msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-20 23:03+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-22 07:09+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:559 freeculture.xml:578 freeculture.xml:992 freeculture.xml:1009 freeculture.xml:1057 freeculture.xml:9010 freeculture.xml:12467 freeculture.xml:13195
+#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:559 freeculture.xml:578 freeculture.xml:992 freeculture.xml:1009 freeculture.xml:1057 freeculture.xml:9011 freeculture.xml:12467 freeculture.xml:13195
msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:560 freeculture.xml:579 freeculture.xml:993 freeculture.xml:1010 freeculture.xml:1058 freeculture.xml:9011 freeculture.xml:12468 freeculture.xml:13196
+#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:560 freeculture.xml:579 freeculture.xml:993 freeculture.xml:1010 freeculture.xml:1058 freeculture.xml:9012 freeculture.xml:12468 freeculture.xml:13196
msgid "Causby, Tinie"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:602 freeculture.xml:9018 freeculture.xml:9673
+#: freeculture.xml:602 freeculture.xml:9019 freeculture.xml:9674
msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:672 freeculture.xml:693
+#: freeculture.xml:666 freeculture.xml:693
msgid "Sarnoff, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:667
+#: freeculture.xml:668
msgid ""
"RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that "
"Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was "
"quite excited when Armstrong told him he had a device that removed static "
"from <quote>radio.</quote> But when Armstrong demonstrated his invention, "
-"Sarnoff was not pleased. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Sarnoff was not pleased."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
"don't even see the change that the Internet has introduced."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:817
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:806
msgid "Barlow, Joel"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:818
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:807
msgid "Webster, Noah"
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 23
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:807
+#: freeculture.xml:809
msgid ""
"We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial "
"and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By "
"street corners telling stories that kids and others consumed, that was "
"noncommercial culture. When Noah Webster published his "
"<quote>Reader,</quote> or Joel Barlow his poetry, that was commercial "
-"culture. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"culture."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:860 freeculture.xml:9566
+#: freeculture.xml:860 freeculture.xml:9567
msgid "Litman, Jessica"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1107 freeculture.xml:4825
+#: freeculture.xml:1107 freeculture.xml:4826
msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1192 freeculture.xml:6980
+#: freeculture.xml:1192 freeculture.xml:6981
msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan"
msgstr ""
"new!<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1323
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1319
msgid "Iwerks, Ub"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1320
+#: freeculture.xml:1321
msgid ""
"Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub "
"Iwerks, put it more strongly: <quote>I have never been so thrilled in my "
-"life. Nothing since has ever equaled it.</quote> <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"life. Nothing since has ever equaled it.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1643 freeculture.xml:2867 freeculture.xml:4532 freeculture.xml:4756 freeculture.xml:7366 freeculture.xml:8472
+#: freeculture.xml:1643 freeculture.xml:2867 freeculture.xml:4533 freeculture.xml:4757 freeculture.xml:7367 freeculture.xml:8473
msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1734 freeculture.xml:1947 freeculture.xml:6400
+#: freeculture.xml:1734 freeculture.xml:1947 freeculture.xml:6401
msgid "camera technology"
msgstr ""
"competition down so as to keep prices up.)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1757
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1747
msgid "Talbot, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1748
+#: freeculture.xml:1749
msgid ""
"Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This "
"pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make <quote>automatic "
"be kept wet, the process still remained expensive and cumbersome. In the "
"1870s, dry plates were developed, making it easier to separate the taking of "
"a picture from its developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it "
-"was still not a process within reach of most amateurs. <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"was still not a process within reach of most amateurs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
"could dramatically broaden the population of photographers."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1772
+msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1778
+#: freeculture.xml:1779
msgid ""
"Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: "
"Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1780
-msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1773
+#: freeculture.xml:1774
msgid ""
"Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of "
"it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis "
"of its simplicity. <quote>You press the button and we do the "
"rest.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As he described in "
-"<citetitle>The Kodak Primer</citetitle>: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/>"
+"<citetitle>The Kodak Primer</citetitle>:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1898 freeculture.xml:9160
+#: freeculture.xml:1898 freeculture.xml:9161
msgid "images, ownership of"
msgstr ""
"literacy.</quote>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1990
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1983
msgid "Yanofsky, Dave"
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 49
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1985
+#: freeculture.xml:1986
msgid ""
"<quote>Media literacy,</quote> as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of "
"Just Think!, puts it, <quote>is the ability … to understand, analyze, "
"and deconstruct media images. Its aim is to make [kids] literate about the "
"way media works, the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and the "
-"way people access it.</quote> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"way people access it.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1998 freeculture.xml:2499 freeculture.xml:6399 freeculture.xml:7233 freeculture.xml:8304 freeculture.xml:8375
+#: freeculture.xml:1998 freeculture.xml:2499 freeculture.xml:6400 freeculture.xml:7234 freeculture.xml:8305 freeculture.xml:8376
msgid "advertising"
msgstr ""
#. f31
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2110 freeculture.xml:3881 freeculture.xml:4943 freeculture.xml:8193
+#: freeculture.xml:2110 freeculture.xml:3882 freeculture.xml:4944 freeculture.xml:8194
msgid "Ibid."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2222 freeculture.xml:8132 freeculture.xml:8369
+#: freeculture.xml:2222 freeculture.xml:8133 freeculture.xml:8370
msgid "ABC"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2414 freeculture.xml:2460 freeculture.xml:5592
+#: freeculture.xml:2414 freeculture.xml:2460 freeculture.xml:5593
msgid "Iraq war"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2800 freeculture.xml:3154 freeculture.xml:4082 freeculture.xml:5193 freeculture.xml:5242 freeculture.xml:9625 freeculture.xml:9723 freeculture.xml:9892 freeculture.xml:14447 freeculture.xml:14512
+#: freeculture.xml:2800 freeculture.xml:3154 freeculture.xml:4083 freeculture.xml:5194 freeculture.xml:5243 freeculture.xml:9626 freeculture.xml:9724 freeculture.xml:9893 freeculture.xml:14447 freeculture.xml:14512
msgid "artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2800 freeculture.xml:3154 freeculture.xml:4082 freeculture.xml:9625 freeculture.xml:9723 freeculture.xml:9892 freeculture.xml:14447 freeculture.xml:14512
+#: freeculture.xml:2800 freeculture.xml:3154 freeculture.xml:4083 freeculture.xml:9626 freeculture.xml:9724 freeculture.xml:9893 freeculture.xml:14447 freeculture.xml:14512
msgid "recording industry payments to"
msgstr ""
"imported film stock to create their own underground market."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2892
+msgid "Fox, William"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2893
+msgid "General Film Company"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2894 freeculture.xml:3172 freeculture.xml:4298 freeculture.xml:9766
+msgid "Picker, Randal C."
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2915 freeculture.xml:4296 freeculture.xml:9499 freeculture.xml:9620
+#: freeculture.xml:2918 freeculture.xml:4297 freeculture.xml:9500 freeculture.xml:9621
msgid "broadcast flag"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2904
+#: freeculture.xml:2907
msgid ""
"J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent "
"Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and "
"No. 159. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2917
-msgid "Fox, William"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2918
-msgid "General Film Company"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2919 freeculture.xml:3172 freeculture.xml:4297 freeculture.xml:9765
-msgid "Picker, Randal C."
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2893
+#: freeculture.xml:2896
msgid ""
"With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of "
"nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by "
"effectively monopolized distribution with the acquisition of all U.S. film "
"exchanges, except for the one owned by the independent William Fox who "
"defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"3\"/>"
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. f3
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3153 freeculture.xml:4261
+#: freeculture.xml:3153 freeculture.xml:4262
msgid "Radio"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3189 freeculture.xml:8834 freeculture.xml:9293 freeculture.xml:12281
+#: freeculture.xml:3189 freeculture.xml:8835 freeculture.xml:9294 freeculture.xml:12281
msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3201 freeculture.xml:3709 freeculture.xml:6154
+#: freeculture.xml:3201 freeculture.xml:3701 freeculture.xml:6155
msgid "Madonna"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3230 freeculture.xml:4267
+#: freeculture.xml:3230 freeculture.xml:4268
msgid "Cable TV"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3231 freeculture.xml:4095 freeculture.xml:8029 freeculture.xml:8068 freeculture.xml:14545
+#: freeculture.xml:3231 freeculture.xml:4096 freeculture.xml:8030 freeculture.xml:8069 freeculture.xml:14545
msgid "cable television"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3394 freeculture.xml:3834 freeculture.xml:9294 freeculture.xml:10101 freeculture.xml:13940 freeculture.xml:14529
+#: freeculture.xml:3394 freeculture.xml:3835 freeculture.xml:9295 freeculture.xml:10102 freeculture.xml:13940 freeculture.xml:14529
msgid "CDs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3488 freeculture.xml:3756 freeculture.xml:14695
+#: freeculture.xml:3488 freeculture.xml:3757 freeculture.xml:14695
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3536 freeculture.xml:3561 freeculture.xml:11381 freeculture.xml:12889 freeculture.xml:13455
+#: freeculture.xml:3524 freeculture.xml:3549 freeculture.xml:11369 freeculture.xml:12889 freeculture.xml:13455
msgid "GNU/Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3537 freeculture.xml:3564 freeculture.xml:11383 freeculture.xml:12890 freeculture.xml:13456
+#: freeculture.xml:3525 freeculture.xml:3552 freeculture.xml:11371 freeculture.xml:12890 freeculture.xml:13456
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3538 freeculture.xml:5184
+#: freeculture.xml:3526 freeculture.xml:5185
msgid "Microsoft"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3538
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3526
msgid "Windows operating system of"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3539
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3527
msgid "Windows"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3525
+#: freeculture.xml:3529
msgid ""
"Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the "
"piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese "
"Microsoft, Microsoft benefits from the piracy. If instead of pirating "
"Microsoft Windows, the Chinese used the free GNU/Linux operating system, "
"then these Chinese users would not eventually be buying Microsoft. Without "
-"piracy, then, Microsoft would lose. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
+"piracy, then, Microsoft would lose."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
"lawyers (and must pay high subscription fees)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3562
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3550
msgid "Internet Explorer"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3563
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3551
msgid "Netscape"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3550
+#: freeculture.xml:3554
msgid ""
"Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic "
"a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it "
"fight Netscape. A property right means giving the property owner the right "
"to say who gets access to what—at least ordinarily. And if the law "
"properly balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of "
-"access, then violating the law is still wrong. <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"3\"/>"
+"access, then violating the law is still wrong."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 79
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3618 freeculture.xml:3625
+#: freeculture.xml:3618 freeculture.xml:3626
msgid "innovation"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3619
+msgid "Fanning, Shawn"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3635 freeculture.xml:8262
+#: freeculture.xml:3636 freeculture.xml:8263
msgid "Christensen, Clayton M."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3625
+#: freeculture.xml:3626
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, "
"<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3638
-msgid "Fanning, Shawn"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3620
+#: freeculture.xml:3621
msgid ""
"Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the "
"Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like "
"every great advance in innovation on the Internet (and, arguably, off the "
"Internet as well<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), Shawn Fanning "
"and crew had simply put together components that had been developed "
-"independently. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"independently."
msgstr ""
#. f6
"kinds into four types."
msgstr ""
+#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3702
+#: freeculture.xml:3704
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, "
"takes it would actually have bought it if sharing didn't make it available "
"for free. Most probably wouldn't have, but clearly there are some who "
"would. The latter are the target of category A: users who download instead "
-"of purchasing. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"of purchasing."
msgstr ""
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3713
+#: freeculture.xml:3714
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing "
"it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard "
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3724
+#: freeculture.xml:3725
msgid ""
"There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content "
"that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the "
#. PAGE BREAK 82
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3741
+#: freeculture.xml:3742
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3747
+#: freeculture.xml:3748
msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3755
+#: freeculture.xml:3756
msgid ""
"See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, "
"148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3750
+#: freeculture.xml:3751
msgid ""
"Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of "
"the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3766
+#: freeculture.xml:3767
msgid ""
"Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful "
"type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:3782 freeculture.xml:4124 freeculture.xml:7828 freeculture.xml:7857 freeculture.xml:9555 freeculture.xml:14256
+#: freeculture.xml:3774 freeculture.xml:3783 freeculture.xml:4125 freeculture.xml:7829 freeculture.xml:7858 freeculture.xml:9556 freeculture.xml:14256
msgid "cassette recording"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:4124 freeculture.xml:7828 freeculture.xml:7857 freeculture.xml:9555 freeculture.xml:9556 freeculture.xml:14256 freeculture.xml:14257
+#: freeculture.xml:3774 freeculture.xml:4125 freeculture.xml:7829 freeculture.xml:7858 freeculture.xml:9556 freeculture.xml:9557 freeculture.xml:14256 freeculture.xml:14257
msgid "VCRs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3782
+#: freeculture.xml:3783
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, "
"<citetitle>Technology Evolution and the Music Industry's Business Model "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3775
+#: freeculture.xml:3776
msgid ""
"While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder "
"to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame "
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3809
+#: freeculture.xml:3810
msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3801
+#: freeculture.xml:3802
msgid ""
"Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact "
"regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3814
+#: freeculture.xml:3815
msgid ""
"But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong "
"today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3824
+#: freeculture.xml:3825
msgid ""
"We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the "
"standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3834
+#: freeculture.xml:3835
msgid "sales levels of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3836
+#: freeculture.xml:3837
msgid ""
"Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file "
"sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3845
+#: freeculture.xml:3846
msgid ""
"See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend "
"Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3872
+#: freeculture.xml:3873
msgid "Black, Jane"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3869
+#: freeculture.xml:3870
msgid ""
"Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, "
"13 February 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3841
+#: freeculture.xml:3842
msgid ""
"In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 "
"million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder "
#. PAGE BREAK 84
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3887
+#: freeculture.xml:3888
msgid ""
"But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is "
"because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3895
+#: freeculture.xml:3896
msgid ""
"There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain "
"these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3911
+#: freeculture.xml:3912
msgid ""
"These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, "
"real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording "
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3923
+#: freeculture.xml:3924
msgid ""
"By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no "
"longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3917
+#: freeculture.xml:3918
msgid ""
"One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is "
"technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3936 freeculture.xml:3944 freeculture.xml:3966 freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:4476 freeculture.xml:5801 freeculture.xml:5806 freeculture.xml:5858 freeculture.xml:6733 freeculture.xml:6734 freeculture.xml:7074 freeculture.xml:7136 freeculture.xml:7170 freeculture.xml:7379 freeculture.xml:13643 freeculture.xml:14368 freeculture.xml:14369
+#: freeculture.xml:3937 freeculture.xml:3945 freeculture.xml:3967 freeculture.xml:3989 freeculture.xml:4477 freeculture.xml:5802 freeculture.xml:5807 freeculture.xml:5859 freeculture.xml:6734 freeculture.xml:6735 freeculture.xml:7075 freeculture.xml:7137 freeculture.xml:7171 freeculture.xml:7380 freeculture.xml:13643 freeculture.xml:14368 freeculture.xml:14369
msgid "books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3936 freeculture.xml:3944 freeculture.xml:6734 freeculture.xml:14369
+#: freeculture.xml:3937 freeculture.xml:3945 freeculture.xml:6735 freeculture.xml:14369
msgid "resales of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3944
+#: freeculture.xml:3945
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good "
"estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3938
+#: freeculture.xml:3939
msgid ""
"In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple "
"response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3965
+#: freeculture.xml:3966
msgid "Bernstein, Leonard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3966 freeculture.xml:5801 freeculture.xml:5806 freeculture.xml:6733 freeculture.xml:14368
+#: freeculture.xml:3967 freeculture.xml:5802 freeculture.xml:5807 freeculture.xml:6734 freeculture.xml:14368
msgid "out of print"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3968
+#: freeculture.xml:3969
msgid ""
"Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record "
"stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3981
+#: freeculture.xml:3982
msgid ""
"It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the "
"copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:13643
+#: freeculture.xml:3989 freeculture.xml:13643
msgid "free on-line releases of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 86
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3990
+#: freeculture.xml:3991
msgid ""
"Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D "
"sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4008
+#: freeculture.xml:4009
msgid ""
"Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with "
"no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4014
+#: freeculture.xml:4015
msgid ""
"The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably "
"says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4021
+#: freeculture.xml:4022
msgid ""
"For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much "
"of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4035
+#: freeculture.xml:4036
msgid ""
"<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the "
"target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>"
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4052
+#: freeculture.xml:4053
msgid ""
"See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 "
"(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4039
+#: freeculture.xml:4040
msgid ""
"You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of "
"the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4063
+#: freeculture.xml:4064
msgid ""
"If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing "
"technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4074
+#: freeculture.xml:4075
msgid ""
"Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content "
"industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4084
+#: freeculture.xml:4085
msgid ""
"So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened "
"the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4097
+#: freeculture.xml:4098
msgid ""
"Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the "
"claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, "
#. PAGE BREAK 88
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4107
+#: freeculture.xml:4108
msgid ""
"This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, "
"served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4123
+#: freeculture.xml:4124
msgid "Betamax"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4126
+#: freeculture.xml:4127
msgid ""
"In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and "
"distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the "
#. PAGE BREAK 89
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4139
+#: freeculture.xml:4140
msgid ""
"There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to "
"design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It "
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4161
+#: freeculture.xml:4162
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 "
"Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., "
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4173
+#: freeculture.xml:4174
msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475."
msgstr ""
#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4178
+#: freeculture.xml:4179
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)."
#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4189
+#: freeculture.xml:4190
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack "
"Valenti)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4154
+#: freeculture.xml:4155
msgid ""
"MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti "
"called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, "
#. f22
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4206
+#: freeculture.xml:4207
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4209
+#: freeculture.xml:4210
msgid "Kozinski, Alex"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4194
+#: freeculture.xml:4195
msgid ""
"It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In "
"the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in "
#. PAGE BREAK 90
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4212
+#: freeculture.xml:4213
msgid ""
"But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in "
"its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and "
#. f23
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4231
+#: freeculture.xml:4232
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4221
+#: freeculture.xml:4222
msgid ""
"Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to "
"Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4236
+#: freeculture.xml:4237
msgid ""
"Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with "
"the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4247
+#: freeculture.xml:4248
msgid "CASE"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4248
+#: freeculture.xml:4249
msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4249
+#: freeculture.xml:4250
msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4250
+#: freeculture.xml:4251
msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4255
+#: freeculture.xml:4256
msgid "Recordings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4256
+#: freeculture.xml:4257
msgid "Composers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4257 freeculture.xml:4269 freeculture.xml:4275
+#: freeculture.xml:4258 freeculture.xml:4270 freeculture.xml:4276
msgid "No protection"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4258 freeculture.xml:4270
+#: freeculture.xml:4259 freeculture.xml:4271
msgid "Statutory license"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4262
+#: freeculture.xml:4263
msgid "Recording artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4263
+#: freeculture.xml:4264
msgid "N/A"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4264 freeculture.xml:4276
+#: freeculture.xml:4265 freeculture.xml:4277
msgid "Nothing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4268
+#: freeculture.xml:4269
msgid "Broadcasters"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4273
+#: freeculture.xml:4274
msgid "VCR"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4274
+#: freeculture.xml:4275
msgid "Film creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4286
+#: freeculture.xml:4287
msgid ""
"These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other "
"cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4283
+#: freeculture.xml:4284
msgid ""
"In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way "
"content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each "
#. PAGE BREAK 91
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4304
+#: freeculture.xml:4305
msgid ""
"In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or "
"Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4316
+#: freeculture.xml:4317
msgid ""
"When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up "
"the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt "
#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4333
+#: freeculture.xml:4334
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4328
+#: freeculture.xml:4329
msgid ""
"We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has "
"answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4344
+#: freeculture.xml:4345
msgid ""
"We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is "
"changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires "
#. f26
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4368
+#: freeculture.xml:4369
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software "
"Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4360
+#: freeculture.xml:4361
msgid ""
"This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode "
"of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4373
+#: freeculture.xml:4374
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about "
"<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4385
+#: freeculture.xml:4386
msgid ""
"<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors "
"insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4394
+#: freeculture.xml:4395
msgid "<quote>PROPERTY</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 94
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4399
+#: freeculture.xml:4400
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A "
"copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4406
+#: freeculture.xml:4407
msgid ""
"But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> "
"right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4431
+#: freeculture.xml:4432
msgid ""
"Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in "
"<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4418
+#: freeculture.xml:4419
msgid ""
"The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, "
"though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4437
+#: freeculture.xml:4438
msgid ""
"The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the "
"law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4450
+#: freeculture.xml:4451
msgid ""
"As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are "
"intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4445
+#: freeculture.xml:4446
msgid ""
"But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other "
"words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4460
+#: freeculture.xml:4461
msgid ""
"My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding "
"part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4473
+#: freeculture.xml:4474
msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4474
+#: freeculture.xml:4475
msgid "Henry V"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4475 freeculture.xml:4620
+#: freeculture.xml:4476 freeculture.xml:4621
msgid "Branagh, Kenneth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4476
+#: freeculture.xml:4477
msgid "English copyright law developed for"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4478
+#: freeculture.xml:4479
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote "
"<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4494
+#: freeculture.xml:4495
msgid "Jonson, Ben"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4495
+#: freeculture.xml:4496
msgid "Dryden, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4494
+#: freeculture.xml:4495
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4507
+#: freeculture.xml:4508
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical "
"Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), "
#. PAGE BREAK 97
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4490
+#: freeculture.xml:4491
msgid ""
"In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was "
"written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4519
+#: freeculture.xml:4520
msgid "British Parliament"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4530
+#: freeculture.xml:4531
msgid ""
"As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a "
"<quote>copyright law.</quote> See Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4521
+#: freeculture.xml:4522
msgid ""
"Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a "
"little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of "
"about it still being under Tonson's control in 1774?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4547
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4538
msgid "Licensing Act (1662)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4538
+#: freeculture.xml:4540
msgid ""
"The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a "
"<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the "
"had expired in 1695. That law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as "
"a way to make it easier for the Crown to control what was published. But "
"after it expired, there was no positive law that said that the publishers, "
-"or <quote>Stationers,</quote> had an exclusive right to print books. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"or <quote>Stationers,</quote> had an exclusive right to print books."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4550
+#: freeculture.xml:4551
msgid ""
"There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that "
"there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words "
#. PAGE BREAK 98
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4562
+#: freeculture.xml:4563
msgid ""
"This question was important to the publishers, or "
"<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4574
+#: freeculture.xml:4575
msgid ""
"The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a "
"book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4583
+#: freeculture.xml:4584
msgid ""
"Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament "
"limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4589
+#: freeculture.xml:4590
msgid ""
"For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very "
"strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4600
+#: freeculture.xml:4601
msgid ""
"The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about "
"the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 99
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4606
+#: freeculture.xml:4607
msgid ""
"First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to "
"apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4622
+#: freeculture.xml:4623
msgid ""
"So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were "
"perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4631
+#: freeculture.xml:4632
msgid "Henry VIII, King of England"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4632
+#: freeculture.xml:4633
msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4634
+#: freeculture.xml:4635
msgid ""
"Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had "
"had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4647
+#: freeculture.xml:4648
msgid ""
"Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was "
"naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4655
+#: freeculture.xml:4656
msgid "booksellers, English"
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4672
+#: freeculture.xml:4673
msgid ""
"Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary "
"Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4657
+#: freeculture.xml:4658
msgid ""
"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a "
"monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4677
+#: freeculture.xml:4678
msgid ""
"Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of "
"knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4685
+#: freeculture.xml:4686
msgid ""
"To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among "
"booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4697
+#: freeculture.xml:4698
msgid ""
"When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting "
"anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4706
+#: freeculture.xml:4707
msgid ""
"Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that "
"echo today,"
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4721
+#: freeculture.xml:4722
msgid ""
"A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the "
"House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4711
+#: freeculture.xml:4712
msgid ""
"I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well "
"for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4732
+#: freeculture.xml:4733
msgid ""
"Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series "
"of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4753
+#: freeculture.xml:4754
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4747
+#: freeculture.xml:4748
msgid ""
"This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the "
"leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until "
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4766
+#: freeculture.xml:4767
msgid ""
"For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and "
"Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4762
+#: freeculture.xml:4763
msgid ""
"The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of "
"this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4771
+msgid "Boswell, James"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4772
+msgid "Erskine, Andrew"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4778 freeculture.xml:14790
+#: freeculture.xml:4781 freeculture.xml:14790
msgid "Rose, Mark"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4776
+#: freeculture.xml:4779
msgid ""
"Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard "
"University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4787
-msgid "Ibid., 93."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4789
-msgid "Boswell, James"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
#: freeculture.xml:4790
-msgid "Erskine, Andrew"
+msgid "Ibid., 93."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4771
+#: freeculture.xml:4774
msgid ""
"Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in "
"Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints "
"center for literary Scotsmen.</quote> <quote>[A]mong them,</quote> Professor "
"Mark Rose writes, was <quote>the young James Boswell who, together with his "
"friend Andrew Erskine, published an anthology of contemporary Scottish poems "
-"with Donaldson.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"3\"/>"
+"with Donaldson.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4799
+#: freeculture.xml:4800
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical "
"Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4793
+#: freeculture.xml:4794
msgid ""
"When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, "
"he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4807
+#: freeculture.xml:4808
msgid ""
"The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> "
"like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4811
+#: freeculture.xml:4812
msgid "Taylor, Robert"
msgstr ""
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4820
+#: freeculture.xml:4821
msgid ""
"Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4813
+#: freeculture.xml:4814
msgid ""
"Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James "
"Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4827
+#: freeculture.xml:4828
msgid ""
"Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English "
"history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection "
#. PAGE BREAK 103
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4838
+#: freeculture.xml:4839
msgid ""
"Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice "
"were just a matter of logical deduction from first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4853
+#: freeculture.xml:4854
msgid ""
"The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, "
"however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4856
+#: freeculture.xml:4857
msgid "Beckett, Thomas"
msgstr ""
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4862
+#: freeculture.xml:4863
msgid "Ibid., 1156."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4858
+#: freeculture.xml:4859
msgid ""
"Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate "
"sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4872
+#: freeculture.xml:4873
msgid ""
"As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4882
+#: freeculture.xml:4883
msgid ""
"The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to "
"the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of "
#. PAGE BREAK 104
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4889
+#: freeculture.xml:4890
msgid ""
"The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks "
"as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4907
+#: freeculture.xml:4908
msgid "Bacon, Francis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4908
+#: freeculture.xml:4909
msgid "Bunyan, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4909
+#: freeculture.xml:4910
msgid "Johnson, Samuel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4910
+#: freeculture.xml:4911
msgid "Milton, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4911
+#: freeculture.xml:4912
msgid "Shakespeare, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4899
+#: freeculture.xml:4900
msgid ""
"<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of "
"<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there "
#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4924
+#: freeculture.xml:4925
msgid "Rose, 97."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4914
+#: freeculture.xml:4915
msgid ""
"It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled "
"an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4928
+#: freeculture.xml:4929
msgid ""
"In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally "
"strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4934
+#: freeculture.xml:4935
msgid ""
"By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was "
"honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property "
#. PAGE BREAK 105
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4949
+#: freeculture.xml:4950
msgid ""
"<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an "
"exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4971
+#: freeculture.xml:4972
msgid ""
"At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, "
"resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4981
+#: freeculture.xml:4982
msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4983
+#: freeculture.xml:4984
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known "
"for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4990
+#: freeculture.xml:4991
msgid ""
"Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me "
"a story about the freedom to create with film in America today."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5001 freeculture.xml:5071
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5002 freeculture.xml:5065
msgid "San Francisco Opera"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4995
+#: freeculture.xml:4996
msgid ""
"In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The "
"focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a "
#. PAGE BREAK 107
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5004
+#: freeculture.xml:5005
msgid ""
"During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing "
"checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5013
+#: freeculture.xml:5014
msgid ""
"Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else "
"attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The "
"applies."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5025 freeculture.xml:5033
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5020 freeculture.xml:5028
msgid "Gracie Films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5020
+#: freeculture.xml:5022
msgid ""
"Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office "
"to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a "
"four-and-a-halfsecond image on a tiny television set in the corner of the "
"room. How could it hurt? Groening was happy to have it in the film, but he "
-"told Else to contact Gracie Films, the company that produces the program. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"told Else to contact Gracie Films, the company that produces the program."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5028
+#: freeculture.xml:5030
msgid ""
"Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be "
"careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else "
"called Fox and told them about the clip in the corner of the one room shot "
"of the film. Matt Groening had already given permission, Else said. He was "
-"just confirming the permission with Fox. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"just confirming the permission with Fox."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5036
+#: freeculture.xml:5037
msgid ""
"Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered "
"… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5043
+#: freeculture.xml:5044
msgid "Herrera, Rebecca"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5045
+#: freeculture.xml:5046
msgid ""
"Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he "
"thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained "
#. PAGE BREAK 108
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5053
+#: freeculture.xml:5054
msgid ""
"<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told "
"me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would "
"on, <quote>They don't give a shit. They just want the money.</quote>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5072
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5066
msgid "Day After Trinity, The"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5065
+#: freeculture.xml:5068
msgid ""
"Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on "
"the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this "
"reality was beyond the documentary filmmaker's budget. At the very last "
"minute before the film was to be released, Else digitally replaced the shot "
"with a clip from another film that he had worked on, <citetitle>The Day "
-"After Trinity</citetitle>, from ten years before. <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"After Trinity</citetitle>, from ten years before."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5075
+#: freeculture.xml:5076
msgid ""
"There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the "
"copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5086
+#: freeculture.xml:5087
msgid ""
"For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The "
"Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5098
+#: freeculture.xml:5099
msgid ""
"For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that "
"lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5095
+#: freeculture.xml:5096
msgid ""
"But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought "
"is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's "
#. PAGE BREAK 109
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5110
+#: freeculture.xml:5111
msgid ""
"So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's "
"his reply:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5114
+#: freeculture.xml:5115
msgid ""
"The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the "
"gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what "
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5124
+#: freeculture.xml:5125
msgid ""
"Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors "
"and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5131
+#: freeculture.xml:5132
msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5143
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5133
msgid "Lucas, George"
msgstr ""
+#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5134
+#: freeculture.xml:5136
msgid ""
"I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I "
"knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and "
"free or cheap license to four seconds of <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>. As "
"a documentary producer working to exhaustion on a shoestring, the last thing "
"I wanted was to risk legal trouble, even nuisance legal trouble, and even to "
-"defend a principle. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"defend a principle."
msgstr ""
#. 3.
#. PAGE BREAK 110
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5147
+#: freeculture.xml:5148
msgid ""
"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School "
"… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox "
#. 4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5157
+#: freeculture.xml:5158
msgid ""
"The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we "
"are up against a release deadline and out of money."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5164
+#: freeculture.xml:5165
msgid ""
"In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore "
"supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5172
+#: freeculture.xml:5173
msgid ""
"This practice shows just how far the law has come from its "
"eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5181
+#: freeculture.xml:5182
msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5182
+#: freeculture.xml:5183
msgid "Allen, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5183 freeculture.xml:5243 freeculture.xml:5428 freeculture.xml:9870 freeculture.xml:14159
+#: freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:5244 freeculture.xml:5429 freeculture.xml:9871 freeculture.xml:14159
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5186
+#: freeculture.xml:5187
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working "
"at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5193
+#: freeculture.xml:5194
msgid "retrospective compilations on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5194
+#: freeculture.xml:5195
msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5196
+#: freeculture.xml:5197
msgid ""
"Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the "
"emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5206
+#: freeculture.xml:5207
msgid ""
"At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a "
"director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him "
#. PAGE BREAK 112
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5213
+#: freeculture.xml:5214
msgid ""
"That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave "
"wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5220
+#: freeculture.xml:5221
msgid ""
"Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our "
"goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5228
+#: freeculture.xml:5229
msgid ""
"Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, "
"<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5242
+#: freeculture.xml:5243
msgid "publicity rights on images of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5238
+#: freeculture.xml:5239
msgid ""
"Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of "
"publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5232
+#: freeculture.xml:5233
msgid ""
"Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from "
"everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5247
+#: freeculture.xml:5248
msgid ""
"The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing "
"those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5254
+#: freeculture.xml:5255
msgid ""
"I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his "
"resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5260
+#: freeculture.xml:5261
msgid ""
"So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some "
"artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were "
#. PAGE BREAK 113
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5269
+#: freeculture.xml:5270
msgid ""
"We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for "
"the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5280
+#: freeculture.xml:5281
msgid "Sutherland, Donald"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5282
+#: freeculture.xml:5283
msgid ""
"Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed "
"up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5293
+#: freeculture.xml:5294
msgid ""
"It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we "
"weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5297
+#: freeculture.xml:5298
msgid ""
"Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the "
"only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5303
+#: freeculture.xml:5304
msgid ""
"Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands "
"and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the "
#. PAGE BREAK 114
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5315
+#: freeculture.xml:5316
msgid ""
"And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, "
"and it sold very well."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5318
+#: freeculture.xml:5319
msgid "Drucker, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5326
+#: freeculture.xml:5327
msgid ""
"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, "
"<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5320
+#: freeculture.xml:5321
msgid ""
"But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a "
"year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5334
+#: freeculture.xml:5335
msgid ""
"For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and "
"resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5342
+#: freeculture.xml:5343
msgid ""
"I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she "
"gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5350
+#: freeculture.xml:5351
msgid ""
"Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be "
"compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of "
#. PAGE BREAK 115
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5361
+#: freeculture.xml:5362
msgid ""
"Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing "
"mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5381
+#: freeculture.xml:5382
msgid ""
"Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the "
"richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5390
+#: freeculture.xml:5391
msgid ""
"These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat "
"for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of "
#. PAGE BREAK 116
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5403
+#: freeculture.xml:5404
msgid ""
"I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a "
"few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5413
+#: freeculture.xml:5414
msgid ""
"The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth "
"century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5418
+#: freeculture.xml:5419
msgid "Nimmer, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5420
+#: freeculture.xml:5421
msgid ""
"When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, "
"perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5427
+#: freeculture.xml:5428
msgid "Boies, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5430
+#: freeculture.xml:5431
msgid ""
"For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film "
"hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5445
+#: freeculture.xml:5446
msgid ""
"We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by "
"technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5451
+#: freeculture.xml:5452
msgid "Camp Chaos"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 117
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5453
+#: freeculture.xml:5454
msgid ""
"But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its "
"archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5464
+#: freeculture.xml:5465
msgid ""
"All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted "
"to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5471
+#: freeculture.xml:5472
msgid ""
"To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so "
"that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5486
+#: freeculture.xml:5487
msgid ""
"Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for "
"objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if "
#. PAGE BREAK 118
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5492
+#: freeculture.xml:5493
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios "
"announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5505
+#: freeculture.xml:5506
msgid ""
"The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers "
"explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5514
+#: freeculture.xml:5515
msgid ""
"Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you "
"don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5524
+#: freeculture.xml:5525
msgid ""
"This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first "
"continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5539
+#: freeculture.xml:5540
msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5540 freeculture.xml:8668 freeculture.xml:10881 freeculture.xml:11127
+#: freeculture.xml:5541 freeculture.xml:8669 freeculture.xml:10882 freeculture.xml:11127
msgid "archives, digital"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5541 freeculture.xml:7967
+#: freeculture.xml:5542 freeculture.xml:7968
msgid "bots"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5543
+#: freeculture.xml:5544
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of "
"<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5553 freeculture.xml:5584 freeculture.xml:5646
+#: freeculture.xml:5554 freeculture.xml:5585 freeculture.xml:5647
msgid "Way Back Machine"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5555
+#: freeculture.xml:5556
msgid ""
"By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And "
"at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5562
+#: freeculture.xml:5563
msgid "Orwell, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5564
+#: freeculture.xml:5565
msgid ""
"This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In "
"the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were "
#. PAGE BREAK 120
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5572
+#: freeculture.xml:5573
msgid ""
"Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way "
"ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5577
+#: freeculture.xml:5578
msgid ""
"It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no "
"way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5593
+#: freeculture.xml:5594
msgid "White House press releases"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5592
+#: freeculture.xml:5593
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5586
+#: freeculture.xml:5587
msgid ""
"Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the "
"Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5601
+#: freeculture.xml:5602
msgid "history, records of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5603
+#: freeculture.xml:5604
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go "
"back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5614
+#: freeculture.xml:5615
msgid ""
"It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat "
"it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget "
#. PAGE BREAK 121
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5623
+#: freeculture.xml:5624
msgid ""
"The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet "
"Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5634
+#: freeculture.xml:5635
msgid ""
"Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very "
"successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5643 freeculture.xml:5697
+#: freeculture.xml:5644 freeculture.xml:5698
msgid "Library of Congress"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5644
+#: freeculture.xml:5645
msgid "Television Archive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5645
+#: freeculture.xml:5646
msgid "Vanderbilt University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5647
+#: freeculture.xml:5648
msgid "libraries"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5647
+#: freeculture.xml:5648
msgid "archival function of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5649
+#: freeculture.xml:5650
msgid ""
"The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human "
"history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5666
+#: freeculture.xml:5667
msgid "Quayle, Dan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5667
+#: freeculture.xml:5668
msgid "60 Minutes"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 122
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5669
+#: freeculture.xml:5670
msgid ""
"Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember "
"that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5680
+#: freeculture.xml:5681
msgid "newspapers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5680
+#: freeculture.xml:5681
msgid "archives of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5682
+#: freeculture.xml:5683
msgid ""
"Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in "
"newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5690
+#: freeculture.xml:5691
msgid ""
"In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, "
"copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5698 freeculture.xml:5741
+#: freeculture.xml:5699 freeculture.xml:5742
msgid "films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5698 freeculture.xml:5741
+#: freeculture.xml:5699 freeculture.xml:5742
msgid "archive of"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5709
+#: freeculture.xml:5710
msgid ""
"Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at "
"the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5700
+#: freeculture.xml:5701
msgid ""
"These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress "
"made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5717
+#: freeculture.xml:5718
msgid ""
"The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were "
"originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5727
+#: freeculture.xml:5728
msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 123
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5729
+#: freeculture.xml:5730
msgid ""
"Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his "
"allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5739
+#: freeculture.xml:5740
msgid "Movie Archive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5740
+#: freeculture.xml:5741
msgid "archive.org"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5740 freeculture.xml:5742
+#: freeculture.xml:5741 freeculture.xml:5743
msgid "Internet Archive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5743
+#: freeculture.xml:5744
msgid "Duck and Cover film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5744
+#: freeculture.xml:5745
msgid "ephemeral films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5745
+#: freeculture.xml:5746
msgid "Prelinger, Rick"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5747
+#: freeculture.xml:5748
msgid ""
"Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose "
"archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5765
+#: freeculture.xml:5766
msgid ""
"Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we "
"otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5773
+#: freeculture.xml:5774
msgid ""
"The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this "
"content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is "
#. PAGE BREAK 124
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5781
+#: freeculture.xml:5782
msgid ""
"For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of "
"creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5793
+#: freeculture.xml:5794
msgid ""
"After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has "
"always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5806
+#: freeculture.xml:5807
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling "
"Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5803
+#: freeculture.xml:5804
msgid ""
"The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very "
"quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5821
+#: freeculture.xml:5822
msgid ""
"Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative "
"property does not hold true with the most important components of popular "
#. PAGE BREAK 125
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5832
+#: freeculture.xml:5833
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was "
"economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5844
+#: freeculture.xml:5845
msgid ""
"Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that "
"for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5852
+#: freeculture.xml:5853
msgid ""
"The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined "
"before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5858
+#: freeculture.xml:5859
msgid "total number of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5860
+#: freeculture.xml:5861
msgid ""
"It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. "
"Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, "
#. PAGE BREAK 126
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5874
+#: freeculture.xml:5875
msgid ""
"Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only "
"archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5889
+#: freeculture.xml:5890
msgid ""
"Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an "
"archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5900
+#: freeculture.xml:5901
msgid "CHAPTER TEN: <quote>Property</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5901
+#: freeculture.xml:5902
msgid "Johnson, Lyndon"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5902 freeculture.xml:9638
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5903 freeculture.xml:9627
msgid "Kennedy, John F."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5904
+#: freeculture.xml:5905
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of "
"the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to "
"perhaps the most prominent and effective lobbyist in Washington."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5924
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5914
msgid "Disney, Inc."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5925
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5915
msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5926
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5916
msgid "MGM"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5927
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5917
msgid "Paramount Pictures"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5928
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5918
msgid "Twentieth Century Fox"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5929
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5919
msgid "Universal Pictures"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5930 freeculture.xml:7345
+#: freeculture.xml:5920 freeculture.xml:7346
msgid "Warner Brothers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5914
+#: freeculture.xml:5922
msgid ""
"The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture "
"Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to "
"made up of the chairmen and presidents of the seven major producers and "
"distributors of motion picture and television programs in the United States: "
"Walt Disney, Sony Pictures Entertainment, MGM, Paramount Pictures, Twentieth "
-"Century Fox, Universal Studios, and Warner Brothers. <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"6\"/>"
+"Century Fox, Universal Studios, and Warner Brothers."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 128
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5934
+#: freeculture.xml:5935
msgid ""
"Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has "
"had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5946
+#: freeculture.xml:5947
msgid ""
"In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture "
"depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5955
+#: freeculture.xml:5956
msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5969
+#: freeculture.xml:5970
msgid ""
"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, "
"H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5960
+#: freeculture.xml:5961
msgid ""
"No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the "
"counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and "
#. PAGE BREAK 129
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5979
+#: freeculture.xml:5980
msgid ""
"The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's "
"rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5990
+#: freeculture.xml:5991
msgid ""
"This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with "
"such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6005
+#: freeculture.xml:6006
msgid ""
"Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a "
"bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6002
+#: freeculture.xml:6003
msgid ""
"While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> "
"in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6020
+#: freeculture.xml:6021
msgid ""
"Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our "
"tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is "
#. PAGE BREAK 130
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6028
+#: freeculture.xml:6029
msgid ""
"I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, "
"historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6043
+#: freeculture.xml:6044
msgid ""
"Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of "
"the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6052
+#: freeculture.xml:6053
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is "
"something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6057
+#: freeculture.xml:6058
msgid ""
"The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so "
"strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an "
#. PAGE BREAK 131
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6068
+#: freeculture.xml:6069
msgid ""
"Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti "
"calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6083
+#: freeculture.xml:6084
msgid ""
"The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property "
"are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6092
+#: freeculture.xml:6093
msgid ""
"Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There "
"was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6104
+#: freeculture.xml:6105
msgid ""
"Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least "
"try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6112
+#: freeculture.xml:6113
msgid ""
"To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of "
"these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they "
#. PAGE BREAK 132
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6127
+#: freeculture.xml:6128
msgid ""
"To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how "
"property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6136
+#: freeculture.xml:6137
msgid ""
"How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken "
"the right or regulation."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6137 freeculture.xml:6321 freeculture.xml:6628
+#: freeculture.xml:6138 freeculture.xml:6322 freeculture.xml:6629
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6140
+#: freeculture.xml:6141
msgid ""
"At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group "
"that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6156 freeculture.xml:6215 freeculture.xml:6324
+#: freeculture.xml:6157 freeculture.xml:6216 freeculture.xml:6325
msgid "norms, regulatory influence of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6158
+#: freeculture.xml:6159
msgid ""
"Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual "
"for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6168 freeculture.xml:6214 freeculture.xml:6304 freeculture.xml:6323 freeculture.xml:9251 freeculture.xml:9450
+#: freeculture.xml:6169 freeculture.xml:6215 freeculture.xml:6305 freeculture.xml:6324 freeculture.xml:9252 freeculture.xml:9451
msgid "market constraints"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6170
+#: freeculture.xml:6171
msgid ""
"The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through "
"conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6179 freeculture.xml:6213 freeculture.xml:6262 freeculture.xml:6303
+#: freeculture.xml:6180 freeculture.xml:6214 freeculture.xml:6263 freeculture.xml:6304
msgid "architecture, constraint effected through"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6181
+#: freeculture.xml:6182
msgid ""
"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, "
"<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds "
#. PAGE BREAK 134
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6198
+#: freeculture.xml:6199
msgid ""
"So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: "
"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6204
+#: freeculture.xml:6205
msgid ""
"The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective "
"freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6212
+#: freeculture.xml:6213
msgid "driving speed, constraints on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6217
+#: freeculture.xml:6218
msgid ""
"So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a "
"high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6235
+#: freeculture.xml:6236
msgid ""
"By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean "
"to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's "
#. PAGE BREAK 135
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6231
+#: freeculture.xml:6232
msgid ""
"The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While "
"these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6259
+#: freeculture.xml:6260
msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6260
+#: freeculture.xml:6261
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6301
+#: freeculture.xml:6302
msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6302
+#: freeculture.xml:6303
msgid "Commons, John R."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6272
+#: freeculture.xml:6273
msgid ""
"Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They "
"object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6264
+#: freeculture.xml:6265
msgid ""
"These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand "
"the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6308
+#: freeculture.xml:6309
msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6310
+#: freeculture.xml:6311
msgid ""
"The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, "
"Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6316
+#: freeculture.xml:6317
msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6320 freeculture.xml:6627
+#: freeculture.xml:6321 freeculture.xml:6628
msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 136
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6327
+#: freeculture.xml:6328
msgid ""
"There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law "
"limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6339
+#: freeculture.xml:6340
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p "
"sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does "
#. PAGE BREAK 137
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6347
+#: freeculture.xml:6348
msgid ""
"Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. "
"Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6357
+#: freeculture.xml:6358
msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6358
+#: freeculture.xml:6359
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6361
+#: freeculture.xml:6362
msgid ""
"Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the "
"warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6372
+#: freeculture.xml:6373
msgid "steel industry"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 138
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6374
+#: freeculture.xml:6375
msgid ""
"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to "
"preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6391
+#: freeculture.xml:6392
msgid ""
"Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign "
"to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6398
+#: freeculture.xml:6399
msgid "railroad industry"
msgstr ""
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6410
+#: freeculture.xml:6411
msgid ""
"See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a "
"Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6402
+#: freeculture.xml:6403
msgid ""
"But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it "
"doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6431 freeculture.xml:14734
+#: freeculture.xml:6432 freeculture.xml:14734
msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6432 freeculture.xml:12972
+#: freeculture.xml:6433 freeculture.xml:12972
msgid "Gates, Bill"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6444
+#: freeculture.xml:6445
msgid ""
"Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, "
"1994), 170–71."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6434
+#: freeculture.xml:6435
msgid ""
"The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free "
"society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6455
+#: freeculture.xml:6456
msgid ""
"Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new "
"technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6465
+#: freeculture.xml:6466
msgid ""
"In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, "
"copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry "
#. PAGE BREAK 140
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6479
+#: freeculture.xml:6480
msgid ""
"My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes "
"that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6488
+#: freeculture.xml:6489
msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6490
+#: freeculture.xml:6491
msgid "DDT"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6497
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6492
msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6492
+#: freeculture.xml:6494
msgid ""
"In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul "
"Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the "
"insecticidal properties of DDT. By the 1950s, the insecticide was widely "
"used around the world to kill disease-carrying pests. It was also used to "
-"increase farm production. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"increase farm production."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6500
+#: freeculture.xml:6501
msgid ""
"No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop "
"production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6504
+#: freeculture.xml:6505
msgid "Carson, Rachel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6505
+#: freeculture.xml:6506
msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6507
+#: freeculture.xml:6508
msgid ""
"But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, "
"which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6513
+#: freeculture.xml:6514
msgid ""
"No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim "
"to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6521
+#: freeculture.xml:6522
msgid "Boyle, James"
msgstr ""
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6527
+#: freeculture.xml:6528
msgid ""
"See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
"Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law "
#. PAGE BREAK 141
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6523
+#: freeculture.xml:6524
msgid ""
"It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle "
"appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6544
+#: freeculture.xml:6545
msgid ""
"My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this "
"effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6555
+#: freeculture.xml:6556
msgid ""
"In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free "
"culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6562
+#: freeculture.xml:6563
msgid "Beginnings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6564
+#: freeculture.xml:6565
msgid ""
"America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved "
"English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6570
+#: freeculture.xml:6571
msgid ""
"The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to "
"Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article "
#. PAGE BREAK 142
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6575
+#: freeculture.xml:6576
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, "
"by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6588
+#: freeculture.xml:6589
msgid ""
"The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in "
"chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6598
+#: freeculture.xml:6599
msgid ""
"The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the "
"Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6613
+#: freeculture.xml:6614
msgid ""
"I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call "
"<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond "
#. PAGE BREAK 143
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6620
+#: freeculture.xml:6621
msgid ""
"Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in "
"technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6631
+#: freeculture.xml:6632
msgid "We will end here:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6634
+#: freeculture.xml:6635
msgid "<quote>Copyright</quote> today."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6635
+#: freeculture.xml:6636
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 144
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6638
+#: freeculture.xml:6639
msgid "Let me explain how."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6643
+#: freeculture.xml:6644
msgid "Law: Duration"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6659
+#: freeculture.xml:6660
msgid "Crosskey, William W."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6653
+#: freeculture.xml:6654
msgid ""
"William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History "
"of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6645
+#: freeculture.xml:6646
msgid ""
"When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced "
"the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6669
+#: freeculture.xml:6670
msgid ""
"That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting "
"copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6677
+#: freeculture.xml:6678
msgid ""
"In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal "
"copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was "
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6692
+#: freeculture.xml:6693
msgid ""
"Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to "
"1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6684
+#: freeculture.xml:6685
msgid ""
"While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten "
"years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered "
#. PAGE BREAK 145
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6708
+#: freeculture.xml:6709
msgid ""
"This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of "
"copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted "
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6723
+#: freeculture.xml:6724
msgid ""
"Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of "
"the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6717
+#: freeculture.xml:6718
msgid ""
"Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of "
"copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of "
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6740
+#: freeculture.xml:6741
msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6736
+#: freeculture.xml:6737
msgid ""
"Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an "
"actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6748
+#: freeculture.xml:6749
msgid ""
"In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was "
"changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6756
+#: freeculture.xml:6757
msgid ""
"Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined "
"copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has "
#. PAGE BREAK 146
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6766
+#: freeculture.xml:6767
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of "
"works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6777
+#: freeculture.xml:6778
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, "
"little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6787
+#: freeculture.xml:6788
msgid ""
"The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works "
"created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6797
+#: freeculture.xml:6798
msgid ""
"This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure "
"that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6814
+#: freeculture.xml:6815
msgid ""
"These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first "
"year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6806
+#: freeculture.xml:6807
msgid ""
"The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is "
"dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6823
+#: freeculture.xml:6824
msgid "Law: Scope"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6825
+#: freeculture.xml:6826
msgid ""
"The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by "
"the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6831
+#: freeculture.xml:6832
msgid ""
"In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, "
"charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6844
+#: freeculture.xml:6845
msgid ""
"This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today "
"are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers "
#. PAGE BREAK 148
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6859
+#: freeculture.xml:6860
msgid ""
"At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural "
"limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6873
+#: freeculture.xml:6874
msgid ""
"The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding "
"that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6887
+#: freeculture.xml:6888
msgid ""
"All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American "
"system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6895
+#: freeculture.xml:6896
msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences."
msgstr ""
#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6906
+#: freeculture.xml:6907
msgid ""
"See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the "
"Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6899
+#: freeculture.xml:6900
msgid ""
"If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually "
"copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another "
#. PAGE BREAK 149
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6918
+#: freeculture.xml:6919
msgid ""
"The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by "
"hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6927
+#: freeculture.xml:6928
msgid ""
"Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is "
"automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6936
+#: freeculture.xml:6937
msgid ""
"That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use "
"exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6941
+#: freeculture.xml:6942
msgid ""
"That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control "
"competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6955
+#: freeculture.xml:6956
msgid ""
"It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, "
"though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6977
+#: freeculture.xml:6978
msgid ""
"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal "
"Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6967
+#: freeculture.xml:6968
msgid ""
"In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free "
"culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6999
+#: freeculture.xml:7000
msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6992
+#: freeculture.xml:6993
msgid ""
"Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about "
"the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6987
+#: freeculture.xml:6988
msgid ""
"Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can "
"go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7004
+#: freeculture.xml:7005
msgid ""
"This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be "
"able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7012
+#: freeculture.xml:7013
msgid ""
"These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the "
"derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7019
+#: freeculture.xml:7020
msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach"
msgstr ""
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7026
+#: freeculture.xml:7027
msgid ""
"This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly "
"regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7021
+#: freeculture.xml:7022
msgid ""
"Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in "
"copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 151
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7038
+#: freeculture.xml:7039
msgid ""
"<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for "
"<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's "
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7056
+#: freeculture.xml:7057
msgid ""
"Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we "
"should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7051
+#: freeculture.xml:7052
msgid ""
"This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very "
"slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7067
+#: freeculture.xml:7068
msgid ""
"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty "
"circle."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7071
+#: freeculture.xml:7072
msgid "All potential uses of a book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7072
+#: freeculture.xml:7073
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7074
+#: freeculture.xml:7075
msgid "three types of uses of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 152
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7077
+#: freeculture.xml:7078
msgid ""
"Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all "
"its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7090
+#: freeculture.xml:7091
msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7091
+#: freeculture.xml:7092
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7094
+#: freeculture.xml:7095
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by "
"copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7102
+#: freeculture.xml:7103
msgid ""
"Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that "
"remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7107
+#: freeculture.xml:7108
msgid ""
"Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a "
"copyrighted work."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7108
+#: freeculture.xml:7109
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7111
+#: freeculture.xml:7112
msgid ""
"These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as "
"unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7121
+#: freeculture.xml:7122
msgid "Unregulated copying considered <quote>fair uses.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7122
+#: freeculture.xml:7123
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7126
+#: freeculture.xml:7127
msgid ""
"Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively "
"regulated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7127
+#: freeculture.xml:7128
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 154
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7131
+#: freeculture.xml:7132
msgid ""
"In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three "
"sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7136 freeculture.xml:7170 freeculture.xml:7379
+#: freeculture.xml:7137 freeculture.xml:7171 freeculture.xml:7380
msgid "on Internet"
msgstr ""
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7141
+#: freeculture.xml:7142
msgid ""
"I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be "
"different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7138
+#: freeculture.xml:7139
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a "
"copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
#. PAGE BREAK 155
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7159
+#: freeculture.xml:7160
msgid ""
"So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the "
"Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7172
+#: freeculture.xml:7173
msgid ""
"But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of "
"rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7184
+#: freeculture.xml:7185
msgid ""
"There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is "
"not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7190
+#: freeculture.xml:7191
msgid ""
"First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever "
"intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7198
+#: freeculture.xml:7199
msgid ""
"Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative "
"uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in "
#. PAGE BREAK 156
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7210
+#: freeculture.xml:7211
msgid ""
"Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden "
"on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7224
+#: freeculture.xml:7225
msgid ""
"This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free "
"culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7235
+#: freeculture.xml:7236
msgid ""
"The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the "
"business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:7301 freeculture.xml:13323
+#: freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:7302 freeculture.xml:13323
msgid "browsing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7243
+#: freeculture.xml:7244
msgid ""
"The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to "
"think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The "
#. PAGE BREAK 157
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7252
+#: freeculture.xml:7253
msgid ""
"In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it "
"intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7267
+#: freeculture.xml:7268
msgid ""
"Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were "
"predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7277
+#: freeculture.xml:7278
msgid ""
"Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video "
"stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7287
+#: freeculture.xml:7288
msgid ""
"Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would "
"consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7300
+#: freeculture.xml:7301
msgid "Barnes & Noble"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 158
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7304
+#: freeculture.xml:7305
msgid ""
"No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control "
"is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7319
+#: freeculture.xml:7320
msgid ""
"Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed "
"architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7328
+#: freeculture.xml:7329
msgid "Architecture and Law: Force"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7330
+#: freeculture.xml:7331
msgid ""
"The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second "
"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7336
+#: freeculture.xml:7337
msgid ""
"In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that "
"controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7343
+#: freeculture.xml:7344
msgid "Casablanca"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7344 freeculture.xml:7519
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7345 freeculture.xml:7514
msgid "Marx Brothers"
msgstr ""
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7355
+#: freeculture.xml:7356
msgid ""
"See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7347
+#: freeculture.xml:7348
msgid ""
"There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner "
"Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7364
+#: freeculture.xml:7365
msgid ""
"Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7360
+#: freeculture.xml:7361
msgid ""
"This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers "
"that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7374
+#: freeculture.xml:7375
msgid ""
"An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the "
"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7381
+#: freeculture.xml:7382
msgid ""
"On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the "
"Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7393
+#: freeculture.xml:7394
msgid "Adobe eBook Reader"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7395
+#: freeculture.xml:7396
msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7398
+#: freeculture.xml:7399
msgid ""
"An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a "
"book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7405
+#: freeculture.xml:7406
msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 160
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7409
+#: freeculture.xml:7410
msgid ""
"As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book "
"library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7422
+#: freeculture.xml:7423
msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7423
+#: freeculture.xml:7424
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7426
+#: freeculture.xml:7427
msgid ""
"If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions "
"that the publisher purports to grant with this book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7430
+#: freeculture.xml:7431
msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7431
+#: freeculture.xml:7432
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 161
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7435
+#: freeculture.xml:7436
msgid ""
"According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard "
"of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no "
"computer."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7445
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7443
msgid "Aristotle"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7446
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7444
msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7443
+#: freeculture.xml:7446
msgid ""
"Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the "
-"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>. <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7449
+#: freeculture.xml:7450
msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7450
+#: freeculture.xml:7451
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7453
+#: freeculture.xml:7454
msgid ""
"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at "
"all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7458
+#: freeculture.xml:7459
msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7459
+#: freeculture.xml:7460
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7462
+#: freeculture.xml:7463
msgid ""
"Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original "
"e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7468
+#: freeculture.xml:7469
msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7469
+#: freeculture.xml:7470
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7472
+#: freeculture.xml:7473
msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!"
msgstr ""
#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7482
+#: freeculture.xml:7483
msgid ""
"In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for "
"example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7475
+#: freeculture.xml:7476
msgid ""
"Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls "
"<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7497
+#: freeculture.xml:7498
msgid ""
"The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within "
"which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are "
"simply won't read aloud."
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 163
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7515
+#: freeculture.xml:7517
msgid ""
"These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world "
"where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried "
"to type <quote>Warner Brothers,</quote> erased <quote>Brothers</quote> from "
-"the sentence. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"the sentence."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7522
+#: freeculture.xml:7523
msgid ""
"This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright "
"<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7531
+#: freeculture.xml:7532
msgid ""
"How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls "
"built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7538
+#: freeculture.xml:7539
msgid ""
"We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook "
"Reader."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7548
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7542
msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7542
+#: freeculture.xml:7544
msgid ""
"Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public "
"relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the "
"Adobe site was a copy of <citetitle>Alice's Adventures in "
"Wonderland</citetitle>. This wonderful book is in the public domain. Yet "
-"when you clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the following report: "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"when you clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the following report:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7551
+#: freeculture.xml:7552
msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</quote>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7553
+#: freeculture.xml:7554
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7557
+#: freeculture.xml:7558
msgid ""
"Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, "
"not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7562
+#: freeculture.xml:7563
msgid ""
"The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the "
"text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7570
+#: freeculture.xml:7571
msgid ""
"Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to "
"restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7583
+#: freeculture.xml:7584
msgid ""
"The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative "
"companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7593
+#: freeculture.xml:7594
msgid ""
"To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story "
"of mine that makes the same point."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7596 freeculture.xml:7739 freeculture.xml:7804 freeculture.xml:7912
+#: freeculture.xml:7597 freeculture.xml:7740 freeculture.xml:7805 freeculture.xml:7913
msgid "Aibo robotic dog"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7597 freeculture.xml:7740 freeculture.xml:7805 freeculture.xml:7913
+#: freeculture.xml:7598 freeculture.xml:7741 freeculture.xml:7806 freeculture.xml:7914
msgid "robotic dog"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7598 freeculture.xml:7741 freeculture.xml:7806 freeculture.xml:7914
+#: freeculture.xml:7599 freeculture.xml:7742 freeculture.xml:7807 freeculture.xml:7915
msgid "Sony"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7598 freeculture.xml:7741 freeculture.xml:7806 freeculture.xml:7914
+#: freeculture.xml:7599 freeculture.xml:7742 freeculture.xml:7807 freeculture.xml:7915
msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7600
+#: freeculture.xml:7601
msgid ""
"Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo "
"learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7605
+#: freeculture.xml:7606
msgid ""
"The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up "
"clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7614
+#: freeculture.xml:7615
msgid ""
"<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute "
"computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7621
+#: freeculture.xml:7622
msgid "hacks"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7623
+#: freeculture.xml:7624
msgid ""
"If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word "
"<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7637
+#: freeculture.xml:7638
msgid ""
"Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like "
"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7644
+#: freeculture.xml:7645
msgid ""
"The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and "
"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance "
#. PAGE BREAK 166
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7654
+#: freeculture.xml:7655
msgid ""
"I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United "
"States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7670
+#: freeculture.xml:7671
msgid ""
"Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not "
"literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7693 freeculture.xml:10182
+#: freeculture.xml:7694 freeculture.xml:10183
msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7683
+#: freeculture.xml:7684
msgid ""
"See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to "
"Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7681
+#: freeculture.xml:7682
msgid ""
"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7701
+#: freeculture.xml:7702
msgid ""
"The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to "
"exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7711
+#: freeculture.xml:7712
msgid ""
"When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In "
"exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of "
#. PAGE BREAK 167
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7718
+#: freeculture.xml:7719
msgid ""
"Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the "
"team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7724
+#: freeculture.xml:7725
msgid ""
"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United "
"States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7732
+#: freeculture.xml:7733
msgid ""
"What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing "
"the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7743
+#: freeculture.xml:7744
msgid ""
"What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then "
"received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7750
+#: freeculture.xml:7751
msgid ""
"Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's "
"copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7759
+#: freeculture.xml:7760
msgid ""
"And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of "
"encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an "
#. PAGE BREAK 168
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7765
+#: freeculture.xml:7766
msgid ""
"Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public "
"Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7773
+#: freeculture.xml:7774
msgid ""
"In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread "
"of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7778
+#: freeculture.xml:7779
msgid ""
"The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about "
"cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7789
+#: freeculture.xml:7790
msgid ""
"The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code "
"designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7796
+#: freeculture.xml:7797
msgid ""
"But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the "
"extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at "
#. PAGE BREAK 169
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7808
+#: freeculture.xml:7809
msgid ""
"Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a "
"copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7820
+#: freeculture.xml:7821
msgid ""
"The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line "
"of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7827 freeculture.xml:7862
+#: freeculture.xml:7828 freeculture.xml:7863
msgid "Rogers, Fred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7838 freeculture.xml:7875 freeculture.xml:7901
+#: freeculture.xml:7839 freeculture.xml:7876 freeculture.xml:7902
msgid "Conrad, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7830
+#: freeculture.xml:7831
msgid ""
"The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by "
"Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7857
+#: freeculture.xml:7858
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of "
"America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7842
+#: freeculture.xml:7843
msgid ""
"Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the "
"<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I "
#. PAGE BREAK 170
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7868
+#: freeculture.xml:7869
msgid ""
"Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses "
"that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7873
+#: freeculture.xml:7874
msgid ""
"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7878
+#: freeculture.xml:7879
msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7881
+#: freeculture.xml:7882
msgid ""
"The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention "
"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7888
+#: freeculture.xml:7889
msgid "handguns"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 171
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7890
+#: freeculture.xml:7891
msgid ""
"A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree "
"such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7898
+#: freeculture.xml:7899
msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7899
+#: freeculture.xml:7900
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7903
+#: freeculture.xml:7904
msgid ""
"The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns "
"are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7916
+#: freeculture.xml:7917
msgid ""
"The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the "
"balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7924
+#: freeculture.xml:7925
msgid ""
"This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The "
"controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7936
+#: freeculture.xml:7937
msgid ""
"There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law "
"that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease "
#. f24
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7955
+#: freeculture.xml:7956
msgid ""
"For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal "
"Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7949
+#: freeculture.xml:7950
msgid ""
"For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan "
"club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7961
+#: freeculture.xml:7962
msgid ""
"Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. "
"No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7969
+#: freeculture.xml:7970
msgid ""
"But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally "
"available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7979
+#: freeculture.xml:7980
msgid ""
"This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the "
"ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7988
+#: freeculture.xml:7989
msgid "Market: Concentration"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 173
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7990
+#: freeculture.xml:7991
msgid ""
"So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past "
"thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8008
+#: freeculture.xml:8009
msgid ""
"Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't "
"for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8015
+#: freeculture.xml:8016
msgid ""
"This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In "
"the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8026
+#: freeculture.xml:8027
msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8031
+msgid "BMG"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8032 freeculture.xml:9403
+msgid "EMI"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8033
+msgid "McCain, John"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8034 freeculture.xml:9404
+msgid "Universal Music Group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8035
+msgid "Warner Music Group"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8035
+#: freeculture.xml:8041
msgid ""
"FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and "
"Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement "
#. f26
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8042
+#: freeculture.xml:8048
msgid ""
"Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to "
"Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002."
#. f27
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8048
+#: freeculture.xml:8054
msgid ""
"Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8051
-msgid "BMG"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8052 freeculture.xml:9402
-msgid "EMI"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8053
-msgid "McCain, John"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8054 freeculture.xml:9403
-msgid "Universal Music Group"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8055
-msgid "Warner Music Group"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8031
+#: freeculture.xml:8037
msgid ""
"Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain "
"summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, "
"Group, and EMI control 84.8 percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The <quote>five largest cable companies pipe "
"programming to 74 percent of the cable subscribers "
-"nationwide.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"6\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"7\"/>"
+"nationwide.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 174
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8058
+#: freeculture.xml:8059
msgid ""
"The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the "
"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8070
+#: freeculture.xml:8071
msgid ""
"Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are "
"six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8084 freeculture.xml:8101
+#: freeculture.xml:8085 freeculture.xml:8102
msgid "Fallows, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8081
+#: freeculture.xml:8082
msgid ""
"Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in "
"the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8099
+#: freeculture.xml:8100
msgid ""
"James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic "
"Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8088
+#: freeculture.xml:8089
msgid ""
"Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its "
"integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8106
+#: freeculture.xml:8107
msgid ""
"The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large "
"companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8112
+#: freeculture.xml:8113
msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8113
+#: freeculture.xml:8114
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 175
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8117
+#: freeculture.xml:8118
msgid ""
"Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is "
"distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8122
+#: freeculture.xml:8123
msgid ""
"My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing "
"more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8128
+#: freeculture.xml:8129
msgid ""
"Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration "
"may matter."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8131
+#: freeculture.xml:8132
msgid "Lear, Norman"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8133 freeculture.xml:8196
+#: freeculture.xml:8134 freeculture.xml:8197
msgid "All in the Family"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8135
+#: freeculture.xml:8136
msgid ""
"In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the "
"Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It "
#. f29
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8147
+#: freeculture.xml:8148
msgid ""
"Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum "
"Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8142
+#: freeculture.xml:8143
msgid ""
"Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to "
"have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that "
#. PAGE BREAK 176
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8158
+#: freeculture.xml:8159
msgid ""
"The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the "
"networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a "
#. f30
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8177
+#: freeculture.xml:8178
msgid ""
"NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media "
"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8167
+#: freeculture.xml:8168
msgid ""
"In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After "
"that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8198
+#: freeculture.xml:8199
msgid ""
"Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the "
"Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show "
"increasingly owned by the network."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8207
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8204
msgid "Diller, Barry"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8208
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8205
msgid "Moyers, Bill"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8204
+#: freeculture.xml:8207
msgid ""
"While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of "
"those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry "
-"Diller said to Bill Moyers, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"Diller said to Bill Moyers,"
msgstr ""
#. f32
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8221
+#: freeculture.xml:8222
msgid ""
"<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with "
"Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8212
+#: freeculture.xml:8213
msgid ""
"Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their "
"channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8228
+#: freeculture.xml:8229
msgid ""
"This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large "
"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8239
+#: freeculture.xml:8240
msgid "Clark, Kim B."
msgstr ""
#. f33
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8248
+#: freeculture.xml:8249
msgid ""
"Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The "
"Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8241
+#: freeculture.xml:8242
msgid ""
"Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration "
"affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8265
+#: freeculture.xml:8266
msgid ""
"I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say "
"with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8271
+#: freeculture.xml:8272
msgid ""
"But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest "
"the concern."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8275
+#: freeculture.xml:8276
msgid ""
"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug "
"wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; "
#. PAGE BREAK 178
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8280
+#: freeculture.xml:8281
msgid ""
"Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any "
"position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8299
+#: freeculture.xml:8300
msgid ""
"You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is "
"through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8306
+#: freeculture.xml:8307
msgid ""
"Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a "
"media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8318
+#: freeculture.xml:8319
msgid ""
"Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its "
"message well. It's a fair and reasonable message."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8322
+#: freeculture.xml:8323
msgid ""
"But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a "
"countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to "
#. PAGE BREAK 179
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8328
+#: freeculture.xml:8329
msgid ""
"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the "
"money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8370
+#: freeculture.xml:8371
msgid "Comcast"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8371
+#: freeculture.xml:8372
msgid "Marijuana Policy Project"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8372
+#: freeculture.xml:8373
msgid "NBC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8373
+#: freeculture.xml:8374
msgid "WJOA"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8374
+#: freeculture.xml:8375
msgid "WRC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8345
+#: freeculture.xml:8346
msgid ""
"The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that "
"directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8335
+#: freeculture.xml:8336
msgid ""
"No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding "
"<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8379
+#: freeculture.xml:8380
msgid ""
"I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a "
"media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8392
+#: freeculture.xml:8393
msgid "Together"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8394
+#: freeculture.xml:8395
msgid ""
"There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright "
"warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In "
#. PAGE BREAK 180
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8400
+#: freeculture.xml:8401
msgid ""
"But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has "
"changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8416
+#: freeculture.xml:8417
msgid ""
"Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright "
"or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8422
+#: freeculture.xml:8423
msgid ""
"But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture "
"notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8434
+#: freeculture.xml:8435
msgid ""
"Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant "
"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now "
#. PAGE BREAK 181
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8446
+#: freeculture.xml:8447
msgid ""
"For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we "
"see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8470
+#: freeculture.xml:8471
msgid ""
"Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his <quote>four "
"surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8455
+#: freeculture.xml:8456
msgid ""
"Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they "
"affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8476
+#: freeculture.xml:8477
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point "
"can now be briefly stated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8480
+#: freeculture.xml:8481
msgid ""
"At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and "
"noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8492 freeculture.xml:8529
+#: freeculture.xml:8493 freeculture.xml:8530
msgid "PUBLISH"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8493 freeculture.xml:8530 freeculture.xml:8568 freeculture.xml:8600
+#: freeculture.xml:8494 freeculture.xml:8531 freeculture.xml:8569 freeculture.xml:8601
msgid "TRANSFORM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8498 freeculture.xml:8535 freeculture.xml:8573 freeculture.xml:8605
+#: freeculture.xml:8499 freeculture.xml:8536 freeculture.xml:8574 freeculture.xml:8606
msgid "Commercial"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8499 freeculture.xml:8536 freeculture.xml:8537 freeculture.xml:8574 freeculture.xml:8575 freeculture.xml:8606 freeculture.xml:8607 freeculture.xml:8611 freeculture.xml:8612
+#: freeculture.xml:8500 freeculture.xml:8537 freeculture.xml:8538 freeculture.xml:8575 freeculture.xml:8576 freeculture.xml:8607 freeculture.xml:8608 freeculture.xml:8612 freeculture.xml:8613
msgid "©"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8500 freeculture.xml:8504 freeculture.xml:8505 freeculture.xml:8541 freeculture.xml:8542 freeculture.xml:8580
+#: freeculture.xml:8501 freeculture.xml:8505 freeculture.xml:8506 freeculture.xml:8542 freeculture.xml:8543 freeculture.xml:8581
msgid "Free"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8503 freeculture.xml:8540 freeculture.xml:8578 freeculture.xml:8610
+#: freeculture.xml:8504 freeculture.xml:8541 freeculture.xml:8579 freeculture.xml:8611
msgid "Noncommercial"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 182
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8512
+#: freeculture.xml:8513
msgid ""
"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright "
"law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8521
+#: freeculture.xml:8522
msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8549
+#: freeculture.xml:8550
msgid ""
"Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, "
"which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8555
+#: freeculture.xml:8556
msgid ""
"In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this "
"change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8567 freeculture.xml:8599
+#: freeculture.xml:8568 freeculture.xml:8600
msgid "COPY"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8579
+#: freeculture.xml:8580
msgid "©/Free"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8587
+#: freeculture.xml:8588
msgid ""
"The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy "
"machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market "
#. PAGE BREAK 183
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8619
+#: freeculture.xml:8620
msgid ""
"Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was "
"not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8627
+#: freeculture.xml:8628
msgid ""
"Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does "
"no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8633
+#: freeculture.xml:8634
msgid ""
"I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I "
"also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8657
+#: freeculture.xml:8658
msgid "legal realist movement"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8651
+#: freeculture.xml:8652
msgid ""
"It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement "
"to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8645
+#: freeculture.xml:8646
msgid ""
"The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course "
"copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any "
#. PAGE BREAK 184
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8670
+#: freeculture.xml:8671
msgid ""
"We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on "
"the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8689
+#: freeculture.xml:8690
msgid ""
"Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response "
"to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8706
+#: freeculture.xml:8707
msgid "PUZZLES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8710
+#: freeculture.xml:8711
msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8711
+#: freeculture.xml:8712
msgid "chimeras"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8712
+#: freeculture.xml:8713
msgid "Wells, H. G."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8713
+#: freeculture.xml:8714
msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)"
msgstr ""
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8721
+#: freeculture.xml:8722
msgid ""
"H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See "
"H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8716
+#: freeculture.xml:8717
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by "
"H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8733
+#: freeculture.xml:8734
msgid ""
"Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight "
"to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are "
#. PAGE BREAK 187
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8745
+#: freeculture.xml:8746
msgid ""
"The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the "
"virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8756
+#: freeculture.xml:8757
msgid ""
"When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously "
"delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8762
+#: freeculture.xml:8763
msgid ""
"After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain "
"is affected,</quote> he reports."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8766
+#: freeculture.xml:8767
msgid ""
"<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things "
"that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8771
+#: freeculture.xml:8772
msgid ""
"The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty "
"that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8777
+#: freeculture.xml:8778
msgid ""
"<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They "
"inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. "
#. PAGE BREAK 188
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8783
+#: freeculture.xml:8784
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of "
"twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8797
+#: freeculture.xml:8798
msgid ""
"Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A "
"single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8805
+#: freeculture.xml:8806
msgid ""
"The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and "
"culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8819
+#: freeculture.xml:8820
msgid ""
"But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a "
"p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8828
+#: freeculture.xml:8829
msgid ""
"Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking "
"into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with "
#. PAGE BREAK 189
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8839
+#: freeculture.xml:8840
msgid ""
"But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from "
"Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8849
+#: freeculture.xml:8850
msgid ""
"The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it "
"is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8865 freeculture.xml:9147 freeculture.xml:10183
+#: freeculture.xml:8866 freeculture.xml:9148 freeculture.xml:10184
msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8896
+#: freeculture.xml:8897
msgid "Conyers, John, Jr."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8897 freeculture.xml:9618
+#: freeculture.xml:8898 freeculture.xml:9619
msgid "Berman, Howard L."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8865
+#: freeculture.xml:8866
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the "
"report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8856
+#: freeculture.xml:8857
msgid ""
"We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, "
"with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8903
+#: freeculture.xml:8904
msgid ""
"Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as "
"though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8910
+#: freeculture.xml:8911
msgid ""
"Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than "
"embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that "
#. PAGE BREAK 190
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8922
+#: freeculture.xml:8923
msgid ""
"Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of "
"the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8930
+#: freeculture.xml:8931
msgid ""
"I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> "
"music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8943
+#: freeculture.xml:8944
msgid ""
"eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, "
"and we want to protect those rights."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8947
+#: freeculture.xml:8948
msgid ""
"But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major "
"labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8964
+#: freeculture.xml:8965
msgid ""
"WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital "
"Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8954
+#: freeculture.xml:8955
msgid ""
"This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with "
"respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8978 freeculture.xml:9336
+#: freeculture.xml:8979 freeculture.xml:9337
msgid "Vivendi Universal"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8975
+#: freeculture.xml:8976
msgid ""
"In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of "
"<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8981
+#: freeculture.xml:8982
msgid ""
"Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It "
"will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8989
+#: freeculture.xml:8990
msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8991
+#: freeculture.xml:8992
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to "
"protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8999
+#: freeculture.xml:9000
msgid ""
"My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in "
"particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9005
+#: freeculture.xml:9006
msgid ""
"In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first "
"time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9013
+#: freeculture.xml:9014
msgid ""
"Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is "
"still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme "
#. PAGE BREAK 193
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9021
+#: freeculture.xml:9022
msgid ""
"There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe "
"just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9028
+#: freeculture.xml:9029
msgid "Constraining Creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9030
+#: freeculture.xml:9031
msgid ""
"In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. "
"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9045
+#: freeculture.xml:9046
msgid ""
"This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of "
"the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 194
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9056
+#: freeculture.xml:9057
msgid ""
"Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture "
"that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9066
+#: freeculture.xml:9067
msgid ""
"Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the "
"current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a "
"presumptively illegal."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9094 freeculture.xml:9115
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><
footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:9077 freeculture.xml:9096
msgid "Worldcom"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9089
+#: freeculture.xml:9091
msgid ""
"See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at "
"WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9110
+#: freeculture.xml:9112
msgid "Bush, George W."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9101
+#: freeculture.xml:9103
msgid ""
"The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the "
"House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9077
+#: freeculture.xml:9079
msgid ""
"That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of "
"extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is "
"damages for pain and suffering.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can "
"common sense recognize the absurdity in a world where the maximum fine for "
"downloading two songs off the Internet is more than the fine for a doctor's "
-"negligently butchering a patient? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+"negligently butchering a patient?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9117
+#: freeculture.xml:9118
msgid "art, underground"
msgstr ""
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9138
+#: freeculture.xml:9139
msgid ""
"See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9119
+#: freeculture.xml:9120
msgid ""
"The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high "
"penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9149
+#: freeculture.xml:9150
msgid ""
"Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing "
"law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9162
+#: freeculture.xml:9163
msgid ""
"Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting "
"infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9173
+#: freeculture.xml:9174
msgid ""
"Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described "
"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, "
#. PAGE BREAK 196
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9184
+#: freeculture.xml:9185
msgid ""
"But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend "
"your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9194
+#: freeculture.xml:9195
msgid ""
"Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate "
"<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9205
+#: freeculture.xml:9206
msgid ""
"For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of "
"a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9216
+#: freeculture.xml:9217
msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me,"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 197
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9220
+#: freeculture.xml:9221
msgid ""
"We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are "
"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9233
+#: freeculture.xml:9234
msgid "Constraining Innovators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9235
+#: freeculture.xml:9236
msgid ""
"The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity "
"quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9243
+#: freeculture.xml:9244
msgid ""
"But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, "
"it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9253
+#: freeculture.xml:9254
msgid ""
"The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same "
"charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9265 freeculture.xml:9373
+#: freeculture.xml:9266 freeculture.xml:9374
msgid "Barry, Hank"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 198
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9267
+#: freeculture.xml:9268
msgid ""
"This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy "
"that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9280
+#: freeculture.xml:9281
msgid ""
"Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in "
"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9284
+#: freeculture.xml:9285
msgid "Roberts, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9286
+#: freeculture.xml:9287
msgid ""
"In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was "
"keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9294
+#: freeculture.xml:9295
msgid "preference data on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9296
+#: freeculture.xml:9297
msgid ""
"To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to "
"recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9303
+#: freeculture.xml:9304
msgid ""
"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. "
"MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference "
#. PAGE BREAK 199
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9315
+#: freeculture.xml:9316
msgid ""
"No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that "
"opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9325
+#: freeculture.xml:9326
msgid ""
"To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to "
"a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9338
+#: freeculture.xml:9339
msgid ""
"Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed "
"by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9348
+#: freeculture.xml:9349
msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9351
+#: freeculture.xml:9352
msgid ""
"After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a "
"malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a "
#. PAGE BREAK 200
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9361
+#: freeculture.xml:9362
msgid ""
"The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified "
"amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9372
+#: freeculture.xml:9373
msgid "Hummer, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9374
+#: freeculture.xml:9375
msgid "Hummer Winblad"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9382
+#: freeculture.xml:9383
msgid ""
"See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9376
+#: freeculture.xml:9377
msgid ""
"This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal "
"and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9406
+#: freeculture.xml:9407
msgid "BMW"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9407
+#: freeculture.xml:9408
msgid "cars, MP3 sound system in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9422
+#: freeculture.xml:9423
msgid "Needleman, Rafe"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9418
+#: freeculture.xml:9419
msgid ""
"Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9409
+#: freeculture.xml:9410
msgid ""
"I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, "
"there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9427
+#: freeculture.xml:9428
msgid ""
"This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your "
"life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats "
#. PAGE BREAK 201
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9437
+#: freeculture.xml:9438
msgid ""
"The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal "
"enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9452
+#: freeculture.xml:9453
msgid ""
"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair "
"use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of "
#. PAGE BREAK 202
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9464
+#: freeculture.xml:9465
msgid ""
"The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the "
"first important way in which the changes I have described will burden "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9483
+#: freeculture.xml:9484
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden "
"on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9490
+#: freeculture.xml:9491
msgid ""
"The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the "
"efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9505
+#: freeculture.xml:9506
msgid ""
"<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> "
"GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law "
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9518
+#: freeculture.xml:9519
msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9501
+#: freeculture.xml:9502
msgid ""
"The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the "
"content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would "
#. PAGE BREAK 203
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9522
+#: freeculture.xml:9523
msgid ""
"In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why "
"not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical "
"will likely be eclipsed by advances around exactly those requirements."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:9532 freeculture.xml:11370
+msgid "Intel"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9536
+#: freeculture.xml:9538
msgid ""
"See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> "
"Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9542 freeculture.xml:11382
-msgid "Intel"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9532
+#: freeculture.xml:9534
msgid ""
"In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, "
"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would "
"impose.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Their argument was "
"obviously not that copyright should not be protected. Instead, they argued, "
-"any protection should not do more harm than good. <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"any protection should not do more harm than good."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9545
+#: freeculture.xml:9546
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which "
"this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9550
+#: freeculture.xml:9551
msgid ""
"Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of "
"regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9564
+#: freeculture.xml:9565
msgid ""
"Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: "
"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9558
+#: freeculture.xml:9559
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9575
+#: freeculture.xml:9576
msgid ""
"But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the "
"rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9584
+#: freeculture.xml:9585
msgid "Grokster, Ltd."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9584
+#: freeculture.xml:9585
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception "
"is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9603
+#: freeculture.xml:9604
msgid "Tauzin, Billy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9619
+#: freeculture.xml:9620
msgid "Hollings, Fritz"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9603
+#: freeculture.xml:9604
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For example, in July 2002, "
"Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9582
+#: freeculture.xml:9583
msgid ""
"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses "
"demise of Internet radio."
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 204
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9629
+#: freeculture.xml:9631
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording "
"performance before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then "
"whenever that recording was played on the radio, the current copyright "
"owners of <quote>Happy Birthday</quote> would get some money, whereas "
-"Marilyn Monroe would not. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Marilyn Monroe would not."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9641
+#: freeculture.xml:9642
msgid ""
"The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The "
"justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9652
+#: freeculture.xml:9653
msgid ""
"Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to "
"stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9661
+#: freeculture.xml:9662
msgid ""
"This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are "
"potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in "
#. PAGE BREAK 205
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9677
+#: freeculture.xml:9678
msgid ""
"Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement "
"potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9701
+#: freeculture.xml:9702
msgid "Lessing, 239."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9687
+#: freeculture.xml:9688
msgid ""
"An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, "
"thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded "
#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9711
+#: freeculture.xml:9712
msgid "Ibid., 229."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9706
+#: freeculture.xml:9707
msgid ""
"This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong "
"was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9716
+#: freeculture.xml:9717
msgid ""
"Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there "
"is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio "
#. PAGE BREAK 206
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9725
+#: freeculture.xml:9726
msgid ""
"But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new "
"industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9764
+#: freeculture.xml:9765
msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9747
+#: freeculture.xml:9748
msgid ""
"This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration "
"Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9740
+#: freeculture.xml:9741
msgid ""
"This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher "
"estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9772
+#: freeculture.xml:9773
msgid ""
"The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were "
"proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9780
+#: freeculture.xml:9781
msgid "name of the service;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9783
+#: freeculture.xml:9784
msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9786
+#: freeculture.xml:9787
msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9789
+#: freeculture.xml:9790
msgid "date of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9792
+#: freeculture.xml:9793
msgid "time of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9795
+#: freeculture.xml:9796
msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9798
+#: freeculture.xml:9799
msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9801
+#: freeculture.xml:9802
msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9804
+#: freeculture.xml:9805
msgid "sound recording title;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9807
+#: freeculture.xml:9808
msgid "ISRC code of the recording;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9810
+#: freeculture.xml:9811
msgid ""
"release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of "
"compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9813
+#: freeculture.xml:9814
msgid "featured recording artist;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9816
+#: freeculture.xml:9817
msgid "retail album title;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9819
+#: freeculture.xml:9820
msgid "recording label;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9822
+#: freeculture.xml:9823
msgid "UPC code of the retail album;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9825
+#: freeculture.xml:9826
msgid "catalog number;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9828
+#: freeculture.xml:9829
msgid "copyright owner information;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9831
+#: freeculture.xml:9832
msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9834
+#: freeculture.xml:9835
msgid "name of the service or entity;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9837
+#: freeculture.xml:9838
msgid "channel or program;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9840
+#: freeculture.xml:9841
msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9843
+#: freeculture.xml:9844
msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9846
+#: freeculture.xml:9847
msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9849
+#: freeculture.xml:9850
msgid "unique user identifier;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9852
+#: freeculture.xml:9853
msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9857
+#: freeculture.xml:9858
msgid ""
"The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, "
"pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9865
+#: freeculture.xml:9866
msgid ""
"Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic "
"consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9869 freeculture.xml:14528
+#: freeculture.xml:9870 freeculture.xml:14528
msgid "Real Networks"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9872
+#: freeculture.xml:9873
msgid ""
"In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to "
"everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at "
#. PAGE BREAK 208
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9878
+#: freeculture.xml:9879
msgid ""
"The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony "
"about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9894
+#: freeculture.xml:9895
msgid ""
"And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an "
"industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9903
+#: freeculture.xml:9904
msgid ""
"Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that "
"this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9913
+#: freeculture.xml:9914
msgid "Corrupting Citizens"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9915
+#: freeculture.xml:9916
msgid ""
"Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives "
"dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9921
+#: freeculture.xml:9922
msgid ""
"In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important "
"to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9930
+#: freeculture.xml:9931
msgid ""
"Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> "
"Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink "
#. PAGE BREAK 209
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9926
+#: freeculture.xml:9927
msgid ""
"The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war "
"of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number "
#. f16.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9964
+#: freeculture.xml:9965
msgid ""
"Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA "
"Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9951
+#: freeculture.xml:9952
msgid ""
"The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal "
"system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in "
"that those with the power can use the law to quash any rights they oppose."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:9976
+msgid "alcohol prohibition"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f17.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9986
+#: freeculture.xml:9988
msgid ""
"Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During "
"Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, "
#. f18.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9994
+#: freeculture.xml:9996
msgid ""
"National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform "
"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John "
#. f19.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10004
+#: freeculture.xml:10006
msgid ""
"See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax "
"Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 "
"(1998): 818 (survey of compliance literature)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10011
-msgid "alcohol prohibition"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9976
+#: freeculture.xml:9978
msgid ""
"Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something "
"more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our <quote>free "
"society,</quote> but an endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated "
"within our society. And as a result, a huge proportion of Americans "
-"regularly violate at least some law. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"3\"/>"
+"regularly violate at least some law."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10029
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:10014
msgid "law schools"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10014
+#: freeculture.xml:10016
msgid ""
"This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly "
"salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students "
"case is over. Generations of Americans—more significantly in some "
"parts of America than in others, but still, everywhere in America "
"today—can't live their lives both normally and legally, since "
-"<quote>normally</quote> entails a certain degree of illegality. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"<quote>normally</quote> entails a certain degree of illegality."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10032
+#: freeculture.xml:10033
msgid ""
"The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more "
"severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make "
#. PAGE BREAK 211
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10045
+#: freeculture.xml:10046
msgid ""
"My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we "
"should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10052
+#: freeculture.xml:10053
msgid ""
"My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but "
"that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10066
+#: freeculture.xml:10067
msgid ""
"When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the "
"Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10078
+#: freeculture.xml:10079
msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 212
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10081
+#: freeculture.xml:10082
msgid ""
"We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of "
"plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10092
+#: freeculture.xml:10093
msgid ""
"But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph "
"records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10100
+#: freeculture.xml:10101
msgid "Andromeda"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10101
+#: freeculture.xml:10102
msgid "mix technology and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10103
+#: freeculture.xml:10104
msgid ""
"This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a "
"large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10114
+#: freeculture.xml:10115
msgid ""
"This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But "
"unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so "
#. PAGE BREAK 213
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10124
+#: freeculture.xml:10125
msgid ""
"If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your "
"own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10139
+#: freeculture.xml:10140
msgid ""
"If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the "
"ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10148
+#: freeculture.xml:10149
msgid ""
"My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a "
"version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10159
+#: freeculture.xml:10160
msgid ""
"I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning "
"forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10168
+#: freeculture.xml:10169
msgid ""
"Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled "
"Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form "
#. PAGE BREAK 214
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10174
+#: freeculture.xml:10175
msgid ""
"It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable "
"why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10185
+#: freeculture.xml:10186
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this "
"corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10196 freeculture.xml:10306
+#: freeculture.xml:10194 freeculture.xml:10307
msgid "von Lohmann, Fred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10194
+#: freeculture.xml:10196
msgid ""
"<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von "
-"Lohmann explains, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Lohmann explains,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10200
+#: freeculture.xml:10201
msgid ""
"then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to "
"one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10212
+#: freeculture.xml:10213
msgid ""
"And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into "
"criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10217
+#: freeculture.xml:10218
msgid ""
"Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA "
"launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the "
#. f20.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10235
+#: freeculture.xml:10236
msgid ""
"See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single "
"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10226
+#: freeculture.xml:10227
msgid ""
"The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to "
"sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded "
#. f21.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10253
+#: freeculture.xml:10254
msgid ""
"See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses "
"Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10249
+#: freeculture.xml:10250
msgid ""
"Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A "
"report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted "
#. f22.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10274
+#: freeculture.xml:10275
msgid ""
"See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not "
"Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10262
+#: freeculture.xml:10263
msgid ""
"So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a "
"CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10294
+#: freeculture.xml:10295
msgid ""
"Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a "
"lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10310
+#: freeculture.xml:10311
msgid ""
"So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans "
"that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10330
+#: freeculture.xml:10331
msgid ""
"When forty to sixty million Americans are considered "
"<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10343
+#: freeculture.xml:10344
msgid "BALANCES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10348
+#: freeculture.xml:10349
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at "
"the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10355
+#: freeculture.xml:10356
msgid ""
"As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the "
"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10363
+#: freeculture.xml:10364
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all "
"around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current "
#. PAGE BREAK 219
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10373
+#: freeculture.xml:10374
msgid ""
"Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with "
"plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10381
+#: freeculture.xml:10382
msgid ""
"Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and "
"fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10386
+#: freeculture.xml:10387
msgid ""
"We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, "
"binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10392
+#: freeculture.xml:10393
msgid ""
"This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my "
"failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10402
+#: freeculture.xml:10403
msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10403
+#: freeculture.xml:10404
msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10405
+#: freeculture.xml:10406
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his "
"daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10414
+#: freeculture.xml:10415
msgid ""
"It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne "
"any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a "
#. PAGE BREAK 221
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10421
+#: freeculture.xml:10422
msgid ""
"Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, "
"though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10432
+#: freeculture.xml:10433
msgid ""
"Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source "
"as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10456
+#: freeculture.xml:10457
msgid ""
"There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but "
"it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10445
+#: freeculture.xml:10446
msgid ""
"The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public "
"domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10473
+#: freeculture.xml:10474
msgid ""
"As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection "
"of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10486 freeculture.xml:10496
+#: freeculture.xml:10487 freeculture.xml:10497
msgid "Bono, Mary"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10487 freeculture.xml:10497
+#: freeculture.xml:10488 freeculture.xml:10498
msgid "Bono, Sonny"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10496
+#: freeculture.xml:10497
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10491
+#: freeculture.xml:10492
msgid ""
"This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in "
"memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10509
+#: freeculture.xml:10510
msgid ""
"Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through "
"civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10518
+#: freeculture.xml:10519
msgid ""
"It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a "
"constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10529
+#: freeculture.xml:10530
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by "
"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10535
+#: freeculture.xml:10536
msgid ""
"As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of "
"Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10554 freeculture.xml:12033
+#: freeculture.xml:10545 freeculture.xml:12033
msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 223
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10545
+#: freeculture.xml:10547
msgid ""
"In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending "
"existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if "
"effect. If every time a copyright is about to expire, Congress has the power "
"to extend its term, then Congress can achieve what the Constitution plainly "
"forbids—perpetual terms <quote>on the installment plan,</quote> as "
-"Professor Peter Jaszi so nicely put it. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"Professor Peter Jaszi so nicely put it."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10557
+#: freeculture.xml:10558
msgid ""
"As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting "
"late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10568
+#: freeculture.xml:10569
msgid ""
"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of "
"government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10577
+#: freeculture.xml:10578
msgid ""
"If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the "
"very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10587
+#: freeculture.xml:10588
msgid ""
"So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of "
"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to "
#. PAGE BREAK 224
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10594
+#: freeculture.xml:10595
msgid ""
"<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in "
"works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10602
+#: freeculture.xml:10603
msgid ""
"<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, "
"<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10608
+#: freeculture.xml:10609
msgid ""
"<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing "
"something about it?</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10612
+#: freeculture.xml:10613
msgid ""
"<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could "
"contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10617
+#: freeculture.xml:10618
msgid ""
"You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know "
"whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10623
+#: freeculture.xml:10624
msgid ""
"<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you "
"will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10629
+#: freeculture.xml:10630
msgid ""
"You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct "
"conclusion:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10633
+#: freeculture.xml:10634
msgid ""
"<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than "
"$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10639
+#: freeculture.xml:10640
msgid ""
"<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to "
"you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from "
#. PAGE BREAK 225
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10645
+#: freeculture.xml:10646
msgid ""
"You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, "
"you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10656
+#: freeculture.xml:10657
msgid ""
"Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be "
"bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10668
+#: freeculture.xml:10669
msgid ""
"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey "
"Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10675
+#: freeculture.xml:10676
msgid ""
"See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information "
"Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10683
+#: freeculture.xml:10684
msgid ""
"Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10661
+#: freeculture.xml:10662
msgid ""
"In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term "
"Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10690
+#: freeculture.xml:10691
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to "
"the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's "
#. PAGE BREAK 226
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10702
+#: freeculture.xml:10703
msgid ""
"It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would "
"not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10715
+#: freeculture.xml:10716
msgid ""
"Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very "
"broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10725
+#: freeculture.xml:10726
msgid ""
"As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no "
"limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10731 freeculture.xml:11514
+#: freeculture.xml:10732 freeculture.xml:11514
msgid "Rehnquist, William H."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10733
+#: freeculture.xml:10734
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in "
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10748
+#: freeculture.xml:10749
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 "
"U.S. 549, 564 (1995)."
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10755
+#: freeculture.xml:10756
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 "
"U.S. 598 (2000)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10746
+#: freeculture.xml:10747
msgid ""
"<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's "
"arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10762
+#: freeculture.xml:10763
msgid ""
"If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries "
"from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of "
#. PAGE BREAK 227
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10759
+#: freeculture.xml:10760
msgid ""
"If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress "
"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10783
+#: freeculture.xml:10784
msgid ""
"<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in "
"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10796
+#: freeculture.xml:10797
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure "
"we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not "
"us all."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:10814
+msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10820
+#: freeculture.xml:10822
msgid ""
"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, "
"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #51</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10828
-msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10814
+#: freeculture.xml:10816
msgid ""
"Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the "
"Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it is not piracy when the law allows it; "
"and in our constitutional system, our law requires it. Some may not like the "
"Constitution's requirements, but that doesn't make the Constitution a "
-"pirate's charter. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"pirate's charter."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10831
+#: freeculture.xml:10832
msgid ""
"As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a "
"way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10843
+#: freeculture.xml:10844
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are "
"responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in "
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10861
+#: freeculture.xml:10862
msgid ""
"The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the "
"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10855
+#: freeculture.xml:10856
msgid ""
"If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) "
"affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that "
#. PAGE BREAK 229
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10870
+#: freeculture.xml:10871
msgid ""
"Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, "
"as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10883
+#: freeculture.xml:10884
msgid ""
"Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still "
"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10891
+#: freeculture.xml:10892
msgid ""
"Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the "
"current copyright owners. How would you do that?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10895
+#: freeculture.xml:10896
msgid ""
"Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners "
"somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10902
+#: freeculture.xml:10903
msgid ""
"But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of "
"the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10911
+#: freeculture.xml:10912
msgid ""
"<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the "
"apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10916
+#: freeculture.xml:10917
msgid ""
"Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty "
"of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles "
#. PAGE BREAK 230
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10925
+#: freeculture.xml:10926
msgid ""
"So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house "
"by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10940
+#: freeculture.xml:10941
msgid ""
"Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The "
"library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10952
+#: freeculture.xml:10953
msgid ""
"The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, "
"and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10957
+#: freeculture.xml:10958
msgid "Agee, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10958 freeculture.xml:11394
+#: freeculture.xml:10959 freeculture.xml:11394
msgid "Hal Roach Studios"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10959
+#: freeculture.xml:10960
msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:10961
+msgid "Lucky Dog, The"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10972
+#: freeculture.xml:10974
msgid ""
"See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright "
"Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David "
"<citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 9 October 2002."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10978
-msgid "Lucky Dog, The"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10961
+#: freeculture.xml:10963
msgid ""
"Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which "
"owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct "
"controls the exclusive rights for these popular films, he makes a great deal "
"of money. According to one estimate, <quote>Roach has sold about 60,000 "
"videocassettes and 50,000 DVDs of the duo's silent "
-"films.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"films.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"was unconstitutional regardless of one's politics."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11358 freeculture.xml:11384
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11345 freeculture.xml:11372
msgid "Eagle Forum"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11359
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11346
msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11346
+#: freeculture.xml:11348
msgid ""
"The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. "
"editorial documented, was the power of money. Schlafly enumerated Disney's "
"contributions to the key players on the committees. It was money, not "
"justice, that gave Mickey Mouse twenty more years in Disney's control, "
-"Schlafly argued. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"Schlafly argued."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"conservative argument persuaded a strong conservative judge, Judge Sentelle."
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 239
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11370
+#: freeculture.xml:11374
msgid ""
"In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it "
"gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software "
"were two law professors' briefs, one by copyright scholars and one by First "
"Amendment scholars. There was an exhaustive and uncontroverted brief by the "
"world's experts in the history of the Progress Clause. And of course, there "
-"was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
+"was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11391
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11386
msgid "American Association of Law Libraries"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11392
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11387
msgid "National Writers Union"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11387
+#: freeculture.xml:11389
msgid ""
"Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, "
"there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including "
"the Internet Archive, the American Association of Law Libraries, and the "
-"National Writers Union. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"National Writers Union."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff