drop. If 2.6 times the number of CDs sold were downloaded for "
-"free, and yet sales revenue dropped by just 6.7 percent, then there is a "
-"huge difference between \"downloading a song and stealing a CD.\""
+"steal a CD, then there is one less CD to sell. Every taking is a lost sale. "
+"But on the basis of the numbers the RIAA provides, it is absolutely clear "
+"that the same is not true of downloads. If every download were a lost sale--"
+"if every use of Kazaa \"rob[bed] the author of [his] profit\"--then the "
+"industry would have suffered a 100 percent drop in sales last year, not a 7 "
+"percent drop. If 2.6 times the number of CDs sold were downloaded for free, "
+"and yet sales revenue dropped by just 6.7 percent, then there is a huge "
+"difference between \"downloading a song and stealing a CD.\""
msgstr ""
"Det er for mange forskjellige ting skjer samtidig å forklare disse tallene "
"definitively, men en konklusjon er uunngåelig: recording industry stadig "
"longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law--Coming Soon to "
"a Digital Device Near You: Hearing Before the Senate Committee on the "
"Judiciary, 107th Cong., 1st sess. (3 April 2001) (prepared statement of the "
-"Future of Music Coalition), available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #18</ulink>."
+"Future of Music Coalition), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #18</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"In real space--long before the Internet--the market had a simple response to "
"this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands of used book "
-"and used record stores in America today.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> These stores buy content from owners, then sell the content they "
+"and used record stores in America today.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> These stores buy content from owners, then sell the content they "
"buy. And under American copyright law, when they buy and sell this content, "
"even if the content is still under copyright, the copyright owner doesn't "
"get a dime. Used book and record stores are commercial entities; their "
"the content they sell."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record "
"stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content "
msgid ""
"It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the "
"copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well "
-"be better, it doesn't follow that it would be good to ban used book "
-"stores. Or put differently, if you think that type C sharing should be "
-"stopped, do you think that libraries and used book stores should be shut as "
-"well?"
+"be better, it doesn't follow that it would be good to ban used book stores. "
+"Or put differently, if you think that type C sharing should be stopped, do "
+"you think that libraries and used book stores should be shut as well?"
msgstr ""
"Det kan godt være, alle ting betraktes, at det ville være bedre hvis eieren "
"av opphavsretten fikk noe fra denne handelen. men bare fordi det kan godt "
"bokhandlere. eller sagt på en annen måte, hvis du tror at typen c deling bør "
"stoppes, tror du at biblioteker og brukte bokhandlere bør være stengt også?"
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 86
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D "
"sharing to occur--the sharing of content that copyright owners want to have "
"for the \"real\" book. People would read part on-line, and then decide "
"whether they liked the book or not. If they liked it, they would be more "
"likely to buy it. Doctorow's content is type D content. If sharing networks "
-"enable his work to be spread, then both he and society are better "
-"off. (Actually, much better off: It is a great book!)"
+"enable his work to be spread, then both he and society are better off. "
+"(Actually, much better off: It is a great book!)"
msgstr ""
"til slutt, og kanskje viktigst, tillater fildelings-nettverk typen d deling "
"oppstår--deling av innhold som eiere av opphavsretter vil har delt eller som "
"eksempel utgitt sin første roman, ned og ut i magiske riket, begge to ledig "
"online og i bokhandlere på samme dag. hans (og hans publisher) tenker var at "
"on-line distribusjonen vil være en stor annonse for \"ekte\" boken. folk vil "
-"lese delen on-line, og deretter bestemmer deg om de likte boken eller "
-"ikke. Hvis de likte det, ville de være mer sannsynlig å kjøpe den. Doctorow "
-"er innholdet er typen d innhold. Hvis deling nettverk aktiverer sitt arbeid "
-"til å bli spredt, er både han og samfunnet bedre. (faktisk, mye bedre av: "
-"det er en stor bok!)"
+"lese delen on-line, og deretter bestemmer deg om de likte boken eller ikke. "
+"Hvis de likte det, ville de være mer sannsynlig å kjøpe den. Doctorow er "
+"innholdet er typen d innhold. Hvis deling nettverk aktiverer sitt arbeid til "
+"å bli spredt, er både han og samfunnet bedre. (faktisk, mye bedre av: det er "
+"en stor bok!)"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"løse problemet med skriver du inn en deling ødelegge muligheten for typen d "
"deling, så vi mister noe viktig for å beskytte type en innhold."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably "
"says, \"This is how much we've lost,\" we must also ask, \"How much has "
"fildeling? Hva er effektiviteten? Hva er innholdet som ellers ville være "
"utilgjengelig?\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much "
"of the \"piracy\" that file sharing enables is plainly legal and good. And "
"kunstnere. spørsmålet er en av balanse. loven bør søke denne balansen, og "
"denne balansen blir funnet bare med tid."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target "
"just what you call type A sharing?\""
msgid ""
"You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of "
"the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that "
-"one class of sharing. That much is obvious from the Napster case "
-"itself. When Napster told the district court that it had developed a "
-"technology to block the transfer of 99.4 percent of identified infringing "
-"material, the district court told counsel for Napster 99.4 percent was not "
-"good enough. Napster had to push the infringements \"down to "
-"zero.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"one class of sharing. That much is obvious from the Napster case itself. "
+"When Napster told the district court that it had developed a technology to "
+"block the transfer of 99.4 percent of identified infringing material, the "
+"district court told counsel for Napster 99.4 percent was not good enough. "
+"Napster had to push the infringements \"down to zero.\"<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"and beneficial uses they serve, simply to assure that there are zero "
"copyright infringements caused by p2p."
msgstr ""
-"Hvis 99.4 prosent er ikke god nok, så dette er en krig mot "
-"fildelings-teknologier, ikke en krig mot brudd på opphavsrettigheter. Det er "
-"ingen måte å sikre at en p2p-systemet er brukt 100 prosent av tiden i "
-"samsvar med loven, noe mer enn det er en måte å sikre at 100 prosent av "
-"videospillere eller 100 prosent av xerox maskiner eller 100 prosent av "
-"håndvåpen brukes i overensstemmelse med loven. nulltoleranse betyr null "
-"p2p. EFTA-domstolens avgjørelse betyr at vi som et samfunn må miste "
-"fordelene med p2p, selv for den helt lovlig og fordelaktig bruker de tjener "
-"bare for å sikre at det er null opphavsrett infringements forårsaket av p2p."
+"Hvis 99.4 prosent er ikke god nok, så dette er en krig mot fildelings-"
+"teknologier, ikke en krig mot brudd på opphavsrettigheter. Det er ingen måte "
+"å sikre at en p2p-systemet er brukt 100 prosent av tiden i samsvar med "
+"loven, noe mer enn det er en måte å sikre at 100 prosent av videospillere "
+"eller 100 prosent av xerox maskiner eller 100 prosent av håndvåpen brukes i "
+"overensstemmelse med loven. nulltoleranse betyr null p2p. EFTA-domstolens "
+"avgjørelse betyr at vi som et samfunn må miste fordelene med p2p, selv for "
+"den helt lovlig og fordelaktig bruker de tjener bare for å sikre at det er "
+"null opphavsrett infringements forårsaket av p2p."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"sikre legitime rettighetene til skapere samtidig beskytte innovasjon. noen "
"ganger har dette betydde mer rettigheter for skapere. noen ganger mindre."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"So, as we've seen, when \"mechanical reproduction\" threatened the interests "
"of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers against the "
"så, som vi har sett, når \"mekaniske reproduksjon\" truet interessene til "
"komponister, Kongressen balansert rettigheter mot interessene til "
"musikkindustrien. det tildelt rights composers, men også artistene: "
-"komponister var å bli betalt, men til en pris som er fastsatt av "
-"Kongressen. men når radioen begynte kringkasting innspillingene er gjort av "
-"disse artister og de klaget til Kongressen at deres \"kreative eiendom\" "
-"ikke var blir respektert (siden radiostasjonen ikke har å betale dem for "
-"kreativitet det kringkaste), Kongressen avvist deres krav. en indirekte "
-"fordel var nok."
+"komponister var å bli betalt, men til en pris som er fastsatt av Kongressen. "
+"men når radioen begynte kringkasting innspillingene er gjort av disse "
+"artister og de klaget til Kongressen at deres \"kreative eiendom\" ikke var "
+"blir respektert (siden radiostasjonen ikke har å betale dem for kreativitet "
+"det kringkaste), Kongressen avvist deres krav. en indirekte fordel var nok."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"served two important goals--indeed, the two central goals of any copyright "
"legislation. First, the law assured that new innovators would have the "
"freedom to develop new ways to deliver content. Second, the law assured "
-"that copyright holders would be paid for the content that was "
-"distributed. One fear was that if Congress simply required cable TV to pay "
-"copyright holders whatever they demanded for their content, then copyright "
-"holders associated with broadcasters would use their power to stifle this "
-"new technology, cable. But if Congress had permitted cable to use "
-"broadcasters' content for free, then it would have unfairly subsidized "
-"cable. Thus Congress chose a path that would assure compensation without "
-"giving the past (broadcasters) control over the future (cable)."
+"that copyright holders would be paid for the content that was distributed. "
+"One fear was that if Congress simply required cable TV to pay copyright "
+"holders whatever they demanded for their content, then copyright holders "
+"associated with broadcasters would use their power to stifle this new "
+"technology, cable. But if Congress had permitted cable to use broadcasters' "
+"content for free, then it would have unfairly subsidized cable. Thus "
+"Congress chose a path that would assure compensation without giving the past "
+"(broadcasters) control over the future (cable)."
msgstr ""
"denne sårbarheten, som kompromiss som påvirker poster og spilleren pianoer, "
"servert to viktige mål--faktisk to sentrale målene noen opphavsrett "
"opphavsrett hva de krevde for innholdet, og deretter rettighetshavere som er "
"tilknyttet broadcasters ville bruke sin makt for å undertrykke denne nye "
"teknologien, kabel. men hvis Kongressen hadde tillatt kabelen til bruk "
-"broadcasters' innhold gratis, ville det ha urettferdig subsidierte "
-"kabel. Dermed Kongressen valgte en bane som ville forsikre kompensasjon uten "
-"å gi siste (broadcasters) kontroll over fremtiden (kabel)."
+"broadcasters' innhold gratis, ville det ha urettferdig subsidierte kabel. "
+"Dermed Kongressen valgte en bane som ville forsikre kompensasjon uten å gi "
+"siste (broadcasters) kontroll over fremtiden (kabel)."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and "
"distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the "
"drar nytte av opphavsretten til sine kunder. Det bør derfor disney og "
"universal hevdet, være delvis ansvarlig for at krenkelse."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 89
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to "
"design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It "
"wanted to hold it responsible for the architecture it chose."
msgstr ""
"Det var noe til disney's og universal's krav. Sony bestemmer deg for å "
-"utforme sin maskin for å gjøre det svært enkelt å spille inn "
-"TV-programmer. Det kan ha bygget maskinen hvis du vil blokkere, eller hindre "
-"enhver direkte kopiere fra en TV kringkasting. eller muligens den kunne har "
-"bygget maskinen for å kopiere bare hvis det var en spesiell \"Kopier meg\" "
-"signal på linjen. Det var klart at det var mange TV-programmer som ikke gi "
-"noen tillatelse til å kopiere. faktisk, hvis noen hadde spurt, ingen tvil "
-"flertallet av viser ville ikke har autorisert kopiering. og i møte med denne "
-"åpenbare preferanse, sony kan har utformet sitt system å minimere muligheten "
-"for brudd på opphavsrettigheter. det gjorde ikke, og for det, disney og "
+"utforme sin maskin for å gjøre det svært enkelt å spille inn TV-programmer. "
+"Det kan ha bygget maskinen hvis du vil blokkere, eller hindre enhver direkte "
+"kopiere fra en TV kringkasting. eller muligens den kunne har bygget maskinen "
+"for å kopiere bare hvis det var en spesiell \"Kopier meg\" signal på linjen. "
+"Det var klart at det var mange TV-programmer som ikke gi noen tillatelse til "
+"å kopiere. faktisk, hvis noen hadde spurt, ingen tvil flertallet av viser "
+"ville ikke har autorisert kopiering. og i møte med denne åpenbare "
+"preferanse, sony kan har utformet sitt system å minimere muligheten for "
+"brudd på opphavsrettigheter. det gjorde ikke, og for det, disney og "
"universal ønsket å holde den ansvarlig for arkitektur som er valgt."
#. f18
#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
-"Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 480 F. Supp. 429, "
-"(C.D. Cal., 1979)."
+"Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C."
+"D. Cal., 1979)."
msgstr ""
-"Universal city studios, inc. v. sony Corporation of america, 480 "
-"f. supp. 429, (klientadgangslisens CAL (CD), 1979)."
+"Universal city studios, inc. v. sony Corporation of america, 480 f. supp. "
+"429, (klientadgangslisens CAL (CD), 1979)."
#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
"called VCRs \"tapeworms.\" He warned, \"When there are 20, 30, 40 million of "
"these VCRs in the land, we will be invaded by millions of `tapeworms,' "
"eating away at the very heart and essence of the most precious asset the "
-"copyright owner has, his copyright.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> \"One does not have to be trained in sophisticated marketing and "
-"creative judgment,\" he told Congress, \"to understand the devastation on "
-"the after-theater marketplace caused by the hundreds of millions of tapings "
-"that will adversely impact on the future of the creative community in this "
-"country. It is simply a question of basic economics and plain common "
-"sense.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would "
-"later show, percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or "
+"copyright owner has, his copyright.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> \"One does not have to be trained in sophisticated marketing and creative "
+"judgment,\" he told Congress, \"to understand the devastation on the after-"
+"theater marketplace caused by the hundreds of millions of tapings that will "
+"adversely impact on the future of the creative community in this country. It "
+"is simply a question of basic economics and plain common sense."
+"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would later "
+"show, percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or "
"more<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> --a use the Court would later "
"hold was not \"fair.\" By \"allowing VCR owners to copy freely by the means "
"of an exemption from copyright infringement without creating a mechanism to "
"Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for "
"copyrighted materials. Congress has the constitutional authority and the "
"institutional ability to accommodate fully the varied permutations of "
-"competing interests that are inevitably implicated by such new "
-"
technology.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"competing interests that are inevitably implicated by such new technology."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with "
"the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the "
-"request. Congress was convinced that American film got enough, this "
-"\"taking\" notwithstanding. If we put these cases together, a pattern is "
-"clear:"
+"request. Congress was convinced that American film got enough, this \"taking"
+"\" notwithstanding. If we put these cases together, a pattern is clear:"
msgstr ""
"Kongressen ble bedt om å svare på den Høyesterett beslutningen. men som med "
-"appell av artister om radiosendinger, Kongressen ignorert "
-"forespørselen. Kongressen var overbevist om at amerikanske film fikk nok, "
-"denne \"tar\" til tross for. Hvis vi setter disse tilfellene sammen, et "
-"mønster er klart:"
+"appell av artister om radiosendinger, Kongressen ignorert forespørselen. "
+"Kongressen var overbevist om at amerikanske film fikk nok, denne \"tar\" til "
+"tross for. Hvis vi setter disse tilfellene sammen, et mønster er klart:"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><title>
msgid "Table"
msgid "CASE"
msgstr "tilfelle"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\""
msgstr "verdien var \"piratkopiert\""
#. f24
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other "
"cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was "
"regulated by Congress to minimize the risk of piracy. The remedy Congress "
"imposed did burden DAT producers, by taxing tape sales and controlling the "
"technology of DAT. See Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 (Title 17 of the "
-"United States Code), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237, codified at 17 "
-"U.S.C. §1001. Again, however, this regulation did not eliminate the "
+"United States Code), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237, codified at 17 U."
+"S.C. §1001. Again, however, this regulation did not eliminate the "
"opportunity for free riding in the sense I've described. See Lessig, Future, "
"71. See also Picker, \"From Edison to the Broadcast Flag,\" University of "
"Chicago Law Review 70 (2003): 29396."
msgstr ""
"disse er de viktigste forekomstene i vår historie, men det finnes andre "
"tilfeller også. teknologi for digital audio tape (dat), for eksempel var "
-"regulert av Kongressen for å minimere risikoen for "
-"piratkopiering. rettsmiddel Kongressen pålagt belaster dat produsenter, "
-"taxing bånd salg og kontrollere teknologien for dat. ser lyd Hjem "
-"innspillingen act av 1992 (tittel 17 av USA-koden), pub. l. nr. 102-563, 106 "
-"stat. 4237, kodifisert på 17 USC §1001. igjen, men denne forskriften ikke "
-"eliminere muligheten gratis ridning i den forstand jeg har beskrevet. se "
-"lessig, fremtidige, 71. Se også datovelger, \"fra edison til flagget "
-"kringkasting,\" university of chicago lov gjennomgå 70 (2003): 29396."
+"regulert av Kongressen for å minimere risikoen for piratkopiering. "
+"rettsmiddel Kongressen pålagt belaster dat produsenter, taxing bånd salg og "
+"kontrollere teknologien for dat. ser lyd Hjem innspillingen act av 1992 "
+"(tittel 17 av USA-koden), pub. l. nr. 102-563, 106 stat. 4237, kodifisert på "
+"17 USC §1001. igjen, men denne forskriften ikke eliminere muligheten gratis "
+"ridning i den forstand jeg har beskrevet. se lessig, fremtidige, 71. Se også "
+"datovelger, \"fra edison til flagget kringkasting,\" university of chicago "
+"lov gjennomgå 70 (2003): 29396."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"ride\" on someone else's work."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 91
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"In none of these cases did either the courts or Congress eliminate all free "
"riding. In none of these cases did the courts or Congress insist that the "
"hans copyright opprettet. i alle tilfeller klaget opphavsrett eierne av "
"\"piratkopiering.\" i alle tilfeller, Kongressen handlet for å gjenkjenne "
"noen av legitimitet i virkemåten til den \"pirater.\" i hvert tilfelle "
-"Kongressen tillatt noen ny teknologi for å dra nytte av innhold gjort "
-"før. det balansert interesser på spill."
+"Kongressen tillatt noen ny teknologi for å dra nytte av innhold gjort før. "
+"det balansert interesser på spill."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-msgid "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)."
+msgid ""
+"Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)."
msgstr ""
"Sony Corporation of america v. universal city studios, inc., 464 amerikanske "
"417, (1984)."
"facilitate the distribution of content."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is "
-"changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires "
-"vs. wireless) is changing very quickly. No doubt the network should not "
-"become a tool for \"stealing\" from artists. But neither should the law "
-"become a tool to entrench one particular way in which artists (or more "
-"accurately, distributors) get paid. As I describe in some detail in the last "
-"chapter of this book, we should be securing income to artists while we allow "
-"the market to secure the most efficient way to promote and distribute "
-"content. This will require changes in the law, at least in the "
-"interim. These changes should be designed to balance the protection of the "
-"law against the strong public interest that innovation continue."
+"changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires vs. "
+"wireless) is changing very quickly. No doubt the network should not become a "
+"tool for \"stealing\" from artists. But neither should the law become a tool "
+"to entrench one particular way in which artists (or more accurately, "
+"distributors) get paid. As I describe in some detail in the last chapter of "
+"this book, we should be securing income to artists while we allow the market "
+"to secure the most efficient way to promote and distribute content. This "
+"will require changes in the law, at least in the interim. These changes "
+"should be designed to balance the protection of the law against the strong "
+"public interest that innovation continue."
msgstr ""
"Vi bør gjøre samme i dag. teknologien for Internett endrer seg raskt. endrer "
-"måten brukere koble seg til Internett (ledninger vs. trådløs) svært "
-"raskt. ingen tvil om bør nettverket ikke bli et verktøy for \"stjele\" fra "
+"måten brukere koble seg til Internett (ledninger vs. trådløs) svært raskt. "
+"ingen tvil om bør nettverket ikke bli et verktøy for \"stjele\" fra "
"artister. men heller ikke bør loven bli et verktøy for å innarbeide en "
"bestemte måten hvilke artister (eller mer nøyaktig, distributører) får "
"betalt. som jeg beskriver i noen detalj i det siste kapitlet i denne boken, "
"utformet for å balansere beskyttelsen av loven mot sterk offentlig interesse "
"at innovasjon fortsette."
-#, mtrans
+#. f26
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes "
"Past Efforts,\" New York Times, 22 September 2003, C3."
"good use for the car before we arrest him?\""
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"\"It is our property,\" the warriors insist. \"And it should be protected "
"just as any other property is protected.\""
"\"det er vår eiendom,\" insisterer warriors. \"og det bør være beskyttet på "
"samme måte som en annen egenskap er beskyttet."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "\"PROPERTY\""
msgstr "egenskapen"
"opphavsretten til å holde for noen pris som han ønsker. markeder regner "
"tilbud og etterspørsel som delvis bestemmer prisen hun kan få."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a bit "
"misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of property. "
-"Indeed, the very idea of property in any idea or any expression is very "
-"odd. I understand what I am taking when I take the picnic table you put in "
-"your backyard. I am taking a thing, the picnic table, and after I take it, "
-"you don't have it. But what am I taking when I take the good idea you had to "
-"put a picnic table in the backyard--by, for example, going to Sears, buying "
-"a table, and putting it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?"
+"Indeed, the very idea of property in any idea or any expression is very odd. "
+"I understand what I am taking when I take the picnic table you put in your "
+"backyard. I am taking a thing, the picnic table, and after I take it, you "
+"don't have it. But what am I taking when I take the good idea you had to put "
+"a picnic table in the backyard--by, for example, going to Sears, buying a "
+"table, and putting it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?"
msgstr ""
"men i vanlig språk, å ringe en copyright \"property\" høyre er litt "
"misvisende, for copyright-egenskapen er en odde type bolig. selve ideen om "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in The "
"Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 6 (Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery "
"loven sier du ikke kan ta min ide eller uttrykk uten min tillatelse: loven "
"blir immaterielle eiendom."
-#, mtrans
+#. f2
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are "
"intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has "
"eiendomsrettigheter immaterielle. egenskapen rett er ganske enkelt en "
"rettighet som en person har mot verden å gjøre eller ikke gjøre visse ting "
"som kan eller ikke kan koble til et fysisk objekt. høyre selv er "
-"immaterielle, selv om objektet som det er (metaforisk) tilknyttet er "
-"varige. se adam mossoff, \"Hva er egenskapen? å sette dem tilbake "
-"sammen,\"-arizona lov, se 45 (2003): 373, 429 n. 241."
+"immaterielle, selv om objektet som det er (metaforisk) tilknyttet er varige. "
+"se adam mossoff, \"Hva er egenskapen? å sette dem tilbake sammen,\"-arizona "
+"lov, se 45 (2003): 373, 429 n. 241."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"But how, and to what extent, and in what form--the details, in other "
-"words--matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the "
-"intangible into property emerged, we need to place this \"property\" in its "
-"
proper context.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"But how, and to what extent, and in what form--the details, in other words--"
+"matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the intangible "
+"into property emerged, we need to place this \"property\" in its proper "
+"context.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding "
"part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of \"copyright material is "
msgstr "kapittel seks: grunnleggerne"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1595. The play was first "
"published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play that Shakespeare had "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent "
"eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his "
msgstr ""
"Jacob tonson er vanligvis husket for hans assosiasjoner med fremtredende "
"1700-tallet litterære figurer, spesielt john dryden, og for hans kjekk "
-"\"endelige versjoner\" av klassiske verk. i tillegg til romeo og Julie, "
-"utga en utrolig rekke fungerer som fortsatt er igjen i hjertet av den "
-"engelske canon, inkludert collected works Shakespeare, ben jonson, john "
-"milton, og john dryden. se Pioquinto Bernal Pioquinto Bernal, \"jacob "
-"tonson, bokhandel,\" amerikansk forsker-61:3 (1992): 42431."
+"\"endelige versjoner\" av klassiske verk. i tillegg til romeo og Julie, utga "
+"en utrolig rekke fungerer som fortsatt er igjen i hjertet av den engelske "
+"canon, inkludert collected works Shakespeare, ben jonson, john milton, og "
+"john dryden. se Pioquinto Bernal Pioquinto Bernal, \"jacob tonson, bokhandel,"
+"\" amerikansk forsker-61:3 (1992): 42431."
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective (Nashville: "
"Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 15152."
#. PAGE BREAK 97
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet was written, the "
-"\"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive "
-"right of a single London publisher, Jacob Tonson.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tonson was the most prominent of a small group "
-"of publishers called the Conger<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> who "
-"controlled bookselling in England during the eighteenth century. The Conger "
-"claimed a perpetual right to control the \"copy\" of books that they had "
-"acquired from authors. That perpetual right meant that no one else could "
-"publish copies of a book to which they held the copyright. Prices of the "
-"classics were thus kept high; competition to produce better or cheaper "
-"editions was eliminated."
+"In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet was written, the \"copy-"
+"right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive right of "
+"a single London publisher, Jacob Tonson.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> Tonson was the most prominent of a small group of publishers called "
+"the Conger<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> who controlled "
+"bookselling in England during the eighteenth century. The Conger claimed a "
+"perpetual right to control the \"copy\" of books that they had acquired from "
+"authors. That perpetual right meant that no one else could publish copies of "
+"a book to which they held the copyright. Prices of the classics were thus "
+"kept high; competition to produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. f3
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a "
"\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40."
"\"copyright\" act. Known as the Statute of Anne, the act stated that all "
"published works would get a copyright term of fourteen years, renewable once "
"if the author was alive, and that all works already published by 1710 would "
-"get a single term of twenty-one additional years.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Under this law, Romeo and Juliet should have "
-"been free in 1731. So why was there any issue about it still being under "
-"Tonson's control in 1774?"
+"get a single term of twenty-one additional years.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/> Under this law, Romeo and Juliet should have been free in "
+"1731. So why was there any issue about it still being under Tonson's control "
+"in 1774?"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" "
"was--indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of Anne, "
"positiv lov som sa at det hadde en eksklusiv rett til å skrive ut bøker i "
"utgivere, eller \"stationers\"."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"There was no positive law, but that didn't mean that there was no law. The "
"Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words of legislatures and "
"etter lisensiering lover hadde utløpt om felles lov beskyttet opphavsretten, "
"uavhengig av lovverket positiv."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 98
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they "
-"were called, because there was growing competition from foreign "
-"publishers. The Scottish, in particular, were increasingly publishing and "
-"exporting books to England. That competition reduced the profits of the "
-"Conger, which reacted by demanding that Parliament pass a law to again give "
-"them exclusive control over publishing. That demand ultimately resulted in "
-"the Statute of Anne."
+"were called, because there was growing competition from foreign publishers. "
+"The Scottish, in particular, were increasingly publishing and exporting "
+"books to England. That competition reduced the profits of the Conger, which "
+"reacted by demanding that Parliament pass a law to again give them exclusive "
+"control over publishing. That demand ultimately resulted in the Statute of "
+"Anne."
msgstr ""
"Dette spørsmålet var viktig til utgivere eller \"bokhandlere,\" som de ble "
"kalt, fordi det var økende konkurransen fra utenlandske utgivere. Skottland, "
"parlamentet pass en lov til å igjen gi dem eksklusiv kontroll over "
"publisering. som krever til slutt resulterte i Vedtektene for anne."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an "
"exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, however, and "
"begrense eneretten? ikke hvorfor ville de begrenser den til den bestemte "
"limit de satt, men hvorfor ville begrense retten til alle?"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very "
"strong claim. Take Romeo and Juliet as an example: That play was written by "
"uten hans, eller hans eiendom, tillatelse? Hva grunn er der for å tillate at "
"noen andre \"stjele\" Shakespeares arbeid?"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about "
-"the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of "
-"Anne. Second, we have to see something important about \"booksellers.\""
+"the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of Anne. "
+"Second, we have to see something important about \"booksellers.\""
msgstr ""
"svaret kommer i to deler. Først må vi se noe spesielt med oppfatningen av "
"\"copyright\" som fantes på tidspunktet for Vedtektene for anne. andre, har "
"vi å se noe viktig om \"bokhandlere.\""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 99
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to "
"apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it wasn't "
"til eksklusiv rett til å kopiere, eksklusiv rett til å distribuere, "
"eksklusiv rett til å utføre, og så videre."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were "
"perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term "
"was that no one could reprint Shakespeare's work without the permission of "
"the Shakespeare estate. It would not have controlled anything, for example, "
"about how the work could be performed, whether the work could be translated, "
-"or whether Kenneth Branagh would be allowed to make his films. The "
-"\"copy-right\" was only an exclusive right to print--no less, of course, but "
-"also no more."
+"or whether Kenneth Branagh would be allowed to make his films. The \"copy-"
+"right\" was only an exclusive right to print--no less, of course, but also "
+"no more."
msgstr ""
"så, for eksempel, selv om opphavsretten til Shakespeares verker var "
"evigvarende, alle som ville ha betydd under den opprinnelige betydningen av "
"eksklusiv rett til å skrive ut--ikke desto mindre, selvfølgelig, men også "
"ikke mer."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had "
"had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially "
"1710, parlamentet var ivrig etter å håndtere det voksende monopolet i "
"publisering."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally "
"viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the claim that "
"sett på som en rettighet som bør være begrenset. (men overbevisende "
"påstanden om at \"det er min eiendom, og jeg skulle ha det evig,\" prøve lød "
"overbevisende når ytre, \"det er min monopol, og jeg skulle ha det evig.\") "
-"staten ville beskytte eneretten, men bare så lenge det dratt av "
-"samfunnet. britene så skadene fra specialinterest favoriserer; de har "
-"vedtatt en lov for å stoppe dem."
+"staten ville beskytte eneretten, men bare så lenge det dratt av samfunnet. "
+"britene så skadene fra specialinterest favoriserer; de har vedtatt en lov "
+"for å stoppe dem."
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a "
-"monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. "
-"Booksellers sound quaint and harmless to us. They were not viewed as "
-"harmless in seventeenth-century England. Members of the Conger were "
-"increasingly seen as monopolists of the worst kind--tools of the Crown's "
-"repression, selling the liberty of England to guarantee themselves a "
-"monopoly profit. The attacks against these monopolists were harsh: Milton "
-"described them as \"old patentees and monopolizers in the trade of "
-"book-selling\"; they were \"men who do not therefore labour in an honest "
-"profession to which learning is indetted.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a monopoly. "
+"It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. Booksellers "
+"sound quaint and harmless to us. They were not viewed as harmless in "
+"seventeenth-century England. Members of the Conger were increasingly seen as "
+"monopolists of the worst kind--tools of the Crown's repression, selling the "
+"liberty of England to guarantee themselves a monopoly profit. The attacks "
+"against these monopolists were harsh: Milton described them as \"old "
+"patentees and monopolizers in the trade of book-selling\"; they were \"men "
+"who do not therefore labour in an honest profession to which learning is "
+"indetted.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"private Gain of the Booksellers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series "
"of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave "
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" Vanderbilt "
"Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For a wonderfully compelling account, see "
"Vaidhyanathan, 3748."
msgstr ""
-"Lyman rokke patterson, \"ytringsfriheten, opphavsrett, og rettferdig "
-"bruk\" vanderbilt lov gå gjennom 40 (1987): 28. for en fantastisk "
-"overbevisende-konto, kan du se vaidhyanathan, 3748."
+"Lyman rokke patterson, \"ytringsfriheten, opphavsrett, og rettferdig bruk\" "
+"vanderbilt lov gå gjennom 40 (1987): 28. for en fantastisk overbevisende-"
+"konto, kan du se vaidhyanathan, 3748."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the "
"leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until "
-"then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, \"The publishers "
-". . . had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for "
-"cattle.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The bookseller didn't "
-"care squat for the rights of the author. His concern was the monopoly "
-"profit that the author's work gave."
+"then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, \"The publishers . . . "
+"had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for cattle."
+"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The bookseller didn't care squat "
+"for the rights of the author. His concern was the monopoly profit that the "
+"author's work gave."
msgstr ""
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"For a compelling account, see David Saunders, Authorship and Copyright "
"(London: Routledge, 1992), 6269."
"publishing house prospered and became \"something of a center for literary "
"Scotsmen.\" \"[A]mong them,\" Professor Mark Rose writes, was \"the young "
"James Boswell who, together with his friend Andrew Erskine, published an "
-"anthology of contemporary Scottish poems with Donaldson.\"<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"anthology of contemporary Scottish poems with Donaldson.\"<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. f10
"When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, "
"he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive "
"editions \"of the most popular English books, in defiance of the supposed "
-"common law right of Literary Property.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> His books undercut the Conger prices by 30 to 50 percent, and he "
+"common law right of Literary Property.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> His books undercut the Conger prices by 30 to 50 percent, and he "
"rested his right to compete upon the ground that, under the Statute of Anne, "
"the works he was selling had passed out of protection."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like "
"Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" "
"donaldson's. en rekke handlinger var vellykket mot \"pirates,\" den "
"viktigste tidlige seieren blir millar v. taylor."
-#, mtrans
+#. f11
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" Wayne Law Review 29 (1983): "
msgid ""
"Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James "
"Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of the "
-"Statute of Anne, and therefore received the full protection of the "
-"statute. After the term of copyright ended, Robert Taylor began printing a "
-"competing volume. Millar sued, claiming a perpetual common law right, the "
-"
Statute of Anne notwithstanding.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Statute of Anne, and therefore received the full protection of the statute. "
+"After the term of copyright ended, Robert Taylor began printing a competing "
+"volume. Millar sued, claiming a perpetual common law right, the Statute of "
+"Anne notwithstanding.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English "
"history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection "
"that Parliament had struggled with in 1710: How best to limit the monopoly "
"power of publishers? Parliament's strategy was to offer a term for existing "
"works that was long enough to buy peace in 1710, but short enough to assure "
-"that culture would pass into competition within a reasonable period of "
-"time. Within twenty-one years, Parliament believed, Britain would mature "
-"from the controlled culture that the Crown coveted to the free culture that "
-"we inherited."
+"that culture would pass into competition within a reasonable period of time. "
+"Within twenty-one years, Parliament believed, Britain would mature from the "
+"controlled culture that the Crown coveted to the free culture that we "
+"inherited."
msgstr ""
"regnet som et spørsmål om abstrakt rettferdighet--resonnement som om "
-"rettferdighet var bare et spørsmål om logiske fradrag fra første "
-"prinsipper--mansfield's konklusjon kan gjøre noen følelse. men hva den "
-"ignorert var større problemet parlamentet hadde slitt med i 1710: hvordan "
-"man best kan begrense monopol makt utgivere? parlamentets strategi var å "
-"tilby en frist for eksisterende verk som var lang nok til å kjøpe fred i "
-"1710, men kort nok til å sikre at kultur ville passere inn i konkurransen "
-"innen en rimelig tidsperiode. innen tjueen år, parlamentet trodd, "
-"Storbritannia ville modne fra den kontrollerte kulturen som kronen tatt til "
-"gratis kultur som vi har arvet."
+"rettferdighet var bare et spørsmål om logiske fradrag fra første prinsipper--"
+"mansfield's konklusjon kan gjøre noen følelse. men hva den ignorert var "
+"større problemet parlamentet hadde slitt med i 1710: hvordan man best kan "
+"begrense monopol makt utgivere? parlamentets strategi var å tilby en frist "
+"for eksisterende verk som var lang nok til å kjøpe fred i 1710, men kort nok "
+"til å sikre at kultur ville passere inn i konkurransen innen en rimelig "
+"tidsperiode. innen tjueen år, parlamentet trodd, Storbritannia ville modne "
+"fra den kontrollerte kulturen som kronen tatt til gratis kultur som vi har "
+"arvet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate "
-"sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas "
-"
Beckett.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldson then released an "
+"sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas Beckett."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldson then released an "
"unauthorized edition of Thomson's works. Beckett, on the strength of the "
"decision in Millar, got an injunction against Donaldson. Donaldson appealed "
"the case to the House of Lords, which functioned much like our own Supreme "
"Vedtektene for anne utløpt, fungerer som hadde vært beskyttet av Vedtektene "
"var ikke lenger beskyttet."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to "
"the House and voted upon first by the \"law lords,\" members of special "
"forståelse av sedvanerett, nå en copyright ble løst i en begrenset periode, "
"hvoretter arbeidet beskyttet av opphavsrett sendes til public domain."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"The public domain.\" Before the case of Donaldson v. Beckett, there was no "
"clear idea of a public domain in England. Before 1774, there was a strong "
"argument that common law copyrights were perpetual. After 1774, the public "
"domain was born. For the first time in Anglo-American history, the legal "
"control over creative works expired, and the greatest works in English "
-"history--including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and "
-"Bunyan--were free of legal restraint."
+"history--including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and Bunyan--"
+"were free of legal restraint."
msgstr ""
"\"i public domain.\" før saken av donaldson v. beckett, det var ingen klar "
"idé av et offentlig-domene i england. før 1774 var det en sterk argumentet "
"so much engrossed the attention of the public, and none has been tried "
"before the House of Lords in the decision of which so many individuals were "
"interested.\" \"Great rejoicing in Edinburgh upon victory over literary "
-"property: bonfires and illuminations.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"property: bonfires and illuminations.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"devise to their successors.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 105
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say "
"that the change was profound. The decision of the House of Lords meant that "
"chose to let it develop-- chose in the books they bought and wrote; chose in "
"the memes they repeated and endorsed. Chose in a competitive context, not a "
"context in which the choices about what culture is available to people and "
-"how they get access to it are made by the few despite the wishes of the "
-"many."
+"how they get access to it are made by the few despite the wishes of the many."
msgstr ""
"\"ødela\" er litt av en overdrivelse. men det er ingen overdrivelse å si at "
"endringen var dyp. vedtaket av house of lords betydde at bokhandlerne ikke "
"Jon annet er en filmskaper. Han er best kjent for sin dokumentarer og har "
"vært svært vellykket i å spre sin kunst. Han er også en lærer, og som lærer "
"meg selv, jeg misunner lojalitet og beundring at hans elever føler seg for "
-"ham. (jeg møtte, ved et uhell, to av hans studenter ved et "
-"middagsselskap. Han var deres Gud)."
+"ham. (jeg møtte, ved et uhell, to av hans studenter ved et middagsselskap. "
+"Han var deres Gud)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"simpsons. som andre dømt det denne touch tegneserie hjalp fangst smaken av "
"det som var spesielt med scenen."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else "
"attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of The Simpsons. For of "
"was happy to have it in the film, but he told Else to contact Gracie Films, "
"the company that produces the program."
msgstr ""
-"annet kalt simpsons skaperen matt groening's kontor for å få "
-"tillatelse. Groening godkjent skutt. skjøt var en fire og en "
-"halfsecond-bilde på en liten TV satt i hjørnet av rommet. Hvordan kan det "
-"vondt? Groening var glade for å ha det i filmen, men han fortalt annet for å "
-"kontakte gracie films, firmaet som lager programmet."
+"annet kalt simpsons skaperen matt groening's kontor for å få tillatelse. "
+"Groening godkjent skutt. skjøt var en fire og en halfsecond-bilde på en "
+"liten TV satt i hjørnet av rommet. Hvordan kan det vondt? Groening var glade "
+"for å ha det i filmen, men han fortalt annet for å kontakte gracie films, "
+"firmaet som lager programmet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"just confirming the permission with Fox."
msgstr ""
"Gracie films var bra med den, også, men de, som groening, ønsket å være "
-"forsiktig. så de fortalte andre for å kontakte fox, gracie's "
-"morselskapet. annet kalt fox og fortalte dem om klippet i hjørnet av ett rom "
-"skutt av filmen. Matt groening hadde allerede gitt tillatelse, andre "
-"sier. Han var bare bekrefte tillatelsen med fox."
+"forsiktig. så de fortalte andre for å kontakte fox, gracie's morselskapet. "
+"annet kalt fox og fortalte dem om klippet i hjørnet av ett rom skutt av "
+"filmen. Matt groening hadde allerede gitt tillatelse, andre sier. Han var "
+"bare bekrefte tillatelsen med fox."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered . . . that "
"Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation--or at least that someone [at "
"bruke denne fire-punkt-fem sekunder... helt uønsket simpsons som var i "
"hjørnet av skutt.\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he "
"thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained "
"var pedagogisk ofte, herrera fortalte ellers. en dag eller så senere, ellers "
"kalles på nytt for å bekrefte hva han hadde blitt fortalt."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 108
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you "
"have your facts straight,\" she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the clip "
"copyrighted material thus sometimes requires the permission of the copyright "
"owner. If the use that Else wanted to make of the Simpsons copyright were "
"one of the uses restricted by the law, then he would need to get the "
-"permission of the copyright owner before he could use the work in that "
-"way. And in a free market, it is the owner of the copyright who gets to set "
-"the price for any use that the law says the owner gets to control."
+"permission of the copyright owner before he could use the work in that way. "
+"And in a free market, it is the owner of the copyright who gets to set the "
+"price for any use that the law says the owner gets to control."
msgstr ""
"Det er ingen tvil om at noen om matt groening eller fox, eier opphavsretten "
"til simpsons. at opphavsretten er deres eiendom. for å bruke at "
"måten. og i et fritt marked, det er eieren av opphavsretten hvem som kan "
"angi pris for bruk som loven sier eieren får kontroll."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"For example, \"public performance\" is a use of The Simpsons that the "
"copyright owner gets to control. If you take a selection of favorite "
msgstr ""
"\"offentlig fremføring\" er for eksempel en bruk av simpsons blir eieren av "
"opphavsretten til kontrollen. Hvis du tar et utvalg av favoritt episoder, "
-"leie en kino, og betalt for billetter til å komme se \"min favoritt "
-"simpsons\", må du få tillatelse fra eieren av opphavsretten. og "
+"leie en kino, og betalt for billetter til å komme se \"min favoritt simpsons"
+"\", må du få tillatelse fra eieren av opphavsretten. og "
"rettighetsinnehaveren (med rette, i min mening) kan lade hva hun ønsker--$ "
"10 eller $1,000,000. Det er hennes høyre, som er angitt av loven."
-#, mtrans
+#. f1
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers "
"don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with "
-"William F. Patry, \"Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of Eldred \" "
-"(draft on file with author), University of Chicago Law School, 5 August "
+"William F. Patry, \"Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of Eldred "
+"\" (draft on file with author), University of Chicago Law School, 5 August "
"2003."
msgstr ""
"Hvis et utmerket argument at slik bruk er \"rettferdig bruk\", men at "
"of The Simpsons--and fair use does not require the permission of anyone."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
-msgid "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:"
+#. PAGE BREAK 109
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+msgid ""
+"So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:"
msgstr ""
"så jeg spurte er hvorfor han ikke bare stole på \"rettferdig bruk.\" her "
"annet hans svar:"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"The Simpsons fiasco was for me a great lesson in the gulf between what "
"lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what is crushingly "
"i en absolutt juridisk forstand. men jeg kunne ikke stole på konseptet på "
"noen konkret måte. Her er hvorfor:"
-#, mtrans
+#. 1.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors "
-"and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue "
-"sheet\" listing the source and licensing status of each shot in the "
-"film. They take a dim view of \"fair use,\" and a claim of \"fair use\" can "
-"grind the application process to a halt."
+"and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue sheet"
+"\" listing the source and licensing status of each shot in the film. They "
+"take a dim view of \"fair use,\" and a claim of \"fair use\" can grind the "
+"application process to a halt."
msgstr ""
"før vår filmer som kan sendes, krever nettverket at vi kjøper feil og "
"utelatelser forsikring. operatører krever en detaljert \"visual cue ark\" "
"selv ordensforstyrrelser juridiske problemer, og selv for å forsvare et "
"prinsipp."
-#, mtrans
+#. 3.
+#. PAGE BREAK 110
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
-"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School "
-". . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox would "
-"\"depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life,\" regardless of "
-"the merits of my claim. He made clear that it would boil down to who had the "
-"bigger legal department and the deeper pockets, me or them."
+"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law "
+"School . . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox "
+"would \"depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life,\" regardless "
+"of the merits of my claim. He made clear that it would boil down to who had "
+"the bigger legal department and the deeper pockets, me or them."
msgstr ""
"Jeg gjorde, faktisk snakke med en av dine kolleger ved stanford law "
"school... som bekreftet at det var rimelig bruk. han bekreftet også at fox "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"This practice shows just how far the law has come from its "
-"eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect "
-"publishers' profits against the unfair competition of a pirate. It has "
-"matured into a sword that interferes with any use, transformative or not."
+"This practice shows just how far the law has come from its eighteenth-"
+"century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect publishers' profits "
+"against the unfair competition of a pirate. It has matured into a sword that "
+"interferes with any use, transformative or not."
msgstr ""
"denne øvelsen viser bare hvor langt loven har kommet fra sine 1700-tallet "
"røtter. loven ble født som et skjold for å beskytte utgivere fortjeneste mot "
"voksende markedet for CD-ROM-teknologi--ikke å distribuere film, men å gjøre "
"ting med film som ellers ville være svært vanskelig. i 1993 lanserte han et "
"initiativ for å utvikle et produkt for å bygge retrospectives på arbeidet "
-"til bestemt aktører. den første skuespilleren valgt var clint "
-"eastwood. ideen var å presentere alt arbeidet av eastwood, med klipp fra "
-"hans filmer og intervjuer med tallene viktig til sin karriere."
+"til bestemt aktører. den første skuespilleren valgt var clint eastwood. "
+"ideen var å presentere alt arbeidet av eastwood, med klipp fra hans filmer "
+"og intervjuer med tallene viktig til sin karriere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"sin karriere ble brukt på warner brothers, og så var det relativt lett å få "
"tillatelse for innholdet."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. \"Our goal was "
"that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's films,\" "
"done this before,\" Alben explained. \"No one had ever tried to do this in "
"the context of an artistic look at an actor's career.\""
msgstr ""
-"deretter alben og hans team besluttet å inkludere faktiske film "
-"klipp. \"vårt mål var at vi skulle ha et klipp fra hver og en av Eastwoods "
-"film,\" fortalte alben meg. Det var her at problemet oppsto. \"ingen hadde "
-"noensinne virkelig gjort dette før,\" forklarte alben. \"ingen hadde noen "
-"gang prøvd å gjøre dette i sammenheng med en kunstnerisk titt på en "
-"skuespiller-karriere.\""
+"deretter alben og hans team besluttet å inkludere faktiske film klipp. "
+"\"vårt mål var at vi skulle ha et klipp fra hver og en av Eastwoods film,\" "
+"fortalte alben meg. Det var her at problemet oppsto. \"ingen hadde noensinne "
+"virkelig gjort dette før,\" forklarte alben. \"ingen hadde noen gang prøvd å "
+"gjøre dette i sammenheng med en kunstnerisk titt på en skuespiller-karriere."
+"\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, "
"\"Well, what will it take?\""
"Alben brakt ideen til michael slade, ceo i starwave. Slade som ble spurt, "
"\"Vel, hva vil det ta?\""
-#, mtrans
+#. f1
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of "
"publicity--rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation of "
"hans resourcefulness som skjult åpenbare bizarreness av hans tale, recounted "
"alben bare hva de gjorde:"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some "
"artistic decisions about what film clips to include--of course we were going "
msgstr ""
"vi besluttet at det ville være rettferdig hvis vi tilbudt dem dayplayer-rate "
"for retten til å gjenbruke denne prestasjonen. Vi snakker om et klipp av "
-"mindre enn et minutt, men hvis du vil bruke denne prestasjonen på "
-"CD-ROM-hastigheten på tiden var ca $600. så vi hadde å identifisere "
-"menneskene – noen av dem var vanskelig å identifisere fordi i eastwood "
-"filmer du ikke kan fortelle som fyren krasjer gjennom glass – er det "
-"skuespiller eller er det stuntman? og så begynte vi bare, vi satt sammen et "
-"team, min assistent og noen andre, og vi bare ringe personer."
+"mindre enn et minutt, men hvis du vil bruke denne prestasjonen på CD-ROM-"
+"hastigheten på tiden var ca $600. så vi hadde å identifisere menneskene – "
+"noen av dem var vanskelig å identifisere fordi i eastwood filmer du ikke kan "
+"fortelle som fyren krasjer gjennom glass – er det skuespiller eller er det "
+"stuntman? og så begynte vi bare, vi satt sammen et team, min assistent og "
+"noen andre, og vi bare ringe personer."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Some actors were glad to help--Donald Sutherland, for example, followed up "
"himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were "
"hans hadde klarert rettighetene til denne retrospektiv CD-ROMen på clint "
"eastwood karriere."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"It was one year later--\"and even then we weren't sure whether we were "
"totally in the clear.\""
"eneste gangen han visste av som et lag hadde påtatt seg et kjempestort "
"prosjekt for å slippe en retrospektiv."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands "
"and said, \"Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the music, "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, Seven Steps to "
-"Performance-Based Services Acquisition, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #22</ulink>."
+"Performance-Based Services Acquisition, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #22</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a "
"year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this "
"efficiently, but as Peter Drucker has famously quipped, \"There is nothing "
-"so useless as doing efficiently that which should not be done at "
-"
all.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Did it make sense, I asked "
+"so useless as doing efficiently that which should not be done at all."
+"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Did it make sense, I asked "
"Alben, that this is the way a new work has to be made?"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"For, as he acknowledged, \"very few . . . have the time and resources, and "
-"the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be "
-"made. Does it make sense, I asked him, from the standpoint of what anybody "
-"really thought they were ever giving rights for originally, that you would "
-"have to go clear rights for these kinds of clips?"
+"the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be made. "
+"Does it make sense, I asked him, from the standpoint of what anybody really "
+"thought they were ever giving rights for originally, that you would have to "
+"go clear rights for these kinds of clips?"
msgstr ""
"for, som han erkjente, \"svært få... har tid og ressurser og viljen til å "
-"gjøre dette,\" og dermed svært få slike arbeider noensinne vil bli "
-"gjort. betyr det fornuftig, jeg spurte ham, fra standpunktet av hva noen "
-"trodde de var noensinne å gi rettigheter for opprinnelig, som du må gå klart "
+"gjøre dette,\" og dermed svært få slike arbeider noensinne vil bli gjort. "
+"betyr det fornuftig, jeg spurte ham, fra standpunktet av hva noen trodde de "
+"var noensinne å gi rettigheter for opprinnelig, som du må gå klart "
"rettigheter for disse typer utklipp?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
"hver? ville ikke mye mer opprettes hvis den juridiske delen av den kreative "
"prosessen kan gjøres for å være mer ren?"
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 115
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing mechanism--where "
"you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't subject to estranged former "
"spouses--you'd see a lot more of this work, because it wouldn't be so "
"daunting to try to put together a retrospective of someone's career and "
-"meaningfully illustrate it with lots of media from that person's "
-"career. You'd build in a cost as the producer of one of these things. You'd "
-"build in a cost of paying X dollars to the talent that performed. But it "
-"would be a known cost. That's the thing that trips everybody up and makes "
-"this kind of product hard to get off the ground. If you knew I have a "
-"hundred minutes of film in this product and it's going to cost me X, then "
-"you build your budget around it, and you can get investments and everything "
-"else that you need to produce it. But if you say, \"Oh, I want a hundred "
-"minutes of something and I have no idea what it's going to cost me, and a "
-"certain number of people are going to hold me up for money,\" then it "
-"becomes difficult to put one of these things together."
+"meaningfully illustrate it with lots of media from that person's career. "
+"You'd build in a cost as the producer of one of these things. You'd build in "
+"a cost of paying X dollars to the talent that performed. But it would be a "
+"known cost. That's the thing that trips everybody up and makes this kind of "
+"product hard to get off the ground. If you knew I have a hundred minutes of "
+"film in this product and it's going to cost me X, then you build your budget "
+"around it, and you can get investments and everything else that you need to "
+"produce it. But if you say, \"Oh, I want a hundred minutes of something and "
+"I have no idea what it's going to cost me, and a certain number of people "
+"are going to hold me up for money,\" then it becomes difficult to put one of "
+"these things together."
msgstr ""
"absolutt. Jeg tror at hvis det var noen fair-lisensiering mekanisme--der du "
"ikke var underlagt hold-ups, og du ikke var underlagt fraseparerte tidligere "
"mennesker kommer til å holde meg opp for penger\", og det blir vanskeligere "
"å sette en av disse tingene sammen."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the "
"richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that "
"because the costs of clearing the rights are so high? These costs are the "
"burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat for a moment, and "
"get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of these rights, and "
-"the scope defined determines how much it's going to cost to negotiate "
-"them. (Remember the idea that land runs to the heavens, and imagine the "
-"pilot purchasing flythrough rights as he negotiates to fly from Los Angeles "
-"to San Francisco.) These rights might well have once made sense; but as "
-"circumstances change, they make no sense at all. Or at least, a "
-"well-trained, regulationminimizing Republican should look at the rights and "
-"ask, \"Does this still make sense?\""
+"the scope defined determines how much it's going to cost to negotiate them. "
+"(Remember the idea that land runs to the heavens, and imagine the pilot "
+"purchasing flythrough rights as he negotiates to fly from Los Angeles to San "
+"Francisco.) These rights might well have once made sense; but as "
+"circumstances change, they make no sense at all. Or at least, a well-"
+"trained, regulationminimizing Republican should look at the rights and ask, "
+"\"Does this still make sense?\""
msgstr ""
"Alben jobbet for et stort selskap. hans selskap var støttet av noen av de "
"rikeste investorene i verden. derfor hadde han myndighet og pålogging som "
"Fairbank, had produced."
msgstr ""
"Jeg har sett flash av anerkjennelse når folk får dette punktet, men bare et "
-"par ganger. Først var på en konferanse av føderale dommere i "
-"california. dommernes var samlet for å diskutere nye temaet cyber-loven. Jeg "
-"ble bedt om å være på panelet. Harvey saferstein, et godt respektert advokat "
-"fra en l.a. firmaet, introdusert i panelet med en video som han og en venn, "
-"robert fairbank, hadde produsert."
+"par ganger. Først var på en konferanse av føderale dommere i california. "
+"dommernes var samlet for å diskutere nye temaet cyber-loven. Jeg ble bedt om "
+"å være på panelet. Harvey saferstein, et godt respektert advokat fra en l.a. "
+"firmaet, introdusert i panelet med en video som han og en venn, robert "
+"fairbank, hadde produsert."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"var perfekt, ned til seksti minutter stoppeklokken. dommernes elsket enhver "
"minutt av den."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, "
"perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had "
msgstr ""
"for selvfølgelig to briljant talentfulle skaperne som laget denne filmen "
"ikke hadde gjort hva alben gjorde. de hadde ikke tilbrakte et år å fjerne "
-"rettighetene til disse klippene; teknisk, hva de hadde gjort brudd på "
-"loven. Selvfølgelig, det var ikke som om de eller noen skulle prosecuted for "
-"dette krenkelse (tilstedeværelse av 250 dommere) og en gaggle av føderale "
-"marshals til tross for. men nimmer var å gjøre et viktig poeng: et år før "
-"noen hadde hørt om word-napster, og to år før et annet medlem av panelet, "
-"david boies, ville forsvare napster før niende circuit court of appeals, "
-"nimmer prøvde å få dommere å se at loven ikke skulle vennlig til "
-"kapasitetene som gir denne teknologien. teknologi betyr at du kan nå gjøre "
-"fantastiske ting enkelt; men du ikke kunne enkelt gjøre dem lovlig."
-
-#, mtrans
+"rettighetene til disse klippene; teknisk, hva de hadde gjort brudd på loven. "
+"Selvfølgelig, det var ikke som om de eller noen skulle prosecuted for dette "
+"krenkelse (tilstedeværelse av 250 dommere) og en gaggle av føderale marshals "
+"til tross for. men nimmer var å gjøre et viktig poeng: et år før noen hadde "
+"hørt om word-napster, og to år før et annet medlem av panelet, david boies, "
+"ville forsvare napster før niende circuit court of appeals, nimmer prøvde å "
+"få dommere å se at loven ikke skulle vennlig til kapasitetene som gir denne "
+"teknologien. teknologi betyr at du kan nå gjøre fantastiske ting enkelt; men "
+"du ikke kunne enkelt gjøre dem lovlig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"We live in a \"cut and paste\" culture enabled by technology. Anyone "
"building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom that the cut and "
"kritikken av rullebladet industri som det er gjennom blanding av flash! og "
"musikk."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted "
-"to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly "
-"high. Therefore, for the law-abiding sorts, a wealth of creativity is never "
-"made. And for that part that is made, if it doesn't follow the clearance "
-"rules, it doesn't get released."
+"to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly high. "
+"Therefore, for the law-abiding sorts, a wealth of creativity is never made. "
+"And for that part that is made, if it doesn't follow the clearance rules, it "
+"doesn't get released."
msgstr ""
"alle disse kreasjoner er teknisk ulovlig. Selv om skaperne ønsket å være "
"\"lovlig\", er kostnadene for å overholde loven impossibly høy. Derfor "
"aktuelle delen er gjort, hvis det ikke følger reglene for klaring, det ikke "
"komme ut."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so "
"that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they "
"under denne plan, ville produsere nye inntekter for kunstnere. Hva grunn "
"ville alle ha til å motsette seg det?"
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 118
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, "
"the comic genius of Saturday Night Live and Austin Powers. According to the "
"into the film, thereby creating an entirely new piece of entertainment.\""
msgstr ""
"i februar 2003 annonsert dreamworks studios en avtale med mike myers, comic "
-"geni av lørdag natt live og austin powers. Ifølge utlysningen, myers og "
-"drøm-arbeider ville arbeide sammen for å danne en \"unik filmskapning "
-"pakten.\" under avtalen, dreamworks – vil opparbeide seg privatrettslige "
-"rettigheter til eksisterende filmselskaper treff og klassikere, skrive nye "
-"storylines og--med bruk av stateof-the-art digital teknologi--sett myers og "
-"andre aktører i filmen, og dermed skape et helt nytt stykke underholdning."
+"geni av lørdag natt live og austin powers. Ifølge utlysningen, myers og drøm-"
+"arbeider ville arbeide sammen for å danne en \"unik filmskapning pakten.\" "
+"under avtalen, dreamworks – vil opparbeide seg privatrettslige rettigheter "
+"til eksisterende filmselskaper treff og klassikere, skrive nye storylines "
+"og--med bruk av stateof-the-art digital teknologi--sett myers og andre "
+"aktører i filmen, og dermed skape et helt nytt stykke underholdning."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The announcement called this \"film sampling.\" As Myers explained, \"Film "
"Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin on existing films and "
"copyright, the real meaning of the DreamWorks announcement is just this: It "
"is Mike Myers and only Mike Myers who is free to sample. Any general freedom "
"to build upon the film archive of our culture, a freedom in other contexts "
-"presumed for us all, is now a privilege reserved for the funny and "
-"famous--and presumably rich."
+"presumed for us all, is now a privilege reserved for the funny and famous--"
+"and presumably rich."
msgstr ""
"Spielberg er rett. filmen prøvetaking av myers vil bli strålende. men hvis "
"du ikke tenke på det, du vil kanskje savne helt utrolig punktet om denne "
"sammenhenger antatt for oss alle, er nå et privilegium reservert for morsomt "
"og berømte-- og antagelig rik."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first "
"continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of \"fair use.\" Much "
msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors"
msgstr "kapittel 9: samlere"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"--computer codes designed to \"spider,\" "
"or automatically search the Internet and copy content--began running across "
"the Net. Page by page, these bots copied Internet-based information onto a "
-"small set of computers located in a basement in San Francisco's "
-"Presidio. Once the bots finished the whole of the Internet, they started "
-"again. Over and over again, once every two months, these bits of code took "
-"copies of the Internet and stored them."
+"small set of computers located in a basement in San Francisco's Presidio. "
+"Once the bots finished the whole of the Internet, they started again. Over "
+"and over again, once every two months, these bits of code took copies of the "
+"Internet and stored them."
msgstr ""
"i april 1996 fikk begynte millioner av \"bots\"--datakode utformet til "
"\"edderkopp\", eller automatisk søke Internett og kopiere innholdet--kjører "
"igjen. igjen og igjen, en gang enhver to måneder, disse biter av koden tok "
"kopier av Internett og lagret dem."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And "
"at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these "
msgstr ""
"Det er det samme med Internett. Hvis du går til en webside i dag, er det "
"ingen måte for deg å vite om innholdet du leser er det samme som innholdet "
-"du lese før. siden kan virke det samme, men innholdet kan være "
-"forskjellige. Internett er orwell's bibliotek--oppdatert hele tiden, uten "
-"noen pålitelig minne."
+"du lese før. siden kan virke det samme, men innholdet kan være forskjellige. "
+"Internett er orwell's bibliotek--oppdatert hele tiden, uten noen pålitelig "
+"minne."
-#, mtrans
+#. f1
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House "
"changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release "
"fristelsene fortsatt, men. Brewster kahle rapporterer at det hvite hus "
"endrer sin egen pressemeldinger uten varsel. en mai 13, 2003, pressemelding "
"uttalt, \"stridende operasjoner i Irak er avsluttet.\" som ble senere "
-"endret, uten varsel, \"store stridende operasjoner i Irak er avsluttet.\" "
-"e-post fra brewster kahle, 1 desember 2003."
+"endret, uten varsel, \"store stridende operasjoner i Irak er avsluttet.\" e-"
+"post fra brewster kahle, 1 desember 2003."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember "
-"reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your "
-"hometown newspaper to the race riots in Watts in 1965, or to Bull Connor's "
-"water cannon in 1963, you could go to your public library and look at the "
+"We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember reading. "
+"Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your hometown "
+"newspaper to the race riots in Watts in 1965, or to Bull Connor's water "
+"cannon in 1963, you could go to your public library and look at the "
"newspapers. Those papers probably exist on microfiche. If you're lucky, they "
"exist in paper, too. Either way, you are free, using a library, to go back "
"and remember--not just what it is convenient to remember, but remember "
"something close to the truth."
msgstr ""
-"vi ta det for gitt at vi kan gå tilbake til å se hva vi husker jeg "
-"leser. Tenk på aviser. Hvis du ønsker å studere reaksjon i hjembyen avisa på "
-"rase opptøyene i watt i 1965, eller til bull connor's vannkanon i 1963, kan "
-"du gå til din offentlige bibliotek og se på avisene. Disse papirene finnes "
-"sannsynligvis på mikrokort. Hvis du er heldig, finnes de i papir, "
-"også. Uansett, du er fri, ved hjelp av et bibliotek, for å gå tilbake og "
-"huske--ikke bare hva det er praktisk å huske, men husker noe nær sannheten."
+"vi ta det for gitt at vi kan gå tilbake til å se hva vi husker jeg leser. "
+"Tenk på aviser. Hvis du ønsker å studere reaksjon i hjembyen avisa på rase "
+"opptøyene i watt i 1965, eller til bull connor's vannkanon i 1963, kan du gå "
+"til din offentlige bibliotek og se på avisene. Disse papirene finnes "
+"sannsynligvis på mikrokort. Hvis du er heldig, finnes de i papir, også. "
+"Uansett, du er fri, ved hjelp av et bibliotek, for å gå tilbake og huske--"
+"ikke bare hva det er praktisk å huske, men husker noe nær sannheten."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat "
-"it. That's not quite correct. We all forget history. The key is whether we "
-"have a way to go back to rediscover what we forget. More directly, the key "
-"is whether an objective past can keep us honest. Libraries help do that, by "
+"It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat it. "
+"That's not quite correct. We all forget history. The key is whether we have "
+"a way to go back to rediscover what we forget. More directly, the key is "
+"whether an objective past can keep us honest. Libraries help do that, by "
"collecting content and keeping it, for schoolchildren, for researchers, for "
"grandma. A free society presumes this knowedge."
msgstr ""
-"Det sies at de som ikke klarer å huske historie er dømt til å gjenta "
-"den. Det er ikke helt riktig. vi alle glemme historie. nøkkelen er om vi har "
-"en måte å gå tilbake til Gjenoppdag hva vi glemme. nøkkelen er mer direkte "
-"om en objektiv siste kan holde oss ærlig. biblioteker hjelpe gjøre det, ved "
-"å samle innhold og holde den, for skolebarn, til forskere for bestemor. et "
+"Det sies at de som ikke klarer å huske historie er dømt til å gjenta den. "
+"Det er ikke helt riktig. vi alle glemme historie. nøkkelen er om vi har en "
+"måte å gå tilbake til Gjenoppdag hva vi glemme. nøkkelen er mer direkte om "
+"en objektiv siste kan holde oss ærlig. biblioteker hjelpe gjøre det, ved å "
+"samle innhold og holde den, for skolebarn, til forskere for bestemor. et "
"fritt samfunn forutsetter dette knowedge."
#. PAGE BREAK 121
"2002, arkivet hadde over 10 milliarder sider, og det ble vokser om en "
"milliard sider per måned."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human "
"history. At the end of 2002, it held \"two hundred and thirty terabytes of "
"material\"--and was \"ten times larger than the Library of Congress.\" And "
"this was just the first of the archives that Kahle set out to build. In "
"addition to the Internet Archive, Kahle has been constructing the Television "
-"Archive. Television, it turns out, is even more ephemeral than the "
-"Internet. While much of twentieth-century culture was constructed through "
-"television, only a tiny proportion of that culture is available for anyone "
-"to see today. Three hours of news are recorded each evening by Vanderbilt "
-"University--thanks to a specific exemption in the copyright law. That "
-"content is indexed, and is available to scholars for a very low fee. \"But "
-"other than that, [television] is almost unavailable,\" Kahle told me. \"If "
-"you were Barbara Walters you could get access to [the archives], but if you "
-"are just a graduate student?\" As Kahle put it,"
+"Archive. Television, it turns out, is even more ephemeral than the Internet. "
+"While much of twentieth-century culture was constructed through television, "
+"only a tiny proportion of that culture is available for anyone to see today. "
+"Three hours of news are recorded each evening by Vanderbilt University--"
+"thanks to a specific exemption in the copyright law. That content is "
+"indexed, and is available to scholars for a very low fee. \"But other than "
+"that, [television] is almost unavailable,\" Kahle told me. \"If you were "
+"Barbara Walters you could get access to [the archives], but if you are just "
+"a graduate student?\" As Kahle put it,"
msgstr ""
"vei tilbake er maskinen bortimot komplett arkiv over menneskelig kunnskap i "
"menneskehetens historie. på slutten av 2002, det holdt \"to hundre og tredve "
-"terabyte materiale\"-- og var \"ti ganger større enn the library of "
-"congress.\" og dette var bare først av arkivene at kahle er fastsatt til å "
-"bygge. i tillegg til internet archive, har kahle vært konstruere "
-"TV-arkivet. TV, det viser seg, er enda mer flyktig enn Internett. mens mye "
-"av 1900-tallet kultur ble bygget opp via TV, er bare en liten andel av denne "
-"kulturen tilgjengelig for alle å se i dag. tre timer med nyheter registreres "
-"hver kveld av vanderbilt university--takket være en bestemt fritak i lov om "
-"opphavsrett. innholdet er indeksert, og er tilgjengelig for forskere for en "
-"svært lav avgift. \"men annet enn at, [TV] er nesten utilgjengelig,\" "
-"fortalte kahle meg. \"Hvis du var barbara walters du kan få tilgang til "
-"[arkivene], men hvis du er bare en utdannet student?\" som kahle sa,"
+"terabyte materiale\"-- og var \"ti ganger større enn the library of congress."
+"\" og dette var bare først av arkivene at kahle er fastsatt til å bygge. i "
+"tillegg til internet archive, har kahle vært konstruere TV-arkivet. TV, det "
+"viser seg, er enda mer flyktig enn Internett. mens mye av 1900-tallet kultur "
+"ble bygget opp via TV, er bare en liten andel av denne kulturen tilgjengelig "
+"for alle å se i dag. tre timer med nyheter registreres hver kveld av "
+"vanderbilt university--takket være en bestemt fritak i lov om opphavsrett. "
+"innholdet er indeksert, og er tilgjengelig for forskere for en svært lav "
+"avgift. \"men annet enn at, [TV] er nesten utilgjengelig,\" fortalte kahle "
+"meg. \"Hvis du var barbara walters du kan få tilgang til [arkivene], men "
+"hvis du er bare en utdannet student?\" som kahle sa,"
#. PAGE BREAK 122
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"Doug Herrick, \"Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at the "
"Library of Congress,\" Film Library Quarterly 13 nos. 23 (1980): 5; Anthony "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were "
"originally not copyrighted--there was no way to capture the broadcasts, so "
"Kahle var ivrig etter å rette opp dette. før september 11, 2001, hadde han "
"og hans allierte begynt å fange TV. de tyve radiostasjoner fra hele verden "
"er merket, og trykk på record-knappen. etter 11 september, kahle, arbeide "
-"med mange andre, merkede tjue radiostasjoner fra hele verden, og starter "
-"11. oktober 2001, gjort sin dekning i uken av 11 september tilgjengelig "
-"gratis on-line. alle kunne se hvordan nyhetsrapporter fra rundt om i verden "
-"dekkes hendelsene den dagen."
+"med mange andre, merkede tjue radiostasjoner fra hele verden, og starter 11. "
+"oktober 2001, gjort sin dekning i uken av 11 september tilgjengelig gratis "
+"on-line. alle kunne se hvordan nyhetsrapporter fra rundt om i verden dekkes "
+"hendelsene den dagen."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose "
"archive of film includes close to 45,000 \"ephemeral films\" (meaning films "
"other than Hollywood movies, films that were never copyrighted), Kahle "
"established the Movie Archive. Prelinger let Kahle digitize 1,300 films in "
-"this archive and post those films on the Internet to be downloaded for "
-"free. Prelinger's is a for-profit company. It sells copies of these films as "
-"stock footage. What he has discovered is that after he made a significant "
-"chunk available for free, his stock footage sales went up "
-"dramatically. People could easily find the material they wanted to use. Some "
-"downloaded that material and made films on their own. Others purchased "
-"copies to enable other films to be made. Either way, the archive enabled "
-"access to this important part of our culture. Want to see a copy of the "
-"\"Duck and Cover\" film that instructed children how to save themselves in "
-"the middle of nuclear attack? Go to archive.org, and you can download the "
-"film in a few minutes--for free."
+"this archive and post those films on the Internet to be downloaded for free. "
+"Prelinger's is a for-profit company. It sells copies of these films as stock "
+"footage. What he has discovered is that after he made a significant chunk "
+"available for free, his stock footage sales went up dramatically. People "
+"could easily find the material they wanted to use. Some downloaded that "
+"material and made films on their own. Others purchased copies to enable "
+"other films to be made. Either way, the archive enabled access to this "
+"important part of our culture. Want to see a copy of the \"Duck and Cover\" "
+"film that instructed children how to save themselves in the middle of "
+"nuclear attack? Go to archive.org, and you can download the film in a few "
+"minutes--for free."
msgstr ""
"Kahle hatt samme idé med film. arbeide med rick prelinger, som har arkiv av "
"filmen inkluderer nær 45.000 \"flyktige filmer\" (det vil si filmer enn "
"Hvis du vil aktivere andre filmer skal gjøres. Uansett, arkivet aktivert "
"tilgang til denne viktige delen av vår kultur. vil du se en kopi av filmen "
"\"duck og dekke\" som instruert barn hvordan lagre seg midt i kjernefysisk "
-"angrep? gå til archive.org, og du kan laste ned filmen i noen "
-"minutter--gratis."
+"angrep? gå til archive.org, og du kan laste ned filmen i noen minutter--"
+"gratis."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"til dette innholdet, men han ønsker også å gjøre andre til å selge tilgang "
"til den. hans mål er å sikre konkurranse i tilgang til denne viktige delen "
"av vår kultur. ikke under kommersielle livet av en bit av kreative eiendom, "
-"men under en second life som alle kreative egenskapen har--et "
-"ikke-kommersiell liv."
+"men under en second life som alle kreative egenskapen har--et ikke-"
+"kommersiell liv."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 124
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of "
"creative property goes through different \"lives.\" In its first life, if "
"kunnskap om vår historie. i denne second life, kan innholdet fortsette å "
"informere selv om denne informasjonen ikke lenger er solgt."
-#, mtrans
+#. f3
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar "
"Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,\" Chicago Tribune, 5 "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very "
-"quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>). After it is out of print, it can be sold in "
-"used book stores without the copyright owner getting anything and stored in "
-"libraries, where many get to read the book, also for free. Used book stores "
-"and libraries are thus the second life of a book. That second life is "
-"extremely important to the spread and stability of culture."
+"quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>). After it is out of print, it can be sold in used book stores "
+"without the copyright owner getting anything and stored in libraries, where "
+"many get to read the book, also for free. Used book stores and libraries are "
+"thus the second life of a book. That second life is extremely important to "
+"the spread and stability of culture."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative "
"property does not hold true with the most important components of popular "
"culture in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. For these--television, "
-"movies, music, radio, the Internet--there is no guarantee of a second "
-"life. For these sorts of culture, it is as if we've replaced libraries with "
-"Barnes & Noble superstores. With this culture, what's accessible is "
-"nothing but what a certain limited market demands. Beyond that, culture "
-"disappears."
+"movies, music, radio, the Internet--there is no guarantee of a second life. "
+"For these sorts of culture, it is as if we've replaced libraries with Barnes "
+"& Noble superstores. With this culture, what's accessible is nothing but "
+"what a certain limited market demands. Beyond that, culture disappears."
msgstr ""
"ennå i økende grad holder noen antakelse om en stabil second life for "
"kreative egenskapen ikke true med de viktigste komponentene i "
"populærkulturen i de tjuende og tjueførste århundrene. for disse--TV, "
-"filmer, musikk, radio, Internett - det er ingen garanti for en second "
-"life. for disse slags kultur er det som om vi har erstattet biblioteker med "
-"barnes & noble superstores. med denne kulturen, hva er tilgjengelig er "
-"noe annet enn hva en viss begrenset marked krav. utover det forsvinner "
-"kultur."
+"filmer, musikk, radio, Internett - det er ingen garanti for en second life. "
+"for disse slags kultur er det som om vi har erstattet biblioteker med barnes "
+"& noble superstores. med denne kulturen, hva er tilgjengelig er noe "
+"annet enn hva en viss begrenset marked krav. utover det forsvinner kultur."
#. PAGE BREAK 125
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"economics. The market made it impossibly difficult to do anything about this "
"ephemeral culture; the law had little practical effect."
msgstr ""
-"for det meste av det tjuende århundre var det økonomi som gjorde dette "
-"så. det ville ha vært sinnsykt dyrt å samle og gjøre tilgjengelig alle TV og "
+"for det meste av det tjuende århundre var det økonomi som gjorde dette så. "
+"det ville ha vært sinnsykt dyrt å samle og gjøre tilgjengelig alle TV og "
"film og musikk: kostnaden for analoge Kopier er svært høy. så selv om loven "
"i prinsippet ville har begrenset mulighet til en brewster kahle å kopiere "
"kultur Generelt, ekte begrensningen var økonomi. markedet gjorde det "
"for the first time at a point where that dream is possible. As Kahle "
"describes,"
msgstr ""
-"omfanget av dette potensielle arkivet er noe vi har aldri forestilt meg "
-"før. brewster kahles i vår historie har drømt om det; men vi er for første "
-"gang ved et punkt der det er mulig at drømmen. som kahle beskriver,"
+"omfanget av dette potensielle arkivet er noe vi har aldri forestilt meg før. "
+"brewster kahles i vår historie har drømt om det; men vi er for første gang "
+"ved et punkt der det er mulig at drømmen. som kahle beskriver,"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
-"It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. "
-"Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, "
-". . . and about one to two million movies [distributed] during the twentieth "
-"century. There are about twenty-six million different titles of books. All "
-"of these would fit on computers that would fit in this room and be able to "
-"be afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in our "
-"history. Universal access is the goal. And the opportunity of leading a "
-"different life, based on this, is . . . thrilling. It could be one of the "
-"things humankind would be most proud of. Up there with the Library of "
-"Alexandria, putting a man on the moon, and the invention of the printing "
-"press."
-msgstr ""
-"Det ser ut som det er om to til tre millioner opptak av "
-"musikk. noensinne. Det er om lag hundre tusen teatralsk utgivelser av "
-"filmer,... og om ett til to millioner filmer [fordelt] under det tjuende "
-"århundre. Det er om lag tjue - seks millioner forskjellige titler på "
-"bøker. alle disse ville passe på datamaskiner som ville passe inn i dette "
-"rommet og kunne ha råd av et lite selskap. så er vi ved et vendepunkt i vår "
-"historie. særlige er målet. og muligheten til å lede et annet liv, basert på "
-"dette, er... spennende. Det kan være en av tingene som menneskeheten ville "
-"være mest stolt av. å sette en mann på månen, og oppfinnelsen av "
-"trykkpressen oppe med biblioteket i alexandria."
+"It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. Ever. "
+"There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, . . . and "
+"about one to two million movies [distributed] during the twentieth century. "
+"There are about twenty-six million different titles of books. All of these "
+"would fit on computers that would fit in this room and be able to be "
+"afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in our history. "
+"Universal access is the goal. And the opportunity of leading a different "
+"life, based on this, is . . . thrilling. It could be one of the things "
+"humankind would be most proud of. Up there with the Library of Alexandria, "
+"putting a man on the moon, and the invention of the printing press."
+msgstr ""
+"Det ser ut som det er om to til tre millioner opptak av musikk. noensinne. "
+"Det er om lag hundre tusen teatralsk utgivelser av filmer,... og om ett til "
+"to millioner filmer [fordelt] under det tjuende århundre. Det er om lag tjue "
+"- seks millioner forskjellige titler på bøker. alle disse ville passe på "
+"datamaskiner som ville passe inn i dette rommet og kunne ha råd av et lite "
+"selskap. så er vi ved et vendepunkt i vår historie. særlige er målet. og "
+"muligheten til å lede et annet liv, basert på dette, er... spennende. Det "
+"kan være en av tingene som menneskeheten ville være mest stolt av. å sette "
+"en mann på månen, og oppfinnelsen av trykkpressen oppe med biblioteket i "
+"alexandria."
#. PAGE BREAK 126
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"eller Arkiver kan være. Når kommersielle livet av kreative egenskapen "
"avsluttes, vet jeg ikke. men det gjør. og når den gjør det, kahle og hans "
"arkiv hint på en verden der denne kunnskap og kultur, forblir perpetually "
-"tilgjengelig. noen vil trekke på det å forstå det. noen å kritisere "
-"den. noen vil bruke den, som walt disney gjorde, for å gjenopprette siste "
-"for fremtiden. disse teknologiene lover noe som hadde blitt ufattelig for "
-"mye av vår fortid--en fremtid for vår fortid. teknologi for digital arts kan "
-"gjøre drømmen om biblioteket i alexandria virkelig igjen."
+"tilgjengelig. noen vil trekke på det å forstå det. noen å kritisere den. "
+"noen vil bruke den, som walt disney gjorde, for å gjenopprette siste for "
+"fremtiden. disse teknologiene lover noe som hadde blitt ufattelig for mye av "
+"vår fortid--en fremtid for vår fortid. teknologi for digital arts kan gjøre "
+"drømmen om biblioteket i alexandria virkelig igjen."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an "
"archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call "
"noens \"egenskapen.\" og loven om egenskapen begrenser friheter som kahle, "
"og andre vil utøve."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\""
msgstr "Kapittel 10: \"property\""
"Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has "
"had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a "
"Texan, Valenti has mastered the single most important political skill of a "
-"Southerner--the ability to appear simple and slow while hiding a "
-"lightning-fast intellect. To this day, Valenti plays the simple, humble "
-"man. But this Harvard MBA, and author of four books, who finished high "
-"school at the age of fifteen and flew more than fifty combat missions in "
-"World War II, is no Mr. Smith. When Valenti went to Washington, he mastered "
-"the city in a quintessentially Washingtonian way."
+"Southerner--the ability to appear simple and slow while hiding a lightning-"
+"fast intellect. To this day, Valenti plays the simple, humble man. But this "
+"Harvard MBA, and author of four books, who finished high school at the age "
+"of fifteen and flew more than fifty combat missions in World War II, is no "
+"Mr. Smith. When Valenti went to Washington, he mastered the city in a "
+"quintessentially Washingtonian way."
msgstr ""
"Valenti er bare den tredje presidenten av mpaa. Ingen president før ham har "
-"hatt så stor innflytelse over denne organisasjonen eller over "
-"washington. som en Texas har valenti mestret enkelt viktigste politiske "
-"ferdigheter til en southerner--muligheten til å vises enkle og treg mens "
-"skjule en lynrask intellekt. til denne dag har spiller valenti enkel, ydmyke "
-"mann. men denne harvard mba, og forfatter av fire bøker, som fullført "
-"videregående skole i en alder av femten, og fløy mer enn femti bekjempe "
-"oppdrag i andre verdenskrig, er ingen mr. smith. Når valenti gikk til "
-"washington, han mestret byen i en typiske washingtonian måte."
+"hatt så stor innflytelse over denne organisasjonen eller over washington. "
+"som en Texas har valenti mestret enkelt viktigste politiske ferdigheter til "
+"en southerner--muligheten til å vises enkle og treg mens skjule en lynrask "
+"intellekt. til denne dag har spiller valenti enkel, ydmyke mann. men denne "
+"harvard mba, og forfatter av fire bøker, som fullført videregående skole i "
+"en alder av femten, og fløy mer enn femti bekjempe oppdrag i andre "
+"verdenskrig, er ingen mr. smith. Når valenti gikk til washington, han "
+"mestret byen i en typiske washingtonian måte."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture "
"depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating "
"redefinere betydningen av \"kreative property.\""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:"
-msgstr "i 1982 innspilt valenti's vitnesbyrd til Kongressen strategien perfekt:"
+msgid ""
+"In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:"
+msgstr ""
+"i 1982 innspilt valenti's vitnesbyrd til Kongressen strategien perfekt:"
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
-"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, "
-"H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on "
-"Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice of the Committee "
-"on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives, 97th Cong., 2nd "
-"sess. (1982): 65 (testimony of Jack Valenti)."
+"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, H.R. "
+"4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on Courts, "
+"Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice of the Committee on the "
+"Judiciary of the House of Representatives, 97th Cong., 2nd sess. (1982): 65 "
+"(testimony of Jack Valenti)."
msgstr ""
"Hjem registrering av opphavsrettslig beskyttet verk: hearings på hr 4783, hr "
"4794, hr 4808, hr 5250, hr 5488 og hr 5705 før subcommittee on domstoler, "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
-"No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the "
-"counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and "
-"women will keep returning to the fundamental issue, the central theme which "
+"No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the counter-"
+"charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and women "
+"will keep returning to the fundamental issue, the central theme which "
"animates this entire debate: Creative property owners must be accorded the "
"same rights and protection resident in all other property owners in the "
"nation. That is the issue. That is the question. And that is the rostrum on "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 129
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's "
"rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The "
"\"central theme\" to which \"reasonable men and women\" will return is this: "
"\"Creative property owners must be accorded the same rights and protections "
-"resident in all other property owners in the nation.\" There are no "
-"second-class citizens, Valenti might have continued. There should be no "
-"second-class property owners."
+"resident in all other property owners in the nation.\" There are no second-"
+"class citizens, Valenti might have continued. There should be no second-"
+"class property owners."
msgstr ""
"strategien for denne retorikk, som strategi for de fleste av valenti's "
-"retorikk, er strålende og enkel og strålende fordi enkel. \"sentrale "
-"temaet\" som \"rimelig menn og kvinner\" vil returnere er dette: \"kreative "
-"bolig må substansiell med samme rettigheter og beskyttelsene bosatt i alle "
-"andre bolig i nasjonen.\" det er ingen andre klasses borgere, valenti "
-"kanskje har fortsatt. Det bør være ingen annenklasses bolig."
+"retorikk, er strålende og enkel og strålende fordi enkel. \"sentrale temaet"
+"\" som \"rimelig menn og kvinner\" vil returnere er dette: \"kreative bolig "
+"må substansiell med samme rettigheter og beskyttelsene bosatt i alle andre "
+"bolig i nasjonen.\" det er ingen andre klasses borgere, valenti kanskje har "
+"fortsatt. Det bør være ingen annenklasses bolig."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with "
"such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use "
"elections to pick presidents. But in fact, there is no more extreme a claim "
-"made by anyone who is serious in this debate than this claim of "
-"Valenti's. Jack Valenti, however sweet and however brilliant, is perhaps the "
-"nation's foremost extremist when it comes to the nature and scope of "
-"\"creative property.\" His views have no reasonable connection to our actual "
-"legal tradition, even if the subtle pull of his Texan charm has slowly "
-"redefined that tradition, at least in Washington."
+"made by anyone who is serious in this debate than this claim of Valenti's. "
+"Jack Valenti, however sweet and however brilliant, is perhaps the nation's "
+"foremost extremist when it comes to the nature and scope of \"creative "
+"property.\" His views have no reasonable connection to our actual legal "
+"tradition, even if the subtle pull of his Texan charm has slowly redefined "
+"that tradition, at least in Washington."
msgstr ""
"denne påstanden har en tydelig og kraftig intuitivt trekk. Det er oppgitt "
"med slike klarhet som å gjøre ideen tydelig som oppfatningen at vi bruker "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"Lawyers speak of \"property\" not as an absolute thing, but as a bundle of "
"rights that are sometimes associated with a particular object. Thus, my "
"Private Property and the Constitution (New Haven: Yale University Press, "
"1977), 2627."
msgstr ""
-"advokater snakker om \"property\" ikke som en absolute ting, men som en "
-"bunt av rettigheter som er noen ganger knyttet til bestemte objekter. Dermed "
-"gir min \"eiendom rett\" til bilen min meg retten til eksklusiv bruk, "
-"men ikke rettigheten til å kjøre på 150 miles i timen. å koble den vanlige "
-"betydningen av \"eiendom\" til \"advokat talk\" beste innsats, kan "
-"du se bruce ackerman, privat eiendom og grunnloven (new haven: yale "
-"university press, 1977), 2627."
+"advokater snakker om \"property\" ikke som en absolute ting, men som en bunt "
+"av rettigheter som er noen ganger knyttet til bestemte objekter. Dermed gir "
+"min \"eiendom rett\" til bilen min meg retten til eksklusiv bruk, men ikke "
+"rettigheten til å kjøre på 150 miles i timen. å koble den vanlige "
+"betydningen av \"eiendom\" til \"advokat talk\" beste innsats, kan du se "
+"bruce ackerman, privat eiendom og grunnloven (new haven: yale university "
+"press, 1977), 2627."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"behandlet rettigheter i kreative egenskapen annerledes fra rettigheter som "
"er bosatt i alle andre bolig. de har aldri vært den samme. og de aldri skal "
"være den samme, fordi, men counterintuitive dette kan synes å gjøre dem det "
-"samme vil være å svekke fundamentalt mulighet for nye skapere å "
-"lage. kreativitet, avhenger av eierne av kreativitet som har mindre enn "
-"perfekt kontroll."
+"samme vil være å svekke fundamentalt mulighet for nye skapere å lage. "
+"kreativitet, avhenger av eierne av kreativitet som har mindre enn perfekt "
+"kontroll."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"et snev at det er noe fundamentalt galt i valenti's-argumentet, må vi se "
"lenger enn USA Grunnloven selv."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The framers of our Constitution loved \"property.\" Indeed, so strongly did "
"they love property that they built into the Constitution an important "
"de elsker egenskapen at de innebygd i Grunnloven et viktig krav. Hvis "
"regjeringen tar din eiendom--hvis det fordømmer huset, eller kjøper et "
"stykke land fra farmen--det er nødvendig, under den femte endringsforslaget "
-"\"takings setningen,\" å betale deg \"bare erstatning\" for som "
-"tar. grunnloven garanterer dermed at egenskapen er, i en viss forstand, "
-"hellig. den kan ikke noen gang blir tatt fra eiendommen eier med mindre "
-"regjeringen betaler for privilegiet."
+"\"takings setningen,\" å betale deg \"bare erstatning\" for som tar. "
+"grunnloven garanterer dermed at egenskapen er, i en viss forstand, hellig. "
+"den kan ikke noen gang blir tatt fra eiendommen eier med mindre regjeringen "
+"betaler for privilegiet."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 131
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti "
"calls \"creative property.\" In the clause granting Congress the power to "
"men svært samme grunnlov snakker veldig annerledes om hva valenti samtaler "
"\"kreative egenskapen.\" i setningsdelen gir Kongressen makt til å opprette "
"\"kreative property\" Grunnloven krever at etter en \"begrenset tid,\" "
-"Kongressen ta tilbake rettighetene at det har gitt og egenskapen "
-"\"kreative\" gratis til public domain. men når Kongressen gjør dette, når "
-"utløpet av en opphavsrett begrepet \"tar\" din opphavsrett og snur den over "
-"til public domain, Kongressen ikke har noen forpliktelse til å betale \"bare "
-"erstatning\" for denne \"tar.\" i stedet samme grunnlov som krever "
-"erstatning for ditt land krever at du mister din \"kreative eiendom\" rett "
-"uten noen kompensasjon overhodet."
+"Kongressen ta tilbake rettighetene at det har gitt og egenskapen \"kreative"
+"\" gratis til public domain. men når Kongressen gjør dette, når utløpet av "
+"en opphavsrett begrepet \"tar\" din opphavsrett og snur den over til public "
+"domain, Kongressen ikke har noen forpliktelse til å betale \"bare erstatning"
+"\" for denne \"tar.\" i stedet samme grunnlov som krever erstatning for ditt "
+"land krever at du mister din \"kreative eiendom\" rett uten noen "
+"kompensasjon overhodet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"arguing for a change in our Constitution itself."
msgstr ""
"grunnlov dermed på sitt ansikt sier at disse to former for egenskapen ikke "
-"skal får de samme rettighetene. de er tydelig å bli behandlet "
-"annerledes. Valenti er derfor ikke bare ber om en endring i vår tradisjon "
-"når han hevder at creative-bolig bør substansiell de samme rettighetene som "
-"hver andre eiendomsrett eier. Han er effektivt kranglet for en endring i "
-"våre Grunnloven selv."
+"skal får de samme rettighetene. de er tydelig å bli behandlet annerledes. "
+"Valenti er derfor ikke bare ber om en endring i vår tradisjon når han hevder "
+"at creative-bolig bør substansiell de samme rettighetene som hver andre "
+"eiendomsrett eier. Han er effektivt kranglet for en endring i våre "
+"Grunnloven selv."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"som alle andre eiendom? Hvorfor de krever at for kreative egenskapen det må "
"være et frivare?"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of "
"these \"creative property\" rights, and the control that they enabled. Once "
"reglene satt på forhånd er brutt. så hvis for eksempel du willfully krenke "
"madonna's copyright ved å kopiere en sang fra hennes siste CD-ROMen, og "
"bokføre det\\/den på weben, kan du bli straffet med en $150.000 fine. fine "
-"er en ex post straff for å bryte en ex ante regelen. Det er pålagt av "
-"staten."
+"er en ex post straff for å bryte en ex ante regelen. Det er pålagt av staten."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"markedet er en tredje type betingelse. betingelsen er berørt gjennom "
"betingelser: du kan gjøre x Hvis du betaler y; vil du få betalt m Hvis du "
-"gjør n. slike betingelser er åpenbart ikke uavhengig av loven eller "
-"normer--det er regler som definerer hva må kjøpes Hvis det er å bli tatt "
-"lovlig; Det er normer som sier hva selges på riktig måte. men gitt et sett "
-"av normer og bakgrunn av eiendom og kontrakt lov, markedet pålegger en "
-"samtidige begrensning på hvor en person eller gruppe kan oppføre seg."
-
-#, mtrans
-msgid ""
-"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, "
-"\"architecture\"--the physical world as one finds it--is a constraint on "
-"behavior. A fallen bridge might constrain your ability to get across a "
-"river. Railroad tracks might constrain the ability of a community to "
-"integrate its social life. As with the market, architecture does not effect "
-"its constraint through ex post punishments. Instead, also as with the "
-"market, architecture effects its constraint through simultaneous "
-"conditions. These conditions are imposed not by courts enforcing contracts, "
-"or by police punishing theft, but by nature, by \"architecture.\" If a "
-"500-pound boulder blocks your way, it is the law of gravity that enforces "
-"this constraint. If a $500 airplane ticket stands between you and a flight "
-"to New York, it is the market that enforces this constraint."
+"gjør n. slike betingelser er åpenbart ikke uavhengig av loven eller normer--"
+"det er regler som definerer hva må kjøpes Hvis det er å bli tatt lovlig; Det "
+"er normer som sier hva selges på riktig måte. men gitt et sett av normer og "
+"bakgrunn av eiendom og kontrakt lov, markedet pålegger en samtidige "
+"begrensning på hvor en person eller gruppe kan oppføre seg."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+msgid ""
+"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, \"architecture\"--"
+"the physical world as one finds it--is a constraint on behavior. A fallen "
+"bridge might constrain your ability to get across a river. Railroad tracks "
+"might constrain the ability of a community to integrate its social life. As "
+"with the market, architecture does not effect its constraint through ex post "
+"punishments. Instead, also as with the market, architecture effects its "
+"constraint through simultaneous conditions. These conditions are imposed not "
+"by courts enforcing contracts, or by police punishing theft, but by nature, "
+"by \"architecture.\" If a 500-pound boulder blocks your way, it is the law "
+"of gravity that enforces this constraint. If a $500 airplane ticket stands "
+"between you and a flight to New York, it is the market that enforces this "
+"constraint."
msgstr ""
"til slutt, og for øyeblikket, kanskje mest mysteriously \"arkitektur\"--den "
"fysiske verden som en finner den--er en begrensning på atferd. en falne bro "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: "
-"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by "
-"another. Or restrictions imposed by one might be undermined by another."
+"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by another. "
+"Or restrictions imposed by one might be undermined by another."
msgstr ""
"så det første punktet om disse fire metoder av regulering er åpenbare: de "
"samhandler. restriksjoner pålagt av en kan bli forsterket av en annen. eller "
"blant de viktigste, og eventuelle regulator (enten kontroll eller frigjør) "
"må vurdere hvordan disse fire spesielt samhandle."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high "
-"speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how "
-"fast you can drive in particular places at particular times. It is in part "
+"So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high speed. "
+"That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how fast "
+"you can drive in particular places at particular times. It is in part "
"restricted by architecture: speed bumps, for example, slow most rational "
"drivers; governors in buses, as another example, set the maximum rate at "
"which the driver can drive. The freedom is in part restricted by the market: "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean "
"to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's "
-"only distinction is that it alone speaks as if it has a right "
-"self-consciously to change the other three. The right of the other three is "
-"more timidly expressed. See Lawrence Lessig, Code: And Other Laws of "
-"Cyberspace (New York: Basic Books, 1999): 9095; Lawrence Lessig, \"The New "
-"Chicago School,\" Journal of Legal Studies, June 1998."
+"only distinction is that it alone speaks as if it has a right self-"
+"consciously to change the other three. The right of the other three is more "
+"timidly expressed. See Lawrence Lessig, Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace "
+"(New York: Basic Books, 1999): 9095; Lawrence Lessig, \"The New Chicago "
+"School,\" Journal of Legal Studies, June 1998."
msgstr ""
"ved å beskrive hvordan trenger ikke loven påvirker andre tre metoder, jeg "
"bety å foreslå at tre andre ikke påvirker lov. Selvfølgelig, de gjør. law's "
"eneste forskjellen er at det alene snakker som om den har en rett "
"selvbevisst til å endre de andre tre. høyre for tre andre uttrykkes mer "
"beskjedent. se lawrence lessig, kode: og andre lover av cyberspace (new "
-"york: grunnleggende bøker, 1999): 9095; Lawrence lessig, \"den nye "
-"chicago skolen,\" journal of Jusstudier, Juni 1998."
+"york: grunnleggende bøker, 1999): 9095; Lawrence lessig, \"den nye chicago "
+"skolen,\" journal of Jusstudier, Juni 1998."
#. PAGE BREAK 135
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1361.jpg\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. f4
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Some people object to this way of talking about \"liberty.\" They object "
"because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at any "
"ytringsfriheten, for eksempel fra tyranni av trange sinn, ikke fra frykt for "
"regjeringen rettsforfølgelse; John stuart mill, på frihet (indiana: hackett "
"publishing co., 1978), 19. John r. commons forsvarte famously økonomiske "
-"friheten av arbeidskraft fra begrensninger pålagt av markedet; John "
-"r. commons, \"rett til arbeid,\" i malcom rutherford og warren j. samuels, "
-"Red., john r. Commons: valgt essays (london: routledge: 1997), "
-"62. amerikanerne med funksjonshemminger act øker frihet for personer med "
+"friheten av arbeidskraft fra begrensninger pålagt av markedet; John r. "
+"commons, \"rett til arbeid,\" i malcom rutherford og warren j. samuels, "
+"Red., john r. Commons: valgt essays (london: routledge: 1997), 62. "
+"amerikanerne med funksjonshemminger act øker frihet for personer med "
"funksjonshemninger ved å endre arkitekturen i visse offentlige steder, og "
"dermed gjør tilgang til de plasserer enklere; 42 united states code, delen "
"12101 (2000). hver av disse intervensjoner for å endre eksisterende "
"the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any "
"particular moment, we must track these changes over time. A restriction "
"imposed by one modality might be erased by another. A freedom enabled by one "
-"modality might be displaced by another.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"modality might be displaced by another.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
"domstolene å forsvare copyright. Denne modellen hjelper oss se hvorfor denne "
"samlingspunkt fornuftig."
-#, mtrans
-msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+msgid ""
+"Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:"
msgstr "La oss si at dette er bilde av copyright's regulering før Internett:"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
"som kopiere og dele innhold. disse straffer er forsterket av teknologier som "
"gjør det vanskelig å kopiere og dele innhold (arkitektur) og det er dyrt å "
"kopiere og dele innhold (markedet). til slutt, disse straffer er mitigated "
-"ved normer vi gjenkjenner--barn, for eksempel taping andre barn "
-"poster. disse bruk av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale kan være brudd, men "
-"normer for vårt samfunn (før Internett, minst) hadde ingen problemer med "
-"denne form for krenkelse av."
+"ved normer vi gjenkjenner--barn, for eksempel taping andre barn poster. "
+"disse bruk av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale kan være brudd, men normer for "
+"vårt samfunn (før Internett, minst) hadde ingen problemer med denne form for "
+"krenkelse av."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"warriors, at least) of life before the Internet becomes an effective state "
"of anarchy after the Internet."
msgstr ""
-"Angi Internett eller, mer presist, teknologier som MP3-er og p2p "
-"fildeling. nå begrensningen av arkitektur endres dramatisk, som gjør "
-"begrensningen av markedet. og som både markedet og arkitektur kan du slappe "
-"av med regulering av copyright, normer haug på. happy saldoen (for krigere, "
-"minst) av livet før Internett blir en effektiv stat av anarchy etter "
-"Internett."
+"Angi Internett eller, mer presist, teknologier som MP3-er og p2p fildeling. "
+"nå begrensningen av arkitektur endres dramatisk, som gjør begrensningen av "
+"markedet. og som både markedet og arkitektur kan du slappe av med regulering "
+"av copyright, normer haug på. happy saldoen (for krigere, minst) av livet "
+"før Internett blir en effektiv stat av anarchy etter Internett."
#. PAGE BREAK 137
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1381.jpg\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the "
"warriors. Indeed, in a \"White Paper\" prepared by the Commerce Department "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed--if it was to preserve the "
-"particular balance that existed before the change induced by the "
-"Internet. And it's just what we should expect the content industry to push "
-"for. It is as American as apple pie to consider the happy life you have as "
-"an entitlement, and to look to the law to protect it if something comes "
-"along to change that happy life. Homeowners living in a flood plain have no "
+"particular balance that existed before the change induced by the Internet. "
+"And it's just what we should expect the content industry to push for. It is "
+"as American as apple pie to consider the happy life you have as an "
+"entitlement, and to look to the law to protect it if something comes along "
+"to change that happy life. Homeowners living in a flood plain have no "
"hesitation appealing to the government to rebuild (and rebuild again) when a "
"flood (architecture) wipes away their property (law). Farmers have no "
"hesitation appealing to the government to bail them out when a virus "
"(architecture) devastates their crop. Unions have no hesitation appealing to "
-"the government to bail them out when imports (market) wipe out the "
-"U.S. steel industry."
+"the government to bail them out when imports (market) wipe out the U.S. "
+"steel industry."
msgstr ""
"Dette blandet strategi er bare hva copyright needed--Hvis det var å bevare "
"bestemt saldoen som eksisterte før endringen indusert av Internett. og det "
"regjeringen å kausjon dem. Når import (markedet) tørke ut amerikanske stål "
"industrien."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign "
"to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Geoffrey Smith, \"Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?\" "
-"BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #23</ulink>. For a more recent "
-"analysis of Kodak's place in the market, see Chana R. Schoenberger, \"Can "
-"Kodak Make Up for Lost Moments?\" Forbes.com, 6 October 2003, available at "
-"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #24</ulink>."
+"BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #23</ulink>. For a more recent analysis of Kodak's "
+"place in the market, see Chana R. Schoenberger, \"Can Kodak Make Up for Lost "
+"Moments?\" Forbes.com, 6 October 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #24</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it "
"doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology "
"has weakened a particular way of doing business, it doesn't follow that the "
-"government should intervene to support that old way of doing "
-"business. Kodak, for example, has lost perhaps as much as 20 percent of "
-"their traditional film market to the emerging technologies of digital "
-"cameras.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Does anyone believe the "
-"government should ban digital cameras just to support Kodak? Highways have "
-"weakened the freight business for railroads. Does anyone think we should ban "
-"trucks from roads for the purpose of protecting the railroads? Closer to the "
-"subject of this book, remote channel changers have weakened the "
-"\"stickiness\" of television advertising (if a boring commercial comes on "
-"the TV, the remote makes it easy to surf ), and it may well be that this "
-"change has weakened the television advertising market. But does anyone "
-"believe we should regulate remotes to reinforce commercial television? "
-"(Maybe by limiting them to function only once a second, or to switch to only "
-"ten channels within an hour?)"
+"government should intervene to support that old way of doing business. "
+"Kodak, for example, has lost perhaps as much as 20 percent of their "
+"traditional film market to the emerging technologies of digital cameras."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Does anyone believe the government "
+"should ban digital cameras just to support Kodak? Highways have weakened the "
+"freight business for railroads. Does anyone think we should ban trucks from "
+"roads for the purpose of protecting the railroads? Closer to the subject of "
+"this book, remote channel changers have weakened the \"stickiness\" of "
+"television advertising (if a boring commercial comes on the TV, the remote "
+"makes it easy to surf ), and it may well be that this change has weakened "
+"the television advertising market. But does anyone believe we should "
+"regulate remotes to reinforce commercial television? (Maybe by limiting them "
+"to function only once a second, or to switch to only ten channels within an "
+"hour?)"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 17071."
msgstr "fred warshofsky, patent krigene (new york: wiley, 1994), 17071."
"på forespørsel fra de vondt ved å endre teknologi, er endringer som bevare "
"insentiver og muligheter for innovasjon og endre."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"In the context of laws regulating speech--which include, obviously, "
"copyright law--that duty is even stronger. When the industry complaining "
"business of regulating speech markets. The risks and dangers of that game "
"are precisely why our framers created the First Amendment to our "
"Constitution: \"Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of "
-"speech.\" So when Congress is being asked to pass laws that would "
-"\"abridge\" the freedom of speech, it should ask-- carefully--whether such "
-"regulation is justified."
+"speech.\" So when Congress is being asked to pass laws that would \"abridge"
+"\" the freedom of speech, it should ask-- carefully--whether such regulation "
+"is justified."
msgstr ""
"i sammenheng med lover som regulerer tale--, og som omfatter, tydeligvis, "
"copyright lov--at plikt er enda sterkere. Når industrien klagende om hvordan "
"forespørselen. Det er alltid en dårlig deal for regjeringen å komme inn i "
"virksomheten av regulerer tale markeder. risikoer og farer av spillet er "
"nøyaktig hvorfor våre underskrev opprettet den første endringen til vår "
-"grunnlov: \"Kongressen skal gjøre ingen lov... abridging friheten til "
-"tale.\" så når Kongressen blir bedt om å passere lovgivning som ville "
-"\"abridge\" ytringsfriheten, det bør spørre--nøye--om slike regulering er "
-"begrunnet."
+"grunnlov: \"Kongressen skal gjøre ingen lov... abridging friheten til tale."
+"\" så når Kongressen blir bedt om å passere lovgivning som ville \"abridge\" "
+"ytringsfriheten, det bør spørre--nøye--om slike regulering er begrunnet."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 140
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes "
"that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are \"justified.\" My "
msgstr "Her er til metaforen vil fange opp argumentet å følge."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul "
"Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the "
"produksjonen av gården."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop "
"production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was "
"the ecology were being destroyed."
msgstr ""
"men i 1962, rachel carson publisert stille våren, som hevdet at ddt, uansett "
-"dens primære fordeler, hadde også utilsiktede miljømessige "
-"konsekvenser. fugler var å miste muligheten til å reprodusere. hele kjeder "
-"av økologi ble blir ødelagt."
+"dens primære fordeler, hadde også utilsiktede miljømessige konsekvenser. "
+"fugler var å miste muligheten til å reprodusere. hele kjeder av økologi ble "
+"blir ødelagt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim "
"to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced "
"verre enn problemer det løst, minst når de vurderer den andre, mer "
"miljøvennlig måten å løse problemer som ddt var ment å løse."
-#, mtrans
+#. f7
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
"Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 (1997): 87."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle "
-"appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for "
-"culture.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> His point, and the point I "
-"want to develop in the balance of this chapter, is not that the aims of "
-"copyright are flawed. Or that authors should not be paid for their work. Or "
-"that music should be given away \"for free.\" The point is that some of the "
-"ways in which we might protect authors will have unintended consequences for "
-"the cultural environment, much like DDT had for the natural environment. And "
+"appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for culture."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> His point, and the point I want to "
+"develop in the balance of this chapter, is not that the aims of copyright "
+"are flawed. Or that authors should not be paid for their work. Or that music "
+"should be given away \"for free.\" The point is that some of the ways in "
+"which we might protect authors will have unintended consequences for the "
+"cultural environment, much like DDT had for the natural environment. And "
"just as criticism of DDT is not an endorsement of malaria or an attack on "
"farmers, so, too, is criticism of one particular set of regulations "
"protecting copyright not an endorsement of anarchy or an attack on authors. "
msgid "Beginnings"
msgstr "begynnelse"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved "
"English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of \"creative "
"property\" fjerner du rettigheter; uttrykkelig begrensninger forsterke den "
"engelske mål å unngå altfor kraftig utgivere."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The power to establish \"creative property\" rights is granted to Congress "
"in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article I, "
"section 8, clause 8 of our Constitution states that:"
msgstr ""
"makt til å etablere \"kreative\" eiendomsrettigheter gis til Kongressen på "
-"en måte som for vår grunnlov, minst, er veldig rart. artikkel, del 8, "
-"8-setningsdelen i vår grunnlov sier at:"
+"en måte som for vår grunnlov, minst, er veldig rart. artikkel, del 8, 8-"
+"setningsdelen i vår grunnlov sier at:"
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 142
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, "
"by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right "
"og formålet er en offentlig, ikke hensikten med berikende utgivere, eller "
"med hovedsakelig formålet med givende forfatternes."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in "
"chapter 6, the English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a "
"few would not exercise disproportionate control over culture by exercising "
"disproportionate control over publishing. We can assume the framers followed "
"the English for a similar purpose. Indeed, unlike the English, the framers "
-"reinforced that objective, by requiring that copyrights extend \"to "
-"Authors\" only."
+"reinforced that objective, by requiring that copyrights extend \"to Authors"
+"\" only."
msgstr ""
"fremdrift-setningsdelen begrenser uttrykkelig begrepet av opphavsretten. som "
"vi så i kapittel 6, ville engelsk begrenset av copyright å forsikre om at "
"struktur som ble bygd kontrollerer og saldoer i konstitusjonelle rammen, "
"strukturert for å hindre at ellers uunngåelig konsentrasjoner av makt."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call \"copyright\" "
"today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever "
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"William W. Crosskey, Politics and the Constitution in the History of the "
"United States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1, 48586: "
"under the Common Law\" (emphasis added)."
msgstr ""
"William w. crosskey, politikk og Grunnloven i historien av USA (london: "
-"cambridge university press, 1953), vol. 1, 48586: \"slukke [ing], ved "
-"vanlig implikasjon av\"øverstkommanderende lov av land\", evigvarende "
-"rettigheter som forfattere hadde eller skulle etter noen å ha, under felles "
-"lov\" (vekt legges til)."
+"cambridge university press, 1953), vol. 1, 48586: \"slukke [ing], ved vanlig "
+"implikasjon av\"øverstkommanderende lov av land\", evigvarende rettigheter "
+"som forfattere hadde eller skulle etter noen å ha, under felles lov\" (vekt "
+"legges til)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English "
"had confronted in 1774. Many states had passed laws protecting creative "
"property, and some believed that these laws simply supplemented common law "
-"rights that already protected creative authorship.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This meant that there was no guaranteed public "
+"rights that already protected creative authorship.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This meant that there was no guaranteed public "
"domain in the United States in 1790. If copyrights were protected by the "
"common law, then there was no simple way to know whether a work published in "
"the United States was controlled or free. Just as in England, this lingering "
"1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, A History of "
"Book Publishing in the United States, vol. 1, The Creation of an Industry, "
"16301865 (New York: Bowker, 1972), 141. Of the 21,000 imprints recorded "
-"before 1790, only twelve were copyrighted under the 1790 act; William "
-"J. Maher, Copyright Term, Retrospective Extension and the Copyright Law of "
-"1790 in Historical Context, 710 (2002), available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #25</ulink>. Thus, the "
-"overwhelming majority of works fell immediately into the public domain. Even "
-"those works that were copyrighted fell into the public domain quickly, "
-"because the term of copyright was short. The initial term of copyright was "
-"fourteen years, with the option of renewal for an additional fourteen "
-"years. Copyright Act of May 31, 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124."
+"before 1790, only twelve were copyrighted under the 1790 act; William J. "
+"Maher, Copyright Term, Retrospective Extension and the Copyright Law of 1790 "
+"in Historical Context, 710 (2002), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #25</ulink>. Thus, the overwhelming majority of "
+"works fell immediately into the public domain. Even those works that were "
+"copyrighted fell into the public domain quickly, because the term of "
+"copyright was short. The initial term of copyright was fourteen years, with "
+"the option of renewal for an additional fourteen years. Copyright Act of May "
+"31, 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"under the federal copyright regime. Of all the work created in the United "
"States both before 1790 and from 1790 through 1800, 95 percent immediately "
"passed into the public domain; the balance would pass into the pubic domain "
-"within twenty-eight years at most, and more likely within fourteen "
-"
years.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"within twenty-eight years at most, and more likely within fourteen years."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 145
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of "
"the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For "
"noen rettighetshavere valgte noensinne å fornye sine opphavsrettigheter. for "
"eksempel av 25,006 opphavsretten registrert i 1883, ble bare 894 fornyet i "
"1910. for et år etter år analyse av opphavsrett fornyelse priser, kan du se "
-"barbara a. ringer, \"studere nr. 31: fornyelse av opphavsrett,\" studier "
-"på opphavsrett, vol. 1 (new york: praktisere loven institute, 1963), "
-"618. Hvis en nyere og omfattende analyse, se william m landes og richard "
-"en. Posner, \"på ubestemt tid fornybar copyright,\" university of "
-"chicago lov gå gjennom 70 (2003): 471, 498501 og tilhørende tallene."
+"barbara a. ringer, \"studere nr. 31: fornyelse av opphavsrett,\" studier på "
+"opphavsrett, vol. 1 (new york: praktisere loven institute, 1963), 618. Hvis "
+"en nyere og omfattende analyse, se william m landes og richard en. Posner, "
+"\"på ubestemt tid fornybar copyright,\" university of chicago lov gå gjennom "
+"70 (2003): 471, 498501 og tilhørende tallene."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of "
"copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of "
"them renewed their copyright after fourteen years; the balance allowed their "
-"work to pass into the public domain.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"work to pass into the public domain.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. f11
"vilkårene i eksisterende opphavsrettigheter; to ganger i de førti år utvidet "
"Kongressen begrepet av fremtidige opphavsretten. i utgangspunktet var "
"utvidelser av eksisterende opphavsrettigheter kort, bare ett til to år. i "
-"1976 utvidet Kongressen alle eksisterende opphavsrettigheter av nitten "
-"år. og i 1998, i sonny bono opphavsrett begrepet forlengelse loven "
-"Kongressen utvidet begrepet av eksisterende og fremtidige opphavsretten av "
-"tjue år."
+"1976 utvidet Kongressen alle eksisterende opphavsrettigheter av nitten år. "
+"og i 1998, i sonny bono opphavsrett begrepet forlengelse loven Kongressen "
+"utvidet begrepet av eksisterende og fremtidige opphavsretten av tjue år."
#. PAGE BREAK 146
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"at allemannseie vil ha blitt kirkeklokkene for trettini fifty-fem år, eller "
"70 prosent av tiden siden 1962. i tjue år etter sonny bono loven, mens en "
"million patenter vil passere i den offentlige sfæren, vil dermed null "
-"opphavsrett passerer i public domain kraft av utløpet av en opphavsrett "
-"sikt."
+"opphavsrett passerer i public domain kraft av utløpet av en opphavsrett sikt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, "
-"little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers "
+"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, little-"
+"noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers "
"established a two-part copyright regime, requiring a copyright owner to "
"renew his copyright after an initial term. The requirement of renewal meant "
"that works that no longer needed copyright protection would pass more "
"domain. works gjenværende under beskyttelse vil være de som hadde noen "
"vedvarende kommersiell verdi."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works "
"created after 1978, there was only one copyright term--the maximum term. For "
"opphavsrett ville substansiell den maksimale betegnelsen deretter "
"tilgjengelig. etter sonny bono loven, at begrepet var fem og nitti år."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure "
"that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And "
"forsikre som fungerer som utnyttes ikke lenger sendes til public domain. og "
"faktisk, etter disse endringene, er det uklart om det er også mulig å sette "
"fungerer i public domain. public domain er foreldreløse av disse endringene "
-"i lov om opphavsrett. til tross for kravet om at vilkårene være "
-"\"begrenset\", har vi ingen bevis for at noe vil begrense dem."
+"i lov om opphavsrett. til tross for kravet om at vilkårene være \"begrenset"
+"\", har vi ingen bevis for at noe vil begrense dem."
-#, mtrans
+#. f12
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first "
"year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than "
"their copyright. That meant that the average term of copyright in 1973 was "
"just 32.2 years. Because of the elimination of the renewal requirement, the "
"average term of copyright is now the maximum term. In thirty years, then, "
-"the average term has tripled, from 32.2 years to 95 years.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"the average term has tripled, from 32.2 years to 95 years.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
msgid "Law: Scope"
msgstr "loven: Virkeområde"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The \"scope\" of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law. The "
"scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those changes are not "
"necessarily bad. But we should understand the extent of the changes if we're "
"to keep this debate in context."
msgstr ""
-"\"område\" av en opphavsrett er området av rettigheter gitt av "
-"loven. omfanget av amerikanske copyright har endret seg dramatisk. disse "
-"endringene er ikke nødvendigvis dårlig. men vi bør forstå omfanget av "
-"endringene Hvis vi å holde denne debatten i sammenheng."
+"\"område\" av en opphavsrett er området av rettigheter gitt av loven. "
+"omfanget av amerikanske copyright har endret seg dramatisk. disse endringene "
+"er ikke nødvendigvis dårlig. men vi bør forstå omfanget av endringene Hvis "
+"vi å holde denne debatten i sammenheng."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only \"maps, charts, "
-"and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or "
-"architecture. More significantly, the right granted by a copyright gave the "
-"author the exclusive right to \"publish\" copyrighted works. That means "
-"someone else violated the copyright only if he republished the work without "
-"the copyright owner's permission. Finally, the right granted by a copyright "
-"was an exclusive right to that particular book. The right did not extend to "
-"what lawyers call \"derivative works.\" It would not, therefore, interfere "
-"with the right of someone other than the author to translate a copyrighted "
-"book, or to adapt the story to a different form (such as a drama based on a "
+"and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or architecture. "
+"More significantly, the right granted by a copyright gave the author the "
+"exclusive right to \"publish\" copyrighted works. That means someone else "
+"violated the copyright only if he republished the work without the copyright "
+"owner's permission. Finally, the right granted by a copyright was an "
+"exclusive right to that particular book. The right did not extend to what "
+"lawyers call \"derivative works.\" It would not, therefore, interfere with "
+"the right of someone other than the author to translate a copyrighted book, "
+"or to adapt the story to a different form (such as a drama based on a "
"published book)."
msgstr ""
"i 1790 var at omfanget svært smale. Copyright dekket bare \"kart, diagrammer "
"forfatteren eneretten til \"Publiser\" opphavsrettslig beskyttet verk. Det "
"betyr at noen andre har brutt opphavsretten bare hvis han har publisert "
"arbeid uten opphavsrett eierens tillatelse på nytt. Endelig, retten som er "
-"innvilget av en opphavsrett var en eksklusiv rett til den aktuelle "
-"boken. høyre ikke strekker seg til det advokater kaller \"avledede works.\" "
-"det vil ikke, derfor forstyrre retten av andre enn forfatteren å oversette "
-"en opphavsrettsbeskyttet bok, eller å tilpasse historien til et annet skjema "
+"innvilget av en opphavsrett var en eksklusiv rett til den aktuelle boken. "
+"høyre ikke strekker seg til det advokater kaller \"avledede works.\" det vil "
+"ikke, derfor forstyrre retten av andre enn forfatteren å oversette en "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet bok, eller å tilpasse historien til et annet skjema "
"(for eksempel et drama basert på en publiserte bok)."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today "
"are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers "
#. PAGE BREAK 148
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural "
"limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the "
"renewal requirement, for most of the history of American copyright law, "
"there was a requirement that a work be registered before it could receive "
"the protection of a copyright. There was also a requirement that any "
-"copyrighted work be marked either with that famous © or the word "
-"copyright. And for most of the history of American copyright law, there was "
-"a requirement that works be deposited with the government before a copyright "
+"copyrighted work be marked either with that famous © or the word copyright. "
+"And for most of the history of American copyright law, there was a "
+"requirement that works be deposited with the government before a copyright "
"could be secured."
msgstr ""
"på samme tid som har utvidet omfanget av copyright, er fremgangsmåter for "
"opprinnelige forfatteren."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"All of these \"formalities\" were abolished in the American system when we "
"decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement that you "
"copyright exists whether or not you actually make a copy available for "
"others to copy."
msgstr ""
-"alle disse \"formaliteter\" ble avskaffet i det amerikanske systemet når "
-"vi besluttet å følge europeiske lov om opphavsrett. Det er ingen krav at du "
+"alle disse \"formaliteter\" ble avskaffet i det amerikanske systemet når vi "
+"besluttet å følge europeiske lov om opphavsrett. Det er ingen krav at du "
"registrerer et arbeid for å få en copyright; opphavsretten nå er automatisk; "
"opphavsretten finnes om du merker arbeidet med en ©; og opphavsretten finnes "
"om du faktisk lage en kopi tilgjengelig for andre å kopiere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences."
+msgid ""
+"Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences."
msgstr "vurdere et praktisk eksempel å forstå omfanget av disse forskjellene."
#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, \"Poets, Pirates, and the Creation of "
"American Literature,\" 29 New York University Journal of International Law "
"17901800 (U.S. G.P.O., 1987)."
msgstr ""
"se thomas bender og david sampliner, \"poeter, pirater og etableringen av "
-"amerikansk litteratur,\" 29 new york university journal of internasjonal "
-"lov og politikk 255 (1997), og james gilraeth, ed., føderale opphavsrett "
+"amerikansk litteratur,\" 29 new york university journal of internasjonal lov "
+"og politikk 255 (1997), og james gilraeth, ed., føderale opphavsrett "
"records, 17901800 (US g.p.o., 1987)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually "
"copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another "
-"publisher's taking your book and republishing it without your "
-"permission. The aim of the act was to regulate publishers so as to prevent "
-"that kind of unfair competition. In 1790, there were 174 publishers in the "
-"United States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Copyright Act "
-"was thus a tiny regulation of a tiny proportion of a tiny part of the "
-"creative market in the United States--publishers."
+"publisher's taking your book and republishing it without your permission. "
+"The aim of the act was to regulate publishers so as to prevent that kind of "
+"unfair competition. In 1790, there were 174 publishers in the United States."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Copyright Act was thus a tiny "
+"regulation of a tiny proportion of a tiny part of the creative market in the "
+"United States--publishers."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 149
"for hånd, igjen og igjen, som en måte å lære det ved hjertet, var min "
"gjerning helt unregulated av 1790 act. Hvis jeg tok romanen og gjorde en "
"spiller som er basert på det, eller hvis jeg har oversatt eller utdrag det, "
-"var ingen av disse aktivitetene regulert av opprinnelige copyright "
-"act. disse kreative aktivitetene forble gratis, mens aktivitetene til "
-"utgivere var behersket."
+"var ingen av disse aktivitetene regulert av opprinnelige copyright act. "
+"disse kreative aktivitetene forble gratis, mens aktivitetene til utgivere "
+"var behersket."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"unntak) til å kontrollere hvordan andre kopierer arbeidet, om de kopiere den "
"til å publisere den på nytt, eller for å dele et utdrag."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control "
"competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today "
"understand the wrong in duplicating and selling someone else's work. But "
"whatever that wrong is, transforming someone else's work is a different "
"wrong. Some view transformation as no wrong at all--they believe that our "
-"law, as the framers penned it, should not protect derivative rights at "
-"all.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Whether or not you go that "
-"far, it seems plain that whatever wrong is involved is fundamentally "
-"different from the wrong of direct piracy."
+"law, as the framers penned it, should not protect derivative rights at all."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Whether or not you go that far, it "
+"seems plain that whatever wrong is involved is fundamentally different from "
+"the wrong of direct piracy."
msgstr ""
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about "
"the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the "
msgstr ""
"professor rubenfeld har presentert en kraftig konstitusjonelle argument om "
"forskjellen som lov om opphavsrett bør trekke (fra perspektivet til den "
-"første endringen) bare \"Kopier\" og avledede produkter. se jed "
-"rubenfeld, \"ytringsfriheten fantasi: opphavsrett 's "
-"constitutionality,\" yale law journal 112 (2002): 160 (se spesielt "
-"s. 5359)."
+"første endringen) bare \"Kopier\" og avledede produkter. se jed rubenfeld, "
+"\"ytringsfriheten fantasi: opphavsrett 's constitutionality,\" yale law "
+"journal 112 (2002): 160 (se spesielt s. 5359)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can "
"go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to "
-"court and get an injunction against your transformative use of my "
-"book.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These two different uses of "
-"my creative work are treated the same."
+"court and get an injunction against your transformative use of my book."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These two different uses of my "
+"creative work are treated the same."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be "
"able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without "
msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach"
msgstr "lov og arkitektur: nå"
-#, mtrans
+#. f16
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly "
"regulates more than \"copies\"--a public performance of a copyrighted song, "
"Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in "
"copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and "
"authors. It regulates them because all three are capable of making copies, "
-"and the core of the regulation of copyright law is copies.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"and the core of the regulation of copyright law is copies.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 151
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for copyright law "
"to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's argument at the start of this "
"should at least force us to rethink the conditions under which the law of "
"copyright automatically applies,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
"because it is clear that the current reach of copyright was never "
-"contemplated, much less chosen, by the legislators who enacted copyright "
-"law."
+"contemplated, much less chosen, by the legislators who enacted copyright law."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty "
-"circle."
+"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty circle."
msgstr ""
-"Vi kan se dette punktet abstractly begynner med dette i stor grad tom "
-"sirkel."
+"Vi kan se dette punktet abstractly begynner med dette i stor grad tom sirkel."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1521.jpg\"></graphic>"
"paradigmatic bruk riktig regulert av opphavsrett regulering (se første "
"diagrammet på neste side)."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that "
"remain unregulated because the law considers these \"fair uses.\""
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1541.jpg\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as "
"unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You "
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1551.jpg\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 154
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three "
"sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that "
"bruker som likevel anses \"rettferdig\" uavhengig av copyrighteieren "
"visninger."
-#, mtrans
+#. f18
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"I don't mean \"nature\" in the sense that it couldn't be different, but "
"rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical networks need "
"remain."
msgstr ""
"Jeg trenger ikke bety \"natur\" i den forstand at det kunne ikke være "
-"annerledes, men heller at sin nåværende objektforekomst innebærer en "
-"kopi. optisk nettverk ikke trenger lage kopier av innhold de overføre, og en "
+"annerledes, men heller at sin nåværende objektforekomst innebærer en kopi. "
+"optisk nettverk ikke trenger lage kopier av innhold de overføre, og en "
"digital network kan være utformet for å slette noe det kopierer slik at det "
"samme antallet kopier forblir."
"fifth time, you are making a copy of the book contrary to the copyright "
"owner's wish."
msgstr ""
-"men den samme bok som en e-bok styres effektivt av et annet sett med "
-"regler. nå hvis eieren av opphavsretten sier du kan lese boken bare én gang, "
-"eller bare en gang i måneden, så lov om opphavsrett skulle hjelpe eieren av "
+"men den samme bok som en e-bok styres effektivt av et annet sett med regler. "
+"nå hvis eieren av opphavsretten sier du kan lese boken bare én gang, eller "
+"bare en gang i måneden, så lov om opphavsrett skulle hjelpe eieren av "
"opphavsretten i utøvelse slik grad av kontroll, på grunn av funksjonen "
-"tilfeldig i lov om opphavsrett som utløser sin søknad på det å være en "
-"kopi. nå hvis du lese boken ti ganger, og lisensen sier du kan lese det bare "
-"fem ganger, deretter hver gang du leser boken (eller deler av det) utover "
-"den femte tid, gjør du en kopi av boken i strid med opphavsrett eierens "
-"ønske."
+"tilfeldig i lov om opphavsrett som utløser sin søknad på det å være en kopi. "
+"nå hvis du lese boken ti ganger, og lisensen sier du kan lese det bare fem "
+"ganger, deretter hver gang du leser boken (eller deler av det) utover den "
+"femte tid, gjør du en kopi av boken i strid med opphavsrett eierens ønske."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"policy her for å skifte. unregulated bruker var en viktig del av fri kultur "
"før Internett."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative "
"uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in "
"piratkopiering. men loven nå hensikt å regulere alle transformasjoner som du "
"gjør i skapende arbeid ved hjelp av en maskin. \"Kopier og Lim inn\" og "
"\"klippe og lime\" bli forbrytelser. fiksing og triksing med en historie og "
-"slippe det til andre viser til tinkerer å minst et krav for "
-"justering. troubling utvidelse med hensyn til kopiere et bestemt arbeid, men "
-"det er svært troubling med hensyn til transformative bruk av skapende "
-"arbeid."
+"slippe det til andre viser til tinkerer å minst et krav for justering. "
+"troubling utvidelse med hensyn til kopiere et bestemt arbeid, men det er "
+"svært troubling med hensyn til transformative bruk av skapende arbeid."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 156
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden "
"on category 3 (\"fair use\") that fair use never before had to bear. If a "
-"copyright owner now tried to control how many times I could read a book "
-"on-line, the natural response would be to argue that this is a violation of "
-"my fair use rights. But there has never been any litigation about whether I "
+"copyright owner now tried to control how many times I could read a book on-"
+"line, the natural response would be to argue that this is a violation of my "
+"fair use rights. But there has never been any litigation about whether I "
"have a fair use right to read, because before the Internet, reading did not "
"trigger the application of copyright law and hence the need for a fair use "
"defense. The right to read was effectively protected before because reading "
"store flertallet av bruker er unregulated. men når alt blir presumptively "
"regulert, deretter beskyttelse av fair use er ikke nok."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the "
"business of making \"trailer\" advertisements for movies available to video "
-"stores. The video stores displayed the trailers as a way to sell "
-"videos. Video Pipeline got the trailers from the film distributors, put the "
-"trailers on tape, and sold the tapes to the retail stores."
+"stores. The video stores displayed the trailers as a way to sell videos. "
+"Video Pipeline got the trailers from the film distributors, put the trailers "
+"on tape, and sold the tapes to the retail stores."
msgstr ""
"tilfelle av video rørledning er et godt eksempel. video rørledningen var i "
"bransjen for å gjøre \"trailer\" reklame for filmer tilgjengelig til video "
-"butikker. video butikkene vises tilhengere som en måte å selge "
-"videoer. video rørledningen fikk tilhengere fra trevare, sette tilhengere på "
-"bånd, og solgt kassetter til selge i detalj butikker."
+"butikker. video butikkene vises tilhengere som en måte å selge videoer. "
+"video rørledningen fikk tilhengere fra trevare, sette tilhengere på bånd, og "
+"solgt kassetter til selge i detalj butikker."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to "
"think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The "
"bokhandel du kan lese noen få sider av en bok før du kjøper boken, så, du "
"vil også kunne smake litt fra filmen on-line før du kjøpte den."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 157
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it "
"intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than "
"de hadde. så de anlagt en sak å be retten å erklære at disse rettighetene "
"var faktisk sine rettigheter."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Disney countersued--for $100 million in damages. Those damages were "
"predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had \"willfully infringed\" on "
"vise titlene på filmene de solgte, men de var ikke lov til å vise klipp av "
"filmer som en måte å selge dem uten disney's tillatelse."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would "
"consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives "
msgstr ""
"ingen tvil, et potensial er ikke et misbruk, og så potensialet for kontroll "
"er ikke ennå misbruk av kontroll. Barnes & noble har rett til å si du "
-"ikke røre en bok i deres store; opphavsrettslovgivningen gir dem det "
-"riktig. men markedet beskytter effektivt mot at misbruk. Hvis barnes & "
-"noble utestengt surfing, vil deretter forbrukere velge andre "
-"bokhandlere. konkurranse beskytter mot ytterpunktene. og det kan godt være "
-"(mitt argument så langt ikke selv spørsmålet dette) at konkurransen ville "
-"hindre noen lignende fare når det gjelder opphavsrett. sikker, kan utgivere "
-"utøve rettigheter som forfattere har tildelt dem prøver å regulere hvor "
-"mange ganger du leser en bok, eller prøv å opphøre du fra deler av boken med "
-"noen. men i et konkurranseutsatt marked som bok-markedet, farene ved dette "
-"skjer er ganske liten."
+"ikke røre en bok i deres store; opphavsrettslovgivningen gir dem det riktig. "
+"men markedet beskytter effektivt mot at misbruk. Hvis barnes & noble "
+"utestengt surfing, vil deretter forbrukere velge andre bokhandlere. "
+"konkurranse beskytter mot ytterpunktene. og det kan godt være (mitt argument "
+"så langt ikke selv spørsmålet dette) at konkurransen ville hindre noen "
+"lignende fare når det gjelder opphavsrett. sikker, kan utgivere utøve "
+"rettigheter som forfattere har tildelt dem prøver å regulere hvor mange "
+"ganger du leser en bok, eller prøv å opphøre du fra deler av boken med noen. "
+"men i et konkurranseutsatt marked som bok-markedet, farene ved dette skjer "
+"er ganske liten."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second "
-"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its "
-"significance. This second change does not affect the reach of copyright "
-"regulation; it affects how such regulation is enforced."
+"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its significance. "
+"This second change does not affect the reach of copyright regulation; it "
+"affects how such regulation is enforced."
msgstr ""
"forsvinningen av unregulated bruker ville være endre nok, men andre viktige "
"endringer forårsaket av Internett øker sin betydning. denne andre endringen "
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary "
"Problems 44 (1981): 17273."
#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 13."
msgstr "ibid. se også vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 13."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the "
-"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly "
-"claim. This extremism was irrelevant to the real freedoms anyone (including "
-"Warner Brothers) enjoyed."
+"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly claim. "
+"This extremism was irrelevant to the real freedoms anyone (including Warner "
+"Brothers) enjoyed."
msgstr ""
"en absurd og hul trussel, selvfølgelig, fordi warner brothers, the marx "
-"brothers, visste at ingen domstol ville noensinne håndheve slikt dumt "
-"krav. Denne ekstremisme var irrelevant for ekte friheter nytes alle "
-"(inkludert warner brothers)."
+"brothers, visste at ingen domstol ville noensinne håndheve slikt dumt krav. "
+"Denne ekstremisme var irrelevant for ekte friheter nytes alle (inkludert "
+"warner brothers)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"innholdet ved hjelp av teknologien."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader."
-msgstr "på neste er siden et bilde av en gammel versjon av min adobe eBok-leser."
+msgid ""
+"On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader."
+msgstr ""
+"på neste er siden et bilde av en gammel versjon av min adobe eBok-leser."
#. PAGE BREAK 160
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"on my e-book copy of Middlemarch, you'll see a fancy cover, and then a "
"button at the bottom called Permissions."
msgstr ""
-"som du ser, har jeg en liten samling av e-bøker i denne e-boken "
-"biblioteket. noen av disse bøkene reprodusere innholdet i public domain: "
-"middlemarch, er for eksempel i public domain. noen av dem reprodusere "
-"innhold som ikke er allemannseie: min egen bok fremtiden for ideer er ennå "
-"ikke i public domain. vurdere middlemarch først. Hvis du klikker på min "
-"e-bok-kopi av middlemarch, vil du se en fancy cover og deretter en knapp på "
-"bunnen kalt tillatelser."
+"som du ser, har jeg en liten samling av e-bøker i denne e-boken biblioteket. "
+"noen av disse bøkene reprodusere innholdet i public domain: middlemarch, er "
+"for eksempel i public domain. noen av dem reprodusere innhold som ikke er "
+"allemannseie: min egen bok fremtiden for ideer er ennå ikke i public domain. "
+"vurdere middlemarch først. Hvis du klikker på min e-bok-kopi av middlemarch, "
+"vil du se en fancy cover og deretter en knapp på bunnen kalt tillatelser."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
msgid "Acrobat eBook Reader"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at "
-"all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book."
+"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at all. "
+"But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book."
msgstr ""
"i henhold til tillatelsene, ingen utskrift eller kopiering er tillatt i det "
"hele tatt. men heldigvis kan du bruke lese høyt knappen for å høre boken."
"publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For works under "
"copyright, the copyright owner certainly does have the power--up to the "
"limits of the copyright law. But for work not under copyright, there is no "
-"such copyright power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> When my "
-"e-book of Middlemarch says I have the permission to copy only ten text "
+"such copyright power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> When my e-"
+"book of Middlemarch says I have the permission to copy only ten text "
"selections into the memory every ten days, what that really means is that "
"the eBook Reader has enabled the publisher to control how I use the book on "
"my computer, far beyond the control that the law would enable."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The control comes instead from the code--from the technology within which "
"the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are permissions, "
"she's Cinderella) that she can stay out till 2 A.M., but will suffer a "
"punishment if she's caught. But when the Adobe eBook Reader says I have the "
"permission to make ten copies of the text into the computer's memory, that "
-"means that after I've made ten copies, the computer will not make any "
-"more. The same with the printing restrictions: After ten pages, the eBook "
-"Reader will not print any more pages. It's the same with the silly "
-"restriction that says that you can't use the Read Aloud button to read my "
-"book aloud--it's not that the company will sue you if you do; instead, if "
-"you push the Read Aloud button with my book, the machine simply won't read "
-"aloud."
-msgstr ""
-"kontrollen kommer i stedet fra koden--fra teknologi som e-bok \"liv.\" om "
-"e-boken sier at disse er tillatelsene, de er ikke typen \"tillatelser\" som "
-"de fleste av oss håndtere. Når en tenåring blir \"tillatelse\" til å være "
-"ute til midnatt, vet hun (med mindre hun er cinderella) at hun kan være ute "
-"til 2 am, men vil lide en straff hvis hun er fanget. men når adobe eBok "
-"reader sier jeg har tillatelse til å lage ti Kopier teksten inn i "
-"datamaskinens minne, som betyr at etter at jeg har gjort ti eksemplarer, "
-"datamaskinen ikke vil gjøre noe mer. det samme med utskrift begrensninger: "
-"eBok-leser ikke skrives ut flere sider etter ti sider. Det er det samme med "
-"dum størrelsesbegrensningen som sier at du ikke kan bruke lese høyt knappen "
-"til å lese boken min høyt--det er ikke at selskapet vil saksøke deg hvis du "
+"means that after I've made ten copies, the computer will not make any more. "
+"The same with the printing restrictions: After ten pages, the eBook Reader "
+"will not print any more pages. It's the same with the silly restriction "
+"that says that you can't use the Read Aloud button to read my book aloud--"
+"it's not that the company will sue you if you do; instead, if you push the "
+"Read Aloud button with my book, the machine simply won't read aloud."
+msgstr ""
+"kontrollen kommer i stedet fra koden--fra teknologi som e-bok \"liv.\" om e-"
+"boken sier at disse er tillatelsene, de er ikke typen \"tillatelser\" som de "
+"fleste av oss håndtere. Når en tenåring blir \"tillatelse\" til å være ute "
+"til midnatt, vet hun (med mindre hun er cinderella) at hun kan være ute til "
+"2 am, men vil lide en straff hvis hun er fanget. men når adobe eBok reader "
+"sier jeg har tillatelse til å lage ti Kopier teksten inn i datamaskinens "
+"minne, som betyr at etter at jeg har gjort ti eksemplarer, datamaskinen ikke "
+"vil gjøre noe mer. det samme med utskrift begrensninger: eBok-leser ikke "
+"skrives ut flere sider etter ti sider. Det er det samme med dum "
+"størrelsesbegrensningen som sier at du ikke kan bruke lese høyt knappen til "
+"å lese boken min høyt--det er ikke at selskapet vil saksøke deg hvis du "
"gjør; i stedet, hvis du presse lese høyt knappen med min bok, maskinen bare "
"vil ikke lese høyt."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 163
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"These are controls, not permissions. Imagine a world where the Marx Brothers "
-"sold word processing software that, when you tried to type \"Warner "
-"Brothers,\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence."
+"sold word processing software that, when you tried to type \"Warner Brothers,"
+"\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence."
msgstr ""
"Dette er kontroller, ikke tillatelser. Forestill deg en verden der marx "
"brødrene solgte tekstbehandling programvare som, da du prøvde å skrive inn "
"We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook "
"Reader."
msgstr ""
-"Vi har bare riper i overflaten av denne historien. gå tilbake til adobe "
-"eBok-leser."
+"Vi har bare riper i overflaten av denne historien. gå tilbake til adobe eBok-"
+"leser."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1641.jpg\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 164
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, "
"not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the \"permissions\" "
"Hvis du vil se punktet i en spesielt absurd sammenheng, bør du vurdere en "
"favoritt historien om mine som gjør det samme punktet."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns "
"tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and that "
"informasjon om hvordan du lære en aibo å gjøre triks i tillegg til de sony "
"hadde lært det på det området."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You "
"teach a computer how to do something by programming it differently. So to "
"\"lære\" har her en spesiell betydning. aibos er bare søt datamaskiner. du "
"lære en datamaskin hvor å gjøre noe ved programmering det annerledes. så å "
"si at aibopet.com var å gi informasjon om hvordan du lære hunden å gjøre nye "
-"triks er bare å si at aibopet.com var å gi informasjon til brukere av "
-"aibo-pet om hvordan å hacke datamaskinen \"hund\" slik at den gjør nye triks "
+"triks er bare å si at aibopet.com var å gi informasjon til brukere av aibo-"
+"pet om hvordan å hacke datamaskinen \"hund\" slik at den gjør nye triks "
"(derfor aibohack.com)."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word hack has "
-"a particularly unfriendly connotation. Nonprogrammers hack bushes or "
-"weeds. Nonprogrammers in horror movies do even worse. But to programmers, or "
+"a particularly unfriendly connotation. Nonprogrammers hack bushes or weeds. "
+"Nonprogrammers in horror movies do even worse. But to programmers, or "
"coders, as I call them, hack is a much more positive term. Hack just means "
"code that enables the program to do something it wasn't originally intended "
"or enabled to do. If you buy a new printer for an old computer, you might "
"kjøper en ny skriver for en gammel datamaskin, kan du finne den gamle "
"datamaskinen ikke kjører, eller \"drive\", skriveren. Hvis du oppdaget at, "
"vil du senere gjerne til å oppdage en hack på nettet av noen som har skrevet "
-"en driver for å aktivere datamaskinen til å kjøre skriveren du nettopp "
-"kjøpt."
+"en driver for å aktivere datamaskinen til å kjøre skriveren du nettopp kjøpt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like "
-"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult "
-"tasks. There's a certain respect that goes with the talent to hack "
-"well. There's a well-deserved respect that goes with the talent to hack "
-"ethically."
+"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult tasks. "
+"There's a certain respect that goes with the talent to hack well. There's a "
+"well-deserved respect that goes with the talent to hack ethically."
msgstr ""
"noen hacks er lett. noen er utrolig vanskelig. hackere som et fellesskap "
"liker å utfordre seg selv og andre med stadig vanskeligere oppgaver. Det er "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and "
-"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance "
-"jazz. The dog wasn't programmed to dance jazz. It was a clever bit of "
-"tinkering that turned the dog into a more talented creature than Sony had "
-"built."
+"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance jazz. "
+"The dog wasn't programmed to dance jazz. It was a clever bit of tinkering "
+"that turned the dog into a more talented creature than Sony had built."
msgstr ""
"fan aibo var vise litt av begge når han hacket programmet og tilbød å verden "
"litt kode som ville gjøre det mulig for aibo å danse jazz. hunden var ikke "
"that the owner of aibopet.com thought, What possible problem could there be "
"with teaching a robot dog to dance?"
msgstr ""
-"Jeg har fortalt denne historien i mange sammenhenger, både i og utenfor "
-"USA. Når jeg ble spurt av en rådvill medlem av publikum, er det tillatt for "
-"en hunden å danse jazz i USA? Vi glemmer at artikler om backcountry "
-"fremdeles flyter gjennom store deler av verden. så la oss være klare før vi "
-"fortsetter: det er ikke en forbrytelse hvor som helst (lenger) å danse "
-"jazz. heller ikke er det en forbrytelse å lære din hunden å danse "
-"jazz. heller ikke bør det være en forbrytelse (selv om vi ikke har mye å gå "
-"på her) å lære hunden din robot å danse jazz. dans jazz er en helt lovlig "
-"aktivitet. en bilder at eieren av aibopet.com trodde, hva et mulig problem "
-"kan det være med undervisning en robot hunden å danse?"
+"Jeg har fortalt denne historien i mange sammenhenger, både i og utenfor USA. "
+"Når jeg ble spurt av en rådvill medlem av publikum, er det tillatt for en "
+"hunden å danse jazz i USA? Vi glemmer at artikler om backcountry fremdeles "
+"flyter gjennom store deler av verden. så la oss være klare før vi "
+"fortsetter: det er ikke en forbrytelse hvor som helst (lenger) å danse jazz. "
+"heller ikke er det en forbrytelse å lære din hunden å danse jazz. heller "
+"ikke bør det være en forbrytelse (selv om vi ikke har mye å gå på her) å "
+"lære hunden din robot å danse jazz. dans jazz er en helt lovlig aktivitet. "
+"en bilder at eieren av aibopet.com trodde, hva et mulig problem kan det være "
+"med undervisning en robot hunden å danse?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed "
"Felten prepared for a conference. This Princeton academic is well known and "
"respected. He was hired by the government in the Microsoft case to test "
-"Microsoft's claims about what could and could not be done with its own "
-"code. In that trial, he demonstrated both his brilliance and his "
-"coolness. Under heavy badgering by Microsoft lawyers, Ed Felten stood his "
-"ground. He was not about to be bullied into being silent about something he "
-"knew very well."
+"Microsoft's claims about what could and could not be done with its own code. "
+"In that trial, he demonstrated both his brilliance and his coolness. Under "
+"heavy badgering by Microsoft lawyers, Ed Felten stood his ground. He was not "
+"about to be bullied into being silent about something he knew very well."
msgstr ""
"La oss sette hunden å sove litt, og slå til en ponni Vis--ikke bokstavelig "
"talt en ponni show, men heller et papir som en princeton akademiske kalt ed "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a "
-"paper to be submitted at conference. The paper was intended to describe the "
+"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a paper "
+"to be submitted at conference. The paper was intended to describe the "
"weakness in an encryption system being developed by the Secure Digital Music "
"Initiative as a technique to control the distribution of music."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to "
"exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United "
-"States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just "
-"because it is the law, but also because it is a really great idea. A "
-"strongly protected tradition of free speech is likely to encourage a wide "
-"range of criticism. That criticism is likely, in turn, to improve the "
-"systems or people or ideas criticized."
+"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United States. "
+"We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just because "
+"it is the law, but also because it is a really great idea. A strongly "
+"protected tradition of free speech is likely to encourage a wide range of "
+"criticism. That criticism is likely, in turn, to improve the systems or "
+"people or ideas criticized."
msgstr ""
"La oss vurdere bare hva felten gjorde. igjen, dette er USA. Vi har et "
"prinsipp for ytringsfrihet. Vi har dette prinsippet ikke bare fordi det er "
"hack. Though a jazz-dancing dog is perfectly legal, Sony wrote:"
msgstr ""
"Hva kobler disse to, aibopet.com og felten, er bokstavene de deretter "
-"mottatt. aibopet.com mottatt et brev fra sony om det aibopet.com "
-"banalisere. Selv om en jazz-dans hunden er helt lovlig, skrev sony:"
+"mottatt. aibopet.com mottatt et brev fra sony om det aibopet.com banalisere. "
+"Selv om en jazz-dans hunden er helt lovlig, skrev sony:"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"bør også være helt lovlig, felten mottatt et brev fra en riaa advokat som "
"lese:"
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 168
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public "
"Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the "
"aktivering omfattet uten tvil bruk av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. men "
"som aibopet.com's området var ikke-kommersielt, og bruk ikke aktiverte "
"etterfølgende opphavsrett infringements, er det ingen tvil om at aibopet.com "
-"banalisere var rettferdig bruk av Sonys opphavsrettsbeskyttet "
-"materiale. rettferdig bruk er ennå ikke krenkelser av dmca. spørsmålet er "
-"ikke om bruk av opphavsrettslig materiale var et brudd på "
-"opphavsretten. spørsmålet er om et system for opphavsrettsbeskyttelse var "
-"omgikk."
+"banalisere var rettferdig bruk av Sonys opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. "
+"rettferdig bruk er ennå ikke krenkelser av dmca. spørsmålet er ikke om bruk "
+"av opphavsrettslig materiale var et brudd på opphavsretten. spørsmålet er om "
+"et system for opphavsrettsbeskyttelse var omgikk."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"selv krenker andres opphavsrett, hans akademiske papir var aktivere andre "
"til å krenke andres opphavsrett."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by "
"Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could "
#. f23
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, "
"455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers never changed his view about the VCR. See James "
"\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that "
"it's a real service to families to be able to record such programs and show "
"them at appropriate times. I have always felt that with the advent of all of "
-"this new technology that allows people to tape the \"Neighborhood\" "
-"off-the-air, and I'm speaking for the \"Neighborhood\" because that's what I "
+"this new technology that allows people to tape the \"Neighborhood\" off-the-"
+"air, and I'm speaking for the \"Neighborhood\" because that's what I "
"produce, that they then become much more active in the programming of their "
"family's television life. Very frankly, I am opposed to people being "
"programmed by others. My whole approach in broadcasting has always been "
"som var ulovlig, domstolen holdt selskaper produsere vcr ansvarlig."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-msgid "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA."
-msgstr "Dette førte conrad å trekke tegneserie nedenfor, som vi kan vedta å dmca."
+msgid ""
+"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette førte conrad å trekke tegneserie nedenfor, som vi kan vedta å dmca."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close."
-msgstr "ingen argument jeg har kan topp dette bildet, men la meg prøve å komme nær."
+msgstr ""
+"ingen argument jeg har kan topp dette bildet, men la meg prøve å komme nær."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention "
-"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different "
-"ends. They can be used, for example, to enable massive pirating of "
-"copyrighted material--a bad end. Or they can be used to enable the use of "
-"particular copyrighted materials in ways that would be considered fair "
-"use--a good end."
-msgstr ""
-"anticircumvention bestemmelsene i dmca mot opphavsrett omgåelse "
-"teknologier. omgåelse teknologiene kan brukes for ulike ender. de kan "
-"brukes, for eksempel å aktivere massiv pirating av opphavsrettsbeskyttet "
-"materiale--en dårlig slutt. eller de kan brukes til å aktivere bruken av "
-"bestemt opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale på måter som vil anses rimelig "
-"bruk--en god slutt."
+"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different ends. "
+"They can be used, for example, to enable massive pirating of copyrighted "
+"material--a bad end. Or they can be used to enable the use of particular "
+"copyrighted materials in ways that would be considered fair use--a good end."
+msgstr ""
+"anticircumvention bestemmelsene i dmca mot opphavsrett omgåelse teknologier. "
+"omgåelse teknologiene kan brukes for ulike ender. de kan brukes, for "
+"eksempel å aktivere massiv pirating av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale--en "
+"dårlig slutt. eller de kan brukes til å aktivere bruken av bestemt "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale på måter som vil anses rimelig bruk--en god "
+"slutt."
#. PAGE BREAK 171
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"otherwise plainly constitute fair use) is beyond the reach of the law. Code "
"becomes law; code extends the law; code thus extends the control that "
"copyright owners effect--at least for those copyright holders with the "
-"lawyers who can write the nasty letters that Felten and aibopet.com "
-"received."
+"lawyers who can write the nasty letters that Felten and aibopet.com received."
msgstr ""
"Dette er hvordan koden blir lov. Kontroller som er innebygd i teknologien "
"for kopiering og tilgang beskyttelse bli regler bryter som er også et brudd "
"snoops, så vel som brukere, og snoops er stadig gode på sporing ned "
"identiteten til de som bryter reglene."
-#, mtrans
+#. f24
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, "
"Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" Loyola of Los Angeles "
"Entertainment Law Journal 17 (1997): 651."
msgstr ""
-"for en tidlig og forutseende analyse, kan du se rebecca tushnet, "
-"\"legal-fictions, copyright, fanfiction og en ny felles lov,\" loyola av los "
-"angeles underholdning law journal 17 (1997): 651."
+"for en tidlig og forutseende analyse, kan du se rebecca tushnet, \"legal-"
+"fictions, copyright, fanfiction og en ny felles lov,\" loyola av los angeles "
+"underholdning law journal 17 (1997): 651."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"For example, imagine you were part of a Star Trek fan club. You gathered "
"every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of fan fiction about "
"the show. One person would play Spock, another, Captain Kirk. The characters "
-"would begin with a plot from a real story, then simply continue "
-"
it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"would begin with a plot from a real story, then simply continue it."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"is quick."
msgstr ""
"men hvis du har flyttet din klubb til Internett, og gjorde det vanligvis "
-"tilgjengelig for andre til å delta, historien ville være svært "
-"forskjellige. robotsøkeprogrammer scouring nettet for varemerke- og "
-"copyright infringement vil raskt finne nettstedet. Innleggsaktivitet fan "
-"fiction, avhengig av eierskap av serien som du som viser, kan også inspirere "
-"en advokat trussel. og ignorerer den advokat trussel ville være uhyre "
-"kostbart faktisk. loven om opphavsrett er ekstremt effektiv. straffene er "
-"alvorlige, og prosessen er rask."
+"tilgjengelig for andre til å delta, historien ville være svært forskjellige. "
+"robotsøkeprogrammer scouring nettet for varemerke- og copyright infringement "
+"vil raskt finne nettstedet. Innleggsaktivitet fan fiction, avhengig av "
+"eierskap av serien som du som viser, kan også inspirere en advokat trussel. "
+"og ignorerer den advokat trussel ville være uhyre kostbart faktisk. loven om "
+"opphavsrett er ekstremt effektiv. straffene er alvorlige, og prosessen er "
+"rask."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"prosent av media."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature."
-msgstr "disse endringene er i to former: omfanget av konsentrasjon, og dens natur."
+msgid ""
+"These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature."
+msgstr ""
+"disse endringene er i to former: omfanget av konsentrasjon, og dens natur."
#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
"FCC oversight: høring før Senatet commerce, science and transport komiteen, "
"108th cong., 1 sess. (22 mai 2003) (setning av senator john mccain)."
-#, mtrans
+#. f26
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" "
"New York Times, 23 December 2002."
"lynette holloway, \"til tross for en markedsføring blitz cd salg fortsette å "
"skyve,\" new york times, 23 desember 2002."
-#, mtrans
+#. f27
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" Charleston Gazette, 31 "
"May 2003."
msgid ""
"Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain "
"summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five "
-"companies control 85 percent of our media sources.\"<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The five recording labels of Universal Music "
-"Group, BMG, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, and EMI control "
-"84.8 percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> The \"five largest cable companies pipe programming to 74 percent "
-"of the cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"2\"/>"
+"companies control 85 percent of our media sources.\"<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The five recording labels of Universal Music Group, "
+"BMG, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, and EMI control 84.8 "
+"percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> "
+"The \"five largest cable companies pipe programming to 74 percent of the "
+"cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 174
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the "
-"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than "
-"seventy-five stations. Today one company owns more than 1,200 stations. "
-"During that period of consolidation, the total number of radio owners "
-"dropped by 34 percent. Today, in most markets, the two largest broadcasters "
-"control 74 percent of that market's revenues. Overall, just four companies "
-"control 90 percent of the nation's radio advertising revenues."
+"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than seventy-"
+"five stations. Today one company owns more than 1,200 stations. During that "
+"period of consolidation, the total number of radio owners dropped by 34 "
+"percent. Today, in most markets, the two largest broadcasters control 74 "
+"percent of that market's revenues. Overall, just four companies control 90 "
+"percent of the nation's radio advertising revenues."
msgstr ""
"historien med radio er enda mer dramatisk. før dereguleringen, landets "
"største radio sendinger konglomerat eid færre enn sytti-fem stasjoner. i dag "
"eighty years ago, and ten companies control half of the nation's "
"circulation. There are twenty major newspaper publishers in the United "
"States. The top ten film studios receive 99 percent of all film revenue. The "
-"ten largest cable companies account for 85 percent of all cable "
-"revenue. This is a market far from the free press the framers sought to "
-"protect. Indeed, it is a market that is quite well protected-- by the "
-"market."
+"ten largest cable companies account for 85 percent of all cable revenue. "
+"This is a market far from the free press the framers sought to protect. "
+"Indeed, it is a market that is quite well protected-- by the market."
msgstr ""
"avisen eierskap er i ferd med å bli mer konsentrert også. i dag, er det seks "
"hundre færre daglige aviser i USA enn det var åtti år siden og ti selskaper "
"kontroll halvparten av landets sirkulasjon. Det er tjue stor avis utgivere i "
"USA. topp ti film studioer motta 99 prosent av alle inntekter for filmen. ti "
-"største kabelselskaper konto for 85 prosent av alle inntekter for "
-"kabel. Dette er et marked langt fra fri presse underskrev søkt å "
-"beskytte. Det er faktisk et marked som er svært godt beskyttet--av markedet."
+"største kabelselskaper konto for 85 prosent av alle inntekter for kabel. "
+"Dette er et marked langt fra fri presse underskrev søkt å beskytte. Det er "
+"faktisk et marked som er svært godt beskyttet--av markedet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"natur at konsentrasjon. som forfatter james fallows sette den i en fersk "
"artikkel om rupert murdoch,"
-#, mtrans
+#. f28
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
-"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): "
-"89."
+"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): 89."
msgstr ""
"James fallows, \"en alder av murdoch,\" atlantic monthly (september 2003): "
"89."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its "
-"integration. They supply content--Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows "
-". . . Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They sell "
-"the content to the public and to advertisers--in newspapers, on the "
-"broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical "
-"distribution system through which the content reaches the "
-"customers. Murdoch's satellite systems now distribute News Corp. content in "
-"Europe and Asia; if Murdoch becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that "
-"system will serve the same function in the United States.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"integration. They supply content--Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows . . . Fox-"
+"controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They sell the "
+"content to the public and to advertisers--in newspapers, on the broadcast "
+"network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical distribution "
+"system through which the content reaches the customers. Murdoch's satellite "
+"systems now distribute News Corp. content in Europe and Asia; if Murdoch "
+"becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that system will serve the same "
+"function in the United States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for All in the Family. He took the "
-"pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too edgy, they told "
-"Lear. Make it again. Lear made a second pilot, more edgy than the first. ABC "
-"was exasperated. You're missing the point, they told Lear. We wanted less "
-"edgy, not more."
+"pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too edgy, they told Lear. "
+"Make it again. Lear made a second pilot, more edgy than the first. ABC was "
+"exasperated. You're missing the point, they told Lear. We wanted less edgy, "
+"not more."
msgstr ""
"i 1969, norman lear opprettet en pilot for alle i familien. Han tok piloten "
"til abc. nettverket liker ikke det. Det var også irritabel, fortalte de "
-"lear. gjøre det igjen. Lear gjort en andre pilot, mer irritabel enn "
-"først. ABC var exasperated. du mangler punktet, fortalte de lear. Vi ønsket "
-"mindre irritabel, ikke mer."
+"lear. gjøre det igjen. Lear gjort en andre pilot, mer irritabel enn først. "
+"ABC var exasperated. du mangler punktet, fortalte de lear. Vi ønsket mindre "
+"irritabel, ikke mer."
#. f29
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center "
"Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, "
-"3 April 2003 (transcript of prepared remarks available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #28</ulink>; for the Lear story, "
-"not included in the prepared remarks, see <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #29</ulink>)."
+"3 April 2003 (transcript of prepared remarks available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #28</ulink>; for the Lear story, not "
+"included in the prepared remarks, see <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #29</ulink>)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to "
"have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that "
-"Lear held assured an independence from network control.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Lear held assured an independence from network control.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 176
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the "
"networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media "
-"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st "
-"sess. (2003) (testimony of Gene Kimmelman on behalf of Consumers Union and "
-"the Consumer Federation of America), available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #30</ulink>. Kimmelman quotes "
-"Victoria Riskin, president of Writers Guild of America, West, in her Remarks "
-"at FCC En Banc Hearing, Richmond, Virginia, 27 February 2003."
+"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. "
+"(2003) (testimony of Gene Kimmelman on behalf of Consumers Union and the "
+"Consumer Federation of America), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #30</ulink>. Kimmelman quotes Victoria Riskin, "
+"president of Writers Guild of America, West, in her Remarks at FCC En Banc "
+"Hearing, Richmond, Virginia, 27 February 2003."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"series were produced for a network by a company it controlled. Last year, "
"the percentage of shows produced by controlled companies more than "
"quintupled to 77 percent.\" \"In 1992, 16 new series were produced "
-"independently of conglomerate control, last year there was "
-"
one.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In 2002, 75 percent of prime "
+"independently of conglomerate control, last year there was one."
+"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In 2002, 75 percent of prime "
"time television was owned by the networks that ran it. \"In the ten-year "
"period between 1992 and 2002, the number of prime time television hours per "
"week produced by network studios increased over 200%, whereas the number of "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" Now with Bill Moyers, Bill "
-"Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>."
+"Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large "
-"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly "
-"safe. Increasingly sterile. The product of news shows from networks like "
-"this is increasingly tailored to the message the network wants to "
-"convey. This is not the communist party, though from the inside, it must "
-"feel a bit like the communist party. No one can question without risk of "
-"consequence--not necessarily banishment to Siberia, but punishment "
-"nonetheless. Independent, critical, different views are quashed. This is not "
-"the environment for a democracy."
+"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly safe. "
+"Increasingly sterile. The product of news shows from networks like this is "
+"increasingly tailored to the message the network wants to convey. This is "
+"not the communist party, though from the inside, it must feel a bit like the "
+"communist party. No one can question without risk of consequence--not "
+"necessarily banishment to Siberia, but punishment nonetheless. Independent, "
+"critical, different views are quashed. This is not the environment for a "
+"democracy."
msgstr ""
"dette begrense har en effekt på det som produseres. produktet av slike store "
"og konsentrert nettverk er stadig mer homogene. stadig mer trygg. stadig "
"Dilemma\": the fact that large traditional firms find it rational to ignore "
"new, breakthrough technologies that compete with their core business. The "
"same analysis could help explain why large, traditional media companies "
-"would find it rational to ignore new cultural trends.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Lumbering giants not only don't, but should "
-"not, sprint. Yet if the field is only open to the giants, there will be far "
-"too little sprinting."
+"would find it rational to ignore new cultural trends.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Lumbering giants not only don't, but should not, "
+"sprint. Yet if the field is only open to the giants, there will be far too "
+"little sprinting."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug "
-"wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; "
-"criminal and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle."
+"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug wars. "
+"Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; criminal "
+"and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle."
msgstr ""
-"i tillegg til opphavsrett krigene er vi midt i "
-"narkotika-krigene. regjeringens politikk er sterkt rettet mot narkotika "
-"cartels; straffesaker og sivile domstolene er fylt med konsekvensene av "
-"denne kampen."
+"i tillegg til opphavsrett krigene er vi midt i narkotika-krigene. "
+"regjeringens politikk er sterkt rettet mot narkotika cartels; straffesaker "
+"og sivile domstolene er fylt med konsekvensene av denne kampen."
#. PAGE BREAK 178
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"feil. Jeg er ikke pro narkotika. faktisk, jeg kommer fra en familie en gang "
"havarerte av narkotika--om narkotika som havarerte familien min var alle "
"helt lovlig. Jeg tror at denne krigen er en dyp feil fordi "
-"sikkerhetsstillelse skade fra det som er så stor at gjøre føre krig "
-"galskap. Når du legger til sammen byrdene på det strafferettslige systemet, "
+"sikkerhetsstillelse skade fra det som er så stor at gjøre føre krig galskap. "
+"Når du legger til sammen byrdene på det strafferettslige systemet, "
"desperasjon generasjoner av barna som har bare ekte økonomiske muligheter er "
"som narkotika krigere, queering av konstitusjonelle vern på grunn av "
"konstant overvåking krever at denne krigen, og, mest dypt total ødeleggelse "
"avhengig fundamentalt pressen for å informere amerikanerne om disse "
"problemene."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a "
"media campaign as part of the \"war on drugs.\" The campaign produced scores "
"(the Nick and Norm series) two men are in a bar, discussing the idea of "
"legalizing drugs as a way to avoid some of the collateral damage from the "
"war. One advances an argument in favor of drug legalization. The other "
-"responds in a powerful and effective way against the argument of the "
-"first. In the end, the first guy changes his mind (hey, it's "
-"television). The plug at the end is a damning attack on the pro-legalization "
-"campaign."
+"responds in a powerful and effective way against the argument of the first. "
+"In the end, the first guy changes his mind (hey, it's television). The plug "
+"at the end is a damning attack on the pro-legalization campaign."
msgstr ""
"starten i 1998, office of nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll lansert en "
"kampanje for media som en del av \"krigen mot narkotika.\" kampanjen "
"ideen om legalizing narkotika som en måte å unngå noen av "
"sikkerhetsstillelse skade fra krigen. en avanserer et argument for narkotika "
"legalization. de andre svarer på en kraftig og effektiv måte mot argumentet "
-"av første. til slutt, den første mann forandrer mening (Hei, det er "
-"TV). pluggen på slutten er en damning angrep på pro-legalization kampanjen."
+"av første. til slutt, den første mann forandrer mening (Hei, det er TV). "
+"pluggen på slutten er en damning angrep på pro-legalization kampanjen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
msgid ""
"But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a "
"countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to "
-"demonstrate the extraordinary collateral harm that comes from the drug "
-"war. Can you do it?"
+"demonstrate the extraordinary collateral harm that comes from the drug war. "
+"Can you do it?"
msgstr ""
"men la oss si at du tror det er en feil melding, og du ønsker å kjøre en "
"countercommercial. si du vil kjøre en rekke annonser som prøver å "
#. PAGE BREAK 179
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the "
-"money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the "
-"world to help you get your message out. Can you be sure your message will be "
-"heard then?"
+"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the money. "
+"Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the world to "
+"help you get your message out. Can you be sure your message will be heard "
+"then?"
msgstr ""
"Vel, tydeligvis, koste disse annonsene massevis av penger. Anta du heve "
"penger. Anta at en gruppe av berørte borgere donerer alle pengene i verden "
msgid ""
"The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that "
"directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the "
-"Washington, D.C., area. Comcast rejected the ads as \"against [their] "
-"policy.\" The local NBC affiliate, WRC, rejected the ads without reviewing "
-"them. The local ABC affiliate, WJOA, originally agreed to run the ads and "
-"accepted payment to do so, but later decided not to run the ads and returned "
-"the collected fees. Interview with Neal Levine, 15 October 2003. These "
+"Washington, D.C., area. Comcast rejected the ads as \"against [their] policy."
+"\" The local NBC affiliate, WRC, rejected the ads without reviewing them. "
+"The local ABC affiliate, WJOA, originally agreed to run the ads and accepted "
+"payment to do so, but later decided not to run the ads and returned the "
+"collected fees. Interview with Neal Levine, 15 October 2003. These "
"restrictions are, of course, not limited to drug policy. See, for example, "
"Nat Ives, \"On the Issue of an Iraq War, Advocacy Ads Meet with Rejection "
-"from TV Networks,\" New York Times, 13 March 2003, C4. Outside of "
-"election-related air time there is very little that the FCC or the courts "
-"are willing to do to even the playing field. For a general overview, see "
-"Rhonda Brown, \"Ad Hoc Access: The Regulation of Editorial Advertising on "
-"Television and Radio,\" Yale Law and Policy Review 6 (1988): 44979, and for "
-"a more recent summary of the stance of the FCC and the courts, see "
-"Radio-Television News Directors Association v. FCC, 184 F. 3d 872 "
-"(D.C. Cir. 1999). Municipal authorities exercise the same authority as the "
-"networks. In a recent example from San Francisco, the San Francisco transit "
-"authority rejected an ad that criticized its Muni diesel buses. Phillip "
-"Matier and Andrew Ross, \"Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni Rejects Ad,\" "
-"SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. The ground was that "
-"the criticism was \"too controversial.\""
+"from TV Networks,\" New York Times, 13 March 2003, C4. Outside of election-"
+"related air time there is very little that the FCC or the courts are willing "
+"to do to even the playing field. For a general overview, see Rhonda Brown, "
+"\"Ad Hoc Access: The Regulation of Editorial Advertising on Television and "
+"Radio,\" Yale Law and Policy Review 6 (1988): 44979, and for a more recent "
+"summary of the stance of the FCC and the courts, see Radio-Television News "
+"Directors Association v. FCC, 184 F. 3d 872 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Municipal "
+"authorities exercise the same authority as the networks. In a recent example "
+"from San Francisco, the San Francisco transit authority rejected an ad that "
+"criticized its Muni diesel buses. Phillip Matier and Andrew Ross, "
+"\"Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni Rejects Ad,\" SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. "
+"The ground was that the criticism was \"too controversial.\""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"the Supreme Court has held that stations have the right to choose what they "
"run. Thus, the major channels of commercial media will refuse one side of a "
"crucial debate the opportunity to present its case. And the courts will "
-"defend the rights of the stations to be this biased.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"defend the rights of the stations to be this biased.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid "Together"
msgstr "sammen"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright "
"warriors that the government should \"protect my property.\" In the "
"sann og, vanligvis helt ufarlig. Ingen forstandig sortering som ikke er en "
"Anarkisten kan uenige."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 180
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed-- when we "
"recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to mean "
"that the effective constraint on the liberty to cultivate our culture is "
-"dramatically different--the claim begins to seem less innocent and "
-"obvious. Given (1) the power of technology to supplement the law's control, "
-"and (2) the power of concentrated markets to weaken the opportunity for "
-"dissent, if strictly enforcing the massively expanded \"property\" rights "
-"granted by copyright fundamentally changes the freedom within this culture "
-"to cultivate and build upon our past, then we have to ask whether this "
-"property should be redefined."
+"dramatically different--the claim begins to seem less innocent and obvious. "
+"Given (1) the power of technology to supplement the law's control, and (2) "
+"the power of concentrated markets to weaken the opportunity for dissent, if "
+"strictly enforcing the massively expanded \"property\" rights granted by "
+"copyright fundamentally changes the freedom within this culture to cultivate "
+"and build upon our past, then we have to ask whether this property should be "
+"redefined."
msgstr ""
"men når vi ser hvor dramatisk denne \"property\" er endret--når vi innser "
"hvor den kan nå kommunisere med både teknologi og markeder å bety at "
"adjustment to restore the balance that has traditionally defined copyright's "
"regulation--a weakening of that regulation, to strengthen creativity."
msgstr ""
-"men det er et mellomrom mellom null og én, Internett-kultur til tross "
-"for. og disse massiv Skift i effektiv kraft av opphavsrett regulering, "
-"knyttet til økt konsentrasjon av innhold industrien og hvile i hendene på "
-"teknologi som i økende grad vil aktivere kontroll over bruken av kultur, bør "
-"kjøre oss til å vurdere om en annen justering kalles for. ikke en justering "
-"som øker copyright's strøm. ikke en justering som øker sin sikt. snarere en "
-"justering for å gjenopprette balansen som tradisjonelt har definert "
-"copyright's regulering--en svekkelse av den reguleringen, å styrke "
-"kreativitet."
+"men det er et mellomrom mellom null og én, Internett-kultur til tross for. "
+"og disse massiv Skift i effektiv kraft av opphavsrett regulering, knyttet "
+"til økt konsentrasjon av innhold industrien og hvile i hendene på teknologi "
+"som i økende grad vil aktivere kontroll over bruken av kultur, bør kjøre oss "
+"til å vurdere om en annen justering kalles for. ikke en justering som øker "
+"copyright's strøm. ikke en justering som øker sin sikt. snarere en justering "
+"for å gjenopprette balansen som tradisjonelt har definert copyright's "
+"regulering--en svekkelse av den reguleringen, å styrke kreativitet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant "
-"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now "
-"flout. Instead, copyright power has grown dramatically in a short period of "
-"time, as the technologies of distribution and creation have changed and as "
+"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now flout. "
+"Instead, copyright power has grown dramatically in a short period of time, "
+"as the technologies of distribution and creation have changed and as "
"lobbyists have pushed for more control by copyright holders. Changes in the "
"past in response to changes in technology suggest that we may well need "
"similar changes in the future. And these changes have to be reductions in "
"med konstant forpliktelser gir at for noen mystisk grunn, tenåringer og "
"geeks nå blaffen. i stedet, opphavsrett makt har vokst dramatisk i en kort "
"periode, som teknologien av distribusjons- og etableringen er endret og som "
-"lobbyister har presset for mer kontroll av innehaver av "
-"opphavsrett. endringer i siste endringene i teknologi tyder på at vi kan "
-"godt trenger lignende endringer i fremtiden. og disse endringene må være "
-"reduksjoner i omfanget av opphavsrett, svar på det ekstraordinære økning i "
-"kontrollen som teknologi og markedet aktivere."
+"lobbyister har presset for mer kontroll av innehaver av opphavsrett. "
+"endringer i siste endringene i teknologi tyder på at vi kan godt trenger "
+"lignende endringer i fremtiden. og disse endringene må være reduksjoner i "
+"omfanget av opphavsrett, svar på det ekstraordinære økning i kontrollen som "
+"teknologi og markedet aktivere."
#. PAGE BREAK 181
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#. f35
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of "
"copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 15960."
msgstr ""
-"Siva vaidhyanathan registrerer en liknende punktet i sin \"fire "
-"etableres\" om opphavsrett i den digitale tidsalderen. se vaidhyanathan, "
-"15960."
+"Siva vaidhyanathan registrerer en liknende punktet i sin \"fire etableres\" "
+"om opphavsrett i den digitale tidsalderen. se vaidhyanathan, 15960."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the "
"tools to publish, for the market then was much more diverse. Not when there "
"were only three television networks, for even then, newspapers, film "
-"studios, radio stations, and publishers were independent of the "
-"networks. Never has copyright protected such a wide range of rights, against "
-"as broad a range of actors, for a term that was remotely as long. This form "
-"of regulation--a tiny regulation of a tiny part of the creative energy of a "
+"studios, radio stations, and publishers were independent of the networks. "
+"Never has copyright protected such a wide range of rights, against as broad "
+"a range of actors, for a term that was remotely as long. This form of "
+"regulation--a tiny regulation of a tiny part of the creative energy of a "
"nation at the founding--is now a massive regulation of the overall creative "
"process. Law plus technology plus the market now interact to turn this "
"historically benign regulation into the most significant regulation of "
-"culture that our free society has known.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"culture that our free society has known.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#. PAGE BREAK 182
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright "
-"law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached "
-"only with registration, and only those who intended to benefit commercially "
-"would register, copying through publishing of noncommercial work was also "
-"free."
+"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright law. "
+"Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached only "
+"with registration, and only those who intended to benefit commercially would "
+"register, copying through publishing of noncommercial work was also free."
msgstr ""
"loven av publisering på et kart, diagram og boken var regulert av lov om "
"opphavsrett. ingenting annet var. transformasjoner var gratis. og som "
"copyright tilknyttet bare med registrering, og bare de som ment å gagne "
-"kommersielt ville registrere, kopiere gjennom publisering av "
-"ikke-kommersielt arbeid var også gratis."
+"kommersielt ville registrere, kopiere gjennom publisering av ikke-"
+"kommersielt arbeid var også gratis."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:"
"for commercial transformation. More commercial transformative work would be "
"created if derivative rights were more sharply restricted."
msgstr ""
-"Jeg har ingen tvil om at den gjør bra i regulerer kommersielle "
-"kopiering. men jeg har ingen tvil om at det gjør mer skade enn bra når "
-"regulerer (som den regulerer akkurat nå) ikke-kommersiell kopiering og, "
-"spesielt, ikke-kommersiell transformasjon også. og i økende grad av årsaker "
-"som skisserte spesielt i kapitlene 7 og 8, en kan vel rart om det gjør mer "
-"skade enn godt for kommersielle transformasjon. mer kommersielt "
-"transformative arbeid vil bli opprettet hvis avledede rettigheter ble mer "
-"kraftig begrenset."
+"Jeg har ingen tvil om at den gjør bra i regulerer kommersielle kopiering. "
+"men jeg har ingen tvil om at det gjør mer skade enn bra når regulerer (som "
+"den regulerer akkurat nå) ikke-kommersiell kopiering og, spesielt, ikke-"
+"kommersiell transformasjon også. og i økende grad av årsaker som skisserte "
+"spesielt i kapitlene 7 og 8, en kan vel rart om det gjør mer skade enn godt "
+"for kommersielle transformasjon. mer kommersielt transformative arbeid vil "
+"bli opprettet hvis avledede rettigheter ble mer kraftig begrenset."
-#, mtrans
+#. f36
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement "
"to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public "
-"and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, \"The Disintegration of "
-"Property,\" in Nomos XXII: Property, J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman, "
-"eds. (New York: New York University Press, 1980)."
+"and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, \"The Disintegration of Property,"
+"\" in Nomos XXII: Property, J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds. "
+"(New York: New York University Press, 1980)."
msgstr ""
"Det var enkelt viktigste bidrag av juridiske realist-bevegelse for å "
"demonstrere at alle eiendomsrettigheter alltid er laget for å balansere "
"offentlige og private interesser. se thomas c. grey, \"oppløsningen av "
-"eiendom,\" i nomos xxii: eiendom, j. roland pennock og john w. Chapman, "
-"Red. (new york: new york university press, 1980)."
+"eiendom,\" i nomos xxii: eiendom, j. roland pennock og john w. Chapman, Red. "
+"(new york: new york university press, 1980)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"light of new technologies. And for almost half of our tradition, the "
"\"copyright\" did not control at all the freedom of others to build upon or "
"transform a creative work. American culture was born free, and for almost "
-"180 years our country consistently protected a vibrant and rich free "
-"culture."
+"180 years our country consistently protected a vibrant and rich free culture."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 184
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on "
"the scope of the interests protected by \"property.\" The very birth of "
"distribusjon av kultur, blir lov og teknologi forvandlet på en måte som vil "
"undergrave vår tradisjon for fri kultur. eiendommen er copyright ikke lenger "
"rettigheten balansert som det var, eller var ment å være. egenskapen akkurat "
-"det vil si opphavsrett har blitt ubalansert, skråstilt mot en "
-"ekstrem. muligheten til å opprette og transformere blir svekket i en verden "
-"der oppretting krever tillatelse og kreativitet må kontrollere med en "
-"advokat."
+"det vil si opphavsrett har blitt ubalansert, skråstilt mot en ekstrem. "
+"muligheten til å opprette og transformere blir svekket i en verden der "
+"oppretting krever tillatelse og kreativitet må kontrollere med en advokat."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "PUZZLES"
msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera"
msgstr "Kapittel 11: chimera"
-#, mtrans
+#. f1.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, The "
"Country of the Blind and Other Stories, Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: "
"extraordinarily beautiful, with \"sweet water, pasture, an even climate, "
"slopes of rich brown soil with tangles of a shrub that bore an excellent "
"fruit.\" But the villagers are all blind. Nunez takes this as an "
-"opportunity. \"In the Country of the Blind,\" he tells himself, \"the "
-"One-Eyed Man is King.\" So he resolves to live with the villagers to explore "
+"opportunity. \"In the Country of the Blind,\" he tells himself, \"the One-"
+"Eyed Man is King.\" So he resolves to live with the villagers to explore "
"life as a king."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight "
"to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are \"blind.\" "
"blind and I can see. Leave me alone!'\""
msgstr ""
"ting går ikke helt som han har planlagt. han prøver å forklare ideen om "
-"synet til landsbyboere. de forstår ikke. Han forteller dem at de er "
-"\"blind.\" de ikke har word-blind. de tror han er bare tykk. faktisk, som de "
-"stadig mer merke tingene han ikke kan gjøre (høre lyden av gress å bli "
-"trappet på, for eksempel), de stadig prøver å kontrollere ham. han, i sin "
-"tur blir stadig mer frustrert. \"du ikke forstår, han gråt, i en stemme som "
-"var ment å være stor og resolutt, og som brøt. ' du er blind, og jeg kan "
-"se. La meg være! \"\""
+"synet til landsbyboere. de forstår ikke. Han forteller dem at de er \"blind."
+"\" de ikke har word-blind. de tror han er bare tykk. faktisk, som de stadig "
+"mer merke tingene han ikke kan gjøre (høre lyden av gress å bli trappet på, "
+"for eksempel), de stadig prøver å kontrollere ham. han, i sin tur blir "
+"stadig mer frustrert. \"du ikke forstår, han gråt, i en stemme som var ment "
+"å være stor og resolutt, og som brøt. ' du er blind, og jeg kan se. La meg "
+"være! \"\""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 187
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the "
"virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, "
"overbærenhet.\" \"hun ikke tro,\" brønner forteller oss, og \"hun kunne bare "
"halvparten forstår, men hun var mysteriously glad.\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" "
"love, the father and the village object. \"You see, my dear,\" her father "
"instruerer, \"han er en idiot. Han har delusions. han kan ikke gjøre noe "
"høyre. \"de tar nunez til landsbyen legen."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is "
"affected,\" he reports."
"etter en forsiktig eksamen gir legen sin mening. \"hans hjernen er berørt,\" "
"rapporterer han."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called "
"the eyes . . . are diseased . . . in such a way as to affect his brain.\""
"\"hva påvirker det?\" spør Faderen. \"de skeiv ting som kalles øynene... er "
"sykelig... på en måte som påvirker hans hjernen.\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in "
"order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy "
"helbrede ham helt, alt vi trenger å gjøre er en enkel og lett kirurgisk "
"operasjon – nemlig å fjerne disse irriterende organer [øynene].\""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 188
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform "
"Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. (You'll "
"have to read the original to learn what happens in the end. I believe in "
"free culture, but never in giving away the end of a story.) It sometimes "
"happens that the eggs of twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion "
-"produces a \"chimera.\" A chimera is a single creature with two sets of "
-"DNA. The DNA in the blood, for example, might be different from the DNA of "
-"the skin. This possibility is an underused plot for murder mysteries. \"But "
-"the DNA shows with 100 percent certainty that she was not the person whose "
-"blood was at the scene. . . .\""
+"produces a \"chimera.\" A chimera is a single creature with two sets of DNA. "
+"The DNA in the blood, for example, might be different from the DNA of the "
+"skin. This possibility is an underused plot for murder mysteries. \"But the "
+"DNA shows with 100 percent certainty that she was not the person whose blood "
+"was at the scene. . . .\""
msgstr ""
"\"thank heaven for science!\", sier faren til legen. de informere nunez av "
"denne tilstanden som er nødvendig for ham å være tillatt hans brud. (du må "
"muligheten er en underused tomten for mordet mysteriene. \"men dna viser med "
"100 prosent sikkerhet at hun ikke var personen med blod ble på scenen....\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A "
"single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is "
"chimera). vår forståelse av en \"person\" skal gjenspeile denne "
"virkeligheten."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and "
"culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly "
"relevante henseender, akkurat som hva hver executive i hver innspilling "
"selskapet uten tvil gjorde som en unge: deling av musikk."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a "
"p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my "
"vi har ikke alltid vært tillatt å dele musikk med \"våre ti tusen beste "
"venner.\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into "
"a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" "
"that would treat unauthorized on-line copying as a felony offense with "
"punishments ranging as high as five years imprisonment; see Jon Healey, "
"\"House Bill Aims to Up Stakes on Piracy,\" Los Angeles Times, 17 July 2003, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#34</ulink>. Civil penalties are currently set at $150,000 per copied "
-"song. For a recent (and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's demand "
-"that an ISP reveal the identity of a user accused of sharing more than 600 "
-"songs through a family computer, see RIAA v. Verizon Internet Services (In "
-"re. Verizon Internet Services), 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). Such a "
-"user could face liability ranging as high as $90 million. Such astronomical "
-"figures furnish the RIAA with a powerful arsenal in its prosecution of file "
-"sharers. Settlements ranging from $12,000 to $17,500 for four students "
-"accused of heavy file sharing on university networks must have seemed a mere "
-"pittance next to the $98 billion the RIAA could seek should the matter "
-"proceed to court. See Elizabeth Young, \"Downloading Could Lead to Fines,\" "
-"redandblack.com, August 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #35</ulink>. For an example of "
-"the RIAA's targeting of student file sharing, and of the subpoenas issued to "
-"universities to reveal student file-sharer identities, see James Collins, "
-"\"RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT to Name Students,\" Boston Globe, 8 "
-"August 2003, D3, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>."
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #34</ulink>. "
+"Civil penalties are currently set at $150,000 per copied song. For a recent "
+"(and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's demand that an ISP reveal "
+"the identity of a user accused of sharing more than 600 songs through a "
+"family computer, see RIAA v. Verizon Internet Services (In re. Verizon "
+"Internet Services), 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). Such a user could "
+"face liability ranging as high as $90 million. Such astronomical figures "
+"furnish the RIAA with a powerful arsenal in its prosecution of file sharers. "
+"Settlements ranging from $12,000 to $17,500 for four students accused of "
+"heavy file sharing on university networks must have seemed a mere pittance "
+"next to the $98 billion the RIAA could seek should the matter proceed to "
+"court. See Elizabeth Young, \"Downloading Could Lead to Fines,\" redandblack."
+"com, August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #35</ulink>. For an example of the RIAA's targeting of student file "
+"sharing, and of the subpoenas issued to universities to reveal student file-"
+"sharer identities, see James Collins, \"RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT "
+"to Name Students,\" Boston Globe, 8 August 2003, D3, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"file sharing occurred on a family computer. And we can get universities to "
"monitor all computer traffic to make sure that no computer is used to commit "
"this crime. These responses might be extreme, but each of them has either "
-"been proposed or actually implemented.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"been proposed or actually implemented.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"aldri har hatt før. og i denne ekstremisme, mange en mulighet for ny "
"innovasjon og nye kreativitet går tapt."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My "
"focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this war will "
"everyone's interests.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the "
"major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed."
msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms"
msgstr "Kapittel 12: skader"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has "
"launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought "
"direkte og sikkerhetsstillelse skade. som med noen krig av forbudet, vil "
"disse skader bli rammet mest av våre egne folk."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in "
"particular, the consequences for \"free culture.\" But my aim now is to "
"denne beskrivelsen av konsekvenser til et argument. er denne krigen "
"rettferdiggjøres?"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first "
"time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of "
"første gang, loven skal forsvare gamle mot den nye, bare når strømmen av "
"egenskap kalt \"intellectual property\" er på sitt største i vår historie."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the "
"side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme claims of control "
-"in the name of property still resonate; the uncritical rejection of "
-"\"piracy\" still has play."
+"in the name of property still resonate; the uncritical rejection of \"piracy"
+"\" still has play."
msgstr ""
"ennå se \"sunn fornuft\" ikke det på denne måten. sunn fornuft er fortsatt "
"på siden av causbys og innhold industrien. ekstreme krav til kontroll i "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. "
-"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share "
-"content. Capturing and sharing content, of course, is what humans have done "
-"since the dawn of man. It is how we learn and communicate. But capturing and "
-"sharing through digital technology is different. The fidelity and power are "
+"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share content. "
+"Capturing and sharing content, of course, is what humans have done since the "
+"dawn of man. It is how we learn and communicate. But capturing and sharing "
+"through digital technology is different. The fidelity and power are "
"different. You could send an e-mail telling someone about a joke you saw on "
"Comedy Central, or you could send the clip. You could write an essay about "
"the inconsistencies in the arguments of the politician you most love to "
-"hate, or you could make a short film that puts statement against "
-"statement. You could write a poem to express your love, or you could weave "
-"together a string--a mash-up-- of songs from your favorite artists in a "
-"collage and make it available on the Net."
+"hate, or you could make a short film that puts statement against statement. "
+"You could write a poem to express your love, or you could weave together a "
+"string--a mash-up-- of songs from your favorite artists in a collage and "
+"make it available on the Net."
msgstr ""
"i de neste ti årene vil vi se en eksplosjon av digitale teknologier. disse "
"teknologiene kan nesten hvem som helst å fange opp og dele innhold. å fange "
"sanger fra dine favoritt artister i en collage og gjøre den tilgjengelig på "
"nettet."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the "
"capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and in "
"\"capturing and sharing\" promises a world of extraordinarily diverse "
"creativity that can be easily and broadly shared. And as that creativity is "
"applied to democracy, it will enable a broad range of citizens to use "
-"technology to express and criticize and contribute to the culture all "
-"around."
+"technology to express and criticize and contribute to the culture all around."
msgstr ""
"Denne digitale \"fange og deling\" er delvis en utvidelse for å registrere "
-"og dele det har alltid vært del av vår kultur, og delvis det er noe "
-"nytt. den er kontinuerlig med kodak, men den eksploderer grensene for "
-"kodak-lignende teknologier. teknologi for digital \"fange og deling av\" "
-"løfter en verden av svært mangfoldig kreativitet som kan enkelt og forstand "
-"deles. og så at kreativiteten brukes til demokrati, det vil muliggjøre et "
-"bredt spekter av borgere å bruke teknologi for å uttrykke og kritisere og "
-"bidra til kultur rundt."
+"og dele det har alltid vært del av vår kultur, og delvis det er noe nytt. "
+"den er kontinuerlig med kodak, men den eksploderer grensene for kodak-"
+"lignende teknologier. teknologi for digital \"fange og deling av\" løfter en "
+"verden av svært mangfoldig kreativitet som kan enkelt og forstand deles. og "
+"så at kreativiteten brukes til demokrati, det vil muliggjøre et bredt "
+"spekter av borgere å bruke teknologi for å uttrykke og kritisere og bidra "
+"til kultur rundt."
#. PAGE BREAK 194
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"across the globe."
msgstr ""
"teknologien har dermed gitt oss en mulighet til å gjøre noe med kultur som "
-"bare har vært mulig for enkeltpersoner i små grupper, isolert fra "
-"andre. Tenk på en gammel mann forteller en historie til en samling med "
-"naboer i en liten by. Nå forestille det samme fortellinger utvidet over hele "
-"verden."
+"bare har vært mulig for enkeltpersoner i små grupper, isolert fra andre. "
+"Tenk på en gammel mann forteller en historie til en samling med naboer i en "
+"liten by. Nå forestille det samme fortellinger utvidet over hele verden."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"See Lynne W. Jeter, Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom (Hoboken, "
"N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; for details of the settlement, "
"see MCI press release, \"MCI Wins U.S. District Court Approval for SEC "
-"Settlement\" (7 July 2003), available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>."
+"Settlement\" (7 July 2003), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #37</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. f2.
"The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the "
"House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an "
"overview, see Tanya Albert, \"Measure Stalls in Senate: `We'll Be Back,' Say "
-"Tort Reformers,\" amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, and \"Senate Turns "
-"Back Malpractice Caps,\" CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #39</ulink>. President Bush has "
+"Tort Reformers,\" amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, and \"Senate Turns Back "
+"Malpractice Caps,\" CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #39</ulink>. President Bush has "
"continued to urge tort reform in recent months."
msgstr ""
"was just one) were threatened with a $98 billion lawsuit for building search "
"engines that permitted songs to be copied. Yet World-Com--which defrauded "
"investors of $11 billion, resulting in a loss to investors in market "
-"capitalization of over $200 billion--received a fine of a mere $750 "
-"million.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And under legislation "
-"being pushed in Congress right now, a doctor who negligently removes the "
-"wrong leg in an operation would be liable for no more than $250,000 in "
-"damages for pain and suffering.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can "
-"common sense recognize the absurdity in a world where the maximum fine for "
-"downloading two songs off the Internet is more than the fine for a doctor's "
-"negligently butchering a patient?"
+"capitalization of over $200 billion--received a fine of a mere $750 million."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And under legislation being pushed "
+"in Congress right now, a doctor who negligently removes the wrong leg in an "
+"operation would be liable for no more than $250,000 in damages for pain and "
+"suffering.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can common sense "
+"recognize the absurdity in a world where the maximum fine for downloading "
+"two songs off the Internet is more than the fine for a doctor's negligently "
+"butchering a patient?"
msgstr ""
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" Wired, 7 July 2003, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#40</ulink>. For an overview of the exhibition, see <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</ulink>."
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #40</ulink>. "
+"For an overview of the exhibition, see <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #41</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"very different reasons, we will begin to see a world of underground art--not "
"because the message is necessarily political, or because the subject is "
"controversial, but because the very act of creating the art is legally "
-"fraught. Already, exhibits of \"illegal art\" tour the United "
-"States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In what does their "
-"\"illegality\" consist? In the act of mixing the culture around us with an "
-"expression that is critical or reflective."
+"fraught. Already, exhibits of \"illegal art\" tour the United States."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In what does their \"illegality\" "
+"consist? In the act of mixing the culture around us with an expression that "
+"is critical or reflective."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting "
"infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the "
-"tools of Photoshop, sharing content on the Web, must worry all the "
-"time. Images are all around, but the only safe images to use in the act of "
+"tools of Photoshop, sharing content on the Web, must worry all the time. "
+"Images are all around, but the only safe images to use in the act of "
"creation are those purchased from Corbis or another image farm. And in "
"purchasing, censoring happens. There is a free market in pencils; we needn't "
"worry about its effect on creativity. But there is a highly regulated, "
"juridisk system utholdelig for de svært rike. for alle andre er det en "
"forlegenhet til en tradisjon som prides seg på rettssikkerhet."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate "
"\"breathing room\" between regulation by the law and the access the law "
"become that anyone actually believes this. The rules that publishers impose "
"upon writers, the rules that film distributors impose upon filmmakers, the "
"rules that newspapers impose upon journalists-- these are the real laws "
-"governing creativity. And these rules have little relationship to the "
-"\"law\" with which judges comfort themselves."
+"governing creativity. And these rules have little relationship to the \"law"
+"\" with which judges comfort themselves."
msgstr ""
"dommere og advokater kan fortelle seg selv at fair use gir tilstrekkelig "
-"\"puste rommet\" mellom regulering av loven, og access loven skal "
-"tillate. men det er et mål på hvor ute av touch vår juridiske systemet har "
-"blitt noen faktisk mener dette. reglene som utgivere legger på forfattere, "
-"reglene som trevare legger på filmskapere, reglene at aviser legger på "
-"journalister--disse er de virkelige lovene som regulerer kreativitet. og "
-"disse reglene har lite i forhold til \"loven\" med hvilken dommere trøste "
-"seg."
+"\"puste rommet\" mellom regulering av loven, og access loven skal tillate. "
+"men det er et mål på hvor ute av touch vår juridiske systemet har blitt noen "
+"faktisk mener dette. reglene som utgivere legger på forfattere, reglene som "
+"trevare legger på filmskapere, reglene at aviser legger på journalister--"
+"disse er de virkelige lovene som regulerer kreativitet. og disse reglene har "
+"lite i forhold til \"loven\" med hvilken dommere trøste seg."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of "
"a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend "
"opphavsretten, og som krever titusenvis av dollar til selv forsvar mot "
"opphavsrettsstridig krav, og som ville aldri tilbake til wrongfully anklaget "
"saksøkte noe av kostnadene lidd hun for å forsvare sin rett til å snakke--i "
-"denne verden, astonishingly bred regelverket at pass under navnet "
-"\"copyright\" stillhet tale og kreativitet. og i denne verden, det tar en "
-"studert blindhet for folk å fortsette å tro de bor i en kultur som er "
-"gratis."
+"denne verden, astonishingly bred regelverket at pass under navnet \"copyright"
+"\" stillhet tale og kreativitet. og i denne verden, det tar en studert "
+"blindhet for folk å fortsette å tro de bor i en kultur som er gratis."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me,"
msgstr "som jed horovitz, forretningsmann bak video rørledning, sa til meg,"
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 197
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are "
-"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being "
-"expressed. And while a lot of stuff may [still] be created, it still won't "
-"get distributed. Even if the stuff gets made . . . you're not going to get "
-"it distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note from "
-"a lawyer saying, \"This has been cleared.\" You're not even going to get it "
-"on PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which they "
-"control it."
+"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being expressed. "
+"And while a lot of stuff may [still] be created, it still won't get "
+"distributed. Even if the stuff gets made . . . you're not going to get it "
+"distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note from a "
+"lawyer saying, \"This has been cleared.\" You're not even going to get it on "
+"PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which they control "
+"it."
msgstr ""
"Vi miste [kreative] muligheter høyre og venstre. kreative mennesker blir "
"tvunget ikke til å uttrykke seg. tanker er ikke angitt. og mens mange ting "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story--creativity quashed, "
-"artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you "
-"going. Maybe you think there's enough weird art out there, and enough "
-"expression that is critical of what seems to be just about everything. And "
-"if you think that, you might think there's little in this story to worry "
-"you."
+"artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you going. "
+"Maybe you think there's enough weird art out there, and enough expression "
+"that is critical of what seems to be just about everything. And if you "
+"think that, you might think there's little in this story to worry you."
msgstr ""
"historien om den siste delen var en crunchy lefty historie--kreativitet "
"ødela, kunstnere som ikke kan snakke, yada babbelet. kanskje det ikke komme "
"kritisk til hva synes å være omtrent alt. og hvis du tror at du kanskje tror "
"det er lite i denne historien å bekymre deg over."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, "
"it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket "
"perspektiver er stadig attuned til måtene i hvilke regulering aktiverer bare "
"de kraftige industriene i dag for å beskytte seg mot konkurrenter i morgen."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 198
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy "
"that I described in chapter 10. The consequence of this massive threat of "
msgstr ""
"Hvis du vil gjøre dette systemet fungerer, men trengte mp3.com en pålitelig "
"måte å anbefale musikk til sine brukere. Ideen bak denne alternative var å "
-"utnytte åpenbarte innstillingene av musikk lyttere å anbefale nye "
-"artister. Hvis du liker lyle lovett, sannsynligvis du til å nyte bonnie "
-"raitt. og så videre."
+"utnytte åpenbarte innstillingene av musikk lyttere å anbefale nye artister. "
+"Hvis du liker lyle lovett, sannsynligvis du til å nyte bonnie raitt. og så "
+"videre."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. "
-"MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference "
-"data. In January 2000, the company launched a service called "
-"my.mp3.com. Using software provided by MP3.com, a user would sign into an "
-"account and then insert into her computer a CD. The software would identify "
-"the CD, and then give the user access to that content. So, for example, if "
-"you inserted a CD by Jill Sobule, then wherever you were--at work or at "
-"home--you could get access to that music once you signed into your "
-"account. The system was therefore a kind of music-lockbox."
+"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. MP3."
+"com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference "
+"data. In January 2000, the company launched a service called my.mp3.com. "
+"Using software provided by MP3.com, a user would sign into an account and "
+"then insert into her computer a CD. The software would identify the CD, and "
+"then give the user access to that content. So, for example, if you inserted "
+"a CD by Jill Sobule, then wherever you were--at work or at home--you could "
+"get access to that music once you signed into your account. The system was "
+"therefore a kind of music-lockbox."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 199
"måneder senere, en føderal dommer funnet mp3.com å ha vært skyldig i willful "
"brudd med hensyn til femte. å bruke loven som det er, pålagt dommeren en bot "
"mot mp3.com av 118 millioner. MP3.com deretter utlignet med gjenstående "
-"saksøker, vivendi universal, betaler over $54 millioner. Vivendi kjøpt "
-"mp3.com omtrent et år senere."
+"saksøker, vivendi universal, betaler over $54 millioner. Vivendi kjøpt mp3."
+"com omtrent et år senere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion."
"See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" Los Angeles Times, "
"23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the effects on innovation in "
"the distribution of music, see Janelle Brown, \"The Music Revolution Will "
-"Not Be Digitized,\" Salon.com, 1 June 2001, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #42</ulink>. See also Jon "
-"Healey, \"Online Music Services Besieged,\" Los Angeles Times, 28 May 2001."
+"Not Be Digitized,\" Salon.com, 1 June 2001, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #42</ulink>. See also Jon Healey, \"Online "
+"Music Services Besieged,\" Los Angeles Times, 28 May 2001."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal "
"and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm "
"(VC) that had funded Napster at a certain stage of its development, its "
-"cofounder ( John Hummer), and general partner (Hank Barry).<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The claim here, as well, was that the VC should "
-"have recognized the right of the content industry to control how the "
-"industry should develop. They should be held personally liable for funding a "
-"company whose business turned out to be beyond the law. Here again, the aim "
-"of the lawsuit is transparent: Any VC now recognizes that if you fund a "
-"company whose business is not approved of by the dinosaurs, you are at risk "
-"not just in the marketplace, but in the courtroom as well. Your investment "
-"buys you not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the "
+"cofounder ( John Hummer), and general partner (Hank Barry).<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The claim here, as well, was that the VC should have "
+"recognized the right of the content industry to control how the industry "
+"should develop. They should be held personally liable for funding a company "
+"whose business turned out to be beyond the law. Here again, the aim of the "
+"lawsuit is transparent: Any VC now recognizes that if you fund a company "
+"whose business is not approved of by the dinosaurs, you are at risk not just "
+"in the marketplace, but in the courtroom as well. Your investment buys you "
+"not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the "
"environment become that even car manufacturers are afraid of technologies "
"that touch content. In an article in Business 2.0, Rafe Needleman describes "
"a discussion with BMW:"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16 June 2003, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#43</ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example."
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. "
+"I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"This is the world of the mafia--filled with \"your money or your life\" "
"offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law "
"empowers copyright holders to exercise. It is a system that will obviously "
-"and necessarily stifle new innovation. It is hard enough to start a "
-"company. It is impossibly hard if that company is constantly threatened by "
-"litigation."
+"and necessarily stifle new innovation. It is hard enough to start a company. "
+"It is impossibly hard if that company is constantly threatened by litigation."
msgstr ""
"Dette er verden av mafiaen--fylt med \"penger eller livet\" tilbyr, "
"reguleres av domstolene men av trusler at loven gir innehaver av opphavsrett "
"kveler ny innovasjon. Det er vanskelig nok å starte et selskap. Det er "
"impossibly vanskelig hvis selskapet er stadig truet av søksmål."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 201
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal "
"enterprises. The point is the definition of \"illegal.\" The law is a mess "
"uncertain and unlimited liability, we will have much less vibrant innovation "
"and much less creativity."
msgstr ""
-"Poenget er ikke at virksomheter bør ha rett til å starte ulovlig "
-"bedrifter. Poenget er definisjonen av \"ulovlig.\" loven er et rot av "
-"usikkerhet. Vi har ingen god måte å vite hvordan den skal brukes på nye "
-"teknologier. ennå gir ved å snu vår tradisjon av juridisk deference, og ved "
-"å omfavne de astonishingly høyt straffene som pålegger lov om opphavsrett, "
-"det usikkerheten nå en realitet som er langt mer konservative enn det som er "
+"Poenget er ikke at virksomheter bør ha rett til å starte ulovlig bedrifter. "
+"Poenget er definisjonen av \"ulovlig.\" loven er et rot av usikkerhet. Vi "
+"har ingen god måte å vite hvordan den skal brukes på nye teknologier. ennå "
+"gir ved å snu vår tradisjon av juridisk deference, og ved å omfavne de "
+"astonishingly høyt straffene som pålegger lov om opphavsrett, det "
+"usikkerheten nå en realitet som er langt mer konservative enn det som er "
"rett. Hvis loven pålagt dødsstraff for parkering billetter, vi ville ikke "
"bare ha færre parkering billetter, ville vi også ha mye mindre kjøring. det "
"samme prinsippet gjelder for innovasjon. Hvis innovasjon er stadig "
"kontrolleres av denne usikker og ubegrenset ansvar, har vi mye mindre "
"levende innovasjon og mye mindre kreativitet."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair "
-"use. Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both "
+"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair use. "
+"Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both "
"contexts is the same. This wildly punitive system of regulation will "
"systematically stifle creativity and innovation. It will protect some "
"industries and some creators, but it will harm industry and creativity "
"innhold for å bruke loven til å regulere direkte teknologi på Internett slik "
"at det bedre beskytter innholdet."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the "
"efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's "
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid "GartnerG2, 2627."
msgstr "gartnerg2, 2627."
"The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the "
"content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would "
"require computers to determine whether the content they access is protected "
-"or not, and to disable the spread of protected content.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Congress has already launched proceedings to "
-"explore a mandatory \"broadcast flag\" that would be required on any device "
-"capable of transmitting digital video (i.e., a computer), and that would "
-"disable the copying of any content that is marked with a broadcast "
-"flag. Other members of Congress have proposed immunizing content providers "
-"from liability for technology they might deploy that would hunt down "
-"copyright violators and disable their machines.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"or not, and to disable the spread of protected content.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Congress has already launched proceedings to explore "
+"a mandatory \"broadcast flag\" that would be required on any device capable "
+"of transmitting digital video (i.e., a computer), and that would disable the "
+"copying of any content that is marked with a broadcast flag. Other members "
+"of Congress have proposed immunizing content providers from liability for "
+"technology they might deploy that would hunt down copyright violators and "
+"disable their machines.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 203
msgid ""
"In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why "
"not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical "
-"infrastructure will always be tuned to the particular technology of the "
-"day. It will impose significant burdens and costs on the technology, but "
-"will likely be eclipsed by advances around exactly those requirements."
+"infrastructure will always be tuned to the particular technology of the day. "
+"It will impose significant burdens and costs on the technology, but will "
+"likely be eclipsed by advances around exactly those requirements."
msgstr ""
"i en forstand synes disse løsningene fornuftig. Hvis problemet er koden, "
"hvorfor ikke regulere koden for å fjerne problemet. men noen regulering av "
"dagen. det vil innføre betydelig byrder og kostnader på teknologi, men vil "
"trolig være eclipsed av fremskritt rundt akkurat disse kravene."
-#, mtrans
+#. f8.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, "
"February 2002 (Entertainment)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, "
-"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would "
-"impose.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Their argument was "
-"obviously not that copyright should not be protected. Instead, they argued, "
-"any protection should not do more harm than good."
+"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would impose."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Their argument was obviously not "
+"that copyright should not be protected. Instead, they argued, any protection "
+"should not do more harm than good."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed "
-"innovation--again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free market "
-"crowd."
+"There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed innovation--"
+"again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free market crowd."
msgstr ""
"Det er en tydeligere måte der denne krigen har skadet innovasjon - igjen, en "
"historie som vil være ganske kjent for fritt marked publikum."
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-msgid "Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001)."
-msgstr "Jessica litman, digitale copyright (amherst, n.y.: prometheus bøker, 2001)."
+msgid ""
+"Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001)."
+msgstr ""
+"Jessica litman, digitale copyright (amherst, n.y.: prometheus bøker, 2001)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as "
"regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica "
-"Litman in her book Digital Copyright,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 "
-"details, when new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a "
-"balance to assure that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or "
-"statutory, licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the "
-"case of the VCR) has been another."
+"Litman in her book Digital Copyright,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 details, when "
+"new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance to assure "
+"that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or statutory, licenses "
+"have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the case of the VCR) "
+"has been another."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"The only circuit court exception is found in Recording Industry Association "
-"of America (RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th "
-"Cir. 1999). There the court of appeals for the Ninth Circuit reasoned that "
-"makers of a portable MP3 player were not liable for contributory copyright "
+"of America (RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th Cir. "
+"1999). There the court of appeals for the Ninth Circuit reasoned that makers "
+"of a portable MP3 player were not liable for contributory copyright "
"infringement for a device that is unable to record or redistribute music (a "
"device whose only copying function is to render portable a music file "
"already stored on a user's hard drive). At the district court level, the "
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
-"For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the "
-"Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize "
-"copyright holders from liability for damage done to computers when the "
-"copyright holders use technology to stop copyright infringement. In August "
-"2002, Representative Billy Tauzin introduced a bill to mandate that "
-"technologies capable of rebroadcasting digital copies of films broadcast on "
-"TV (i.e., computers) respect a \"broadcast flag\" that would disable copying "
-"of that content. And in March of the same year, Senator Fritz Hollings "
-"introduced the Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act, "
-"which mandated copyright protection technology in all digital media "
-"devices. See GartnerG2, \"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster "
-"World,\" 27 June 2003, 3334, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>."
+"For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-"
+"to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize copyright "
+"holders from liability for damage done to computers when the copyright "
+"holders use technology to stop copyright infringement. In August 2002, "
+"Representative Billy Tauzin introduced a bill to mandate that technologies "
+"capable of rebroadcasting digital copies of films broadcast on TV (i.e., "
+"computers) respect a \"broadcast flag\" that would disable copying of that "
+"content. And in March of the same year, Senator Fritz Hollings introduced "
+"the Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act, which mandated "
+"copyright protection technology in all digital media devices. See GartnerG2, "
+"\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" 27 June 2003, 3334, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses "
-"threatened and actually implemented by Congress. I won't catalog all of "
-"those responses here.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But there is "
-"one example that captures the flavor of them all. This is the story of the "
-"demise of Internet radio."
+"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses threatened and "
+"actually implemented by Congress. I won't catalog all of those responses "
+"here.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But there is one example that "
+"captures the flavor of them all. This is the story of the demise of Internet "
+"radio."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 204
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the "
"recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he "
"were quite good at stopping any efforts to get Congress to require "
"compensation to the recording artists."
msgstr ""
-"begrunnelsen bak denne balansen truffet av Kongressen gjør noe "
-"fornuftig. Begrunnelsen var at radio var en form for "
-"annonsering. Plateartist nytte dermed fordi ved å spille musikken hennes, "
-"radiostasjonen var å gjøre det mer sannsynlig at hennes poster ville være "
-"kjøpt. dermed Plateartist fikk noe, selv om bare indirekte. sannsynligvis "
-"denne begrunnelsen hadde mindre å gjøre med resultatet enn med makten av "
-"radiostasjoner: deres lobbyister var ganske god til å stoppe enhver innsats "
-"for å få Kongressen til å kreve kompensasjon for artistene."
+"begrunnelsen bak denne balansen truffet av Kongressen gjør noe fornuftig. "
+"Begrunnelsen var at radio var en form for annonsering. Plateartist nytte "
+"dermed fordi ved å spille musikken hennes, radiostasjonen var å gjøre det "
+"mer sannsynlig at hennes poster ville være kjøpt. dermed Plateartist fikk "
+"noe, selv om bare indirekte. sannsynligvis denne begrunnelsen hadde mindre å "
+"gjøre med resultatet enn med makten av radiostasjoner: deres lobbyister var "
+"ganske god til å stoppe enhver innsats for å få Kongressen til å kreve "
+"kompensasjon for artistene."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to "
"stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels "
msgid ""
"This potential for FM radio was never realized--not because Armstrong was "
"wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of "
-"\"vested interests, habits, customs and legislation\"<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> to retard the growth of this competing "
-"technology."
+"\"vested interests, habits, customs and legislation\"<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> to retard the growth of this competing technology."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"opphavsrett er en slik lov. så det første spørsmålet som vi bør spørre er, "
"hvilke opphavsrett regler ville styre Internett-radio?"
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 206
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new "
"industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful "
"for Internet radio than the rule that applies to terrestrial radio. While "
"terrestrial radio does not have to pay our hypothetical Marilyn Monroe when "
"it plays her hypothetical recording of \"Happy Birthday\" on the air, "
-"Internet radio does. Not only is the law not neutral toward Internet "
-"radio--the law actually burdens Internet radio more than it burdens "
-"terrestrial radio."
+"Internet radio does. Not only is the law not neutral toward Internet radio--"
+"the law actually burdens Internet radio more than it burdens terrestrial "
+"radio."
msgstr ""
"men her kraften i lobbyister tilbakeføres. Internett-radio er en ny "
"industri. artister, derimot, har en svært kraftig lobby, riaa. dermed hadde "
"2003, on file with author. Professors Fisher and Zittrain submitted "
"testimony in the CARP proceeding that was ultimately rejected. See Jonathan "
"Zittrain, Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings and Ephemeral "
-"Recordings, Docket No. 2000-9, CARP DTRA 1 and 2, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #45</ulink>. For an excellent "
+"Recordings, Docket No. 2000-9, CARP DTRA 1 and 2, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #45</ulink>. For an excellent "
"analysis making a similar point, see Randal C. Picker, \"Copyright as Entry "
"Policy: The Case of Digital Distribution,\" Antitrust Bulletin (Summer/Fall "
"2002): 461: \"This was not confusion, these are just old-fashioned entry "
"This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher "
"estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to "
"(on average) ten thousand listeners, twenty-four hours a day, the total "
-"artist fees that radio station would owe would be over $1 million a "
-"
year.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A regular radio station "
+"artist fees that radio station would owe would be over $1 million a year."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A regular radio station "
"broadcasting the same content would pay no equivalent fee."
msgstr ""
msgstr "tidssonen til opprinnelse av overføring;"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;"
+msgid ""
+"numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;"
msgstr "numeriske angivelsen av i stedet for lydopptak programmet;"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
"samtidig. som alex alben fortalte visepresident for public policy på real "
"networks, meg:"
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 208
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony "
"about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and "
"etablere markedet rate, og hvis du angir satsen så høyt, du kommer til å "
"drive små webcasters ut av business.... \""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry "
"with thousands of webcasters, we think it should be an industry with, you "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet "
-"and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #46</ulink>. The Pew Internet "
-"and American Life Project reported that 37 million Americans had downloaded "
-"music files from the Internet by early 2001."
+"and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #46</ulink>. The Pew Internet and American "
+"Life Project reported that 37 million Americans had downloaded music files "
+"from the Internet by early 2001."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 209
"extreme response by the other."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. f16.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" Los "
"Angeles Times, 10 September 2003, Business."
"discovered, it will always cost more to defend against these suits than it "
"would cost to simply settle. (The twelve year old, for example, like Jesse "
"Jordan, paid her life savings of $2,000 to settle the case.) Our law is an "
-"awful system for defending rights. It is an embarrassment to our "
-"tradition. And the consequence of our law as it is, is that those with the "
-"power can use the law to quash any rights they oppose."
+"awful system for defending rights. It is an embarrassment to our tradition. "
+"And the consequence of our law as it is, is that those with the power can "
+"use the law to quash any rights they oppose."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. f17.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During "
"Prohibition,\" American Economic Review 81, no. 2 (1991): 242."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform "
-"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John "
-"P. Walters, director of National Drug Control Policy)."
+"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John P. "
+"Walters, director of National Drug Control Policy)."
msgstr ""
"nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll: høre før house government reform "
"committee, 108th cong., 1 sess. (5 mars 2003) (setning av john p. walters, "
"direktør for nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll)."
-#, mtrans
+#. f19.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" "
"Journal of Economic Literature 36 (1998): 818 (survey of compliance "
"level. Americans were drinking just about as much, but now, a vast number "
"were criminals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> We have launched a "
"war on drugs aimed at reducing the consumption of regulated narcotics that 7 "
-"percent (or 16 million) Americans now use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> That is a drop from the high (so to speak) in 1979 of 14 percent "
-"of the population. We regulate automobiles to the point where the vast "
-"majority of Americans violate the law every day. We run such a complex tax "
-"system that a majority of cash businesses regularly cheat.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our \"free society,\" but "
-"an endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated within our society. And "
-"as a result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate at least some "
-"law."
+"percent (or 16 million) Americans now use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"1\"/> That is a drop from the high (so to speak) in 1979 of 14 percent of "
+"the population. We regulate automobiles to the point where the vast majority "
+"of Americans violate the law every day. We run such a complex tax system "
+"that a majority of cash businesses regularly cheat.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our \"free society,\" but an "
+"endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated within our society. And as a "
+"result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate at least some law."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly "
"salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students "
"studentene som har ulovlig lastet ned musikk, ulovlig konsumert alkohol og "
"noen ganger narkotika, ulovlig arbeidet uten å betale skatt, ulovlig drevet "
"biler. disse er barna som oppfører seg ulovlig er stadig normen. og deretter "
-"vi, som loven professorer, skal lære dem hvordan å oppføre seg "
-"etisk--hvordan å si nei til bestikkelser, holde klienten midler atskilt "
-"eller ære et krav til å avsløre et dokument som betyr at ditt tilfelle er "
-"over. generasjoner av amerikanere--mer betydelig i enkelte deler av Amerika "
-"enn i andre, men likevel, overalt i Amerika i dag--ikke kan lever sine liv "
-"både normalt og lovlig, siden \"normalt\" innebærer en viss grad av "
-"illegality."
+"vi, som loven professorer, skal lære dem hvordan å oppføre seg etisk--"
+"hvordan å si nei til bestikkelser, holde klienten midler atskilt eller ære "
+"et krav til å avsløre et dokument som betyr at ditt tilfelle er over. "
+"generasjoner av amerikanere--mer betydelig i enkelte deler av Amerika enn i "
+"andre, men likevel, overalt i Amerika i dag--ikke kan lever sine liv både "
+"normalt og lovlig, siden \"normalt\" innebærer en viss grad av illegality."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"mening, siden drap er galt hver dag i uken. et samfunn er rett å utestenge "
"drap alltid og overalt."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but "
"that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people "
"experience violating the law, the less we respect the law. Obviously, in "
"most cases, the important issue is the law, not respect for the law. I don't "
"care whether the rapist respects the law or not; I want to catch and "
-"incarcerate the rapist. But I do care whether my students respect the "
-"law. And I do care if the rules of law sow increasing disrespect because of "
-"the extreme of regulation they impose. Twenty million Americans have come "
-"of age since the Internet introduced this different idea of \"sharing.\" We "
+"incarcerate the rapist. But I do care whether my students respect the law. "
+"And I do care if the rules of law sow increasing disrespect because of the "
+"extreme of regulation they impose. Twenty million Americans have come of "
+"age since the Internet introduced this different idea of \"sharing.\" We "
"need to be able to call these twenty million Americans \"citizens,\" not "
"\"felons.\""
msgstr ""
msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example."
msgstr "Denne abstrakte punkt kan gjøres mer tydelig med en bestemt eksempel."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 212
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of "
"plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law "
"protects our right to buy and sell that plastic: It is not a copyright "
"infringement for me to sell all my classical records at a used record store "
-"and buy jazz records to replace them. That \"use\" of the recordings is "
-"free."
+"and buy jazz records to replace them. That \"use\" of the recordings is free."
msgstr ""
"vi alle egne CDer. mange av oss fortsatt eier fonograf poster. disse bitene "
"av plast kode musikk at i en viss forstand vi har kjøpt. loven beskytter vår "
"opphavsrett for meg å selge min klassisk poster på en brukte platebutikk og "
"kjøpe jazz poster hvis du vil erstatte dem. \"Bruk\" av opptak er gratis."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph "
"records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without "
"foreslå at \"friheten\" var en rett: i en rekke reklamefilmer, apple "
"godkjent \"rip, mikse, brenne\" kapasiteter digitale teknologier."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large "
"process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in "
"Andromeda, we can build different play lists of our music: Bach, Baroque, "
"Love Songs, Love Songs of Significant Others--the potential is endless. And "
"by reducing the costs of mixing play lists, these technologies help build a "
-"creativity with play lists that is itself independently "
-"valuable. Compilations of songs are creative and meaningful in their own "
-"right."
+"creativity with play lists that is itself independently valuable. "
+"Compilations of songs are creative and meaningful in their own right."
msgstr ""
"Denne \"Bruk\" av min poster er absolutt verdifull. Jeg har begynt en stor "
"prosess hjemme med ripping av alle mine og min kones CDer, og lagre dem i en "
"CDer som ikke blir rippet. eller de kan aktivere spion programmer å "
"identifisere rippede innhold på folks maskiner."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 213
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your "
"own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, "
-"and get technology to disable the technologies that protect the "
-"content. Trading in those technologies is illegal, but maybe that doesn't "
-"bother you much. In any case, for the vast majority of people, these "
-"protection technologies would effectively destroy the archiving use of "
-"CDs. The technology, in other words, would force us all back to the world "
-"where we either listened to music by manipulating pieces of plastic or were "
-"part of a massively complex \"digital rights management\" system."
+"and get technology to disable the technologies that protect the content. "
+"Trading in those technologies is illegal, but maybe that doesn't bother you "
+"much. In any case, for the vast majority of people, these protection "
+"technologies would effectively destroy the archiving use of CDs. The "
+"technology, in other words, would force us all back to the world where we "
+"either listened to music by manipulating pieces of plastic or were part of a "
+"massively complex \"digital rights management\" system."
msgstr ""
"Hvis disse teknologiene tok av, ville og bygging av store arkiver av din "
"egen musikk bli ganske vanskelig. Du kan henge i hacker sirkler, og få "
"alternative is that it would lead to a very different market for producing "
"and distributing creativity. The dominant few, who today control the vast "
"majority of the distribution of content in the world, would no longer "
-"exercise this extreme of control. Rather, they would go the way of the "
-"horse-drawn buggy."
+"exercise this extreme of control. Rather, they would go the way of the horse-"
+"drawn buggy."
msgstr ""
"Jeg tror det er en måte å sikre at kunstnere er betalt uten å slå førti - "
"tre millioner amerikanere i felons. men funksjonen fremspringende i denne "
"konkurranse. for dem er valget mellom fortythree millioner amerikanere som "
"kriminelle og deres egen overlevelse."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 214
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable "
"why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; "
"prosentandel av befolkningen i kriminelle.\" Dette er sikkerhetsstillelse "
"skader på borgerrettigheter vanligvis."
-#, mtrans
-msgid "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains,"
-msgstr "\"Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatte lawbreaker,\" forklarer von sang,"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+msgid ""
+"\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains,"
+msgstr ""
+"\"Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatte lawbreaker,\" forklarer von sang,"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to "
"one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you "
msgid ""
"Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA "
"launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the "
-"names of customers who the RIAA believed were violating copyright "
-"law. Verizon fought that demand and lost. With a simple request to a judge, "
-"and without any notice to the customer at all, the identity of an Internet "
-"user is revealed."
+"names of customers who the RIAA believed were violating copyright law. "
+"Verizon fought that demand and lost. With a simple request to a judge, and "
+"without any notice to the customer at all, the identity of an Internet user "
+"is revealed."
msgstr ""
"brukere av Internett begynte å se dette vanligvis i 2003 som riaa lanserte "
"sin kampanje for å tvinge nettleverandører til å snu navnene på kundene som "
"tapte. med en enkel forespørsel til en dommer, og uten varsel til kunden i "
"det hele tatt, er identiteten til en Internett-bruker avslørt."
-#, mtrans
+#. f20.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in "
"Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 "
msgstr ""
"se frank ahrens, \"riaa's søksmål møte overrasket over mål; enkelt mor i "
"California, 12-år gammel jente i ny blant saksøkte,\"washington post, 10 "
-"september 2003, e1; Chris cobbs, \"bekymret foreldre trekke pluggen på "
-"filen\"stjele\"; med musikkbransjen cracking ned på Filbytte, er foreldre "
-"prøver å lure programvare fra hjemme-PC å unngå blir saksøkte,\"orlando "
-"sentinel tribune, 30 august 2003, c1; Jefferson graham, \"innspillingen "
-"industri sues foreldre,\" usa today, 15 september 2003, 4 d; John schwartz, "
-"\"hun sier hun er ingen musikk pirat. ikke snoop fan, enten,\"new york "
-"times, 25 september 2003, c1; Margo varadi, \"er brianna en kriminell?\" "
-"toronto star, 18 september 2003, p7."
+"september 2003, e1; Chris cobbs, \"bekymret foreldre trekke pluggen på filen"
+"\"stjele\"; med musikkbransjen cracking ned på Filbytte, er foreldre prøver "
+"å lure programvare fra hjemme-PC å unngå blir saksøkte,\"orlando sentinel "
+"tribune, 30 august 2003, c1; Jefferson graham, \"innspillingen industri sues "
+"foreldre,\" usa today, 15 september 2003, 4 d; John schwartz, \"hun sier hun "
+"er ingen musikk pirat. ikke snoop fan, enten,\"new york times, 25 september "
+"2003, c1; Margo varadi, \"er brianna en kriminell?\" toronto star, 18 "
+"september 2003, p7."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"potential damages from these suits are astronomical: If a family's computer "
"is used to download a single CD's worth of music, the family could be liable "
"for $2 million in damages. That didn't stop the RIAA from suing a number of "
-"these families, just as they had sued Jesse Jordan.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"these families, just as they had sued Jesse Jordan.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. f21.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some "
-"Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #47</ulink>."
+"Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #47</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"Becker and Angela Rozas, \"Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two Students "
"Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,\" Chicago Tribune, 16 July 2003, "
"1C; Beth Cox, \"RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities,\" Internet "
-"News, 30 January 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny Evangelista, "
-"\"Download Warning 101: Freshman Orientation This Fall to Include Record "
-"Industry Warnings Against File Sharing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 11 August "
-"2003, E11; \"Raid, Letters Are Weapons at Universities,\" USA Today, 26 "
-"September 2000, 3D."
+"News, 30 January 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny Evangelista, \"Download Warning 101: "
+"Freshman Orientation This Fall to Include Record Industry Warnings Against "
+"File Sharing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 11 August 2003, E11; \"Raid, "
+"Letters Are Weapons at Universities,\" USA Today, 26 September 2000, 3D."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"expelled."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 216
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a "
"lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that "
"advokat for henne (på $300 per time, hvis du er heldig), og hun kan erkjenne "
"at hun ikke visste noe om kilden til sangene eller at de kom fra napster. og "
"det kan godt være at universitetet mener henne. Men universitetet kan ikke "
-"tro henne. Det kan behandle denne \"Kontrabande\" som presumptive av "
-"skyld. og som mange studenter har allerede lært, våre arrogante "
-"forutsetningen om uskyld forsvinne i midten av krigene om forbud. denne "
-"krigen er ikke annerledes. sier von sang,"
+"tro henne. Det kan behandle denne \"Kontrabande\" som presumptive av skyld. "
+"og som mange studenter har allerede lært, våre arrogante forutsetningen om "
+"uskyld forsvinne i midten av krigene om forbud. denne krigen er ikke "
+"annerledes. sier von sang,"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans "
"that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the "
-"civil liberties of those people are very much in peril in a general "
-"matter. [I don't] think [there is any] analog where you could randomly "
-"choose any person off the street and be confident that they were committing "
-"an unlawful act that could put them on the hook for potential felony "
-"liability or hundreds of millions of dollars of civil liability. Certainly "
-"we all speed, but speeding isn't the kind of an act for which we routinely "
-"forfeit civil liberties. Some people use drugs, and I think that's the "
-"closest analog, [but] many have noted that the war against drugs has eroded "
-"all of our civil liberties because it's treated so many Americans as "
-"criminals. Well, I think it's fair to say that file sharing is an order of "
-"magnitude larger number of Americans than drug use. . . . If forty to sixty "
-"million Americans have become lawbreakers, then we're really on a slippery "
-"slope to lose a lot of civil liberties for all forty to sixty million of "
-"them."
+"civil liberties of those people are very much in peril in a general matter. "
+"[I don't] think [there is any] analog where you could randomly choose any "
+"person off the street and be confident that they were committing an unlawful "
+"act that could put them on the hook for potential felony liability or "
+"hundreds of millions of dollars of civil liability. Certainly we all speed, "
+"but speeding isn't the kind of an act for which we routinely forfeit civil "
+"liberties. Some people use drugs, and I think that's the closest analog, "
+"[but] many have noted that the war against drugs has eroded all of our civil "
+"liberties because it's treated so many Americans as criminals. Well, I think "
+"it's fair to say that file sharing is an order of magnitude larger number of "
+"Americans than drug use. . . . If forty to sixty million Americans have "
+"become lawbreakers, then we're really on a slippery slope to lose a lot of "
+"civil liberties for all forty to sixty million of them."
msgstr ""
"så når vi snakker om tall som førti til seksti millioner amerikanere som er "
"egentlig opphavsrett varemerkerettigheter, oppretter du en situasjon der "
"glatt skråning å miste mye av borgerrettigheter for alle førti til seksti "
"millioner av dem."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the "
"law, and when the law could achieve the same objective-- securing rights to "
"people or a concerted effort through our democracy to change our law?"
msgstr ""
"Når førti til seksti millioner amerikanere anses \"kriminelle\" under loven, "
-"og når loven kan oppnå det samme målet--sikre rettighetene til "
-"forfattere--uten disse millioner blir betraktet som \"kriminelle\", som er "
-"skurk? amerikanere eller loven? som er amerikansk, en konstant krig på våre "
-"egne folk eller en felles innsats gjennom vårt demokrati for å endre vår "
-"lov?"
+"og når loven kan oppnå det samme målet--sikre rettighetene til forfattere--"
+"uten disse millioner blir betraktet som \"kriminelle\", som er skurk? "
+"amerikanere eller loven? som er amerikansk, en konstant krig på våre egne "
+"folk eller en felles innsats gjennom vårt demokrati for å endre vår lov?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "BALANCES"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is "
-"on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the "
-"fire. Now you don't know how to put it out. Next to you is a bucket, filled "
-"with gasoline. Obviously, gasoline won't put the fire out."
+"on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the fire. "
+"Now you don't know how to put it out. Next to you is a bucket, filled with "
+"gasoline. Obviously, gasoline won't put the fire out."
msgstr ""
"så her er bildet: du står på siden av veien. bilen er på brann. du er sint "
"og lei fordi delvis du hjalp starte til brann. nå vet du hvordan du setter "
msgstr ""
"denne utfordringen har vært livet disse siste årene. Det har også vært min "
"feil. i to kapitlene som følger, beskriver jeg en liten klammeparentes av "
-"innsats, så langt ikke klart, å finne en måte å refokusere denne "
-"debatten. Hvis vi å forstå hva suksess vil kreve, må vi forstå disse feil."
+"innsats, så langt ikke klart, å finne en måte å refokusere denne debatten. "
+"Hvis vi å forstå hva suksess vil kreve, må vi forstå disse feil."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred"
"who can't get access to printed versions of these works. Instead, Eldred was "
"producing derivative works from these public domain works. Just as Disney "
"turned Grimm into stories more accessible to the twentieth century, Eldred "
-"transformed Hawthorne, and many others, into a form more "
-"accessible--technically accessible--today."
+"transformed Hawthorne, and many others, into a form more accessible--"
+"technically accessible--today."
msgstr ""
"eldred's biblioteket var ikke bare en kopi av visse bøker, men ville ha vært "
"enda en kopi av stor verdi til folk over hele verden som ikke kan få tilgang "
"penguin klassikere, ta works fra public domain og produsere trykte utgavene, "
"som de selger i bokhandler over hele landet. andre, for eksempel disney, ta "
"disse historiene og slå dem i animerte-tegneserier, noen ganger lykkes "
-"(cinderella), noen ganger ikke (hunchback i notre dame, skatt "
-"planeten). disse er alle kommersielle publikasjoner av offentlige verker."
+"(cinderella), noen ganger ikke (hunchback i notre dame, skatt planeten). "
+"disse er alle kommersielle publikasjoner av offentlige verker."
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
"klasse eksisterte ikke før Internett kom til å være fordi kostnadene ved å "
"distribuere porno var så høy. ennå fikk dette ny klasse med distributører "
"spesiell oppmerksomhet i Høyesterett, når domstolen slått ned kommunikasjon "
-"sømmelighet act of 1996. Det var delvis på grunn av byrden på "
-"ikke-kommersiell høyttalere som Vedtektene ble funnet for å overgå "
-"Kongressens makt. samme punkt kunne vært gjort om ikke-kommersiell utgivere "
-"etter advent av Internett. eric eldreds av verden før Internett var svært "
-"få. ennå skulle en tro det minst like viktig å beskytte eldreds av verden "
-"som beskytter ikke-kommersiell pornographers."
+"sømmelighet act of 1996. Det var delvis på grunn av byrden på ikke-"
+"kommersiell høyttalere som Vedtektene ble funnet for å overgå Kongressens "
+"makt. samme punkt kunne vært gjort om ikke-kommersiell utgivere etter advent "
+"av Internett. eric eldreds av verden før Internett var svært få. ennå skulle "
+"en tro det minst like viktig å beskytte eldreds av verden som beskytter ikke-"
+"kommersiell pornographers."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"som jeg sa, bor eldred i new hampshire. i 1998, var robert frost samling av "
"dikt i new hampshire slated skjedde i public domain. Eldred ønsket å legge "
-"samlingen i hans gratis offentlig bibliotek. men landsmøtet fått i "
-"veien. som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10, i 1998, for ellevte gang i førti år, "
+"samlingen i hans gratis offentlig bibliotek. men landsmøtet fått i veien. "
+"som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10, i 1998, for ellevte gang i førti år, "
"utvidet Kongressen vilkårene i eksisterende opphavsrettigheter--denne tiden "
"av tjue år. Eldred ville ikke være fri til å legge til et hvilket som helst "
"works som er nyere enn 1923 i sin samling 2020. Faktisk ville ingen "
"deretter, hvis Kongressen utvider sikt igjen). derimot i samme periode, vil "
"mer enn 1 million patenter passere i public domain."
-#, mtrans
+#. f2.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to "
"last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the "
"Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me to strengthen our "
"copyright laws in all of the ways available to us. As you know, there is "
-"also Jack Valenti's proposal for a term to last forever less one "
-"day. Perhaps the Committee may look at that next Congress,\" 144 "
-"Cong. Rec. H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998)."
+"also Jack Valenti's proposal for a term to last forever less one day. "
+"Perhaps the Committee may look at that next Congress,\" 144 Cong. Rec. "
+"H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998)."
msgstr ""
"hele teksten er: \"sonny [bono] ønsket av opphavsrettslig vern til å vare "
"evig. Jeg informert av ansatte at slik endring ville bryte Grunnloven. Jeg "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing "
-"for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their "
-". . . Writings. . . ."
+"for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their . . . "
+"Writings. . . ."
msgstr ""
"Kongressen har makt til å fremme utviklingen av vitenskap... ved å sikre for "
"begrenset ganger til forfattere... eksklusive rett til deres... skrifter...."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of "
"Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power "
"to Congress simply says Congress has the power to do something--for example, "
"to regulate \"commerce among the several states\" or \"declare War.\" But "
-"here, the \"something\" is something quite specific--to \"promote "
-". . . Progress\"--through means that are also specific-- by \"securing\" "
+"here, the \"something\" is something quite specific--to \"promote . . . "
+"Progress\"--through means that are also specific-- by \"securing\" "
"\"exclusive Rights\" (i.e., copyrights) \"for limited Times.\""
msgstr ""
-"som jeg har beskrevet, denne bestemmelsen er unikt innenfor "
-"strøm-granting-setningsdel i artikkelen i, Seksjon 8 av vår grunnlov. hver "
-"andre setningsdelen gi strøm til Kongressen sier bare Kongressen har makt "
-"til å gjøre noe--for eksempel, å regulere \"handel mellom flere stater\" "
-"eller \"erklærer krig\" men her, \"noe\" er noe helt spesielt--å "
-"\"fremme... fremgang\"--gjennom betyr at er også spesifikke--av \"sikre\" "
-"\"enerett\" (det vil si opphavsrett) \"for begrenset ganger.\""
+"som jeg har beskrevet, denne bestemmelsen er unikt innenfor strøm-granting-"
+"setningsdel i artikkelen i, Seksjon 8 av vår grunnlov. hver andre "
+"setningsdelen gi strøm til Kongressen sier bare Kongressen har makt til å "
+"gjøre noe--for eksempel, å regulere \"handel mellom flere stater\" eller "
+"\"erklærer krig\" men her, \"noe\" er noe helt spesielt--å \"fremme... "
+"fremgang\"--gjennom betyr at er også spesifikke--av \"sikre\" \"enerett"
+"\" (det vil si opphavsrett) \"for begrenset ganger.\""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 223
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending "
"existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if "
"Congress has the power to extend existing terms, then the Constitution's "
"requirement that terms be \"limited\" will have no practical effect. If "
"every time a copyright is about to expire, Congress has the power to extend "
-"its term, then Congress can achieve what the Constitution plainly "
-"forbids--perpetual terms \"on the installment plan,\" as Professor Peter "
-"Jaszi so nicely put it."
+"its term, then Congress can achieve what the Constitution plainly forbids--"
+"perpetual terms \"on the installment plan,\" as Professor Peter Jaszi so "
+"nicely put it."
msgstr ""
"i de siste 40 årene, har Kongressen fått i praksis for å utvide eksisterende "
"vilkår for opphavsrettslig vern. Hva rådvill meg om dette var, hvis "
"være villig til å betale mye penger å se sine opphavsrett vilkår utvidet. og "
"så congress er ganske fornøyd med å holde denne Kjøttsaft tog går."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of "
-"government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are "
-"bribed. Rather, \"corruption\" in the sense that the system induces the "
-"beneficiaries of Congress's acts to raise and give money to Congress to "
-"induce it to act. There's only so much time; there's only so much Congress "
-"can do. Why not limit its actions to those things it must do--and those "
-"things that pay? Extending copyright terms pays."
+"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of government. "
+"\"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are bribed. Rather, "
+"\"corruption\" in the sense that the system induces the beneficiaries of "
+"Congress's acts to raise and give money to Congress to induce it to act. "
+"There's only so much time; there's only so much Congress can do. Why not "
+"limit its actions to those things it must do--and those things that pay? "
+"Extending copyright terms pays."
msgstr ""
-"for dette er kjernen i korrupsjon i vår nåværende system av "
-"regjeringen. \"ødelagt\" ikke i den forstand at representanter er "
-"bribed. snarere \"corruption\" i den forstand at systemet leder "
-"beneficiaries av congress's handlinger for å øke og gi penger til Kongressen "
-"for å få det til å handle. Det er bare så mye tid; Det er bare så mye "
-"kongress kan gjøre. Hvorfor ikke begrense handlingene til disse tingene det "
-"må gjøre-- og de tingene som betaler? forlengelse av lønner seg."
+"for dette er kjernen i korrupsjon i vår nåværende system av regjeringen. "
+"\"ødelagt\" ikke i den forstand at representanter er bribed. snarere "
+"\"corruption\" i den forstand at systemet leder beneficiaries av congress's "
+"handlinger for å øke og gi penger til Kongressen for å få det til å handle. "
+"Det er bare så mye tid; Det er bare så mye kongress kan gjøre. Hvorfor ikke "
+"begrense handlingene til disse tingene det må gjøre-- og de tingene som "
+"betaler? forlengelse av lønner seg."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of "
-"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to "
-"expire. You sit on the board of the Robert Frost estate. Your financial "
-"adviser comes to your board meeting with a very grim report:"
+"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to expire. "
+"You sit on the board of the Robert Frost estate. Your financial adviser "
+"comes to your board meeting with a very grim report:"
msgstr ""
"så forestille robert frost eiendom er tjener $100.000 i året fra tre av "
"frost's dikt. og forestille seg opphavsretten for disse diktene er i ferd "
"med å utløpe. du sitter i styret for robert frost eiendom. finansiell "
"rådgiver kommer til din styremøte med en svært dystre rapport:"
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 224
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C "
"will expire. That means that after next year, we will no longer be receiving "
"utløpe. Det betyr at etter neste år, vi vil ikke lenger motta årlige royalty "
"kontroll av $100.000 fra utgivere av disse fungerer."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could "
"change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to extend the terms of "
"tjue år. at regningen ville være ekstremt verdifullt for oss. så vi bør håpe "
"passerer denne regningen.\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about "
-"it?\""
-msgstr "\"håper?\" styremedlem stipendiat sier. \"kan ikke vi gjøre noe med det?\""
+"\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about it?"
+"\""
+msgstr ""
+"\"håper?\" styremedlem stipendiat sier. \"kan ikke vi gjøre noe med det?\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the "
"campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure that they support "
"\"Vel, tydeligvis ja,\" rådgiver svarer. \"vi kunne bidra til kampanjene av "
"en rekke representanter å prøve å sikre at de støtter regningen.\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know "
"whether this disgusting practice is worth it. \"How much would we get if "
"denne motbydelig praksis er verdt det. \"hvor mye ville vi få Hvis denne "
"utvidelsen ble passert?\" du be rådgiver. \"hvor mye er det verdt?\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to "
"get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the "
msgid ""
"You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct "
"conclusion:"
-msgstr "du er litt sjokkert av nummeret, men du komme raskt til riktig konklusjon:"
+msgstr ""
+"du er litt sjokkert av nummeret, men du komme raskt til riktig konklusjon:"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 "
"in campaign contributions if we were confident those contributions would "
"kampanjen bidrag om vi var sikker på disse bidragene vil forsikre at "
"regningen ble sendt?"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute "
-"up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these "
-"copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.\""
+"up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these copyrights. "
+"Which for us means over $1,000,000.\""
msgstr ""
"\"absolutt\", svarer rådgiver. \"det er verdt det for deg å bidra med opp "
-"til stede verdien av inntekten du forventer fra disse "
-"opphavsrettigheter. som for oss betyr over $1,000,000.\""
+"til stede verdien av inntekten du forventer fra disse opphavsrettigheter. "
+"som for oss betyr over $1,000,000.\""
#. PAGE BREAK 225
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"(riktignok indirekte), vil det være alle ansporingen i verden til å kjøpe "
"ytterligere utvidelser av copyright."
-#, mtrans
+#. f3.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse "
"Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" Chicago "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" Congressional "
-"Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>."
+"Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"campaigns in the cycle.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not "
"be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the "
"av denne trenden Høyesterett beslutning i 1995 å ramme en lov som forbød "
"besittelse av våpen i nærheten av skoler."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very "
"broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate "
"Supreme Court, the government said, was not in the position to second-guess "
"Congress."
msgstr ""
-"Høyesterett, under chief justice rehnquist kommando, endret som i USA "
-"v. lopez. regjeringen hadde hevdet at ha våpen i nærheten av skoler berørt "
+"Høyesterett, under chief justice rehnquist kommando, endret som i USA v. "
+"lopez. regjeringen hadde hevdet at ha våpen i nærheten av skoler berørt "
"utdanningen handel. våpen i nærheten av skoler øke kriminalitet, "
"kriminalitet senker egenskapsverdier, og så videre. i argumentet muntlig "
"bedt justisministeren regjeringen om det var noen aktivitet som ikke vil "
-"påvirke utdanningen handel under begrunnelsen regjeringen "
-"Avansert. regjeringen sa det var ikke; Hvis Kongressen sier en aktivitet "
-"påvirker utdanningen handel, påvirker den aktiviteten utdanningen "
-"handel. Høyesterett, regjeringen sa, var ikke i posisjon til å second-guess "
+"påvirke utdanningen handel under begrunnelsen regjeringen Avansert. "
+"regjeringen sa det var ikke; Hvis Kongressen sier en aktivitet påvirker "
+"utdanningen handel, påvirker den aktiviteten utdanningen handel. "
+"Høyesterett, regjeringen sa, var ikke i posisjon til å second-guess "
"Kongressen."
#. f6.
"Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything "
"Congress says is interstate commerce must therefore be considered interstate "
"commerce, then there would be no limit to Congress's power. The decision in "
-"Lopez was reaffirmed five years later in United States "
-"
v. Morrison.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"Lopez was reaffirmed five years later in United States v. Morrison."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. f8.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries "
"from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of "
"copyrights--the limitation to \"limited times\" notwithstanding."
msgstr ""
"Hvis det er et prinsipp om nummerert kreftene, deretter bærer prinsippet fra "
-"en nummerert power til en annen. animert poenget i konteksten av "
-"handel-setningsdelen var at tolkningen tilbys av regjeringen ville tillate "
+"en nummerert power til en annen. animert poenget i konteksten av handel-"
+"setningsdelen var at tolkningen tilbys av regjeringen ville tillate "
"regjeringen unending makt til å regulere handel--begrenset til utdanningen "
"handel til tross for. det samme punktet er sant i forbindelse med "
"opphavsrett-setningsdel. her også, regjeringens tolkning ville tillate "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress "
-"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> And if it is applied to the Progress Clause, the principle should "
+"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> And if it is applied to the Progress Clause, the principle should "
"yield the conclusion that Congress can't extend an existing term. If "
"Congress could extend an existing term, then there would be no \"stopping "
"point\" to Congress's power over terms, though the Constitution expressly "
"extend the term of existing copyrights."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"If, that is, the principle announced in Lopez stood for a principle. Many "
"believed the decision in Lopez stood for politics--a conservative Supreme "
"envisions: In exchange for a monopoly protected for fifty-six years, they "
"created new work. But now these entities were using their power--expressed "
"through the power of lobbyists' money--to get another twenty-year dollop of "
-"monopoly. That twenty-year dollop would be taken from the public "
-"domain. Eric Eldred was fighting a piracy that affects us all."
+"monopoly. That twenty-year dollop would be taken from the public domain. "
+"Eric Eldred was fighting a piracy that affects us all."
msgstr ""
"Nå la oss pause for et øyeblikk å sørge for at vi forstår hva argumentet i "
"eldred ikke var om. ved å insistere på grunnlovens grenser for opphavsrett, "
"opprettet Mikke Mus, maksimal opphavsrett begrepet var bare femtiseks år. på "
"grunn av midlertidige endringer, hadde frost og disney allerede likte "
"monopol sytti-fem år for deres arbeid. de hadde fått fordelen av handel som "
-"Grunnloven ser for seg: i bytte for et monopol som er beskyttet for "
-"femti-seks år, de opprettet nytt arbeid. men nå disse enhetene bruker deres "
-"makt--uttrykt gjennom strømmen av lobbyister penger--for å få en annen tyve "
-"års dollop av monopol. at tyve års Dollop dollop ville bli Hentet fra public "
+"Grunnloven ser for seg: i bytte for et monopol som er beskyttet for femti-"
+"seks år, de opprettet nytt arbeid. men nå disse enhetene bruker deres makt--"
+"uttrykt gjennom strømmen av lobbyister penger--for å få en annen tyve års "
+"dollop av monopol. at tyve års Dollop dollop ville bli Hentet fra public "
"domain. Eric eldred var kjemper en piratkopiering som påvirker oss alle."
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
-"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 "
-"U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n.10, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #51</ulink>."
+"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U."
+"S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n.10, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #51</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"perfekte stormen for public domain. opphavsrett er utløpt ikke, og utløper "
"ikke, så lenge congress er gratis kjøpes for å utvide dem igjen."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. "
"Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for "
"copyright owners to ignore. But the real harm to our society from copyright "
-"extensions is not that Mickey Mouse remains Disney's. Forget Mickey "
-"Mouse. Forget Robert Frost. Forget all the works from the 1920s and 1930s "
-"that have continuing commercial value. The real harm of term extension comes "
-"not from these famous works. The real harm is to the works that are not "
-"famous, not commercially exploited, and no longer available as a result."
-msgstr ""
-"Det er verdifull opphavsrett som er ansvarlig for vilkårene blir "
-"utvidet. Mikke Mus og \"rhapsody in blue.\" disse verkene er også nyttig for "
-"eiere av opphavsretter å ignorere. men reell skade samfunnet fra opphavsrett "
+"extensions is not that Mickey Mouse remains Disney's. Forget Mickey Mouse. "
+"Forget Robert Frost. Forget all the works from the 1920s and 1930s that have "
+"continuing commercial value. The real harm of term extension comes not from "
+"these famous works. The real harm is to the works that are not famous, not "
+"commercially exploited, and no longer available as a result."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er verdifull opphavsrett som er ansvarlig for vilkårene blir utvidet. "
+"Mikke Mus og \"rhapsody in blue.\" disse verkene er også nyttig for eiere av "
+"opphavsretter å ignorere. men reell skade samfunnet fra opphavsrett "
"servertilleggene er ikke at Mikke Mus forblir disney. glem Mikke Mus. glem "
"robert frost. Glem alle verker fra 1920- og 1930-tallet som har fortsetter "
"kommersiell verdi. reell skade sikt-utvidelsen kommer ikke fra disse berømte "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the "
-"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal "
-"ranges. See Brief of Petitioners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 7, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>."
+"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal ranges. "
+"See Brief of Petitioners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 7, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still "
-"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not "
-"on-line) and paging through tomes of books, cross-checking the titles and "
+"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not on-"
+"line) and paging through tomes of books, cross-checking the titles and "
"authors of the 9,873 books with the copyright registration and renewal "
"records for works published in 1930. That will produce a list of books still "
"under copyright."
"slike poster--spesielt siden personen som registrert ikke er nødvendigvis "
"gjeldende eier. og vi snakker bare om 1930!"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists "
"for the system respond. \"Why should there be a list of copyright owners?\""
"vil bare rot bort på hyller. men konsekvensen for andre kreative verker er "
"mye mer dire."
-#, mtrans
+#. f11.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" Los "
"Angeles Times, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, \"Classic Movies, Songs, "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any "
-"continuing commercial value. The rest--to the extent it survives at "
-"all--sits in vaults gathering dust. It may be that some of this work not now "
+"continuing commercial value. The rest--to the extent it survives at all--"
+"sits in vaults gathering dust. It may be that some of this work not now "
"commercially valuable will be deemed to be valuable by the owners of the "
"vaults. For this to occur, however, the commercial benefit from the work "
"must exceed the costs of making the work available for distribution."
"hans argument er enkelt. en liten brøkdel av dette arbeidet har noen "
"vedvarende kommersiell verdi. resten--i den grad det er blitt bevart på "
"alle--sitter i vaults samle støv. Det kan være at noe av dette arbeidet ikke "
-"nå kommersielt verdifull, anses for å være verdifulle av eierne av "
-"vaults. for at dette skal skje, men må kommersiell fordel fra arbeidet "
-"overskride kostnadene ved å gjøre arbeidet tilgjengelig for distribusjon."
+"nå kommersielt verdifull, anses for å være verdifulle av eierne av vaults. "
+"for at dette skal skje, men må kommersiell fordel fra arbeidet overskride "
+"kostnadene ved å gjøre arbeidet tilgjengelig for distribusjon."
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
"Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the "
"Petitoners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See "
"also Brief of Amicus Curiae filed on behalf of Petitioners by the Internet "
-"Archive, Eldred v. Ashcroft, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>."
+"Archive, Eldred v. Ashcroft, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital "
"technology has lowered these costs substantially. While it cost more than "
"$10,000 to restore a ninety-minute black-and-white film in 1993, it can now "
-"cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of mm film.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of mm film.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"kan holde rettigheter, som viser seg for å være et svært stort tall. dermed "
"kostnadene ved å fjerne rettighetene til disse filmene er usedvanlig høy."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the "
-"copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a "
-"felony. And even if you're not worried about committing a felony, when she "
-"does show up, she'll have the right to sue you for all the profits you have "
-"made. So, if you're successful, you can be fairly confident you'll be "
-"getting a call from someone's lawyer. And if you're not successful, you "
-"won't make enough to cover the costs of your own lawyer. Either way, you "
-"have to talk to a lawyer. And as is too often the case, saying you have to "
-"talk to a lawyer is the same as saying you won't make any money."
+"copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a felony. "
+"And even if you're not worried about committing a felony, when she does show "
+"up, she'll have the right to sue you for all the profits you have made. So, "
+"if you're successful, you can be fairly confident you'll be getting a call "
+"from someone's lawyer. And if you're not successful, you won't make enough "
+"to cover the costs of your own lawyer. Either way, you have to talk to a "
+"lawyer. And as is too often the case, saying you have to talk to a lawyer is "
+"the same as saying you won't make any money."
msgstr ""
"\"men ikke kan du bare gjenopprette filmen, distribuere den, og deretter "
"betale eieren av opphavsretten når hun viser?\" sikker, hvis du vil utføre "
"tid. de vil være borte, og metall canisters der de er nå lagret bli fylt med "
"noe mer enn støv."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has "
"continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a "
msgid ""
"But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative "
"work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books "
-"go out of print within one year. The same is true of music and "
-"film. Commercial culture is sharklike. It must keep moving. And when a "
-"creative work falls out of favor with the commercial distributors, the "
-"commercial life ends."
+"go out of print within one year. The same is true of music and film. "
+"Commercial culture is sharklike. It must keep moving. And when a creative "
+"work falls out of favor with the commercial distributors, the commercial "
+"life ends."
msgstr ""
"men selv for at liten brøkdel, den faktiske tiden da skapende arbeid har en "
"kommersiell levetid er ekstremt kort. som jeg har angitt, vil de fleste "
-"bøker gå ut av Skriv ut innen ett år. det samme gjelder av musikk og "
-"film. kommersielle kultur er sharklike. Det må bevege. og når en skapende "
-"arbeid faller ut av tjeneste med kommersielle distributører, kommersiell "
-"levetid slutter."
+"bøker gå ut av Skriv ut innen ett år. det samme gjelder av musikk og film. "
+"kommersielle kultur er sharklike. Det må bevege. og når en skapende arbeid "
+"faller ut av tjeneste med kommersielle distributører, kommersiell levetid "
+"slutter."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"have archives of films because we expect people to choose between spending "
"Friday night watching new movies and spending Friday night watching a 1930 "
"news documentary. The noncommercial life of culture is important and "
-"valuable--for entertainment but also, and more importantly, for "
-"knowledge. To understand who we are, and where we came from, and how we have "
-"made the mistakes that we have, we need to have access to this history."
+"valuable--for entertainment but also, and more importantly, for knowledge. "
+"To understand who we are, and where we came from, and how we have made the "
+"mistakes that we have, we need to have access to this history."
msgstr ""
"Det betyr ennå ikke livet av endene skapende arbeid. vi holde ikke "
"biblioteker av bøker for å konkurrere med barnes & noble, og vi har ikke "
"context do no good."
msgstr ""
"opphavsrettigheter i denne konteksten Kjør ikke en motor gratis "
-"uttrykksmåter. i denne sammenheng er det ikke behov for en eksklusiv "
-"rett. opphavsrettigheter i denne konteksten ikke nytter."
+"uttrykksmåter. i denne sammenheng er det ikke behov for en eksklusiv rett. "
+"opphavsrettigheter i denne konteksten ikke nytter."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our "
-"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no "
-"copyright-related use that would be inhibited by an exclusive right. When a "
-"book went out of print, you could not buy it from a publisher. But you "
-"could still buy it from a used book store, and when a used book store sells "
-"it, in America, at least, there is no need to pay the copyright owner "
-"anything. Thus, the ordinary use of a book after its commercial life ended "
-"was a use that was independent of copyright law."
+"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no copyright-"
+"related use that would be inhibited by an exclusive right. When a book went "
+"out of print, you could not buy it from a publisher. But you could still "
+"buy it from a used book store, and when a used book store sells it, in "
+"America, at least, there is no need to pay the copyright owner anything. "
+"Thus, the ordinary use of a book after its commercial life ended was a use "
+"that was independent of copyright law."
msgstr ""
"Likevel, for det meste av vår historie, de også gjorde lite skade. for de "
"fleste av vår historie, når et arbeid endte sin kommersielle liv, var det "
"expression. Copyright is a brake."
msgstr ""
"Her er kjernen av skade kommer fra utvide vilkår: nå som teknologi gjør det "
-"mulig for oss å gjenoppbygge biblioteket i alexandria, loven kommer i "
-"veien. og det ikke komme i veien for nyttig opphavsrett formål, med det "
-"formål å copyright er å aktivere det kommersielle markedet som sprer "
-"kultur. Nei, vi snakker om kultur etter at det har bodd sin kommersiell "
-"levetid. i denne sammenhengen er copyright serverer ingen formål på alle "
-"relatert til spredning av kunnskap. i denne sammenheng er copyright ikke en "
-"motor gratis uttrykksmåter. Copyright er en brems."
+"mulig for oss å gjenoppbygge biblioteket i alexandria, loven kommer i veien. "
+"og det ikke komme i veien for nyttig opphavsrett formål, med det formål å "
+"copyright er å aktivere det kommersielle markedet som sprer kultur. Nei, vi "
+"snakker om kultur etter at det har bodd sin kommersiell levetid. i denne "
+"sammenhengen er copyright serverer ingen formål på alle relatert til "
+"spredning av kunnskap. i denne sammenheng er copyright ikke en motor gratis "
+"uttrykksmåter. Copyright er en brems."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster "
"Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So won't "
"brewster kahle, deretter de vil lavere kostnader for random house, også. så "
"ikke random house gjøre samt brewster kahle i å spre kultur allment?\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that "
"publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 "
-"December 2002, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #54</ulink>."
+"December 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #54</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"gaps. As one researcher calculated for American culture, 94 percent of the "
"films, books, and music produced between and 1946 is not commercially "
"available. However much you love the commercial market, if access is a "
-"value, then 6 percent is a failure to provide that value.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"value, then 6 percent is a failure to provide that value.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal "
"district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny "
"The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A "
"panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our "
"claims, though after hearing an extensive argument. But that decision at "
-"least had a dissent, by one of the most conservative judges on that "
-"court. That dissent gave our claims life."
+"least had a dissent, by one of the most conservative judges on that court. "
+"That dissent gave our claims life."
msgstr ""
"district court avvist påstander om våre uten å selv høre et argument. et "
"panel av court of appeals for DC-kretsen også oppsagt våre krav, men etter "
"en av de mest konservative dommerne på at domstolen. at ga dissens livet "
"vårt krav."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights "
"be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: "
"sentelle hevdet, ville være å nekte Kongressen makt til å utvide "
"eksisterende vilkår."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the "
"case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important "
"cases or cases that raise issues specific to the circuit as a whole, where "
"the court will sit \"en banc\" to hear the case."
msgstr ""
-"vi spurte court of appeals for DC-kretsen som helhet å høre "
-"tilfelle. tilfeller er vanligvis hørt i paneler med tre, med unntak av "
-"viktige saker eller tilfeller som øke problemer som er spesifikke for "
-"kretsen som helhet, der domstolen skal sitte \"no banc\" for å høre "
-"tilfelle."
+"vi spurte court of appeals for DC-kretsen som helhet å høre tilfelle. "
+"tilfeller er vanligvis hørt i paneler med tre, med unntak av viktige saker "
+"eller tilfeller som øke problemer som er spesifikke for kretsen som helhet, "
+"der domstolen skal sitte \"no banc\" for å høre tilfelle."
#. PAGE BREAK 236
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This "
-"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the "
-"D.C. Circuit, Judge David Tatel. Both the most conservative and the most "
-"liberal judges in the D.C. Circuit believed Congress had overstepped its "
-"bounds."
+"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the D.C. "
+"Circuit, Judge David Tatel. Both the most conservative and the most liberal "
+"judges in the D.C. Circuit believed Congress had overstepped its bounds."
msgstr ""
"lagmannsrett avvist vår anmodning om å høre case no banc. Denne gangen "
"vurdere sentelle ble med seg mest liberale medlem av DC-krets, bedømme david "
"court has yet reviewed the statute."
msgstr ""
"Det var her at de fleste forventet eldred v. ashcroft ville dø, for "
-"Høyesterett vurderinger sjelden noen avgjørelse av en domstol i "
-"appeller. (det hører rundt hundre tilfeller et år, ut av mer enn fem tusen "
-"appeller.) og det praktisk talt aldri vurderinger en beslutning som "
-"opprettholder en vedtekt når ingen andre domstolen har gjennomgått "
-"vedtektene."
+"Høyesterett vurderinger sjelden noen avgjørelse av en domstol i appeller. "
+"(det hører rundt hundre tilfeller et år, ut av mer enn fem tusen appeller.) "
+"og det praktisk talt aldri vurderinger en beslutning som opprettholder en "
+"vedtekt når ingen andre domstolen har gjennomgått vedtektene."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been "
-"won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this "
-"story to myself, I can never escape believing that my own mistake lost it."
+"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been won. "
+"It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this story "
+"to myself, I can never escape believing that my own mistake lost it."
msgstr ""
-"men min klient og disse venner var galt. denne saken kunne ha blitt "
-"vunnet. Det burde ha blitt vunnet. og uansett hvor hardt jeg prøver å retell "
-"denne historien til meg selv, jeg kan aldri unnslippe å tro at min egen feil "
+"men min klient og disse venner var galt. denne saken kunne ha blitt vunnet. "
+"Det burde ha blitt vunnet. og uansett hvor hardt jeg prøver å retell denne "
+"historien til meg selv, jeg kan aldri unnslippe å tro at min egen feil "
"mistet den."
#. PAGE BREAK 237
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very "
-"end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary "
+"The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very end. "
+"Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary "
"lawyer, Geoffrey Stewart, and by the law firm he had moved to, Jones, Day, "
-"Reavis and Pogue. Jones Day took a great deal of heat from its "
-"copyright-protectionist clients for supporting us. They ignored this "
-"pressure (something that few law firms today would ever do), and throughout "
-"the case, they gave it everything they could."
+"Reavis and Pogue. Jones Day took a great deal of heat from its copyright-"
+"protectionist clients for supporting us. They ignored this pressure "
+"(something that few law firms today would ever do), and throughout the case, "
+"they gave it everything they could."
msgstr ""
"feil ble gjort tidlig, skjønt det ble åpenbart bare på til slutten. vårt "
"tilfelle hadde vært støttes helt fra begynnelsen av en ekstraordinære "
"advokat, geoffrey stewart, og ved advokatfirmaet hadde han flyttet til "
-"jones, dag, reavis og pogue. Jones dag tok mye varme fra klientene "
-"copyright-protectionist for å støtte oss. de ignorert dette presset (noe som "
-"noen advokatfirmaer i dag ville gjøre), og i hele saken, de ga det alt de "
-"kunne."
+"jones, dag, reavis og pogue. Jones dag tok mye varme fra klientene copyright-"
+"protectionist for å støtte oss. de ignorert dette presset (noe som noen "
+"advokatfirmaer i dag ville gjøre), og i hele saken, de ga det alt de kunne."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was "
-"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite "
-"involved. Bromberg and Ayer in particular had a common view about how this "
-"case would be won: We would only win, they repeatedly told me, if we could "
-"make the issue seem \"important\" to the Supreme Court. It had to seem as if "
-"dramatic harm were being done to free speech and free culture; otherwise, "
-"they would never vote against \"the most powerful media companies in the "
-"world.\""
+"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite involved. "
+"Bromberg and Ayer in particular had a common view about how this case would "
+"be won: We would only win, they repeatedly told me, if we could make the "
+"issue seem \"important\" to the Supreme Court. It had to seem as if dramatic "
+"harm were being done to free speech and free culture; otherwise, they would "
+"never vote against \"the most powerful media companies in the world.\""
msgstr ""
"Det var tre viktige advokater tilfelle fra jones dag. Geoff stewart var "
"først, men deretter dan bromberg og don ayer ble ganske involvert. Bromberg "
"om dramatisk skade ble gjort til ytringsfriheten og fri kultur; ellers ville "
"de aldri stemt mot \"de kraftigste media selskapene i verden.\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a "
"dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it "
"demonstrate that it was unconstitutional, my hope was to make this argument "
"against a background of briefs that covered the full range of political "
"views. To show that this claim against the CTEA was grounded in law and not "
-"politics, then, we tried to gather the widest range of credible "
-"critics--credible not because they were rich and famous, but because they, "
-"in the aggregate, demonstrated that this law was unconstitutional regardless "
-"of one's politics."
+"politics, then, we tried to gather the widest range of credible critics--"
+"credible not because they were rich and famous, but because they, in the "
+"aggregate, demonstrated that this law was unconstitutional regardless of "
+"one's politics."
msgstr ""
"Det var en måte, men i som jeg følte politikk ville saken og som jeg trodde "
"et svar var riktig. Jeg var overbevist om at domstolen ikke ville høre våre "
"ikke fordi de var rike og berømte, men fordi de, i samlet, vist at denne "
"loven var forfatningsstridig uavhengig av ens politikk."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
-"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. "
-"Mrs. Schlafly viewed the CTEA as a sellout by Congress. In November 1998, "
-"she wrote a stinging editorial attacking the Republican Congress for "
-"allowing the law to pass. As she wrote, \"Do you sometimes wonder why bills "
-"that create a financial windfall to narrow special interests slide easily "
-"through the intricate legislative process, while bills that benefit the "
-"general public seem to get bogged down?\" The answer, as the editorial "
-"documented, was the power of money. Schlafly enumerated Disney's "
-"contributions to the key players on the committees. It was money, not "
-"justice, that gave Mickey Mouse twenty more years in Disney's control, "
-"Schlafly argued."
+"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. Mrs. "
+"Schlafly viewed the CTEA as a sellout by Congress. In November 1998, she "
+"wrote a stinging editorial attacking the Republican Congress for allowing "
+"the law to pass. As she wrote, \"Do you sometimes wonder why bills that "
+"create a financial windfall to narrow special interests slide easily through "
+"the intricate legislative process, while bills that benefit the general "
+"public seem to get bogged down?\" The answer, as the editorial documented, "
+"was the power of money. Schlafly enumerated Disney's contributions to the "
+"key players on the committees. It was money, not justice, that gave Mickey "
+"Mouse twenty more years in Disney's control, Schlafly argued."
msgstr ""
"det første trinnet skjedde alt av seg selv. Phyllis schlafly organisasjon, "
"eagle forum, hadde vært motstander av ctea fra begynnelsen. Mrs. schlafly "
"fordelen allmennheten synes å komme bogged ned?\", som de redaksjonelle "
"dokumentert, var svaret strømmen av penger. schlafly nummerert disney's "
"bidrag til sentrale aktører på komiteene. Det var penger, ikke "
-"rettferdighet, som ga Mikke Mus tjue år i disney's kontroll, schlafly "
-"hevdet."
+"rettferdighet, som ga Mikke Mus tjue år i disney's kontroll, schlafly hevdet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"ble truffet, en hel generasjon av american film ville forsvinne. den andre "
"gjort argumentet økonomiske helt klart."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five "
"Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton "
"friedman, kenneth pilen og george akerlof. økonomer, spredte som viser "
"listen over nobel vinnere, det politiske spektret. deres konklusjoner var "
"kraftig: det var ingen sannsynlig hevder at utvide vilkårene i eksisterende "
-"opphavsrettigheter ville gjøre noe for å øke insentiver til å "
-"opprette. slike utvidelser var ingenting mer enn \"leie-søker\"--fancy sikt "
-"økonomer bruk å beskrive spesielle interesser lovgivning gone wild."
+"opphavsrettigheter ville gjøre noe for å øke insentiver til å opprette. "
+"slike utvidelser var ingenting mer enn \"leie-søker\"--fancy sikt økonomer "
+"bruk å beskrive spesielle interesser lovgivning gone wild."
#. PAGE BREAK 240
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"konstitusjonelle historie med en rekke banebrytende seire i Høyesterett "
"forsvare rettigheter; Min kollega og dean, kathleen sullivan, som hadde "
"hevdet mange tilfeller i domstol, og som hadde informert oss tidlig om en "
-"første endring strategi; og endelig, tidligere advokat general charles "
-"stekt."
+"første endring strategi; og endelig, tidligere advokat general charles stekt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
"companies the special favor of extended copyright terms. Fried was the only "
"one who turned down that lucrative assignment to stand up for something he "
-"believed in. He had been Ronald Reagan's chief lawyer in the Supreme "
-"Court. He had helped craft the line of cases that limited Congress's power "
-"in the context of the Commerce Clause. And while he had argued many "
-"positions in the Supreme Court that I personally disagreed with, his joining "
-"the cause was a vote of confidence in our argument."
+"believed in. He had been Ronald Reagan's chief lawyer in the Supreme Court. "
+"He had helped craft the line of cases that limited Congress's power in the "
+"context of the Commerce Clause. And while he had argued many positions in "
+"the Supreme Court that I personally disagreed with, his joining the cause "
+"was a vote of confidence in our argument."
msgstr ""
"stekt var en spesiell seier for vår side. hver andre tidligere advokat "
"generelt ble ansatt av den andre siden, å forsvare congress's kraft til å gi "
"posisjoner i Høyesterett som jeg personlig uenige med, hans begynte årsaken "
"var en stemme av tilliten i vår argumentet."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as "
"well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians "
"or economists. The briefs on the other side of the case were written "
"exclusively by major media companies, congressmen, and copyright holders."
msgstr ""
-"regjeringen, i å forsvare statutten, hadde sin samling av venner, "
-"også. betydelig, men ingen av disse \"vennene\" inkludert historikere eller "
+"regjeringen, i å forsvare statutten, hadde sin samling av venner, også. "
+"betydelig, men ingen av disse \"vennene\" inkludert historikere eller "
"økonomer. truser på den andre siden av saken ble skrevet utelukkende av "
"store medieselskaper, congressmen og innehaver av opphavsrett."
msgid ""
"The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the "
"law. The congressmen were not surprising either--they were defending their "
-"power and, indirectly, the gravy train of contributions such power "
-"induced. And of course it was not surprising that the copyright holders "
-"would defend the idea that they should continue to have the right to control "
-"who did what with content they wanted to control."
-msgstr ""
-"media selskapene var ikke overraskende. de har mest å tjene på "
-"loven. congressmen var ikke overraskende enten--de var å forsvare sin makt, "
-"og indirekte, Kjøttsaft tog av bidrag slik makt indusert. og selvfølgelig "
-"var det ikke overraskende at rettighetshavere ville forsvare ideen om at de "
-"bør fortsette å ha rett til å kontrollere hvem som gjorde hva med innhold de "
+"power and, indirectly, the gravy train of contributions such power induced. "
+"And of course it was not surprising that the copyright holders would defend "
+"the idea that they should continue to have the right to control who did what "
+"with content they wanted to control."
+msgstr ""
+"media selskapene var ikke overraskende. de har mest å tjene på loven. "
+"congressmen var ikke overraskende enten--de var å forsvare sin makt, og "
+"indirekte, Kjøttsaft tog av bidrag slik makt indusert. og selvfølgelig var "
+"det ikke overraskende at rettighetshavere ville forsvare ideen om at de bør "
+"fortsette å ha rett til å kontrollere hvem som gjorde hva med innhold de "
"ønsket å kontroll."
#. f14.
"kort av gikk dr. seuss enterprise et al., eldred v. ashcroft, 537 "
"amerikanske (2003) (nr 01-618), 19."
-#, mtrans
+#. f15.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins "
"the Fray,\" New York Times, 28 March 1998, B7."
"create pornography.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That was also "
"the motive of the Gershwin estate, which defended its \"protection\" of the "
"work of George Gershwin. They refuse, for example, to license Porgy and Bess "
-"to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the cast.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this part of American "
+"to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the cast.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this part of American "
"culture should be controlled, and they wanted this law to help them effect "
"that control."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. "
"When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is "
"in a certain way, that's just what the First Amendment is traditionally "
"meant to block."
msgstr ""
-"Dette argumentet gjort klart et tema som er sjelden merke i denne "
-"debatten. Når Kongressen beslutter å forlenge eksisterende "
-"opphavsrettigheter, gjør Kongressen et valg om hvilke høyttalere det "
-"prioriteres. berømte og elskede opphavsrett eiere, for eksempel gershwin "
-"eiendom og dr. seuss, komme til Kongressen og si, \"gi oss tjue år å "
-"kontrollere tale om disse ikonene av den amerikanske kulturen. Vi vil gjøre "
-"bedre med dem enn noen andre.\"Kongressen liker selvfølgelig å belønne de "
-"populære og berømte ved å gi dem det de ønsker. men når Kongressen gir folk "
-"en eksklusiv rett til å snakke på en bestemt måte, det er akkurat hva den "
-"første endringen er tradisjonelt ment å blokkere."
+"Dette argumentet gjort klart et tema som er sjelden merke i denne debatten. "
+"Når Kongressen beslutter å forlenge eksisterende opphavsrettigheter, gjør "
+"Kongressen et valg om hvilke høyttalere det prioriteres. berømte og elskede "
+"opphavsrett eiere, for eksempel gershwin eiendom og dr. seuss, komme til "
+"Kongressen og si, \"gi oss tjue år å kontrollere tale om disse ikonene av "
+"den amerikanske kulturen. Vi vil gjøre bedre med dem enn noen andre."
+"\"Kongressen liker selvfølgelig å belønne de populære og berømte ved å gi "
+"dem det de ønsker. men når Kongressen gir folk en eksklusiv rett til å "
+"snakke på en bestemt måte, det er akkurat hva den første endringen er "
+"tradisjonelt ment å blokkere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean "
-"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend "
-"copyrights--extensions that would further concentrate the market; it would "
-"also mean that there was no limit to Congress's power to play favorites, "
-"through copyright, with who has the right to speak. Between February and "
-"October, there was little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as "
-"I said, I set the strategy."
+"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend copyrights--"
+"extensions that would further concentrate the market; it would also mean "
+"that there was no limit to Congress's power to play favorites, through "
+"copyright, with who has the right to speak. Between February and October, "
+"there was little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, "
+"I set the strategy."
msgstr ""
"Vi hevdet så mye i en endelige kort. ikke bare vil opprettholde ctea bety at "
-"det var ingen grense for strøm av Kongressen for å forlenge "
-"opphavsrett--utvidelser som ytterligere konsentrere seg markedet; det vil "
-"også bety at det var ingen grense congress's kraft til å spille favoritter, "
-"gjennom opphavsrett, med som har rett til å snakke. mellom februar og "
-"oktober var det lite jeg gjorde utover forbereder for denne saken. tidlig "
-"som jeg sa, satt jeg strategien."
+"det var ingen grense for strøm av Kongressen for å forlenge opphavsrett--"
+"utvidelser som ytterligere konsentrere seg markedet; det vil også bety at "
+"det var ingen grense congress's kraft til å spille favoritter, gjennom "
+"opphavsrett, med som har rett til å snakke. mellom februar og oktober var "
+"det lite jeg gjorde utover forbereder for denne saken. tidlig som jeg sa, "
+"satt jeg strategien."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives "
"included Chief Justice Rehnquist, Justice O'Connor, Justice Scalia, Justice "
"Kennedy, and Justice Thomas. These five had been the most consistent in "
-"limiting Congress's power. They were the five who had supported the "
-"Lopez/Morrison line of cases that said that an enumerated power had to be "
+"limiting Congress's power. They were the five who had supported the Lopez/"
+"Morrison line of cases that said that an enumerated power had to be "
"interpreted to assure that Congress's powers had limits."
msgstr ""
"The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on "
"Congress's power. These four--Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
"Ginsburg, and Justice Breyer--had repeatedly argued that the Constitution "
-"gives Congress broad discretion to decide how best to implement its "
-"powers. In case after case, these justices had argued that the Court's role "
-"should be one of deference. Though the votes of these four justices were the "
-"votes that I personally had most consistently agreed with, they were also "
-"the votes that we were least likely to get."
+"gives Congress broad discretion to decide how best to implement its powers. "
+"In case after case, these justices had argued that the Court's role should "
+"be one of deference. Though the votes of these four justices were the votes "
+"that I personally had most consistently agreed with, they were also the "
+"votes that we were least likely to get."
msgstr ""
"resten var fire justiariusene som hadde sterkt imot begrensninger på "
"Kongressens makt. disse fire--rettferdighet stevens, rettferdighet souter, "
"implementere sin myndighet. i sak etter sak, hadde disse to andre "
"justiariusene hevdet at retten rolle bør være en av deference. om stemmene "
"til disse fire justiariusene var stemmene som jeg personlig hadde mest "
-"konsekvent avtalt med, var de også stemmene som vi var minst sannsynlig å "
-"få."
+"konsekvent avtalt med, var de også stemmene som vi var minst sannsynlig å få."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Lukk bak rettferdighet ginsburg var to justiariusene hvem vi også sett på "
"som usannsynlig allierte, om mulig overraskelser. rettferdighet souter "
-"favoriserte sterkt deference Kongressen, som gjorde rettferdighet "
-"breyer. men begge var også svært sensitive til ytringsfriheten "
-"bekymringer. og som vi sterkt mente, det var en svært viktig ytringsfriheten "
-"argument mot disse retrospektiv utvidelser."
+"favoriserte sterkt deference Kongressen, som gjorde rettferdighet breyer. "
+"men begge var også svært sensitive til ytringsfriheten bekymringer. og som "
+"vi sterkt mente, det var en svært viktig ytringsfriheten argument mot disse "
+"retrospektiv utvidelser."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice "
-"Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges "
-"on this Court. His votes are consistently eclectic, which just means that no "
-"simple ideology explains where he will stand. But he had consistently argued "
-"for limits in the context of intellectual property generally. We were fairly "
+"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice Stevens. "
+"History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges on this "
+"Court. His votes are consistently eclectic, which just means that no simple "
+"ideology explains where he will stand. But he had consistently argued for "
+"limits in the context of intellectual property generally. We were fairly "
"confident he would recognize limits here."
msgstr ""
-"den eneste stemme som vi kan være trygg på var at for rettferdighet "
-"stevens. historie registrerer rettferdighet stevens som en av de største "
-"dommerne på denne retten. hans stemmer er konsekvent variert, som betyr bare "
-"at ingen enkel ideologi forklarer hvor han vil stå. men han hadde konsekvent "
+"den eneste stemme som vi kan være trygg på var at for rettferdighet stevens. "
+"historie registrerer rettferdighet stevens som en av de største dommerne på "
+"denne retten. hans stemmer er konsekvent variert, som betyr bare at ingen "
+"enkel ideologi forklarer hvor han vil stå. men han hadde konsekvent "
"argumentert for grenser i forbindelse med immaterielle generelt. Vi var "
"ganske trygg på han ville anerkjenne grenser her."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: "
"on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and "
"få minst et flertall å gå på vår måte. dermed enkelt overstyrende argument "
"som animert våre krav hvilte på Høyres viktigste jurisprudential innovasjon "
"- argumentet at dommer sentelle hadde grunnlag i lagmannsrett, at "
-"Kongressens makt må tolkes slik at dens nummerert kreftene har "
-"begrensninger."
+"Kongressens makt må tolkes slik at dens nummerert kreftene har begrensninger."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 243
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This then was the core of our strategy--a strategy for which I am "
"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the Lopez case, "
"Lopez: If Congress's power to regulate commerce was limited, then so, too, "
"must Congress's power to regulate copyright be limited."
msgstr ""
-"Dette var deretter kjernen i vår strategi--en strategi som jeg er "
-"ansvarlig. Vi ville få retten å se at akkurat som du er med under "
-"regjeringens argument her i tilfelle lopez, Kongressen ville alltid ha "
-"ubegrenset makt til å utvide eksisterende vilkår. Hvis noe var vanlig om "
-"Kongressens makt under setningsdelen fremdrift, det var at dette makt var "
-"ment for å være \"begrenset.\" vårt mål vil være å få retten å avstemme "
-"eldred med lopez: Hvis Kongressens makt til å regulere handel var begrenset, "
-"deretter så, også, congress's makt til å regulere copyright skal begrenses."
+"Dette var deretter kjernen i vår strategi--en strategi som jeg er ansvarlig. "
+"Vi ville få retten å se at akkurat som du er med under regjeringens argument "
+"her i tilfelle lopez, Kongressen ville alltid ha ubegrenset makt til å "
+"utvide eksisterende vilkår. Hvis noe var vanlig om Kongressens makt under "
+"setningsdelen fremdrift, det var at dette makt var ment for å være "
+"\"begrenset.\" vårt mål vil være å få retten å avstemme eldred med lopez: "
+"Hvis Kongressens makt til å regulere handel var begrenset, deretter så, "
+"også, congress's makt til å regulere copyright skal begrenses."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"argumentet på regjeringens side kom ned til dette: Kongressen har gjort det "
"før. det skal være tillatt å gjøre det igjen. regjeringen hevdet at helt fra "
-"starten, Kongressen har blitt utvidelse av eksisterende "
-"opphavsrettigheter. så regjeringen hevdet, domstolen bør ikke nå si at "
-"praksis er unconstitutional."
+"starten, Kongressen har blitt utvidelse av eksisterende opphavsrettigheter. "
+"så regjeringen hevdet, domstolen bør ikke nå si at praksis er "
+"unconstitutional."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Det var noen sannhet til regjeringens krav, men ikke mye. Vi absolutt avtalt "
"at Kongressen hadde utvidet eksisterende vilkårene i og i 1909. og "
-"selvfølgelig, i 1962, Kongressen begynte utvide eksisterende "
-"regelmessig--betingelser elleve ganger i førti år."
+"selvfølgelig, i 1962, Kongressen begynte utvide eksisterende regelmessig--"
+"betingelser elleve ganger i førti år."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 244
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended "
"existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then "
"extended existing terms once again in the next fifty. Those rare extensions "
-"are in contrast to the now regular practice of extending existing "
-"terms. Whatever restraint Congress had had in the past, that restraint was "
-"now gone. Congress was now in a cycle of extensions; there was no reason to "
+"are in contrast to the now regular practice of extending existing terms. "
+"Whatever restraint Congress had had in the past, that restraint was now "
+"gone. Congress was now in a cycle of extensions; there was no reason to "
"expect that cycle would end. This Court had not hesitated to intervene where "
"Congress was in a similar cycle of extension. There was no reason it "
"couldn't intervene here. Oral argument was scheduled for the first week in "
"lignende syklus av filtypen. Det var ingen grunn det ikke kunne gripe inn "
"her. muntlig argumentet var planlagt for den første uken i oktober. Jeg "
"ankom i DC to uker før argumentet. i løpet av de to ukene, ble jeg gjentatte "
-"ganger \"mooted\" av advokater som hadde frivillig til å hjelpe i "
-"tilfelle. slike \"moots\" er i utgangspunktet praksis runder, der wannabe "
+"ganger \"mooted\" av advokater som hadde frivillig til å hjelpe i tilfelle. "
+"slike \"moots\" er i utgangspunktet praksis runder, der wannabe "
"justiariusene brann spørsmål på wannabe vinnere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"stekt. Han hadde hevdet mange tilfeller før Høyesterett. og han la sin "
"bekymring snakke i sin anmeldelse av moot:"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be "
"willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a "
msgstr ""
"Jeg er bare redd at med mindre de ser virkelig skade, de ikke vil være "
"villig til å opprørt denne praksis som regjeringen sier har vært en "
-"konsekvent praksis for to hundre år. du har å gjøre dem se "
-"skade--passionately få dem til å se skaden. for hvis de ser ikke som, så vi "
-"har ikke noen sjanse til å vinne."
+"konsekvent praksis for to hundre år. du har å gjøre dem se skade--"
+"passionately få dem til å se skaden. for hvis de ser ikke som, så vi har "
+"ikke noen sjanse til å vinne."
#. PAGE BREAK 245
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't "
-"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right "
-"thing--not because of politics but because it was right. As a law professor, "
-"I had spent my life teaching my students that this Court does the right "
-"thing--not because of politics but because it is right. As I listened to "
-"Ayer's plea for passion in pressing politics, I understood his point, and I "
-"rejected it. Our argument was right. That was enough. Let the politicians "
-"learn to see that it was also good. The night before the argument, a line "
-"of people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a "
-"focus of the press and of the movement to free culture. Hundreds stood in "
-"line for the chance to see the proceedings. Scores spent the night on the "
-"Supreme Court steps so that they would be assured a seat."
+"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right thing--"
+"not because of politics but because it was right. As a law professor, I had "
+"spent my life teaching my students that this Court does the right thing--not "
+"because of politics but because it is right. As I listened to Ayer's plea "
+"for passion in pressing politics, I understood his point, and I rejected it. "
+"Our argument was right. That was enough. Let the politicians learn to see "
+"that it was also good. The night before the argument, a line of people "
+"began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a focus of "
+"the press and of the movement to free culture. Hundreds stood in line for "
+"the chance to see the proceedings. Scores spent the night on the Supreme "
+"Court steps so that they would be assured a seat."
msgstr ""
"han kanskje har hevdet mange tilfeller før denne retten, jeg tenkte, men han "
"forstod ikke sin sjel. Jeg hadde sett justiariusene gjøre rette--ikke på "
"utvidelser av tid? Jeg mener, dette synes å være en praksis som begynte med "
"svært første akt."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of "
"what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to "
msgid ""
"Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I "
"answered,"
-msgstr "Her følger min klart feil. som professor korrigere en student, svarte jeg,"
+msgstr ""
+"Her følger min klart feil. som professor korrigere en student, svarte jeg,"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been "
-"crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez ruling, and we hoped "
-"that he would see this case as its second cousin."
+"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been crafted. "
+"For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez ruling, and we hoped that he "
+"would see this case as its second cousin."
msgstr ""
"andre kom fra sjefen, som hele saken hadde blitt utformet. for "
"justisministeren hadde utformet lopez avgjørelse, og vi håpet at ville han "
"It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. "
"To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:"
msgstr ""
-"Det var klart en andre i sin spørsmålet at han ikke var på alle "
-"sympatisk. til ham var vi en gjeng med anarkistene. så han spurte:"
+"Det var klart en andre i sin spørsmålet at han ikke var på alle sympatisk. "
+"til ham var vi en gjeng med anarkistene. så han spurte:"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"Copyright and Patent Clause. All true. But it wasn't going to move the Court "
"to my side."
msgstr ""
-"Når olson var ferdig, var det min tur til å gi en avsluttende "
-"rebuttal. olson's flailing hadde gjenopplivet sinnet mitt. men min vrede "
-"fortsatt ble sendt til akademiske, ikke praktiske. regjeringen var kranglet "
-"som om dette var det første tilfellet noensinne å vurdere begrensninger på "
-"congress's copyright og patent-setningsdel makt. professoren og ikke "
-"talsmann, jeg lukket noensinne ved å peke på den lange historien av "
-"domstolen innføre begrensninger på Kongressens makt i navnet på opphavsrett "
-"og patent-setningsdel--faktisk, det aller første tilfellet støtning en lov "
-"av Kongressen som overskrider en bestemt, nummerert makt var basert på "
+"Når olson var ferdig, var det min tur til å gi en avsluttende rebuttal. "
+"olson's flailing hadde gjenopplivet sinnet mitt. men min vrede fortsatt ble "
+"sendt til akademiske, ikke praktiske. regjeringen var kranglet som om dette "
+"var det første tilfellet noensinne å vurdere begrensninger på congress's "
+"copyright og patent-setningsdel makt. professoren og ikke talsmann, jeg "
+"lukket noensinne ved å peke på den lange historien av domstolen innføre "
+"begrensninger på Kongressens makt i navnet på opphavsrett og patent-"
+"setningsdel--faktisk, det aller første tilfellet støtning en lov av "
+"Kongressen som overskrider en bestemt, nummerert makt var basert på "
"opphavsrett og patent-setningsdel. alle sanne. men det var ikke til å flytte "
"retten til min side."
msgstr ""
"15. januar 2003, morgenen jeg var fem minutter for sent til kontoret og "
"ubesvarte anropet 7: 00 am fra Høyesterett kontorist. lytte til meldingen, "
-"jeg kunne fortelle på et øyeblikk at hun hadde dårlige nyheter til "
-"report.the hadde Høyesterett bekreftet avgjørelsen til court of appeals. syv "
+"jeg kunne fortelle på et øyeblikk at hun hadde dårlige nyheter til report."
+"the hadde Høyesterett bekreftet avgjørelsen til court of appeals. syv "
"justiariusene hadde stemt i fleste. Det var to Dissensene."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"hadde vært feil i mitt resonnement."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"My reasoning. Here was a case that pitted all the money in the world against "
"reasoning. And here was the last naïve law professor, scouring the pages, "
"with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found "
"Congress's power not limited here."
msgstr ""
-"rettferdighet ginsburg ganske enkelt ignorert argumentet nummerert "
-"kreftene. konsekvent med hennes syn at Kongressen makt var ikke begrenset "
-"Generelt, hun hadde funnet Kongressens makt ikke begrenset her."
+"rettferdighet ginsburg ganske enkelt ignorert argumentet nummerert kreftene. "
+"konsekvent med hennes syn at Kongressen makt var ikke begrenset Generelt, "
+"hun hadde funnet Kongressens makt ikke begrenset her."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable--for her, and for Justice "
-"Souter. Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too much to expect them to "
-"write an opinion that recognized, much less explained, the doctrine they had "
-"worked so hard to defeat."
+"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable--for her, and for Justice Souter. "
+"Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too much to expect them to write an "
+"opinion that recognized, much less explained, the doctrine they had worked "
+"so hard to defeat."
msgstr ""
-"hennes mening var helt rimelig--for henne, og for rettferdighet "
-"souter. Ingen av dem tror på lopez. det ville være for mye å forvente dem "
-"til å skrive en uttalelse som gjenkjennes, mye mindre forklart, doktrine som "
-"de hadde arbeidet så hardt for å beseire."
+"hennes mening var helt rimelig--for henne, og for rettferdighet souter. "
+"Ingen av dem tror på lopez. det ville være for mye å forvente dem til å "
+"skrive en uttalelse som gjenkjennes, mye mindre forklart, doktrine som de "
+"hadde arbeidet så hardt for å beseire."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"men som jeg hva som hadde skjedd, jeg kunne ikke helt tro hva jeg leser. Jeg "
"hadde sagt det var ingen måte denne retten kan avstemme begrenset krefter "
-"med handel-setningsdelen og ubegrensede krefter med "
-"fremgang-setningsdelen. det hadde aldri skjedd for meg at de kunne forene to "
-"ved adressering ikke argumentet. Det var ingen inkonsekvens fordi de ikke "
-"ville snakker om to sammen. Det ble derfor ingen prinsippet som fulgt av "
-"lopez tilfelle: i den sammenhengen, Kongressens makt ville være begrenset, "
-"men i denne sammenheng vil det ikke."
+"med handel-setningsdelen og ubegrensede krefter med fremgang-setningsdelen. "
+"det hadde aldri skjedd for meg at de kunne forene to ved adressering ikke "
+"argumentet. Det var ingen inkonsekvens fordi de ikke ville snakker om to "
+"sammen. Det ble derfor ingen prinsippet som fulgt av lopez tilfelle: i den "
+"sammenhengen, Kongressens makt ville være begrenset, men i denne sammenheng "
+"vil det ikke."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"were about patents or copyrights. The Court let Justice Stevens's charge go "
"unanswered."
msgstr ""
-"to andre justiariusene breyer og stevens skrev veldig sterk "
-"Dissensene. Stevens mening laget interne til loven: han hevdet at "
-"tradisjonen med lovgivning for immaterielle ikke bør støtter dette "
-"uberettiget forlengelse av vilkårene. han basert hans argument på en "
-"parallell analyse som hadde styrt i sammenheng med patenter (så hadde "
-"vi). men resten av domstolen nedsatte parallelt--uten å forklare hvordan de "
-"samme ord i fremgang-setningsdelen kan komme til å bety helt forskjellige "
-"ting som er avhengig av om ordene var om patenter eller opphavsrett. Retten "
-"la rettferdighet stevens kostnad gå ubesvart."
+"to andre justiariusene breyer og stevens skrev veldig sterk Dissensene. "
+"Stevens mening laget interne til loven: han hevdet at tradisjonen med "
+"lovgivning for immaterielle ikke bør støtter dette uberettiget forlengelse "
+"av vilkårene. han basert hans argument på en parallell analyse som hadde "
+"styrt i sammenheng med patenter (så hadde vi). men resten av domstolen "
+"nedsatte parallelt--uten å forklare hvordan de samme ord i fremgang-"
+"setningsdelen kan komme til å bety helt forskjellige ting som er avhengig av "
+"om ordene var om patenter eller opphavsrett. Retten la rettferdighet stevens "
+"kostnad gå ubesvart."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 250
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was "
"external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has "
"depression. This anger was of two sorts."
msgstr ""
"tap bringer depresjon. de sier det er et tegn på helse når depresjon gir "
-"måte å sinne. min vrede kom raskt, men det gjorde ikke kurere "
-"depresjon. Dette sinne var inälvor."
+"måte å sinne. min vrede kom raskt, men det gjorde ikke kurere depresjon. "
+"Dette sinne var inälvor."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one "
"thing for them to have explained why the principle of Lopez didn't apply in "
"this case. That wouldn't have been a very convincing argument, I don't "
-"believe, having read it made by others, and having tried to make it "
-"myself. But it at least would have been an act of integrity. These justices "
-"in particular have repeatedly said that the proper mode of interpreting the "
+"believe, having read it made by others, and having tried to make it myself. "
+"But it at least would have been an act of integrity. These justices in "
+"particular have repeatedly said that the proper mode of interpreting the "
"Constitution is \"originalism\"--to first understand the framers' text, "
-"interpreted in their context, in light of the structure of the "
-"Constitution. That method had produced Lopez and many other \"originalist\" "
-"rulings. Where was their \"originalism\" now?"
+"interpreted in their context, in light of the structure of the Constitution. "
+"That method had produced Lopez and many other \"originalist\" rulings. Where "
+"was their \"originalism\" now?"
msgstr ""
"Det var første sinne på fem \"konservative.\" det ville ha vært en ting for "
-"dem å har forklart hvorfor prinsippet om lopez ikke bruk i dette "
-"tilfellet. ikke som ville vært et veldig overbevisende argument, jeg ikke "
-"tror, etter å ha lest det gjort av andre, og at de hadde prøvd å gjøre det "
-"selv. men i alle fall ville det ha vært en handling av integritet. disse to "
-"andre justiariusene spesielt har gjentatte ganger sagt at riktig tolke "
-"Grunnloven er \"originalism\"--å først forstå underskrev tekst, tolkes i sin "
+"dem å har forklart hvorfor prinsippet om lopez ikke bruk i dette tilfellet. "
+"ikke som ville vært et veldig overbevisende argument, jeg ikke tror, etter å "
+"ha lest det gjort av andre, og at de hadde prøvd å gjøre det selv. men i "
+"alle fall ville det ha vært en handling av integritet. disse to andre "
+"justiariusene spesielt har gjentatte ganger sagt at riktig tolke Grunnloven "
+"er \"originalism\"--å først forstå underskrev tekst, tolkes i sin "
"sammenheng, i lys av strukturen av Grunnloven. Denne metoden hadde produsert "
"lopez og mange andre \"originalist\" rulings. hvor var deres \"originalism\" "
"nå?"
"a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in "
"different directions, where the truth about the harm that this unchecked "
"power will cause could have been made clear to this Court. Justice Kennedy "
-"in good faith wanted to be shown. I, idiotically, corrected his "
-"question. Justice Souter in good faith wanted to be shown the First "
-"Amendment harms. I, like a math teacher, reframed the question to make the "
-"logical point. I had shown them how they could strike this law of Congress "
-"if they wanted to. There were a hundred places where I could have helped "
-"them want to, yet my stubbornness, my refusal to give in, stopped me. I have "
-"stood before hundreds of audiences trying to persuade; I have used passion "
-"in that effort to persuade; but I refused to stand before this audience and "
-"try to persuade with the passion I had used elsewhere. It was not the basis "
-"on which a court should decide the issue."
+"in good faith wanted to be shown. I, idiotically, corrected his question. "
+"Justice Souter in good faith wanted to be shown the First Amendment harms. "
+"I, like a math teacher, reframed the question to make the logical point. I "
+"had shown them how they could strike this law of Congress if they wanted to. "
+"There were a hundred places where I could have helped them want to, yet my "
+"stubbornness, my refusal to give in, stopped me. I have stood before "
+"hundreds of audiences trying to persuade; I have used passion in that effort "
+"to persuade; but I refused to stand before this audience and try to persuade "
+"with the passion I had used elsewhere. It was not the basis on which a court "
+"should decide the issue."
msgstr ""
"som jeg leste tilbake over transkripsjon fra argumentet i oktober, kan jeg "
"se hundre steder der svarene kan ha tatt samtalen i forskjellige retninger, "
"hvis jeg hadde trappet ned fra denne pen bilde av dispassionate "
"rettferdighet, jeg kunne har overbevist."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in "
-"January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading "
-"intellectual property professors stated publicly that my bringing this case "
-"was a mistake. \"The Court is not ready,\" Peter Jaszi said; this issue "
-"should not be raised until it is."
+"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in January. "
+"For at the start of this case, one of America's leading intellectual "
+"property professors stated publicly that my bringing this case was a "
+"mistake. \"The Court is not ready,\" Peter Jaszi said; this issue should not "
+"be raised until it is."
msgstr ""
"og selv om jeg ikke kunne, deretter som unnskylde ikke hva som skjedde i "
"januar. for ved starten av dette tilfellet uttalt en av Amerikas ledende "
-"immaterielle professorer offentlig at mitt å bringe denne saken var en "
-"feil. -domstolen ikke er klar,\"sagt peter jaszi, Dette problemet bør ikke "
-"heves før det er."
+"immaterielle professorer offentlig at mitt å bringe denne saken var en feil. "
+"-domstolen ikke er klar,\"sagt peter jaszi, Dette problemet bør ikke heves "
+"før det er."
#. PAGE BREAK 253
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"beslutning om jeg hadde gjort fire år før--var galt. mens reaksjonen til "
"sonny bono handle selv var nesten enstemmig negativ, var reaksjonen til "
"domstolens avgjørelse blandet. Ingen, minst i pressen, prøvde å si at "
-"utvidelse av copyright var en god idé. Vi hadde vant den kampen over "
-"ideer. der beslutningen ble rost, ble det rost av papir som hadde vært "
-"skeptisk til retten aktivisme i andre tilfeller. ærbødighet var bra, selv om "
-"det igjen en dum lov. men der beslutningen ble angrepet, den ble angrepet "
-"fordi det igjen en dum og skadelig lov. new york times skrev i sin "
-"redaksjonell,"
+"utvidelse av copyright var en god idé. Vi hadde vant den kampen over ideer. "
+"der beslutningen ble rost, ble det rost av papir som hadde vært skeptisk til "
+"retten aktivisme i andre tilfeller. ærbødighet var bra, selv om det igjen en "
+"dum lov. men der beslutningen ble angrepet, den ble angrepet fordi det igjen "
+"en dum og skadelig lov. new york times skrev i sin redaksjonell,"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"menneskeheten er en av grunnene til at vi lever i en tid med slike fruktbart "
"kreative gjære."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious "
"images--of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the case, "
-"was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page. The \"powerful and "
-"wealthy\" line is a bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like "
-"that."
+"was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page. The \"powerful and wealthy"
+"\" line is a bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like that."
msgstr ""
"de beste svarene var i tegneserier. Det var en gaggle av morsom bilder--av "
"mickey i fengsel og lignende. best, fra min mening i saken, var ruben "
"bolling, gjengis på neste side. linjen \"kraftige og velstående\" er en "
"smule urettferdig. Men slag i ansiktet følte akkurat sånn."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from "
"The New York Times. That \"grand experiment\" we call the \"public domain\" "
msgstr ""
"bildet som vil alltid holde i hodet mitt er som utløste ved sitat fra new "
"york times. at \"store eksperimentet\" vi kaller \"public domain\" er over? "
-"Når jeg kan gjøre lys av det, tror jeg, \"Elskling, jeg krympet "
-"Grunnloven.\", men jeg kan sjelden gjøre lyset av den. Vi hadde i vår "
-"grunnlov en engasjement for fri kultur. i tilfelle at jeg far, avkall "
-"Høyesterett effektivt at satsing. ha ville gjort en bedre advokat dem se "
-"annerledes."
+"Når jeg kan gjøre lys av det, tror jeg, \"Elskling, jeg krympet Grunnloven."
+"\", men jeg kan sjelden gjøre lyset av den. Vi hadde i vår grunnlov en "
+"engasjement for fri kultur. i tilfelle at jeg far, avkall Høyesterett "
+"effektivt at satsing. ha ville gjort en bedre advokat dem se annerledes."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The day Eldred was decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to "
-"Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was "
-"denied--meaning the case was really finally over--fate would have it that I "
-"was giving a speech to technologists at Disney World.) This was a "
-"particularly long flight to my least favorite city. The drive into the city "
-"from Dulles was delayed because of traffic, so I opened up my computer and "
-"wrote an op-ed piece."
+"Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was denied--"
+"meaning the case was really finally over--fate would have it that I was "
+"giving a speech to technologists at Disney World.) This was a particularly "
+"long flight to my least favorite city. The drive into the city from Dulles "
+"was delayed because of traffic, so I opened up my computer and wrote an op-"
+"ed piece."
msgstr ""
"dag-eldred ble besluttet, men skjebnen ville at som jeg var å reise til "
"washington, DC (dagen rehearing protestskriv i eldred ble nektet--noe som "
"forsinket på grunn av trafikk, så jeg åpnet opp min datamaskin, og skrev en "
"op-ed brikke."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San "
"Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same "
"eldred var slag nok å la hans navn brukes igjen, men som han sa tidlig, det "
"vil ikke få gått med mindre det er et annet navn."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either "
"the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation "
"government regulation is simply getting in the way of innovation and "
"creativity. And as a good Democrat might say, here the government is "
"blocking access and the spread of knowledge for no good reason. Indeed, "
-"there is no real difference between Democrats and Republicans on this "
-"issue. Anyone can recognize the stupid harm of the present system."
+"there is no real difference between Democrats and Republicans on this issue. "
+"Anyone can recognize the stupid harm of the present system."
msgstr ""
"reaksjon på denne ideen var utrolig sterk. Steve forbes vedtok det i en "
-"redaksjonell. Jeg mottok en skred av e-post og brev som uttrykker "
-"støtte. Når du fokuserer problemet på tapt kreativitet, kan folk se "
-"opphavsretten til systemet gir ingen mening. som en god republikansk kan si, "
-"komme her regjeringen regulering bare i veien innovasjon og kreativitet. og "
-"som en god demokratisk kan si, regjeringen blokkerer her tilgang og "
-"spredning av kunnskap for ingen god grunn. faktisk, det er ingen reell "
-"forskjell mellom demokratene og republikanerne på dette problemet. noen kan "
-"gjenkjenne de dumme skader som dagens ordning."
+"redaksjonell. Jeg mottok en skred av e-post og brev som uttrykker støtte. "
+"Når du fokuserer problemet på tapt kreativitet, kan folk se opphavsretten "
+"til systemet gir ingen mening. som en god republikansk kan si, komme her "
+"regjeringen regulering bare i veien innovasjon og kreativitet. og som en god "
+"demokratisk kan si, regjeringen blokkerer her tilgang og spredning av "
+"kunnskap for ingen god grunn. faktisk, det er ingen reell forskjell mellom "
+"demokratene og republikanerne på dette problemet. noen kan gjenkjenne de "
+"dumme skader som dagens ordning."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"or license their work. This system would lower these costs, by establishing "
"at least one registry where copyright owners could be identified."
msgstr ""
-"faktisk anerkjent mange den åpenbare fordelen med kravet om "
-"registrering. for en av de vanskeligste tingene om dagens system for folk "
-"som ønsker å lisens innholdet er at det er ingen åpenbare sted å lete etter "
-"gjeldende opphavsrett eierne. siden registrering ikke er nødvendig, siden "
-"merking innhold ikke er påkrevd, siden ingen formalitet i det hele tatt er "
+"faktisk anerkjent mange den åpenbare fordelen med kravet om registrering. "
+"for en av de vanskeligste tingene om dagens system for folk som ønsker å "
+"lisens innholdet er at det er ingen åpenbare sted å lete etter gjeldende "
+"opphavsrett eierne. siden registrering ikke er nødvendig, siden merking "
+"innhold ikke er påkrevd, siden ingen formalitet i det hele tatt er "
"nødvendig, er det ofte impossibly vanskelig å finne eiere av opphavsretter "
"for å be om tillatelse til å bruke eller lisensierer sitt arbeid. Dette "
"systemet vil redusere disse kostnadene ved å etablere minst én registret der "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright "
"legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with "
"formalities such as registration, deposit, and affixation of notice of the "
"author's claim of copyright. However, starting with the 1908 act, every text "
"of the Convention has provided that \"the enjoyment and the exercise\" of "
-"rights guaranteed by the Convention \"shall not be subject to any "
-"formality.\" The prohibition against formalities is presently embodied in "
-"Article 5(2) of the Paris Text of the Berne Convention. Many countries "
-"continue to impose some form of deposit or registration requirement, albeit "
-"not as a condition of copyright. French law, for example, requires the "
-"deposit of copies of works in national repositories, principally the "
-"National Museum. Copies of books published in the United Kingdom must be "
-"deposited in the British Library. The German Copyright Act provides for a "
-"Registrar of Authors where the author's true name can be filed in the case "
-"of anonymous or pseudonymous works. Paul Goldstein, International "
-"Intellectual Property Law, Cases and Materials (New York: Foundation Press, "
-"2001), 15354."
+"rights guaranteed by the Convention \"shall not be subject to any formality."
+"\" The prohibition against formalities is presently embodied in Article 5(2) "
+"of the Paris Text of the Berne Convention. Many countries continue to impose "
+"some form of deposit or registration requirement, albeit not as a condition "
+"of copyright. French law, for example, requires the deposit of copies of "
+"works in national repositories, principally the National Museum. Copies of "
+"books published in the United Kingdom must be deposited in the British "
+"Library. The German Copyright Act provides for a Registrar of Authors where "
+"the author's true name can be filed in the case of anonymous or pseudonymous "
+"works. Paul Goldstein, International Intellectual Property Law, Cases and "
+"Materials (New York: Foundation Press, 2001), 15354."
msgstr ""
"før det 1908 berlin handle av berne konvensjonen, nasjonal opphavsrett "
"lovgivning noen ganger gjort beskyttelse som er avhengige av samsvar med "
"formaliteter som registrering, innskudd og affixation av forfatterens "
"reklamasjon av opphavsrett. imidlertid, starter med 1908 act, hver tekst av "
-"konvensjonen gitt som \"få glede og øvelsen\" av rettigheter garanteres "
-"ved konvensjonen \"skal ikke være gjenstand for alle formalitet.\" "
-"forbud mot formaliteter gjenspeiles dag i 5 (2 artikkelen) av paris-teksten "
-"i berne konvensjonen. mange land fortsatt å innføre noen form for innskudd "
-"eller registrering kravet, om enn ikke som en betingelse for "
-"opphavsrett. Fransk lov, krever for eksempel innskudd på kopier av works i "
-"nasjonale, for, hovedsakelig nasjonalmuseet. Kopier av bøker som er utgitt i "
-"Storbritannia må settes i british library. tysk opphavsrett lov gir en "
-"registrar av forfattere der forfatterens sanne navn kan være arkivert i "
-"tilfelle av anonym eller pseudonymous fungerer. Paul goldstein, lovgivning "
-"for immaterielle, saker og materialer (new york: foundation press, 2001), "
-"15354."
+"konvensjonen gitt som \"få glede og øvelsen\" av rettigheter garanteres ved "
+"konvensjonen \"skal ikke være gjenstand for alle formalitet.\" forbud mot "
+"formaliteter gjenspeiles dag i 5 (2 artikkelen) av paris-teksten i berne "
+"konvensjonen. mange land fortsatt å innføre noen form for innskudd eller "
+"registrering kravet, om enn ikke som en betingelse for opphavsrett. Fransk "
+"lov, krever for eksempel innskudd på kopier av works i nasjonale, for, "
+"hovedsakelig nasjonalmuseet. Kopier av bøker som er utgitt i Storbritannia "
+"må settes i british library. tysk opphavsrett lov gir en registrar av "
+"forfattere der forfatterens sanne navn kan være arkivert i tilfelle av "
+"anonym eller pseudonymous fungerer. Paul goldstein, lovgivning for "
+"immaterielle, saker og materialer (new york: foundation press, 2001), 15354."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in "
"1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal "
-"requirement before a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> The Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" "
-"Natural rights don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the "
-"Anglo-American tradition that required copyright owners to follow form if "
-"their rights were to be protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly "
+"requirement before a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> The Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" "
+"Natural rights don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-"
+"American tradition that required copyright owners to follow form if their "
+"rights were to be protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly "
"respect the dignity of the author. My right as a creator turns on my "
"creativity, not upon the special favor of the government."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd "
"copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world "
"Dickens character ran all copyright offices, and the failure to dot an i or "
"cross a t resulted in the loss of widows' only income."
msgstr ""
-"kampen mot formaliteter oppnådde sin første virkelige seier i berlin i "
-"1908. internasjonal opphavsrett advokater endret berne konvensjonen i 1908, "
-"til å kreve opphavsrett vilkårene i livet pluss femti år, i tillegg til "
+"kampen mot formaliteter oppnådde sin første virkelige seier i berlin i 1908. "
+"internasjonal opphavsrett advokater endret berne konvensjonen i 1908, til å "
+"kreve opphavsrett vilkårene i livet pluss femti år, i tillegg til "
"avskaffelse av opphavsrett formaliteter. formaliteter ble hatet fordi "
"historiene til utilsiktet tap var stadig vanligere. Det var som om et "
"charles dickens tegn kjørte alle opphavsrett kontorer, og unnlatelse av å "
"starving widows, but also to lighten an unnecessary regulatory burden "
"imposed upon creators."
msgstr ""
-"selv som ville har vært motstått, men fordi registrering i 1800 og "
-"1900-tallet var fortsatt dyrt. Det var også en problemfri. oppløsning av "
+"selv som ville har vært motstått, men fordi registrering i 1800 og 1900-"
+"tallet var fortsatt dyrt. Det var også en problemfri. oppløsning av "
"formaliteter lovet ikke bare å lagre sultende enker, men også å lette en "
"unødvendig regulatoriske belastning påtvang skapere."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 258
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
-"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a "
-"second-class form of property. If a carpenter builds a table, his rights "
-"over the table don't depend upon filing a form with the government. He has "
-"a property right over the table \"naturally,\" and he can assert that right "
+"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a second-"
+"class form of property. If a carpenter builds a table, his rights over the "
+"table don't depend upon filing a form with the government. He has a "
+"property right over the table \"naturally,\" and he can assert that right "
"against anyone who would steal the table, whether or not he has informed the "
"government of his ownership of the table."
msgstr ""
"copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that "
"makes it relatively obvious who might own a particular bit of creative "
"property. A recording of Lyle Lovett's latest album can exist in a billion "
-"places without anything necessarily linking it back to a particular "
-"owner. And like a car, there's no way to buy and sell creative property with "
+"places without anything necessarily linking it back to a particular owner. "
+"And like a car, there's no way to buy and sell creative property with "
"confidence unless there is some simple way to authenticate who is the author "
"and what rights he has. Simple transactions are destroyed in a world without "
"formalities. Complex, expensive, lawyer transactions take their place."
msgstr ""
"på samme måte er det spesielle fysikk som gjør formaliteter viktig i lov om "
"opphavsrett. i motsetning til en snekker tabell er det ingenting i naturen "
-"som gjør det relativt åpenbare som kan eie en bestemt bit av "
-"kreative-egenskapen. et opptak av lyle lovett siste albumet kan finnes i en "
-"milliard steder uten noe nødvendigvis knytte det tilbake til en bestemt "
-"eieren. og som en bil, det er ingen måte å kjøpe og selge kreative "
-"egenskapen med tillit med mindre det er noen enkel måte å godkjenne hvem er "
-"forfatter og hvilke rettigheter han har. enkle transaksjoner er ødelagt i en "
-"verden uten formaliteter. komplisert, dyrt, advokat transaksjoner ta sin "
-"plass."
+"som gjør det relativt åpenbare som kan eie en bestemt bit av kreative-"
+"egenskapen. et opptak av lyle lovett siste albumet kan finnes i en milliard "
+"steder uten noe nødvendigvis knytte det tilbake til en bestemt eieren. og "
+"som en bil, det er ingen måte å kjøpe og selge kreative egenskapen med "
+"tillit med mindre det er noen enkel måte å godkjenne hvem er forfatter og "
+"hvilke rettigheter han har. enkle transaksjoner er ødelagt i en verden uten "
+"formaliteter. komplisert, dyrt, advokat transaksjoner ta sin plass."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we "
"tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is "
-"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer "
-"term. Others will know how to contact you and, therefore, how to get your "
+"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer term. "
+"Others will know how to contact you and, therefore, how to get your "
"permission if they want to use your work. And you will get the benefit of an "
"extended copyright term."
msgstr ""
"den virkelige problemet av regjeringer stående i kjernen av et system av "
"formaliteter. i denne boken tilby jeg en slik løsning. Denne løsningen "
"remakes hovedsak copyright kontoret. for nå, kan du anta at det var amazon "
-"som kjørte registreringssystemet. anta det var ett klikk "
-"registrering. eldred act ville foreslå en enkel, ett klikk registrering "
-"femti år etter et arbeid ble offentliggjort. basert på historiske data, at "
-"systemet ville flytte opptil 98 prosent av kommersielle arbeid, kommersielle "
-"fungerer som ikke lenger hadde en kommersiell levetid, i public domain innen "
-"femti år. hva tror du?"
+"som kjørte registreringssystemet. anta det var ett klikk registrering. "
+"eldred act ville foreslå en enkel, ett klikk registrering femti år etter et "
+"arbeid ble offentliggjort. basert på historiske data, at systemet ville "
+"flytte opptil 98 prosent av kommersielle arbeid, kommersielle fungerer som "
+"ikke lenger hadde en kommersiell levetid, i public domain innen femti år. "
+"hva tror du?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"villig til å introdusere eldred act. og jeg hadde noen som direkte foreslo "
"at de kan være villige til å ta det første skrittet."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
"bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
"viktigere, viser deres tykkelse noe klart om hva denne debatten er virkelig "
"om."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 261
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central "
"concept in the proposed bill\"--that copyrights be renewed. That was true, "
"less than the costs of clearing the rights for a copyright whose owner is "
"not known. Fifth, they worried about the risks if the copyright to a story "
"underlying a film were to pass into the public domain. But what risk is "
-"that? If it is in the public domain, then the film is a valid derivative "
-"use."
+"that? If it is in the public domain, then the film is a valid derivative use."
msgstr ""
"mpaa hevdet først at Kongressen hadde \"fast avvist sentrale konseptet i "
"lovforslaget\"--opphavsrett fornyes. Det var sant, men irrelevant, som "
"hollywood: de fleste folk ikke gjenkjenner årsakene til å begrense "
"opphavsrett vilkår; Det er derfor fremdeles mulig å se god tro i motstanden."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, "
"then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest "
"innhold som ikke er kommersielt kontrollert, og at det vil være ingen "
"kommersiell bruk av innhold som ikke krever at deres tillatelse først."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The "
"most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not "
"is not simply to protect what is theirs. Their aim is to assure that all "
"there is is what is theirs."
msgstr ""
-"motstanden mot loven eldred avslører hvordan ekstreme den andre siden "
-"er. mektigste og sexy og godt elsket av lobbies virkelig har som målet ikke "
+"motstanden mot loven eldred avslører hvordan ekstreme den andre siden er. "
+"mektigste og sexy og godt elsket av lobbies virkelig har som målet ikke "
"beskyttelse av \"property\" men avvisningen av en tradisjon. deres mål er "
"ikke bare å beskytte hva er deres. deres mål er å sikre at alt er det er hva "
"er deres."
"at disse eksterne og glemt innehaver av opphavsrett kan blokkere fremdriften "
"for andre."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
"\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus "
-"worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. "
-"Seventeen million have already died. Seventeen million Africans is "
-"proportional percentage-wise to seven million Americans. More importantly, "
-"it is seventeen million Africans."
+"There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-"
+"five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. Seventeen million have "
+"already died. Seventeen million Africans is proportional percentage-wise to "
+"seven million Americans. More importantly, it is seventeen million Africans."
msgstr ""
-"Det er mer enn 35 millioner mennesker med aids-viruset over hele "
-"verden. tyve - fem millioner av dem bor i Subsaharisk Afrika. sytten "
-"millioner har allerede døde. sytten millioner afrikanere er proporsjonal "
-"percentage-wise syv millioner amerikanere. enda viktigere er det 17 "
-"millioner afrikanere."
+"Det er mer enn 35 millioner mennesker med aids-viruset over hele verden. "
+"tyve - fem millioner av dem bor i Subsaharisk Afrika. sytten millioner har "
+"allerede døde. sytten millioner afrikanere er proporsjonal percentage-wise "
+"syv millioner amerikanere. enda viktigere er det 17 millioner afrikanere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"take a cocktail of these drugs increase their life expectancy by ten to "
"twenty years. For some, the drugs make the disease almost invisible."
msgstr ""
-"Det er ingen kur for aids, men det er narkotika å redusere sin "
-"progresjon. disse antiretroviral terapi er fortsatt eksperimentelle, men de "
-"har allerede hatt en dramatisk effekt. i USA øke aids-pasienter som "
-"regelmessig tar en cocktail av disse stoffene deres levealder ved ti til "
-"tjue år. for noen gjøre narkotika sykdommen nesten usynlig."
+"Det er ingen kur for aids, men det er narkotika å redusere sin progresjon. "
+"disse antiretroviral terapi er fortsatt eksperimentelle, men de har allerede "
+"hatt en dramatisk effekt. i USA øke aids-pasienter som regelmessig tar en "
+"cocktail av disse stoffene deres levealder ved ti til tjue år. for noen "
+"gjøre narkotika sykdommen nesten usynlig."
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating "
"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#55</ulink>. According to a World Health Organization press release issued 9 "
-"July 2002, only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in the developing "
-"world receive them--and half of them are in Brazil."
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #55</ulink>. "
+"According to a World Health Organization press release issued 9 July 2002, "
+"only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in the developing world receive "
+"them--and half of them are in Brazil."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"some cost $25,000 per year. At these prices, of course, no African nation "
"can afford the drugs for the vast majority of its population: $15,000 is "
"thirty times the per capita gross national product of Zimbabwe. At these "
-"prices, the drugs are totally unavailable.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"prices, the drugs are totally unavailable.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 265
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
-"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by "
-"patents. The drug companies that produced these life-saving mixes enjoy at "
-"least a twenty-year monopoly for their inventions. They use that monopoly "
-"power to extract the most they can from the market. That power is in turn "
-"used to keep the prices high."
+"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by patents. "
+"The drug companies that produced these life-saving mixes enjoy at least a "
+"twenty-year monopoly for their inventions. They use that monopoly power to "
+"extract the most they can from the market. That power is in turn used to "
+"keep the prices high."
msgstr ""
"disse prisene er ikke høy fordi ingrediensene av narkotika er dyrt. disse "
"prisene er høy fordi narkotika er beskyttet av patenter. stoffet selskaper "
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and "
"Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared "
"for the World Intellectual Property Organization (Washington, D.C., 2000), "
-"14, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#56</ulink>. For a firsthand account of the struggle over South Africa, see "
+"14, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #56</"
+"ulink>. For a firsthand account of the struggle over South Africa, see "
"Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human "
-"Resources, House Committee on Government Reform, H. Rep., 1st sess., "
-"Ser. No. 106-126 (22 July 1999), 15057 (statement of James Love)."
+"Resources, House Committee on Government Reform, H. Rep., 1st sess., Ser. "
+"No. 106-126 (22 July 1999), 15057 (statement of James Love)."
msgstr ""
#. f4.
"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
"characterized it, \"The U.S. government pressured South Africa . . . not to "
-"permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States Trade "
+"permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States Trade "
"Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the law--and to "
"add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed South Africa for "
"possible trade sanctions. That same year, more than forty pharmaceutical "
"government's actions. The United States was then joined by other governments "
"from the EU. Their claim, and the claim of the pharmaceutical companies, was "
"that South Africa was violating its obligations under international law by "
-"discriminating against a particular kind of patent-- pharmaceutical "
-"patents. The demand of these governments, with the United States in the "
-"lead, was that South Africa respect these patents as it respects any other "
-"patent, regardless of any effect on the treatment of AIDS within South "
-"
Africa.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"discriminating against a particular kind of patent-- pharmaceutical patents. "
+"The demand of these governments, with the United States in the lead, was "
+"that South Africa respect these patents as it respects any other patent, "
+"regardless of any effect on the treatment of AIDS within South Africa."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"our government's intervention to stop the flow of medications into Africa."
msgstr ""
"Vi bør sette intervensjon av USA i sammenheng. ingen tvil om er patenter "
-"ikke den viktigste grunnen at afrikanere ikke har tilgang til "
-"narkotika. fattigdom og det totale fraværet av en effektiv helsevesenet "
-"infrastruktur saken mer. men om patenter er den viktigste årsaken eller "
-"ikke, prisen på narkotika har en effekt på deres behov, og patenter påvirker "
-"prisen. og så, om massiv eller marginale, det var en effekt fra vår "
-"regjering intervensjon til å stoppe flyten av medikamenter i Afrika."
+"ikke den viktigste grunnen at afrikanere ikke har tilgang til narkotika. "
+"fattigdom og det totale fraværet av en effektiv helsevesenet infrastruktur "
+"saken mer. men om patenter er den viktigste årsaken eller ikke, prisen på "
+"narkotika har en effekt på deres behov, og patenter påvirker prisen. og så, "
+"om massiv eller marginale, det var en effekt fra vår regjering intervensjon "
+"til å stoppe flyten av medikamenter i Afrika."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"(\"compulsory licenses and gray markets pose a threat to the entire system "
"of intellectual property protection\"); Robert Weissman, \"AIDS and "
"Developing Countries: Democratizing Access to Essential Medicines,\" Foreign "
-"Policy in Focus 4:23 (August 1999), available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #58</ulink> (describing "
-"U.S. policy); John A. Harrelson, \"TRIPS, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the "
-"HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property "
-"Rights and Compassion, a Synopsis,\" Widener Law Symposium Journal (Spring "
-"2001): 175."
+"Policy in Focus 4:23 (August 1999), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #58</ulink> (describing U.S. policy); John A. "
+"Harrelson, \"TRIPS, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding "
+"the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Compassion, a "
+"Synopsis,\" Widener Law Symposium Journal (Spring 2001): 175."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"against the South African response to AIDS."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
"sikre at narkotika ikke komme tilbake i USA, men de er bare problemer av "
"teknologi. de kan bli overvunnet."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 268
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
"companies thus avoid this spiral by avoiding the first step. They reinforce "
"the idea that property should be sacred. They adopt a rational strategy in "
"an irrational context, with the unintended consequence that perhaps millions "
-"die. And that rational strategy thus becomes framed in terms of this "
-"ideal--the sanctity of an idea called \"intellectual property.\""
+"die. And that rational strategy thus becomes framed in terms of this ideal--"
+"the sanctity of an idea called \"intellectual property.\""
msgstr ""
"et annet problem, men kunne ikke bli overvunnet. Dette er frykt for den "
"grandstanding politikeren som ville kalle presidenter av stoffet selskaper "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
-"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same "
-"way. Just as a sensible copyright policy could endorse and strongly support "
-"a copyright system without having to regulate the spread of culture "
-"perfectly and forever, a sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly "
-"support a patent system without having to block the spread of drugs to a "
-"country not rich enough to afford market prices in any case. A sensible "
-"policy, in other words, could be a balanced policy. For most of our history, "
-"both copyright and patent policies were balanced in just this sense."
+"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same way. "
+"Just as a sensible copyright policy could endorse and strongly support a "
+"copyright system without having to regulate the spread of culture perfectly "
+"and forever, a sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support a "
+"patent system without having to block the spread of drugs to a country not "
+"rich enough to afford market prices in any case. A sensible policy, in other "
+"words, could be a balanced policy. For most of our history, both copyright "
+"and patent policies were balanced in just this sense."
msgstr ""
"en fornuftig patent policy kan godkjenner og støtter patentsystemet uten å "
"nå alle overalt på nøyaktig samme måte. akkurat som en fornuftig copyright "
"don't even notice how monstrous it is to deny ideas to a people who are "
"dying without them. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in "
"culture that we don't even question when the control of that property "
-"removes our ability, as a people, to develop our culture "
-"democratically. Blindness becomes our common sense. And the challenge for "
-"anyone who would reclaim the right to cultivate our culture is to find a way "
-"to make this common sense open its eyes."
+"removes our ability, as a people, to develop our culture democratically. "
+"Blindness becomes our common sense. And the challenge for anyone who would "
+"reclaim the right to cultivate our culture is to find a way to make this "
+"common sense open its eyes."
msgstr ""
"men vi som en kultur har mistet denne følelse av balanse. Vi har mistet blir "
"kritisk blikk som hjelper oss med å se forskjellen mellom sannheten og "
"ville gjenvinne retten til å dyrke vår kultur er å finne en måte å gjøre "
"dette sunn fornuft åpne sine øyne."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
"this debate fits with ideas that seem natural, and that fit is reinforced by "
"the RCAs of our day. They wage a frantic war to fight \"piracy,\" and "
"devastate a culture for creativity. They defend the idea of \"creative "
-"property,\" while transforming real creators into modern-day "
-"sharecroppers. They are insulted by the idea that rights should be balanced, "
-"even though each of the major players in this content war was itself a "
-"beneficiary of a more balanced ideal. The hypocrisy reeks. Yet in a city "
-"like Washington, hypocrisy is not even noticed. Powerful lobbies, complex "
-"issues, and MTV attention spans produce the \"perfect storm\" for free "
-"culture."
+"property,\" while transforming real creators into modern-day sharecroppers. "
+"They are insulted by the idea that rights should be balanced, even though "
+"each of the major players in this content war was itself a beneficiary of a "
+"more balanced ideal. The hypocrisy reeks. Yet in a city like Washington, "
+"hypocrisy is not even noticed. Powerful lobbies, complex issues, and MTV "
+"attention spans produce the \"perfect storm\" for free culture."
msgstr ""
"så langt, sunn fornuft sover. Det er ingen opprør. sunn fornuft ser ennå "
"ikke hva det kunne til opprør om. ekstremisme som dominerer nå denne "
"Spurs Stir,\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available "
"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; William "
"New, \"U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" National "
-"Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
+"Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 270
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by "
-"the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a "
-"meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> At the request of a wide "
-"range of interests, WIPO had decided to hold a meeting to discuss \"open and "
+"the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a meeting."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> At the request of a wide range of "
+"interests, WIPO had decided to hold a meeting to discuss \"open and "
"collaborative projects to create public goods.\" These are projects that "
"have been successful in producing public goods without relying exclusively "
"upon a proprietary use of intellectual property. Examples include the "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was "
-"ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its "
-"scope included both commercial and noncommercial work. They primarily "
-"involved science, but from many perspectives. And WIPO was an ideal venue "
-"for this discussion, since WIPO is the preeminent international body dealing "
-"with intellectual property issues."
+"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its scope "
+"included both commercial and noncommercial work. They primarily involved "
+"science, but from many perspectives. And WIPO was an ideal venue for this "
+"discussion, since WIPO is the preeminent international body dealing with "
+"intellectual property issues."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 271
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
"in intellectual property for the development of an information society. The "
"moderator for the event then promptly interrupted to inform me and the "
"assembled reporters that no question about intellectual property would be "
-"discussed by WSIS, since those questions were the exclusive domain of "
-"WIPO. In the talk that I had prepared, I had actually made the issue of "
+"discussed by WSIS, since those questions were the exclusive domain of WIPO. "
+"In the talk that I had prepared, I had actually made the issue of "
"intellectual property relatively minor. But after this astonishing "
"statement, I made intellectual property the sole focus of my talk. There was "
"no way to talk about an \"Information Society\" unless one also talked about "
"faktisk var jeg en gang offentlig scolded for ikke å kjenne igjen dette "
"faktum om wipo. i februar 2003 leveres jeg en keynote-adressen til en "
"forberedende konferanse for toppmøtet i verden på informasjonssamfunnet "
-"(wsis). på en pressekonferanse før adressen, ble jeg spurt hva jeg vil "
-"si. Jeg svarte at jeg skulle snakke litt om betydningen av balanse i "
+"(wsis). på en pressekonferanse før adressen, ble jeg spurt hva jeg vil si. "
+"Jeg svarte at jeg skulle snakke litt om betydningen av balanse i "
"immaterielle for utviklingen av en informasjonssamfunn. moderator for "
"hendelsen deretter umiddelbart avbrutt for å informere meg og sammensatte "
"journalister at ingen tvil om immaterielle vil bli diskutert av wsis, siden "
"disse spørsmålene var at et eksklusivt domene av wipo. i talk at jeg hadde "
-"forberedt, hadde jeg faktisk gjorde saken av åndsverk som er relativt "
-"små. men etter denne forbløffende erklæringen, jeg gjorde immaterielle "
-"eneste fokus på mitt snakk. Det var ikke mulig å snakke om en "
+"forberedt, hadde jeg faktisk gjorde saken av åndsverk som er relativt små. "
+"men etter denne forbløffende erklæringen, jeg gjorde immaterielle eneste "
+"fokus på mitt snakk. Det var ikke mulig å snakke om en "
"\"informasjonssamfunnet\", med mindre en også snakket om omfanget av "
"informasjon og kultur som vil være gratis. min snakk gjorde ikke min "
"immoderate moderator veldig glad. og hun var uten tvil riktig at omfanget av "
"immaterielle er nødvendig, siden etter mitt syn er selve ideen om balanse i "
"immaterielle hadde gått tapt."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
"prosjekter til å opprette offentlige varer\" virket perfekt passende innen "
"wipo-agendaen."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
"least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" "
"the Marketplace to Decide,\" Government Policy Toward Open Source Software "
"(Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, "
"American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#62</ulink>. See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, The "
-"Commercial Software Model, discussion at New York University Stern School of "
-"Business (3 May 2001), available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>."
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. "
+"See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, The Commercial "
+"Software Model, discussion at New York University Stern School of Business "
+"(3 May 2001), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"#63</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
-"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
-"software. There are many important companies that depend fundamentally upon "
-"open source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is "
-"increasingly shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the most "
-"famous bit of \"free software\"--and IBM is emphatically a commercial "
-"entity. Thus, to support \"open source and free software\" is not to oppose "
-"commercial entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software "
-"development that is different from Microsoft's.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial software. "
+"There are many important companies that depend fundamentally upon open "
+"source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is increasingly "
+"shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the most famous bit of "
+"\"free software\"--and IBM is emphatically a commercial entity. Thus, to "
+"support \"open source and free software\" is not to oppose commercial "
+"entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software development that is "
+"different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 272
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free "
-"software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is "
-"not software in the public domain. Instead, like Microsoft's software, the "
+"More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free software"
+"\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is not "
+"software in the public domain. Instead, like Microsoft's software, the "
"copyright owners of free and open source software insist quite strongly that "
"the terms of their software license be respected by adopters of free and "
"open source software. The terms of that license are no doubt different from "
"programvare, opphavsrett eierne av gratis og åpen kildekode programvare "
"insistere ganske sterkt at vilkårene i deres programvarelisens respekteres "
"av adoptert av ledig og åpen kilde-programvare. vilkårene i denne lisensen "
-"er ingen tvil om forskjellige fra vilkårene i en proprietær "
-"programvare-lisens. fri programvare lisensiert under general public license "
-"(gpl), krever for eksempel at kildekoden for programvaren gjøres "
-"tilgjengelig av alle som endrer og redistribuerer programvaren. men at "
-"kravet er effektivt bare hvis copyright styrer programvare. Hvis copyright "
-"ikke styre programvare, kan deretter fri programvare ikke pålegge samme type "
-"krav på sin adoptert. det dermed avhenger lov om opphavsrett på samme måte "
-"som microsoft."
+"er ingen tvil om forskjellige fra vilkårene i en proprietær programvare-"
+"lisens. fri programvare lisensiert under general public license (gpl), "
+"krever for eksempel at kildekoden for programvaren gjøres tilgjengelig av "
+"alle som endrer og redistribuerer programvaren. men at kravet er effektivt "
+"bare hvis copyright styrer programvare. Hvis copyright ikke styre "
+"programvare, kan deretter fri programvare ikke pålegge samme type krav på "
+"sin adoptert. det dermed avhenger lov om opphavsrett på samme måte som "
+"microsoft."
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
-"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
+"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
-"use its lobbyists to get the United States government to oppose it, as "
-"well. And indeed, that is just what was reported to have happened. According "
-"to Jonathan Krim of the Washington Post, Microsoft's lobbyists succeeded in "
-"getting the United States government to veto the meeting.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, the meeting was "
-"canceled."
+"use its lobbyists to get the United States government to oppose it, as well. "
+"And indeed, that is just what was reported to have happened. According to "
+"Jonathan Krim of the Washington Post, Microsoft's lobbyists succeeded in "
+"getting the United States government to veto the meeting.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, the meeting was canceled."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"og ingenting veldig overraskende om den mektigste programvare produsenten i "
"USA har lyktes i sin lobbyvirksomhet innsats."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
msgstr "disse utsagnene er forbløffende på flere nivåer."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
"\"copyright.\" Without it, restrictions imposed by those licenses wouldn't "
"work. Thus, to say it \"runs counter\" to the mission of promoting "
-"intellectual property rights reveals an extraordinary gap in "
-"understanding--the sort of mistake that is excusable in a first-year law "
-"student, but an embarrassment from a high government official dealing with "
-"intellectual property issues."
+"intellectual property rights reveals an extraordinary gap in understanding--"
+"the sort of mistake that is excusable in a first-year law student, but an "
+"embarrassment from a high government official dealing with intellectual "
+"property issues."
msgstr ""
"først, de er bare flatt feil. som jeg beskrevet, mest åpen kildekode og fri "
"programvare avhengig fundamentalt immaterielle rett kalt \"copyright.\" uten "
"unnskyldelig i jus første året, men en forlegenhet fra en høy "
"statstjenesteperson håndtere intellektuell eiendom problemer."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" "
"intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory "
"konferansen av wsis, wipo er å vurdere hvordan man best kan beskytte "
"åndsverk, men også hva beste balanse av åndsverk. som alle økonom og advokat "
"vet, er det vanskelige spørsmålet i lovgivning for immaterielle å finne "
-"denne balansen. men at det bør være grensene er, jeg hadde tenkt, "
-"ubestridt. man ønsker å spørre ms. Boland, er generiske legemidler "
-"(legemidler basert på narkotika med patent har utløpt) i strid med "
-"wipo-oppdrag? allemannseie svekke immaterielle? ville det ha vært bedre hvis "
-"protokoller av Internett hadde vært patenterte?"
+"denne balansen. men at det bør være grensene er, jeg hadde tenkt, ubestridt. "
+"man ønsker å spørre ms. Boland, er generiske legemidler (legemidler basert "
+"på narkotika med patent har utløpt) i strid med wipo-oppdrag? allemannseie "
+"svekke immaterielle? ville det ha vært bedre hvis protokoller av Internett "
+"hadde vært patenterte?"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
"are held by individuals and corporations. They get to decide what to do with "
-"those rights because, again, they are their rights. If they want to "
-"\"waive\" or \"disclaim\" their rights, that is, within our tradition, "
-"totally appropriate. When Bill Gates gives away more than $20 billion to do "
-"good in the world, that is not inconsistent with the objectives of the "
-"property system. That is, on the contrary, just what a property system is "
-"supposed to be about: giving individuals the right to decide what to do with "
-"their property."
+"those rights because, again, they are their rights. If they want to \"waive"
+"\" or \"disclaim\" their rights, that is, within our tradition, totally "
+"appropriate. When Bill Gates gives away more than $20 billion to do good in "
+"the world, that is not inconsistent with the objectives of the property "
+"system. That is, on the contrary, just what a property system is supposed to "
+"be about: giving individuals the right to decide what to do with their "
+"property."
msgstr ""
"tredje, selv om en antatt at hensikten med wipo var å maksimere immaterielle "
"rettigheter, i vår tradisjon, immaterielle rettigheter er holdt av individer "
"være om: å gi enkeltpersoner retten til å avgjøre hva å gjøre med deres "
"eiendom."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 274
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which "
"has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that "
"at immaterielle rettigheter er maksimert, men at de også kan vere mest "
"ekstreme og restriktiv mulig."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
"Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not "
"depended upon maximum control and concentration. It fought any freedom that "
"might interfere with that control."
msgstr ""
-"Det er en historie om bare slikt egenskapen system som er godt kjent i "
-"anglo-amerikanske tradisjonen. Det kalles \"føydalisme.\" under føydalisme, "
-"ikke bare var egenskapen holdt av et relativt lite antall individer og "
-"entiteter. og ikke bare var de samme rettighetene som kjørte med egenskapen "
-"kraftig og omfattende. men føydale systemet hadde en sterk interesse for å "
-"sikre at eiendom holders i dette systemet ikke svekke føydalisme av "
-"frigjørende personer eller egenskapen innenfor deres kontroll til det frie "
-"markedet. Føydalisme depended upon maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. det "
-"kjempet noen friheten som kan forstyrre denne kontrollen."
+"Det er en historie om bare slikt egenskapen system som er godt kjent i anglo-"
+"amerikanske tradisjonen. Det kalles \"føydalisme.\" under føydalisme, ikke "
+"bare var egenskapen holdt av et relativt lite antall individer og entiteter. "
+"og ikke bare var de samme rettighetene som kjørte med egenskapen kraftig og "
+"omfattende. men føydale systemet hadde en sterk interesse for å sikre at "
+"eiendom holders i dette systemet ikke svekke føydalisme av frigjørende "
+"personer eller egenskapen innenfor deres kontroll til det frie markedet. "
+"Føydalisme depended upon maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. det kjempet "
+"noen friheten som kan forstyrre denne kontrollen."
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 21020."
msgstr "se drahos med braithwaite, informasjon føydalisme, 21020."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
-"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> We will have an information society. That much is certain. Our "
-"only choice now is whether that information society will be free or "
-"feudal. The trend is toward the feudal."
+"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> We will have an information society. That much is certain. Our only "
+"choice now is whether that information society will be free or feudal. The "
+"trend is toward the feudal."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"hennes Kommentarer gjort forstand. men det var en kommentar som var spesielt "
"deprimerende for meg. skrev en anonym plakat,"
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 275
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
"should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to "
"promote the right balance of intellectualproperty rights, not simply to "
"promote intellectual property rights\"), not as it is. If we were talking "
-"about the world as it is, then of course Boland didn't say anything "
-"wrong. But in the world as Lessig would have it, then of course she "
-"did. Always pay attention to the distinction between Lessig's world and "
-"ours."
+"about the world as it is, then of course Boland didn't say anything wrong. "
+"But in the world as Lessig would have it, then of course she did. Always pay "
+"attention to the distinction between Lessig's world and ours."
msgstr ""
"George, du misforstå lessig: han bare snakker om verden som den skal "
"(\"Målet med wipo og mål av enhver regjering, bør være å fremme den rette "
"regjering om republikaner eller demokrat. min eneste illusjon angivelig er "
"om om vår regjering bør snakke sannheten eller ikke.)"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of "
"akademikere gjennom historien (og ikke bare i vårt eget land historie)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
"should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means "
"we, the most powerful democracy in the world, become?"
msgstr ""
"men når det har blitt dum å anta at rollen som vår regjering bør være å "
-"\"søke balanse\", deretter teller meg med dum, for det betyr at dette "
-"har blitt ganske alvorlig faktisk. Hvis det skal være klart for alle at "
+"\"søke balanse\", deretter teller meg med dum, for det betyr at dette har "
+"blitt ganske alvorlig faktisk. Hvis det skal være klart for alle at "
"regjeringen ikke søker balanse, at regjeringen er ganske enkelt de mektigste "
"lobbyister verktøyet, at ideen om å holde regjeringen å en annen standard er "
"absurd, at ideen om krevende av regjeringen at det taler sannheten og ikke "
#. PAGE BREAK 276
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the "
-"truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something "
-"more than the handmaiden of the most powerful interests. It might be crazy "
-"to argue that we should preserve a tradition that has been part of our "
+"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the truth. "
+"It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something more "
+"than the handmaiden of the most powerful interests. It might be crazy to "
+"argue that we should preserve a tradition that has been part of our "
"tradition for most of our history--free culture."
msgstr ""
-"Det kan være gal å forvente en høy regjeringen offisielle å si "
-"sannheten. Det kan være gal å tro at regjeringens politikk blir noe mer enn "
-"handmaiden av de mektigste interessene. Det kan være gal å argumentere at vi "
-"skal bevare en tradisjon som har vært en del av vår tradisjon for de fleste "
-"av vår historie--fri kultur."
+"Det kan være gal å forvente en høy regjeringen offisielle å si sannheten. "
+"Det kan være gal å tro at regjeringens politikk blir noe mer enn handmaiden "
+"av de mektigste interessene. Det kan være gal å argumentere at vi skal "
+"bevare en tradisjon som har vært en del av vår tradisjon for de fleste av "
+"vår historie--fri kultur."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"like oppsvulmet rekke rettigheter--eiendomsrettighetene til en historisk "
"ekstrem form--som gjør deres bigness dårlig."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
"Det er derfor viktig at så mange vil rally til etterspørselen konkurranse og "
"økt mangfold. Likevel, hvis rally er forstått som om bigness alene, det er "
"ikke veldig overraskende. Vi amerikanere har en lang historie med å slåss "
-"\"stort,\" klokt eller ikke. at vi kunne være motivert til å slåss er "
-"\"store\" igjen ikke noe nytt."
+"\"stort,\" klokt eller ikke. at vi kunne være motivert til å slåss er \"store"
+"\" igjen ikke noe nytt."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September "
-"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, "
-"8 September 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and "
-"Phyllis Furman with Robert Gearty, \"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among "
-"261 Cited as Sharers,\" New York Daily News, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank "
-"Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., "
-"12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 September "
-"2003, E1; Katie Dean, \"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10 "
-"September 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>."
+"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #65</"
+"ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, 8 "
+"September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and Phyllis Furman with Robert Gearty, "
+"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" New York "
+"Daily News, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet "
+"Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among "
+"Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie Dean, "
+"\"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10 September 2003, available "
+"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 "
-"September 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #68</ulink>."
+"September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #68</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan "
-"Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>."
+"Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA "
-"lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem has just been sued for \"sampling\" "
-"someone else's music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The story "
-"about Bob Dylan \"stealing\" from a Japanese author has just finished making "
-"the rounds.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> An insider from "
-"Hollywood--who insists he must remain anonymous--reports \"an amazing "
-"conversation with these studio guys. They've got extraordinary [old] content "
-"that they'd love to use but can't because they can't begin to clear the "
-"rights. They've got scores of kids who could do amazing things with the "
-"content, but it would take scores of lawyers to clean it first.\" "
-"Congressmen are talking about deputizing computer viruses to bring down "
-"computers thought to violate the law. Universities are threatening expulsion "
-"for kids who use a computer to share content."
+"lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem has just been sued for \"sampling\" someone "
+"else's music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The story about Bob "
+"Dylan \"stealing\" from a Japanese author has just finished making the "
+"rounds.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> An insider from Hollywood--"
+"who insists he must remain anonymous--reports \"an amazing conversation with "
+"these studio guys. They've got extraordinary [old] content that they'd love "
+"to use but can't because they can't begin to clear the rights. They've got "
+"scores of kids who could do amazing things with the content, but it would "
+"take scores of lawyers to clean it first.\" Congressmen are talking about "
+"deputizing computer viruses to bring down computers thought to violate the "
+"law. Universities are threatening expulsion for kids who use a computer to "
+"share content."
msgstr ""
#. f14.
msgid ""
"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
"will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download "
-"BBC content, and rip, mix, and burn it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> And in Brazil, the culture minister, Gilberto Gil, himself a folk "
+"BBC content, and rip, mix, and burn it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> And in Brazil, the culture minister, Gilberto Gil, himself a folk "
"hero of Brazilian music, has joined with Creative Commons to release content "
-"and free licenses in that Latin American country.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> I've told a dark story. The truth is more "
-"mixed. A technology has given us a new freedom. Slowly, some begin to "
-"understand that this freedom need not mean anarchy. We can carry a free "
-"culture into the twenty-first century, without artists losing and without "
-"the potential of digital technology being destroyed. It will take some "
-"thought, and more importantly, it will take some will to transform the RCAs "
-"of our day into the Causbys."
+"and free licenses in that Latin American country.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"1\"/> I've told a dark story. The truth is more mixed. A technology "
+"has given us a new freedom. Slowly, some begin to understand that this "
+"freedom need not mean anarchy. We can carry a free culture into the twenty-"
+"first century, without artists losing and without the potential of digital "
+"technology being destroyed. It will take some thought, and more importantly, "
+"it will take some will to transform the RCAs of our day into the Causbys."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 279
"the choice, then the warriors should win."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
msgstr ""
"feil her er feil om den ekskluderte tredje. Det er ekstreme i denne "
"debatten, men ekstreme er ikke alt som det er. Det er de som tror på "
-"maksimal copyright--\"all rights reserved\"-- og de som avviser "
-"copyright--\"ingen rettigheter reservert\". \"all rights reserved\" sorterer "
-"mener at du bør spørre tillatelse før du \"Bruk\" en opphavsrettslig "
-"beskyttede verk som på noen måte. \"ingen rettigheter reservert\" sorterer "
-"tror du burde være i stand til å gjøre med innhold som du ønsker, uavhengig "
-"av om du har tillatelse eller ikke."
+"maksimal copyright--\"all rights reserved\"-- og de som avviser copyright--"
+"\"ingen rettigheter reservert\". \"all rights reserved\" sorterer mener at "
+"du bør spørre tillatelse før du \"Bruk\" en opphavsrettslig beskyttede verk "
+"som på noen måte. \"ingen rettigheter reservert\" sorterer tror du burde "
+"være i stand til å gjøre med innhold som du ønsker, uavhengig av om du har "
+"tillatelse eller ikke."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 282
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
"tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied "
"Internett var \"ingen rettigheter reservert.\" innhold ble \"tatt\" "
"uavhengig av rettighetene. alle rettigheter som var effektivt ubeskyttet."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
"Internett i dag vil bli en \"få tillatelse til å klippe og lime\" verden som "
"er en creator mareritt."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle--neither \"all rights "
"reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights reserved\"-- and "
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr "å gjenoppbygge friheter tidligere antatt: eksempler"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
msgid "What made it assured?"
msgstr "Hva gjorde det forsikret?"
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your "
"privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering "
"normer (snooping og sladder er bare morsomt), men i stedet av kostnader som "
"friksjon pålegger på alle som ønsker å spy."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
"enklere å samle inn data enn ikke. friksjonen har forsvunnet, og dermed alle "
"\"personvern\" beskyttet av friksjonen forsvinner, også."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the "
"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" Stanford Technology Law "
-"Review 1 (2001): par. 618, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink> (describing examples "
-"in which technology defines privacy policy). See also Jeffrey Rosen, The "
-"Naked Crowd: Reclaiming Security and Freedom in an Anxious Age (New York: "
-"Random House, 2004) (mapping tradeoffs between technology and privacy)."
+"Review 1 (2001): par. 618, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #72</ulink> (describing examples in which technology defines "
+"privacy policy). See also Jeffrey Rosen, The Naked Crowd: Reclaiming "
+"Security and Freedom in an Anxious Age (New York: Random House, 2004) "
+"(mapping tradeoffs between technology and privacy)."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 284
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on "
"the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction "
-"before gave us that leads many to push for laws to do what friction "
-"
did.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And whether you're in favor of "
+"before gave us that leads many to push for laws to do what friction did."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And whether you're in favor of "
"those laws or not, it is the pattern that is important here. We must take "
"affirmative steps to secure a kind of freedom that was passively provided "
"before. A change in technology now forces those who believe in privacy to "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
-"movement. When computers with software were first made available "
-"commercially, the software--both the source code and the binaries-- was "
-"free. You couldn't run a program written for a Data General machine on an "
-"IBM machine, so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling "
-"their software."
+"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. "
+"When computers with software were first made available commercially, the "
+"software--both the source code and the binaries-- was free. You couldn't run "
+"a program written for a Data General machine on an IBM machine, so Data "
+"General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software."
msgstr ""
-"en liknende historie kan fortelles om fødselen av fri "
-"programvare-bevegelsen. Når datamaskiner med programvare ble først gjort "
-"tilgjengelig kommersielt, var programvaren--både kildekoden og "
-"binærfiler--gratis. Du kan ikke kjøre et program som er skrevet for en "
-"generell data-maskinen på en ibm-maskin, slik at data Generelt og ibm ikke "
-"vare mye om hvordan du styrer deres programvare."
+"en liknende historie kan fortelles om fødselen av fri programvare-"
+"bevegelsen. Når datamaskiner med programvare ble først gjort tilgjengelig "
+"kommersielt, var programvaren--både kildekoden og binærfiler--gratis. Du kan "
+"ikke kjøre et program som er skrevet for en generell data-maskinen på en ibm-"
+"maskin, slik at data Generelt og ibm ikke vare mye om hvordan du styrer "
+"deres programvare."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"else?"
msgstr ""
"i akademiske omgivelser, minst, er det ikke en veldig radikale idé. noen "
-"ville være gratis å tinker med et bevis på at noen tilbys i en "
-"matematikk-avdeling. Hvis du trodde du hadde en bedre måte å bevise en "
-"teorem, kan du ta hva noen andre gjorde, og endre den. i en klassikere "
-"avdeling, hvis du trodde en kollega oversettelse av en nylig oppdagede tekst "
-"var feil, var du fri til å forbedre den. dermed til stallman syntes det "
-"åpenbart at du bør være gratis å tinker med og forbedre koden som kjørte en "
-"maskin. Dette, også, var kunnskap. Hvorfor bør ikke være åpen for kritikk "
-"som noe annet?"
+"ville være gratis å tinker med et bevis på at noen tilbys i en matematikk-"
+"avdeling. Hvis du trodde du hadde en bedre måte å bevise en teorem, kan du "
+"ta hva noen andre gjorde, og endre den. i en klassikere avdeling, hvis du "
+"trodde en kollega oversettelse av en nylig oppdagede tekst var feil, var du "
+"fri til å forbedre den. dermed til stallman syntes det åpenbart at du bør "
+"være gratis å tinker med og forbedre koden som kjørte en maskin. Dette, "
+"også, var kunnskap. Hvorfor bør ikke være åpen for kritikk som noe annet?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"dermed praksisen med proprietære koden begynte å spre seg, og 1980-tallet, "
"stallman fant seg selv omringet av proprietære koden. verden av fri "
-"programvare hadde blitt slettet av en endring i økonomien i "
-"databehandling. og som han mente, hvis han gjorde ikke noe om det, og frihet "
-"til å endre og dele programvare ville være grundig svekket."
+"programvare hadde blitt slettet av en endring i økonomien i databehandling. "
+"og som han mente, hvis han gjorde ikke noe om det, og frihet til å endre og "
+"dele programvare ville være grundig svekket."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
-"libraries is perhaps not the most efficient way to distribute "
-"knowledge. Instead, journals are increasingly becoming electronic, and "
-"libraries and their users are given access to these electronic journals "
-"through password-protected sites. Something similar to this has been "
-"happening in law for almost thirty years: Lexis and Westlaw have had "
-"electronic versions of case reports available to subscribers to their "
-"service. Although a Supreme Court opinion is not copyrighted, and anyone is "
-"free to go to a library and read it, Lexis and Westlaw are also free to "
-"charge users for the privilege of gaining access to that Supreme Court "
-"opinion through their respective services."
+"libraries is perhaps not the most efficient way to distribute knowledge. "
+"Instead, journals are increasingly becoming electronic, and libraries and "
+"their users are given access to these electronic journals through password-"
+"protected sites. Something similar to this has been happening in law for "
+"almost thirty years: Lexis and Westlaw have had electronic versions of case "
+"reports available to subscribers to their service. Although a Supreme Court "
+"opinion is not copyrighted, and anyone is free to go to a library and read "
+"it, Lexis and Westlaw are also free to charge users for the privilege of "
+"gaining access to that Supreme Court opinion through their respective "
+"services."
msgstr ""
"som digitale teknologien blir bedre, blir det åpenbart for mange som skriver "
"ut tusenvis av kopier av journaler hver måned og sende dem til biblioteker "
"ikke er kanskje den mest effektive måten å distribuere kunnskap. i stedet, "
"journaler er stadig å bli elektronisk, og biblioteker og deres brukere gis "
-"tilgang til disse elektroniske journaler gjennom passordbeskyttede "
-"områder. noe som ligner på dette har foregått i loven for nesten tretti år: "
-"lexis og westlaw har hatt elektroniske versjoner av Saksrapporter som er "
-"tilgjengelig for abonnenter til deres tjeneste. Selv om en Høyesterett "
-"mening ikke er beskyttet av opphavsretten, og noen er fri til å gå til et "
-"bibliotek og lese den, er lexis og westlaw også gjerne Belast brukerne for "
-"privilegiet av å få tilgang til at Høyesterett mening gjennom sine "
-"respektive tjenester."
+"tilgang til disse elektroniske journaler gjennom passordbeskyttede områder. "
+"noe som ligner på dette har foregått i loven for nesten tretti år: lexis og "
+"westlaw har hatt elektroniske versjoner av Saksrapporter som er tilgjengelig "
+"for abonnenter til deres tjeneste. Selv om en Høyesterett mening ikke er "
+"beskyttet av opphavsretten, og noen er fri til å gå til et bibliotek og lese "
+"den, er lexis og westlaw også gjerne Belast brukerne for privilegiet av å få "
+"tilgang til at Høyesterett mening gjennom sine respektive tjenester."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Når journaler blir elektronisk, men er utgivere krevende at biblioteker ikke "
"gir generell offentlig tilgang til journalene. Dette betyr at frihetene som "
-"er levert av Skriv ut journaler i offentlige bibliotek begynner å "
-"forsvinne. Således, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende "
-"teknologi og markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før."
+"er levert av Skriv ut journaler i offentlige bibliotek begynner å forsvinne. "
+"Således, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende teknologi og "
+"markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før."
#. PAGE BREAK 287
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"Denne krympende friheten har ført mange å ta bekreftende trinnene for å "
"gjenopprette frihet som har gått tapt. public library of science (plos), for "
"eksempel er en nonprofit aksjeselskap som er dedikert til å gjøre "
-"vitenskapelig forskning tilgjengelig for alle som har en "
-"Webtilkobling. forfatterne av vitenskapelig arbeid sende det fungerer til "
-"public library of science. Dette arbeidet er deretter gjenstand for peer "
-"review. Dersom de blir akseptert, er arbeidet deretter oppbevart i et "
-"offentlig, elektronisk arkiv og gjort permanent tilgjengelig gratis. PLOs "
-"selger også en utskriftsversjon av sitt arbeid, men opphavsretten for "
-"utskrift journal forhindre ikke høyre for noen til å videredistribuere "
-"arbeidet gratis."
+"vitenskapelig forskning tilgjengelig for alle som har en Webtilkobling. "
+"forfatterne av vitenskapelig arbeid sende det fungerer til public library of "
+"science. Dette arbeidet er deretter gjenstand for peer review. Dersom de "
+"blir akseptert, er arbeidet deretter oppbevart i et offentlig, elektronisk "
+"arkiv og gjort permanent tilgjengelig gratis. PLOs selger også en "
+"utskriftsversjon av sitt arbeid, men opphavsretten for utskrift journal "
+"forhindre ikke høyre for noen til å videredistribuere arbeidet gratis."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"aim is to build a layer of reasonable copyright on top of the extremes that "
"now reign. It does this by making it easy for people to build upon other "
"people's work, by making it simple for creators to express the freedom for "
-"others to take and build upon their work. Simple tags, tied to "
-"human-readable descriptions, tied to bulletproof licenses, make this "
-"possible."
+"others to take and build upon their work. Simple tags, tied to human-"
+"readable descriptions, tied to bulletproof licenses, make this possible."
msgstr ""
"Angi creative commons. creative commons er et nonprofit selskap etablert i "
"massachusetts, men med sitt hjem ved stanford university. Målet er å bygge "
-"et lag av rimelig opphavsrett på toppen av den ekstreme som nå "
-"regjere. Dette gjøres ved å gjøre det lett for folk å bygge på andres "
-"arbeid, ved å gjøre det enkelt for skaperne å uttrykke frihet for andre å "
-"ta, og bygge på sitt arbeid. Simple tags, knyttet til lesbar beskrivelser, "
-"knyttet til vanntett lisenser, gjør dette mulig."
+"et lag av rimelig opphavsrett på toppen av den ekstreme som nå regjere. "
+"Dette gjøres ved å gjøre det lett for folk å bygge på andres arbeid, ved å "
+"gjøre det enkelt for skaperne å uttrykke frihet for andre å ta, og bygge på "
+"sitt arbeid. Simple tags, knyttet til lesbar beskrivelser, knyttet til "
+"vanntett lisenser, gjør dette mulig."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 288
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Simple--which means without a middleman, or without a lawyer. By developing "
"a free set of licenses that people can attach to their content, Creative "
"Commons aims to mark a range of content that can easily, and reliably, be "
"built upon. These tags are then linked to machine-readable versions of the "
"license that enable computers automatically to identify content that can "
-"easily be shared. These three expressions together--a legal license, a "
-"human-readable description, and machine-readable tags--constitute a Creative "
+"easily be shared. These three expressions together--a legal license, a human-"
+"readable description, and machine-readable tags--constitute a Creative "
"Commons license. A Creative Commons license constitutes a grant of freedom "
"to anyone who accesses the license, and more importantly, an expression of "
"the ideal that the person associated with the license believes in something "
"\"all\" eller \"Nei\" ekstreme. innholdet er merket med kopi-merket, som "
"ikke betyr at copyright fratres, men at visse friheter er gitt."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
"use. And most importantly, they express these freedoms in a way that "
-"subsequent users can use and rely upon without the need to hire a "
-"lawyer. Creative Commons thus aims to build a layer of content, governed by "
-"a layer of reasonable copyright law, that others can build upon. Voluntary "
-"choice of individuals and creators will make this content available. And "
-"that content will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain."
+"subsequent users can use and rely upon without the need to hire a lawyer. "
+"Creative Commons thus aims to build a layer of content, governed by a layer "
+"of reasonable copyright law, that others can build upon. Voluntary choice of "
+"individuals and creators will make this content available. And that content "
+"will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain."
msgstr ""
"disse valgene dermed etablere en rekke friheter utover standard om "
"opphavsrett. de har også aktivere friheter som går utover tradisjonelle fair "
"enkeltpersoner og skaperne vil gjøre dette innholdet tilgjengelig. og at "
"innholdet i sin tur kan vi bygge et offentlig-domene."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 289
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
"kaller dem) hvem hjelpe bygge allemannseie, og ved deres arbeid, demonstrere "
"viktigheten av public domain til andre kreativitet."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to "
"complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are "
"humans without lawyers can use them--are needed. Creative Commons gives "
"people a way effectively to begin to build those rules."
msgstr ""
-"Målet er ikke å kjempe \"med enerett\"-sorteringer. Målet er å utfylle "
-"dem. problemene som loven oppretter for oss som en kultur er produsert av "
-"galskap og utilsiktede konsekvenser av lover skrevet århundrer siden, brukt "
-"til en teknologi som bare jefferson kunne ha forestilt meg. reglene kan godt "
-"ha gjort følelse mot et bakteppe av teknologi fra århundrer siden, men de "
-"gjør ikke fornuftig på bakgrunn av digitale teknologier. nye regler--med "
+"Målet er ikke å kjempe \"med enerett\"-sorteringer. Målet er å utfylle dem. "
+"problemene som loven oppretter for oss som en kultur er produsert av galskap "
+"og utilsiktede konsekvenser av lover skrevet århundrer siden, brukt til en "
+"teknologi som bare jefferson kunne ha forestilt meg. reglene kan godt ha "
+"gjort følelse mot et bakteppe av teknologi fra århundrer siden, men de gjør "
+"ikke fornuftig på bakgrunn av digitale teknologier. nye regler--med "
"forskjellige friheter, uttrykt i måter slik at mennesker uten advokater kan "
"bruke dem – er nødvendig. Creative commons gir folk en måte for effektivt å "
"begynne å bygge disse reglene."
"day that it went on sale in bookstores."
msgstr ""
"Hvorfor ville skaperne delta i å gi opp full kontroll? noen delta for å "
-"bedre spre innholdet. Cory doctorow, for eksempel er en science "
-"fiction-forfatter. hans første novelle, ned og ut i magiske riket, ble "
-"utgitt på nettet og gratis, under en creative commons-lisens på samme dag "
-"som det gikk på salg i bokhandler."
+"bedre spre innholdet. Cory doctorow, for eksempel er en science fiction-"
+"forfatter. hans første novelle, ned og ut i magiske riket, ble utgitt på "
+"nettet og gratis, under en creative commons-lisens på samme dag som det gikk "
+"på salg i bokhandler."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
"Cory's book whether or not it's on the Internet, and (2) those who may "
"never hear of Cory's book, if it isn't made available for free on the "
-"Internet. Some part of (1) will download Cory's book instead of buying "
-"it. Call them bad-(1)s. Some part of (2) will download Cory's book, like it, "
-"and then decide to buy it. Call them (2)-goods. If there are more (2)-goods "
+"Internet. Some part of (1) will download Cory's book instead of buying it. "
+"Call them bad-(1)s. Some part of (2) will download Cory's book, like it, and "
+"then decide to buy it. Call them (2)-goods. If there are more (2)-goods "
"than bad-(1)s, the strategy of releasing Cory's book free on-line will "
"probably increase sales of Cory's book."
msgstr ""
"hans publisher begrunnet som dette: det finnes to grupper av mennesker der "
"ute: (1) de som vil kjøpe cory bok om det er på Internett, og (2) de som kan "
"aldri høre av cory's bok, hvis det ikke er gjort tilgjengelig gratis på "
-"Internett. noen del av (1) laster ned cory bok i stedet for å kjøpe "
-"den. ringe dem dårlig-(1) s. noen del av (2) lastet ned cory's bok, liker "
-"det, og deretter bestemmer deg for å kjøpe den. kalle dem (2)-varer. Hvis "
-"det er mer (2)-varer enn dårlig-(1) s, strategien for lanserer cory bok "
-"gratis on-line trolig vil øke salg av cory's bok."
+"Internett. noen del av (1) laster ned cory bok i stedet for å kjøpe den. "
+"ringe dem dårlig-(1) s. noen del av (2) lastet ned cory's bok, liker det, og "
+"deretter bestemmer deg for å kjøpe den. kalle dem (2)-varer. Hvis det er mer "
+"(2)-varer enn dårlig-(1) s, strategien for lanserer cory bok gratis on-line "
+"trolig vil øke salg av cory's bok."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"opplevelsen av en annen forfatter. Peter wayner, som skrev en bok om fri "
"programvare-bevegelsen med tittelen gratis for alle, en elektronisk versjon "
"av sin bok gratis on-line under en creative commons-lisens etter at boken "
-"gikk ut av print. han overvåket deretter brukt boka store priser for "
-"boken. som spådd, som antall nedlastinger økt, brukte boken-pris for sin bok "
-"øker også."
+"gikk ut av print. han overvåket deretter brukt boka store priser for boken. "
+"som spådd, som antall nedlastinger økt, brukte boken-pris for sin bok øker "
+"også."
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
"are others who use Creative Commons licenses for other reasons. Many who use "
-"the \"sampling license\" do so because anything else would be "
-"hypocritical. The sampling license says that others are free, for commercial "
-"or noncommercial purposes, to sample content from the licensed work; they "
-"are just not free to make full copies of the licensed work available to "
-"others. This is consistent with their own art--they, too, sample from "
-"others. Because the legal costs of sampling are so high (Walter Leaphart, "
-"manager of the rap group Public Enemy, which was born sampling the music of "
-"others, has stated that he does not \"allow\" Public Enemy to sample "
-"anymore, because the legal costs are so high<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>), these artists release into the creative environment content "
-"that others can build upon, so that their form of creativity might grow."
+"the \"sampling license\" do so because anything else would be hypocritical. "
+"The sampling license says that others are free, for commercial or "
+"noncommercial purposes, to sample content from the licensed work; they are "
+"just not free to make full copies of the licensed work available to others. "
+"This is consistent with their own art--they, too, sample from others. "
+"Because the legal costs of sampling are so high (Walter Leaphart, manager of "
+"the rap group Public Enemy, which was born sampling the music of others, has "
+"stated that he does not \"allow\" Public Enemy to sample anymore, because "
+"the legal costs are so high<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), these "
+"artists release into the creative environment content that others can build "
+"upon, so that their form of creativity might grow."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
"balance in this debate. If you just go along with the system as it is, you "
-"are effectively saying you believe in the \"All Rights Reserved\" "
-"model. Good for you, but many do not. Many believe that however appropriate "
-"that rule is for Hollywood and freaks, it is not an appropriate description "
-"of how most creators view the rights associated with their content. The "
+"are effectively saying you believe in the \"All Rights Reserved\" model. "
+"Good for you, but many do not. Many believe that however appropriate that "
+"rule is for Hollywood and freaks, it is not an appropriate description of "
+"how most creators view the rights associated with their content. The "
"Creative Commons license expresses this notion of \"Some Rights Reserved,\" "
"and gives many the chance to say it to others."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
-"showing people how important that domain is to creativity and "
-"innovation. Creative Commons relies upon voluntary steps to achieve this "
-"rebuilding. They will lead to a world in which more than voluntary steps are "
-"possible."
+"showing people how important that domain is to creativity and innovation. "
+"Creative Commons relies upon voluntary steps to achieve this rebuilding. "
+"They will lead to a world in which more than voluntary steps are possible."
msgstr ""
"Dette er første trinn å gjenoppbygge et frivare. de er ikke bare argumenter; "
"de er handlingen. bygge et offentlig-domene er det første skrittet til viser "
"difference, we believe, will enable creativity to spread more easily."
msgstr ""
"Creative commons er bare ett eksempel på frivillig innsats av enkeltpersoner "
-"og skaperne å endre blanding av rettigheter som nå styrer feltet "
-"kreative. prosjektet ikke stiller til Start med copyright; det utfyller "
-"det. Målet er ikke å beseire rettighetene til forfattere, men å gjøre det "
-"enklere for forfattere og skaperne å utøve sine rettigheter, mer fleksibelt "
-"og billig. at vi tror forskjellen, aktiverer kreativitet å spre lettere."
+"og skaperne å endre blanding av rettigheter som nå styrer feltet kreative. "
+"prosjektet ikke stiller til Start med copyright; det utfyller det. Målet er "
+"ikke å beseire rettighetene til forfattere, men å gjøre det enklere for "
+"forfattere og skaperne å utøve sine rettigheter, mer fleksibelt og billig. "
+"at vi tror forskjellen, aktiverer kreativitet å spre lettere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "THEM, SOON"
"disse er alle formaliteter knyttet til egenskapen. de er krav som vi alle må "
"bære hvis vi ønsker vår eiendom skal beskyttes."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
-"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
-"creativity. Today, there is no simple way to know who owns what, or with "
-"whom one must deal in order to use or build upon the creative work of "
-"others. There are no records, there is no system to trace-- there is no "
-"simple way to know how to get permission. Yet given the massive increase in "
-"the scope of copyright's rule, getting permission is a necessary step for "
-"any work that builds upon our past. And thus, the lack of formalities forces "
-"many into silence where they otherwise could speak."
+"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a burden. "
+"Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens creativity. "
+"Today, there is no simple way to know who owns what, or with whom one must "
+"deal in order to use or build upon the creative work of others. There are no "
+"records, there is no system to trace-- there is no simple way to know how to "
+"get permission. Yet given the massive increase in the scope of copyright's "
+"rule, getting permission is a necessary step for any work that builds upon "
+"our past. And thus, the lack of formalities forces many into silence where "
+"they otherwise could speak."
msgstr ""
"men Internett endrer alt dette. formaliteter trenger i dag ikke være en "
"byrde. verden uten formaliteter er heller verden som byrder kreativitet. i "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>--but it should not change it by going back to "
-"the old, broken system. We should require formalities, but we should "
-"establish a system that will create the incentives to minimize the burden of "
-"these formalities."
+"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>--but it should not change it by going back to the old, broken "
+"system. We should require formalities, but we should establish a system that "
+"will create the incentives to minimize the burden of these formalities."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"with the mess that is the Copyright Office."
msgstr ""
"under det gamle systemet hadde en opphavsrettighetene til filen en "
-"registrering med opphavsrett office registrere eller fornye "
-"opphavsretten. Når innlevering at registrering, betales eieren av "
-"opphavsretten en avgift. som med de fleste myndigheter hadde opphavsrett "
-"kontoret få insentiver til å minimere byrden av registrering; det hadde også "
-"få insentiver til å minimere gebyret. og så opphavsrett kontoret ikke er "
-"hovedmålet for regjeringen policymaking, kontoret har historisk sett vært "
-"veldig underfunded. Således, når folk som vet noe om prosessen hører denne "
-"ideen om formaliteter, deres første reaksjon er panikk--ingenting kunne være "
-"verre enn tvinge folk til å håndtere rotet som er copyright kontoret."
+"registrering med opphavsrett office registrere eller fornye opphavsretten. "
+"Når innlevering at registrering, betales eieren av opphavsretten en avgift. "
+"som med de fleste myndigheter hadde opphavsrett kontoret få insentiver til å "
+"minimere byrden av registrering; det hadde også få insentiver til å minimere "
+"gebyret. og så opphavsrett kontoret ikke er hovedmålet for regjeringen "
+"policymaking, kontoret har historisk sett vært veldig underfunded. Således, "
+"når folk som vet noe om prosessen hører denne ideen om formaliteter, deres "
+"første reaksjon er panikk--ingenting kunne være verre enn tvinge folk til å "
+"håndtere rotet som er copyright kontoret."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
msgid ""
"i sammenheng med registrering er en opplagt modell Internett. Det finnes "
"minst 32 millioner web-områder som er registrert i verden. domeneeiere navn "
"for disse web-områder må betale en avgift for å holde sine registrering "
-"Live. Det er et sentralt register i de viktigste domenene (.com, .org, "
-".net). de faktiske registreringene utføres imidlertid av mange konkurrerende "
+"Live. Det er et sentralt register i de viktigste domenene (.com, .org, ."
+"net). de faktiske registreringene utføres imidlertid av mange konkurrerende "
"registrarer. at konkurransen stasjoner kostnadene for å registrere ned, og "
"enda viktigere, det stasjoner brukervennligheten som registrering oppstår "
"opp."
"to locate a copyright owner to secure permission to use the work."
msgstr ""
"Målet med merking er med signal til publikum at dette arbeidet er "
-"opphavsrettsbeskyttet, og at forfatteren ønsker å håndheve sine "
-"rettigheter. mark gjør det også enkelt å finne en som har "
-"opphavsrettighetene for å sikre tillatelse til å bruke arbeidet."
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet, og at forfatteren ønsker å håndheve sine rettigheter. "
+"mark gjør det også enkelt å finne en som har opphavsrettighetene for å sikre "
+"tillatelse til å bruke arbeidet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
msgid ""
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
"not be that the copyright is lost. The consequence could instead be that "
"anyone has the right to use this work, until the copyright owner complains "
-"and demonstrates that it is his work and he doesn't give "
-"permission.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The meaning of an "
-"unmarked work would therefore be \"use unless someone complains.\" If "
-"someone does complain, then the obligation would be to stop using the work "
-"in any new work from then on though no penalty would attach for existing "
-"uses. This would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark "
-"their work."
+"and demonstrates that it is his work and he doesn't give permission."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The meaning of an unmarked work "
+"would therefore be \"use unless someone complains.\" If someone does "
+"complain, then the obligation would be to stop using the work in any new "
+"work from then on though no penalty would attach for existing uses. This "
+"would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark their work."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
"that of approving standards for marking content that have been crafted "
"elsewhere."
msgstr ""
-"som i sin tur reiser spørsmålet om hvordan arbeidet best bør være "
-"merket. Her igjen, må systemet justere som teknologien utvikler seg. den "
-"beste måten å sikre at systemet utvikler seg er å begrense opphavsrett "
-"kontorets rolle for å godkjenne standarder for å merke innhold som har vært "
-"laget andre steder."
+"som i sin tur reiser spørsmålet om hvordan arbeidet best bør være merket. "
+"Her igjen, må systemet justere som teknologien utvikler seg. den beste måten "
+"å sikre at systemet utvikler seg er å begrense opphavsrett kontorets rolle "
+"for å godkjenne standarder for å merke innhold som har vært laget andre "
+"steder."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
msgid ""
"fotografier var preget av forfatteren og år, ville det være liten grunn til "
"ikke å tillate en fotograf å registrere på nytt, for eksempel alle bildene "
"som er tatt i et bestemt år i ett trinn. Målet med formalitet er å unngå "
-"unødige belastninger skaperen; selve systemet bør holdes så enkelt som "
-"mulig."
+"unødige belastninger skaperen; selve systemet bør holdes så enkelt som mulig."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"In The Future of Ideas, I proposed a seventy-five-year term, granted in "
-"five-year increments with a requirement of renewal every five years. That "
-"seemed radical enough at the time. But after we lost Eldred v. Ashcroft, "
-"the proposals became even more radical. The Economist endorsed a proposal "
-"fo
r a fourteen-year copyright term.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"In The Future of Ideas, I proposed a seventy-five-year term, granted in five-"
+"year increments with a requirement of renewal every five years. That seemed "
+"radical enough at the time. But after we lost Eldred v. Ashcroft, the "
+"proposals became even more radical. The Economist endorsed a proposal for a "
+"fourteen-year copyright term.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
"Others have proposed tying the term to the term for patents."
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
-"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
-"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
-"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>."
+"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/"
+"or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
"kan ha vært en feil i 1923 for lov å tilby forfattere bare en femti-seks års "
"sikt. Jeg tror ikke det, men det er mulig. Hvis det var en feil, da var "
"konsekvensen at vi fikk færre forfattere å opprette i 1923 enn vi ellers "
-"ville ha. men vi kan ikke korrigere at feil i dag ved å øke "
-"begrepet. Uansett hva vi gjør i dag, vil vi ikke øke antall forfattere som "
-"skrev i 1923. Selvfølgelig, kan vi øke belønning som dem som skriver nå få "
-"(eller eventuelt øke opphavsrett byrden som smothers mange fungerer som i "
-"dag er usynlig). men øke deres belønning vil ikke øke sin kreativitet i "
-"1923. Hva er ikke gjort er ikke gjort, og det er ingenting vi kan gjøre med "
-"det nå."
+"ville ha. men vi kan ikke korrigere at feil i dag ved å øke begrepet. "
+"Uansett hva vi gjør i dag, vil vi ikke øke antall forfattere som skrev i "
+"1923. Selvfølgelig, kan vi øke belønning som dem som skriver nå få (eller "
+"eventuelt øke opphavsrett byrden som smothers mange fungerer som i dag er "
+"usynlig). men øke deres belønning vil ikke øke sin kreativitet i 1923. Hva "
+"er ikke gjort er ikke gjort, og det er ingenting vi kan gjøre med det nå."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"som er mye kortere enn gjeldende begrepet. frem til 1976 var gjennomsnittlig "
"begrepet bare 32.2 år. Vi bør være sikter for samme."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I "
"call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than "
"gjorde ingen sans lenger for å gi så mye kontroll, gitt fremveksten av den "
"nye teknologien."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive "
-"right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right "
-"to \"their writings\" plus any derivative writings (made by others) that are "
+"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive right"
+"\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right to "
+"\"their writings\" plus any derivative writings (made by others) that are "
"sufficiently close to the author's original work. Thus, if I write a book, "
"and you base a movie on that book, I have the power to deny you the right to "
"release that movie, even though that movie is not \"my writing.\""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
"dramatizations of a work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The "
-"courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever "
-"since. This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest "
-"judges, Judge Benjamin Kaplan."
+"courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever since. "
+"This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest judges, "
+"Judge Benjamin Kaplan."
msgstr ""
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
-"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
-"sense. More precisely, they don't make sense for the period of time that a "
+"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make sense. "
+"More precisely, they don't make sense for the period of time that a "
"copyright runs. And they don't make sense as an amorphous grant. Consider "
"each limitation in turn."
msgstr ""
"Jeg tror det er på tide å anerkjenne at det er fly i dette feltet og "
-"expansiveness av disse rettigheter til avledede bruk ikke lenger "
-"fornuftig. mer presist, fornuftig de ikke for hvor lang tid som en copyright "
-"kjører. og de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver "
-"begrensning igjen."
+"expansiveness av disse rettigheter til avledede bruk ikke lenger fornuftig. "
+"mer presist, fornuftig de ikke for hvor lang tid som en copyright kjører. og "
+"de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver begrensning "
+"igjen."
#. PAGE BREAK 300
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"inducing kreativitet; Det er ikke viktig lenge etter skapende arbeid er "
"gjort."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Scope: Likewise should the scope of derivative rights be narrowed. Again, "
"there are some cases in which derivative rights are important. Those should "
"material was within the control of businesses, perhaps it made sense to "
"require lawyers to negotiate the lines. It no longer makes sense for lawyers "
"to negotiate the lines. Think about all the creative possibilities that "
-"digital technologies enable; now imagine pouring molasses into the "
-"machines. That's what this general requirement of permission does to the "
-"creative process. Smothers it."
+"digital technologies enable; now imagine pouring molasses into the machines. "
+"That's what this general requirement of permission does to the creative "
+"process. Smothers it."
msgstr ""
-"område: på samme måte bør omfanget av avledede rettigheter bli "
-"innsnevret. igjen, det er noen tilfeller der avledede rettigheter er "
-"viktig. de skal angis. men loven skal tegne klare linjer rundt regulert og "
-"unregulated bruk av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. Når alle \"gjenbruk\" "
-"av kreative materiale var har kontroll over bedrifter, kanskje gjort det "
-"fornuftig å kreve advokater å forhandle linjene. Det er ikke lenger "
-"fornuftig for jurister å forhandle linjene. Tenk alle de kreative "
-"mulighetene som digital teknologi aktivere; Nå forestille pouring molasses "
-"til maskinene. Det er hva denne generelle krav om tillatelse betyr for den "
-"kreative prosessen. Smothers det."
+"område: på samme måte bør omfanget av avledede rettigheter bli innsnevret. "
+"igjen, det er noen tilfeller der avledede rettigheter er viktig. de skal "
+"angis. men loven skal tegne klare linjer rundt regulert og unregulated bruk "
+"av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. Når alle \"gjenbruk\" av kreative "
+"materiale var har kontroll over bedrifter, kanskje gjort det fornuftig å "
+"kreve advokater å forhandle linjene. Det er ikke lenger fornuftig for "
+"jurister å forhandle linjene. Tenk alle de kreative mulighetene som digital "
+"teknologi aktivere; Nå forestille pouring molasses til maskinene. Det er hva "
+"denne generelle krav om tillatelse betyr for den kreative prosessen. "
+"Smothers det."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
"derivative rights--turning a book into a movie, or a poem into a musical "
-"score--it doesn't make sense to require negotiation for the "
-"unforeseeable. Here, a statutory right would make much more sense."
+"score--it doesn't make sense to require negotiation for the unforeseeable. "
+"Here, a statutory right would make much more sense."
msgstr ""
-"Dette var poenget som alben gjort når beskriver inngåelse av clint "
-"eastwood-cd. mens det er fornuftig å kreve forhandling for overskuelig "
-"avledede rettigheter--snu en bok i en film eller et dikt i en musikalsk "
-"poengsum--det ikke fornuftig å kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. her, "
-"ville en lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig."
+"Dette var poenget som alben gjort når beskriver inngåelse av clint eastwood-"
+"cd. mens det er fornuftig å kreve forhandling for overskuelig avledede "
+"rettigheter--snu en bok i en film eller et dikt i en musikalsk poengsum--det "
+"ikke fornuftig å kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. her, ville en "
+"lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig."
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial Jukebox "
"(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187216."
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
-msgstr "Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for å kjøpe CDer."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for å kjøpe CDer."
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
"with which the law aims to eliminate type A, moreover, should depend upon "
"the magnitude of type B. As with VCRs, if the net effect of sharing is "
-"actually not very harmful, the need for regulation is significantly "
-"weakened."
+"actually not very harmful, the need for regulation is significantly weakened."
msgstr ""
"noen reform av loven behov for å holde disse ulike bruksområder i fokus. den "
"må unngå bebyrde type d selv om formålet er å eliminere type a. den iver "
"etter med som loven sikte på å eliminere type a, videre bør avhenger "
"omfanget av typen b. som med videospillere, hvis netto effekt av en deling "
-"er faktisk ikke svært skadelige, behovet for regulering er betydelig "
-"svekket."
+"er faktisk ikke svært skadelige, behovet for regulering er betydelig svekket."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"type B, and is the dominant use of sharing networks."
msgstr ""
"som jeg sa i kapittel 5, er den faktiske skaden forårsaket av deling "
-"kontroversielt. i hensikt av dette kapitlet, men antar jeg skaden er "
-"reell. Jeg antar, med andre ord, denne typen en deling er betydelig større "
-"enn type b, og er dominerende bruk av deling av nettverk."
+"kontroversielt. i hensikt av dette kapitlet, men antar jeg skaden er reell. "
+"Jeg antar, med andre ord, denne typen en deling er betydelig større enn type "
+"b, og er dominerende bruk av deling av nettverk."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
-"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
-"respond."
+"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should respond."
msgstr ""
"Likevel, det er en avgjørende faktor om gjeldende teknologiske kontekst som "
"vi må huske på at vi skal forstå hvordan loven skal reagere."
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
"content. It won't be the easiest way to get access to a broad range of "
-"content in ten years. Today, access to the Internet is cumbersome and "
-"slow--we in the United States are lucky to have broadband service at 1.5 "
-"MBs, and very rarely do we get service at that speed both up and "
-"down. Although wireless access is growing, most of us still get access "
-"across wires. Most only gain access through a machine with a keyboard. The "
-"idea of the always on, always connected Internet is mainly just an idea."
+"content in ten years. Today, access to the Internet is cumbersome and slow--"
+"we in the United States are lucky to have broadband service at 1.5 MBs, and "
+"very rarely do we get service at that speed both up and down. Although "
+"wireless access is growing, most of us still get access across wires. Most "
+"only gain access through a machine with a keyboard. The idea of the always "
+"on, always connected Internet is mainly just an idea."
msgstr ""
"i dag, er fildeling addictive. i ti år, vil ikke det være. Det er addictive "
"i dag fordi det er den enkleste måten å få tilgang til et bredt spekter av "
"innhold. det vil ikke være den enkleste måten å få tilgang til et bredt "
-"spekter av innhold i ti år. i dag, tilgang til Internett er tunge og "
-"sakte--vi i USA er heldig å ha bredbåndstjeneste på 1,5 mbs og svært sjelden "
-"får vi service på den hastigheten som er både opp og ned. Selv om trådløs "
-"tilgang er økende, få de fleste av oss fortsatt tilgang på tvers av "
-"ledninger. de fleste bare få tilgang gjennom en maskin med et "
-"tastatur. ideen om den alltid på, alltid tilkoblet Internett er hovedsakelig "
-"bare en idé."
+"spekter av innhold i ti år. i dag, tilgang til Internett er tunge og sakte--"
+"vi i USA er heldig å ha bredbåndstjeneste på 1,5 mbs og svært sjelden får vi "
+"service på den hastigheten som er både opp og ned. Selv om trådløs tilgang "
+"er økende, få de fleste av oss fortsatt tilgang på tvers av ledninger. de "
+"fleste bare få tilgang gjennom en maskin med et tastatur. ideen om den "
+"alltid på, alltid tilkoblet Internett er hovedsakelig bare en idé."
#. PAGE BREAK 303
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April "
-"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#76</ulink>."
+"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #76</"
+"ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"services will compete with content sharing, even if the services charge "
"money for the content they give access to. Already cell-phone services in "
"Japan offer music (for a fee) streamed over cell phones (enhanced with plugs "
-"for headphones). The Japanese are paying for this content even though "
-"\"free\" content is available in the form of MP3s across the "
-"Web.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"for headphones). The Japanese are paying for this content even though \"free"
+"\" content is available in the form of MP3s across the Web.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 304
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file sharing--to "
"problem in light of a technology that will be gone tomorrow. The question "
"should not be how to regulate the Internet to eliminate file sharing (the "
"Net will evolve that problem away). The question instead should be how to "
-"assure that artists get paid, during this transition between "
-"twentieth-century models for doing business and twenty-first-century "
-"technologies."
+"assure that artists get paid, during this transition between twentieth-"
+"century models for doing business and twenty-first-century technologies."
msgstr ""
"dette punktet om fremtiden er ment å foreslå et perspektiv på stede: det er "
"spesielt midlertidig. \"problemet\" med fildeling--i den grad det er et "
"betalt, under denne overgangen mellom 1900-tallet modeller for å gjøre "
"forretnings- og tyve-første-tallet teknologier."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" "
"here to solve. Let's start with type D content--uncopyrighted content or "
"innholdet er å sørge for at teknologien som ville gjøre det mulig for denne "
"type deling ikke gjengis ulovlig. Du kan tenke på det på denne måten: betal "
"telefoner brukes til å levere løsepenger krav, ingen tvil. men det er mange "
-"som trenger å bruke betale telefoner som har ingenting å gjøre med "
-"ransoms. det ville være feil å utestenge betale telefoner for å eliminere "
-"kidnapping."
+"som trenger å bruke betale telefoner som har ingenting å gjøre med ransoms. "
+"det ville være feil å utestenge betale telefoner for å eliminere kidnapping."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at "
"one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable "
"arbeidet er glemt. Uansett bør sikte på loven å forenkle tilgang til dette "
"innholdet, ideelt på en måte som returnerer noe til kunstneren."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
"perspektiv, denne \"deling\" av hans innhold uten hans blir kompensert er "
"mindre enn ideell."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
-"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
-"music available for sale, then commercial and noncommercial providers would "
-"be free, under this rule, to \"share\" that content, even though the sharing "
+"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem out-of-"
+"print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the music "
+"available for sale, then commercial and noncommercial providers would be "
+"free, under this rule, to \"share\" that content, even though the sharing "
"involved making a copy. The copy here would be incidental to the trade; in a "
"context where commercial publishing has ended, trading music should be as "
"free as trading books."
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
"subject to this license. Thus, publishers could protect the right to charge "
-"whatever they want for content if they kept the work commercially "
-"available. But if they don't keep it available, and instead, the computer "
-"hard disks of fans around the world keep it alive, then any royalty owed for "
-"such copying should be much less than the amount owed a commercial "
-"publisher."
+"whatever they want for content if they kept the work commercially available. "
+"But if they don't keep it available, and instead, the computer hard disks of "
+"fans around the world keep it alive, then any royalty owed for such copying "
+"should be much less than the amount owed a commercial publisher."
msgstr ""
"Dette systemet vil også skape et insentiv for utgivere å holde works "
"tilgjengelig kommersielt. verk som er kommersielt tilgjengelige ville ikke "
msgstr ""
"Jeg elsker Internett, og så jeg ikke liker likening det til tobakk eller "
"asbest. men analogien er en rettferdig en fra et perspektiv av loven. og det "
-"antyder en virkelig svar: i stedet for søker å ødelegge Internett eller "
-"p2p-teknologier som er tiden skade innholdsleverandører på Internett, må vi "
+"antyder en virkelig svar: i stedet for søker å ødelegge Internett eller p2p-"
+"teknologier som er tiden skade innholdsleverandører på Internett, må vi "
"finne en relativt enkel måte å kompensere de som er skadet."
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"William Fisher, Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities (last revised: 10 "
-"October 2000), available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, "
-"Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of Entertainment "
-"(forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), ch. 6, available "
-"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #78</ulink>. Professor "
-"Netanel has proposed a related idea that would exempt noncommercial sharing "
-"from the reach of copyright and would establish compensation to artists to "
-"balance any loss. See Neil Weinstock Netanel, \"Impose a Noncommercial Use "
-"Levy to Allow Free P2P File Sharing,\" available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #79</ulink>. For other proposals, "
-"see Lawrence Lessig, \"Who's Holding Back Broadband?\" Washington Post, 8 "
-"January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman Networks, A Letter "
-"to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations "
-"Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, A "
-"Quick Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF), 3 March 2002, available "
-"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson "
+"October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and "
+"the Future of Entertainment (forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University "
+"Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel has proposed a related idea that "
+"would exempt noncommercial sharing from the reach of copyright and would "
+"establish compensation to artists to balance any loss. See Neil Weinstock "
+"Netanel, \"Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P File Sharing,\" "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #79</ulink>. "
+"For other proposals, see Lawrence Lessig, \"Who's Holding Back Broadband?\" "
+"Washington Post, 8 January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman "
+"Networks, A Letter to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate "
+"Foreign Relations Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, A Quick "
+"Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF), 3 March 2002, available at "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson "
"Graham, \"Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly,\" USA Today, 13 "
"May 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
"#82</ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, \"Getting Copyright Right,\" IEEE Spectrum "
-"Online, 1 July 2002, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, "
-"\"Verizon's Copyright Campaign,\" CNET News.com, 27 August 2002, available "
-"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's "
-"proposal is very similar to Richard Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike "
-"Fisher's, Stallman's proposal would not pay artists directly proportionally, "
-"though more popular artists would get more than the less popular. As is "
-"typical with Stallman, his proposal predates the current debate by about a "
-"decade. See <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>."
+"Online, 1 July 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, \"Verizon's Copyright Campaign,\" "
+"CNET News.com, 27 August 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's proposal is very similar to Richard "
+"Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike Fisher's, Stallman's proposal would not "
+"pay artists directly proportionally, though more popular artists would get "
+"more than the less popular. As is typical with Stallman, his proposal "
+"predates the current debate by about a decade. See <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
-"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> Fisher suggests a very clever way around the current impasse of "
-"the Internet. Under his plan, all content capable of digital transmission "
-"would (1) be marked with a digital watermark (don't worry about how easy it "
-"is to evade these marks; as you'll see, there's no incentive to evade "
-"them). Once the content is marked, then entrepreneurs would develop (2) "
-"systems to monitor how many items of each content were distributed. On the "
-"basis of those numbers, then (3) artists would be compensated. The "
-"compensation would be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax."
+"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> Fisher suggests a very clever way around the current impasse of the "
+"Internet. Under his plan, all content capable of digital transmission would "
+"(1) be marked with a digital watermark (don't worry about how easy it is to "
+"evade these marks; as you'll see, there's no incentive to evade them). Once "
+"the content is marked, then entrepreneurs would develop (2) systems to "
+"monitor how many items of each content were distributed. On the basis of "
+"those numbers, then (3) artists would be compensated. The compensation would "
+"be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"system of controlling access."
msgstr ""
"fisher's forslag er grundige og omfattende. det reiser en million "
-"spørsmålene, mest av som han svarer godt i hans kommende bok, lover å "
-"holde. endring som jeg ville gjøre er relativt enkel: fisher bilder hans "
-"forslag erstatte eksisterende opphavsretten til systemet. Jeg antar det "
-"utfyller det eksisterende systemet. Målet med forslaget vil være å forenkle "
-"kompensasjon i den grad at skade kan bli vist. Denne kompensasjon skulle "
-"være midlertidig, som tar sikte på å lette en overgang mellom regimer. og "
-"det ville kreve fornyelse etter en periode med årene. Hvis den fortsetter å "
-"gi mening å forenkle gratis utveksling av innhold, støttet gjennom en "
+"spørsmålene, mest av som han svarer godt i hans kommende bok, lover å holde. "
+"endring som jeg ville gjøre er relativt enkel: fisher bilder hans forslag "
+"erstatte eksisterende opphavsretten til systemet. Jeg antar det utfyller det "
+"eksisterende systemet. Målet med forslaget vil være å forenkle kompensasjon "
+"i den grad at skade kan bli vist. Denne kompensasjon skulle være "
+"midlertidig, som tar sikte på å lette en overgang mellom regimer. og det "
+"ville kreve fornyelse etter en periode med årene. Hvis den fortsetter å gi "
+"mening å forenkle gratis utveksling av innhold, støttet gjennom en "
"skattesystemet, så det kan fortsettes. Hvis denne typen beskyttelse ikke "
"lenger er nødvendig, kan systemet lapse i det gamle systemet å kontrollere "
"tilgangen."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 307
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
"ville ikke sterkt belaster semiotic demokrati Hvis det var noen "
"begrensninger på hva en var tillatt å gjøre med selve innholdet."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" "
"to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be "
"proven correct: Apple has sold millions of songs at even the very high price "
"of 99 cents a song. (At 99 cents, the cost is the equivalent of a per-song "
"CD price, though the labels have none of the costs of a CD to pay.) Apple's "
-"move was countered by Real Networks, offering music at just 79 cents a "
-"song. And no doubt there will be a great deal of competition to offer and "
-"sell music on-line."
+"move was countered by Real Networks, offering music at just 79 cents a song. "
+"And no doubt there will be a great deal of competition to offer and sell "
+"music on-line."
msgstr ""
"ingen tvil om ville det være vanskelig å beregne riktig mål for \"skade\" "
"til en industri. men vanskeligheten av å gjøre multiplikasjonene ville være "
"oppveies av fordel for tilrettelegging innovasjon. Dette bakgrunn-systemet "
"for å kompensere ville ikke må også forstyrre nyskapende forslag for "
"eksempel Apples musicstore. som eksperter spådd når apple lanserte "
-"musicstore, vil det kunne slå \"gratis\" ved å være enklere enn er "
-"gratis. Dette har vist riktig: apple har solgt flere millioner sanger på "
-"selv svært høy pris på 99 cents en sang. (på 99 cents, kostnaden tilsvarer "
-"en per sang cd pris, men etikettene har ingen av kostnadene for en cd for å "
-"betale.) Apple nå går ble motvirket av real networks, tilbyr musikk på bare "
-"79 cents en sang. og ingen tvil om det vil være mye konkurranse å tilby og "
-"selge musikk på nettet."
+"musicstore, vil det kunne slå \"gratis\" ved å være enklere enn er gratis. "
+"Dette har vist riktig: apple har solgt flere millioner sanger på selv svært "
+"høy pris på 99 cents en sang. (på 99 cents, kostnaden tilsvarer en per sang "
+"cd pris, men etikettene har ingen av kostnadene for en cd for å betale.) "
+"Apple nå går ble motvirket av real networks, tilbyr musikk på bare 79 cents "
+"en sang. og ingen tvil om det vil være mye konkurranse å tilby og selge "
+"musikk på nettet."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" "
"music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for "
"thirty years, and the sellers of bottled water for much more than that, "
"there is nothing impossible at all about \"competing with free.\" Indeed, if "
"anything, the competition spurs the competitors to offer new and better "
-"products. This is precisely what the competitive market was to be "
-"about. Thus in Singapore, though piracy is rampant, movie theaters are often "
+"products. This is precisely what the competitive market was to be about. "
+"Thus in Singapore, though piracy is rampant, movie theaters are often "
"luxurious--with \"first class\" seats, and meals served while you watch a "
-"movie--as they struggle and succeed in finding ways to compete with "
-"\"free.\""
+"movie--as they struggle and succeed in finding ways to compete with \"free.\""
msgstr ""
"Denne konkurransen har allerede skjedd på bakgrunn av \"gratis\" musikk fra "
"p2p-systemer. som selgere av kabel-TV har kjent for tretti år og selgere av "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
-msgstr "Vi kan minimere den skade samtidig maksimere fordelen til innovasjon av"
+msgstr ""
+"Vi kan minimere den skade samtidig maksimere fordelen til innovasjon av"
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
"mens du er i denne overgangen, taxing og kompensere for typen en deling, i "
"grad er faktiske skade vist."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive "
"market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of "
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer "
"Memorial Lecture), UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 106970."
msgstr ""
-"Lawrence lessig, \"copyright's first endring\" (melville b. nimmer "
-"memorial lecture), ucla lov gå gjennom 48 (2001): 1057, 106970."
+"Lawrence lessig, \"copyright's first endring\" (melville b. nimmer memorial "
+"lecture), ucla lov gå gjennom 48 (2001): 1057, 106970."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"in the history of this branch of the law. Many, for example, thought crazy "
"the challenge that we brought to the Copyright Term Extension Act. Yet just "
"thirty years ago, the dominant scholar and practitioner in the field of "
-"copyright, Melville Nimmer, thought it obvious.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"copyright, Melville Nimmer, thought it obvious.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"technology--the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about the "
"amazing things your community could facilitate with digital technology--a "
"wiki, a barn raising, activism to change something. Think about all those "
-"creative things, and then imagine cold molasses poured onto the "
-"machines. This is what any regime that requires permission produces. Again, "
-"this is the reality of Brezhnev's Russia."
+"creative things, and then imagine cold molasses poured onto the machines. "
+"This is what any regime that requires permission produces. Again, this is "
+"the reality of Brezhnev's Russia."
msgstr ""
"Tenk på de fantastiske tingene barnet kan gjøre eller gjøre med digital "
"teknologi--filmen, musikken, web-siden, bloggen. eller Tenk på de "
"hva noen regime som krever tillatelse produserer. igjen, dette er "
"virkeligheten av brezhnev's Russland."
-#, mtrans
+#. PAGE BREAK 311
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture--but it should regulate "
"culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely test their "
"det gjøre gode?\" når utfordret om det utvider nå av loven, advokat-svar, "
"\"Hvorfor ikke?\""
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is "
-"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
-"lawyers away."
+"We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is needed. "
+"Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your lawyers "
+"away."
msgstr ""
"Vi bør spørre: \"Hvorfor?\" Vis meg hvorfor din regulering av kultur er "
"nødvendig. Vis meg hvordan det fungerer bra. og før du kan vise meg begge, "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
-"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
+"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide Web. "
+"As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
"unstable. I have tried to remedy the instability by redirecting readers to "
"the original source through the Web site associated with this book. For each "
"link below, you can go to http://free-culture.cc/notes and locate the "
"Jeg fikk veiledning i forskjellige steder fra venner og akademikere, "
"inkludert glenn brun, peter dicola, jennifer mnookin, richard posner, "
"markere rose og kathleen sullivan. og jeg fikk korreksjon og veiledning fra "
-"mange fantastiske studenter ved stanford law school og stanford "
-"university. de inkludert andrew b. coan, john eden, james p. fellers, "
-"christopher guzelian, erica goldberg, robert hallman, andrew harris, matthew "
-"kahn, brian-kobling, ohad mayblum, alina ng og erica platt. Jeg er særlig "
-"takknemlig overfor catherine crump og harry surden, som hjalp direkte deres "
-"forskning og til laura lynch, som briljant klarte hæren at de samlet, og ga "
-"sin egen kritisk blikk på mye av dette."
+"mange fantastiske studenter ved stanford law school og stanford university. "
+"de inkludert andrew b. coan, john eden, james p. fellers, christopher "
+"guzelian, erica goldberg, robert hallman, andrew harris, matthew kahn, brian-"
+"kobling, ohad mayblum, alina ng og erica platt. Jeg er særlig takknemlig "
+"overfor catherine crump og harry surden, som hjalp direkte deres forskning "
+"og til laura lynch, som briljant klarte hæren at de samlet, og ga sin egen "
+"kritisk blikk på mye av dette."
#. PAGE BREAK 337
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"for å gi meg muligheten til å bruke tid i japan, og tadashi shiraishi og "
"kiyokazu yamagami for deres sjenerøs hjelp mens jeg var der."
-#, mtrans
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
-"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
-"advice and correction from many whom I have never even met. Among those who "
-"have responded with extremely helpful advice to requests on my blog about "
-"the book are Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli, David Gerstein, and Peter DiMauro, as "
-"well as a long list of those who had specific ideas about ways to develop my "
+"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw upon. "
+"But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive advice "
+"and correction from many whom I have never even met. Among those who have "
+"responded with extremely helpful advice to requests on my blog about the "
+"book are Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli, David Gerstein, and Peter DiMauro, as well "
+"as a long list of those who had specific ideas about ways to develop my "
"argument. They included Richard Bondi, Steven Cherry, David Coe, Nik "
"Cubrilovic, Bob Devine, Charles Eicher, Thomas Guida, Elihu M. Gerson, "
"Jeremy Hunsinger, Vaughn Iverson, John Karabaic, Jeff Keltner, James "
"Dette er de tradisjonelle former for hjelp som akademikere regelmessig "
"trekke på. men i tillegg til dem, Internett har gjort det mulig å motta råd "
"og korrigering fra mange hvem jeg har aldri møtt. blant de som har svart med "
-"svært nyttig råd til forespørsler på bloggen min om boken er dr. Muhammed "
-"al-ubaydli, david gerstein og peter dimauro, samt en lang liste med de som "
+"svært nyttig råd til forespørsler på bloggen min om boken er dr. Muhammed al-"
+"ubaydli, david gerstein og peter dimauro, samt en lang liste med de som "
"hadde spesifikke ideer om måter å utvikle mitt argument. de inkludert "
"richard bondi, steven cherry, david coe, nik cubrilovic, bob devine, charles "
"eicher, thomas fjord, elihu m gerson, jeremy hunsinger, vaughn iverson, john "
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff