msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-10-25 08:15+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-12-01 10:48+0100\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-08-29 11:14+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere@hungry.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål <i18n-nb@lister.ping.uio.no>\n"
"copies of the Internet and stored them."
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>I april 1996</emphasis> hadde millioner av "
-"<quote>bots</quote> dataprogramkode utformet for å "
-"<quote>kravle</quote> eller automatisk søking på internettet og "
-"kopiering av innhold—gikk i gang over nettet. Side for side "
-"kopierte disse botene internet-basert informasjon til et lite sett "
-"maskiner plassert i en kjeller i San Franciscos Presidio. Da botene "
-"var ferdig med hele internettet startet de på nytt. Igjen og igjen, "
-"en gang hver to måneder, tok disse bitene med kode kopier av "
+"<quote>bots</quote> dataprogramkode utformet for å <quote>kravle</quote> "
+"eller automatisk søking på internettet og kopiering av innhold—gikk i "
+"gang over nettet. Side for side kopierte disse botene internet-basert "
+"informasjon til et lite sett maskiner plassert i en kjeller i San Franciscos "
+"Presidio. Da botene var ferdig med hele internettet startet de på nytt. "
+"Igjen og igjen, en gang hver to måneder, tok disse bitene med kode kopier av "
"internettet og lagret dem."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
"page, and see all of its copies going back to 1996, as well as when those "
"pages changed."
msgstr ""
-"I oktober 2001 hadde botene samlet mer enn fem år med kopier. Og "
-"ved en liten kunngjøring i Berkeley, Californa, ble arkivene som disse "
-"kopiene utgjorde, Internettarkivet, åpnet for verden. Ved å bruke en "
-"teknologi ved navn <quote>Way Back machine</quote> kan du skrive inn "
-"en nettside og se alle dets kopier helt tilbake til 1996, samt se når "
-"disse sidene endret seg."
+"I oktober 2001 hadde botene samlet mer enn fem år med kopier. Og ved en "
+"liten kunngjøring i Berkeley, Californa, ble arkivene som disse kopiene "
+"utgjorde, Internettarkivet, åpnet for verden. Ved å bruke en teknologi ved "
+"navn <quote>Way Back machine</quote> kan du skrive inn en nettside og se "
+"alle dets kopier helt tilbake til 1996, samt se når disse sidene endret seg."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Orwell, George"
"constantly updated to assure that the current view of the world, approved of "
"by the government, was not contradicted by previous news reports."
msgstr ""
-"Dette er en egenskap med internettet som Orwell visse satt pris på. "
-"I den dystre verden beskrevet i <citetitle>1984</citetitle> ble gamle aviser "
+"Dette er en egenskap med internettet som Orwell visse satt pris på. I den "
+"dystre verden beskrevet i <citetitle>1984</citetitle> ble gamle aviser "
"kontinuerlig oppdatert for å sikre at gjeldende oppfattning av verden, "
"godkjent av myndighetene, ikke ble motsagt av gamle nyhetsmeldinger."
"ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was "
"printed on the date published on the paper."
msgstr ""
-"Tusenvis av arbeidere redigerte konstant fortiden, hvilket gjorde at "
-"det aldri var mulig å vite om historien du leste i dag var historien "
-"som ble trykket den datoen som sto ført opp på papiret."
+"Tusenvis av arbeidere redigerte konstant fortiden, hvilket gjorde at det "
+"aldri var mulig å vite om historien du leste i dag var historien som ble "
+"trykket den datoen som sto ført opp på papiret."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"easily be different. The Internet is Orwell's library—constantly "
"updated, without any reliable memory."
msgstr ""
-"Det er det samme med internettet. Hvis du besøker en nettside i dag "
-"så har du ingen måte å vite om innholdte du leser nå er det samme som "
-"innholdet du leste tidligere. Siden kan se helt lik ut, men innholdet "
-"kan ganske enkelt vær helt annerledes. Internettet er Orwells "
-"bibliotek—kontinuerlig oppdatert, uten en pålitelig hukommelse."
+"Det er det samme med internettet. Hvis du besøker en nettside i dag så har "
+"du ingen måte å vite om innholdte du leser nå er det samme som innholdet du "
+"leste tidligere. Siden kan se helt lik ut, men innholdet kan ganske enkelt "
+"vær helt annerledes. Internettet er Orwells bibliotek—kontinuerlig "
+"oppdatert, uten en pålitelig hukommelse."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "White House press releases"
"That was later changed, without notice, to <quote>Major Combat Operations in "
"Iraq Have Ended.</quote> E-mail from Brewster Kahle, 1 December 2003."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> Fristelsene er dog der fortsatt. "
-"Brewster Kahle forteller at Det hvite hus endrer sine egne "
-"pressemeldinger uten varsel. En pressemelding fra 13. mai 2003 "
-"inneholdt <quote>Kampoperasjoner i Irak er over</quote>. Det ble "
-"senere endret, uten varsel, til <quote>Større kampoperasjoner i Irak "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> Fristelsene er dog der fortsatt. Brewster Kahle forteller at Det "
+"hvite hus endrer sine egne pressemeldinger uten varsel. En pressemelding "
+"fra 13. mai 2003 inneholdt <quote>Kampoperasjoner i Irak er over</quote>. "
+"Det ble senere endret, uten varsel, til <quote>Større kampoperasjoner i Irak "
"er over</quote>. Epost fra Brewster Kahle, 1. desember 2003."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"the power to find what you don't remember and what others might prefer you "
"forget.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"I hvert fall før Way Back Machine dukket opp. Ved hjelp av Way Back Machine, "
-"og Internettarkivet som ligger til grunn for denne, så kan du se "
+"I hvert fall før Way Back Machine dukket opp. Ved hjelp av Way Back "
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"hvordan internettet var. Du har mulighet til å se det du husker. Og "
-"kanskje viktigere, så har du mulighet til å finne det du ikke husker "
-"og det andre kanskje fortrekker at du glemmer.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"kanskje viktigere, så har du mulighet til å finne det du ikke husker og det "
+"andre kanskje fortrekker at du glemmer.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "history, records of"
"free, using a library, to go back and remember—not just what it is "
"convenient to remember, but remember something close to the truth."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role='strong'>Vi tar det</emphasis> for gitt at vi kan gå "
-"tilbake å se det vi husker å ha lest. Tenk for eksempel på aviser. "
-"Hvis du ønsker å studenere reaksjonene i lokalavisen din om "
-"raseopprørene i Watts i 1965, eller til vannkanonen til Bull Connor i "
-"1963, så kan du gå til ditt lokale bibliotek og se i avisene. Disse "
-"artiklene finnes sannsynligvis på microfiche. Hvis du er heldig, så "
-"eksisterer de også på papir. Uansett, så står du fritt til, ved å "
-"bruke et bibliotek, å gå tilbake for å huske—ikke bare det som "
-"er behagelig å huske, men å huske noe som er nær sannheten."
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Vi tar det</emphasis> for gitt at vi kan gå tilbake "
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+"studenere reaksjonene i lokalavisen din om raseopprørene i Watts i 1965, "
+"eller til vannkanonen til Bull Connor i 1963, så kan du gå til ditt lokale "
+"bibliotek og se i avisene. Disse artiklene finnes sannsynligvis på "
+"microfiche. Hvis du er heldig, så eksisterer de også på papir. Uansett, så "
+"står du fritt til, ved å bruke et bibliotek, å gå tilbake for å huske—"
+"ikke bare det som er behagelig å huske, men å huske noe som er nær sannheten."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"help do that, by collecting content and keeping it, for schoolchildren, for "
"researchers, for grandma. A free society presumes this knowedge."
msgstr ""
-"Det sies at de som ikke husker historien er dømt til å gjenta den. "
-"Det er ikke helt riktig. Vi <emphasis>alle</emphasis> glemmer "
-"historien. Nøkkelen er hvorvidt vi har en måte å gå tilbake for å "
-"gjenoppdage det vi har glemt. Helt konkret er nøkkelen hvorvidt en "
-"objektiv fortid kan holde oss ærlige. Biblioteker bidrar til dette, "
-"ved å samle innhold og ta vare på det, for skolebarn, for forskere, for "
-"bestemor. Et fritt samfunn forutsetter denne kunnskapen."
+"Det sies at de som ikke husker historien er dømt til å gjenta den. Det er "
+"ikke helt riktig. Vi <emphasis>alle</emphasis> glemmer historien. Nøkkelen "
+"er hvorvidt vi har en måte å gå tilbake for å gjenoppdage det vi har glemt. "
+"Helt konkret er nøkkelen hvorvidt en objektiv fortid kan holde oss ærlige. "
+"Biblioteker bidrar til dette, ved å samle innhold og ta vare på det, for "
+"skolebarn, for forskere, for bestemor. Et fritt samfunn forutsetter denne "
+"kunnskapen."
#. PAGE BREAK 121
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"of newspapers from tiny towns around the world, yet there is but one copy of "
"the Internet—the one kept by the Internet Archive."
msgstr ""
-"Internettet var en unntak fra denne forutsetningen. Før "
-"Internettarkivet var det ikke mulig å gå tilbake. Internettet var i "
-"essens et flyktig medium. Og likevel, etter hvert som det ble "
-"viktigere og viktigere i å forme og reformere samfunnet, så blir det "
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-"Det er helt sært å tenke på at vi har masse arkiver med aviser fra små "
-"tettsteder rundt om i hele verden, men det finnes bare en kopi av "
-"internettet—den som blir oppbevart av Internettarkivet."
+"Internettet var en unntak fra denne forutsetningen. Før Internettarkivet "
+"var det ikke mulig å gå tilbake. Internettet var i essens et flyktig "
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+"forme og reformere samfunnet, så blir det viktigere og viktigere å bevare "
+"det i en eller annen historisk form. Det er helt sært å tenke på at vi har "
+"masse arkiver med aviser fra små tettsteder rundt om i hele verden, men det "
+"finnes bare en kopi av internettet—den som blir oppbevart av "
+"Internettarkivet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Internet. By December of 2002, the archive had over 10 billion pages, and it "
"was growing at about a billion pages a month."
msgstr ""
-"Brewster Kahle er stifter av Internettarkivet. Han var en svært "
-"vellykket internett-entreprenør etter at han hadde vært en vellykket "
-"data-forsker. På 1990-tallet bestemte Kahle seg at han hadde hatt nok "
-"suksess som forretningsmann, og at det var på tide å lykkes på "
-"et annet område. Derfor lanserte han en serie prosjekter som ble "
-"utformet for å arkivere menneskelig kunnskap. Internettarkivet var "
-"bare det første av prosjektene til denne *Andrew Carnige* for "
-"internettet. I desember 2002 hadde arkivet over ti milliard sider, og "
-"det vokste med omtrent en milliard sider i måneden."
+"Brewster Kahle er stifter av Internettarkivet. Han var en svært vellykket "
+"internett-entreprenør etter at han hadde vært en vellykket data-forsker. På "
+"1990-tallet bestemte Kahle seg at han hadde hatt nok suksess som "
+"forretningsmann, og at det var på tide å lykkes på et annet område. Derfor "
+"lanserte han en serie prosjekter som ble utformet for å arkivere menneskelig "
+"kunnskap. Internettarkivet var bare det første av prosjektene til denne "
+"*Andrew Carnige* for internettet. I desember 2002 hadde arkivet over ti "
+"milliard sider, og det vokste med omtrent en milliard sider i måneden."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Library of Congress"
"Kahle put it,"
msgstr ""
"Way Back Machine er det største arkivet over menneskelig kunnskap i "
-"menneskehetens historie. Ved slutten av 2002 inneholdt det <quote>to "
-"hundre og tredve terrabyte med materiale</quote>—og var "
-"<quote>ti ganger større enn kongressbiblioteket</quote>. Og dette var "
-"bare det første av arkivene som Kahle gikk i gang med å bygge. I "
-"tillegg til Internettarkivet er Kahle i gang med å konstruere "
-"TV-arkivet. TV, viser det seg, er enda mer flyktig enn internettet. "
-"Selv om mye av kulturen i det tjuende århundret ble til gjennom "
-"fjernsyn, så er bare en liten andel av den kulturen tilgjengelig for "
-"de som vil se det i dag. Tre timer med nyheter blir tatt opp hver "
-"kveld av Vanderbilt University—takket være et spesifikt unntak i "
-"opphavsrettsloven. Det innholdet blir gjort søkbart og er "
-"tilgjengelig for forskere for en svært lav avgift. <quote>Men "
-"bortsett fra det, så er [TV] nesten fullstendig utilgjengelig</quote>, "
-"fortalte Kahle meg. <quote>Hvis du er Barbara Walters så kan du få "
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-"Som Kahle formulete det,"
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+"opphavsrettsloven. Det innholdet blir gjort søkbart og er tilgjengelig for "
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+"du er Barbara Walters så kan du få tilgang til [arkivene], men hva hvis du "
+"bare er en student?</quote> Som Kahle formulete det,"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Quayle, Dan"
"after it … it would be almost impossible. … Those materials "
"are almost unfindable. …"
msgstr ""
-"Husker du da Dan Quayle snakket med Murphy Brown? Husker du den "
-"uvirkelige opplevelsen av samtalen som gikk frem og tilbake mellom en "
-"politiker og en fiktig TV-karakter? Hvis du var en student som ønsket "
-"å studere dette, og du ønsket å få tak i den originale samtalen som "
-"gikk frem og tilbake mellom de to og <citetitle>60 "
-"Minutes</citetitle>-episoden som kom ut etter dette … så ville det "
-"være nesten umulig … Dette materialet er nesten umulig å "
-"finne. …"
+"Husker du da Dan Quayle snakket med Murphy Brown? Husker du den uvirkelige "
+"opplevelsen av samtalen som gikk frem og tilbake mellom en politiker og en "
+"fiktig TV-karakter? Hvis du var en student som ønsket å studere dette, og "
+"du ønsket å få tak i den originale samtalen som gikk frem og tilbake mellom "
+"de to og <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle>-episoden som kom ut etter dette "
+"… så ville det være nesten umulig … Dette materialet er nesten "
+"umulig å finne. …"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "newspapers"
"have an easier time than researchers trying to understand the effect of "
"media on twentieth-century America?"
msgstr ""
-"Hvorfor er det slik? Hvor er den delen av kulturen vår som er lagret "
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-"på videobånd er det? Hvorfor har vi laget en verden der forskere som "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Dette er delvis på grunn av loven. Opphavsrettseiere var tidlig i "
"amerikansk opphavsrettslov nødt til å deponere kopier av sine verk i "
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+"sikre at det fantes en kopi av verket tilgjenggelig når vernetiden utløp, "
+"slik at andre kunne få tilgang til og kopiere verket."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
msgid "archive of"
"copy exists—if it exists at all—in the library archive of the "
"film company.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Disse reglene gjalt også for filmer. Men i 1915 gjorde "
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-"tatt—i arkivbiblioteket til filmselskapet.<placeholder "
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+"gjort slik deponering. Men filmskaperne fikk så lov til å låne tilbake de "
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+"det mer enn 5475 filmer deponert og <quote>lånt tilbake</quote>. Dermed var "
+"det ikke noe eksemplar i noe bibliotek når vernetiden til filmen utløp. "
+"Eksemplaret eksisterer—hvis den finnes i det hele tatt—i "
+"arkivbiblioteket til filmselskapet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"part of American culture is practically invisible to anyone who would look."
msgstr ""
"Det samme er generelt sett sant også for TV. Fjernsynssendinger var "
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+"<quote>opphavsrettsbeskyttet</quote>. Men disse eksemplarene ble kun lagret "
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+"til dem, og myndighetene gjorde ikke krav på dem. Innholdet fra denne delen "
+"av amerikansk kultur er i praksis usynlig for alle som kunne tenke seg å se "
+"den."
#. PAGE BREAK 123
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"of September 11 available free on-line. Anyone could see how news reports "
"from around the world covered the events of that day."
msgstr ""
-"Kahle ivret etter å rette på dette. Før 11. september 2001 hadde han "
-"og hans allierte begynt å ta opp TV. De valgte tjue stasjoner rundt "
-"om i verden og trykket på opptaksknappen. Etter 11. september jobbet "
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+"Kahle ivret etter å rette på dette. Før 11. september 2001 hadde han og "
+"hans allierte begynt å ta opp TV. De valgte tjue stasjoner rundt om i "
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+"et dusin andre og valgte tjue stasjoner verden rundt og 11. oktober 2001 ut "
+"alt dekningen derfra for uken rundt 11. september fritt tilgjengelig på "
+"nett. Envher kunne se hvordan nyhetsmeldingene verden rundt dekket "
+"hendelsene den dagen."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Movie Archive"
"download the film in a few minutes—for free."
msgstr ""
"Kahle hadde samme idé for film. I samarbeid med Rick Relinger, hvis "
-"filmarkiv inneholder nesten 45 000 <quote>flyktige filmer</quote> "
-"(i betydningen filmer som ikke er Hollywood-filmer, filmer som aldri "
-"ble opphavsrettsbeskyttet), etablerte Kahle Filmarkivet. Prelinger "
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-"er et kommersielt selskap og selger eksemplarer av disse filmene som "
-"klipparkiv. Det han oppdaget etter at han gjorde en anseelig andel "
-"gratis tilgjengelig, var at salget av klipparkivmaterialet steg dramatisk. "
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+"quote>-filmen som gir barn instrukser om hvordan de skal redde seg selv "
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+"få minutter—gratis."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
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"require these copies to be kept by anyone, or to be deposited in an archive "
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
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"during the commercial life of a bit of creative property, but during a "
"second life that all creative property has—a noncommercial life."
msgstr ""
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+"liven som all kreativ eiendom har—et ikke-kommersielt liv."
#. PAGE BREAK 124
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"that content, commercial life is extremely important. Without this "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter "
"by Adopting Business,</quote> <citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 5. "
"september 1997, ved Metro Lake 1L. For bøker publisert mellom 1927 og 1946, "
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-
+"var kun 2,2 prosent fortsatt tilgjengelig fra forlaget 2002. R. Anthony "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
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#. PAGE BREAK 125
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"difficult to do anything about this ephemeral culture; the law had little "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
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"published, and increasingly makes it possible to imagine an archive of all "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
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"for the first time at a point where that dream is possible. As Kahle "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary>
msgid "total number of"
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#. PAGE BREAK 126
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"emphasis> our past. The technology of digital arts could make the dream of "
"the Library of Alexandria real again."
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
msgid "CHAPTER TEN: <quote>Property</quote>"
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment"
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#. PAGE BREAK 128
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"is no Mr. Smith. When Valenti went to Washington, he mastered the city in a "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
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-"perfekt:"
+"Valentis vitnemål i 1982 til kongressen fanget denne strategien perfekt:"
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
"nation.</quote> There are no second-class citizens, Valenti might have "
"continued. There should be no second-class property owners."
msgstr ""
-"Strategien for denne retorikken, som strategien til det meste av "
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-"enkel. Det <quote>sentrale temaet</quote> som <quote>fornuftige menn "
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-"alle andre eiendomseiere i nasjonen</quote>. Det finnes ikke "
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-"annenrangs eiendomseiere."
+"Strategien for denne retorikken, som strategien til det meste av Valentis "
+"retorikk, er strålende og enkel og strålede fordi den er enkel. Det "
+"<quote>sentrale temaet</quote> som <quote>fornuftige menn og kvinner</quote> "
+"vil komme tilbake til er dette: <quote>Kreative eiendomseiere må få de samme "
+"rettigheter og beskyttelse som gis til alle andre eiendomseiere i nasjonen</"
+"quote>. Det finnes ikke annenrangs borgere, kunne Valenti fortsatt. Det "
+"bør ikke finnes noen annenrangs eiendomseiere."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"subtle pull of his Texan charm has slowly redefined that tradition, at least "
"in Washington."
msgstr ""
-"Denne påstanden har en åpenbar og kraftig intuitiv appell. Den er "
-"uttrykt med slik klarhet for å gjøre idéen like åpenbar som "
-"oppfatningen om at vi bruker avstemming for å velge presidenter. Men "
-"faktum er at det ikke er mer ekstreme påstander fremmet av "
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+"Denne påstanden har en åpenbar og kraftig intuitiv appell. Den er uttrykt "
+"med slik klarhet for å gjøre idéen like åpenbar som oppfatningen om at vi "
+"bruker avstemming for å velge presidenter. Men faktum er at det ikke er mer "
+"ekstreme påstander fremmet av <quote>noen</quote> som er seriøs i denne "
+"debatten enn denne påstanden fra Valenti. Jack Valenti, uansett hvor "
+"hyggelig og brilliant han fremstår, er kanskje nasjonens fremste ekstremist "
+"når det gjelder egenskapene og rekkeviden for <quote>kreativ eiendom</"
+"quote>. Hans syn har <emphasis>ingen</emphasis> fornuftig forbindelse til "
+"vår faktiske juridiske tradisjon, selv om subtile påvirkning fra hans Texas-"
+"sjarm sakte har endret definisjonen på denne tradisjonen, i hvert fall i "
+"Washington."
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"and the Constitution</citetitle> (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), "
"26–27."
msgstr ""
-"Advokater snakker ikke om <quote>eiendom</quote> som en absolutt "
-"ting, men som en samling med rettigheter som noen ganger er knyttet "
-"til et bestemt objekt. Dermed gir <quote>eiendomsretten</quote> min "
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-"Press 1977), 26–27."
+"Advokater snakker ikke om <quote>eiendom</quote> som en absolutt ting, men "
+"som en samling med rettigheter som noen ganger er knyttet til et bestemt "
+"objekt. Dermed gir <quote>eiendomsretten</quote> min til bilen min meg en "
+"ekslusiv rett til å bruke den, men ikke retten til å kjøre i 200 kilometer i "
+"timen. For det beste forsøket på å knytte den vanlige betydningen av "
+"<quote>eiendom</quote> til <quote>advokatspråk</quote>, se Bruce Ackerman, "
+"<citetitle>Private Property and the Constitution</citetitle> (New Haven: "
+"Yale University Press 1977), 26–27."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"same rights as all other property owners, that would effect a radical, and "
"radically undesirable, change in our tradition."
msgstr ""
-"Mens <quote>kreativ eiendom</quote> helt klart er "
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+"uønsket endring i vår tradisjon hvis eiere av kreativ eiendom ble gitt de "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"1710. In the world that Valenti's changes would create, a powerful few would "
"exercise powerful control over how our creative culture would develop."
msgstr ""
-"Valenti vet dette. Men han snakker på vegne av en industri som ikke "
-"bryr seg om vår tradisjon og verdiene den representerer. Han snakker "
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+"mektige aktører utøve kraftig kontroll over hvordan vår kreative kultur får "
+"utvikle seg."
#. PAGE BREAK 130
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"for new creators to create. Creativity depends upon the owners of "
"creativity having less than perfect control."
msgstr ""
-"Jeg har to formål med dette kapittelet. Dte første er å overbevise "
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+"Jeg har to formål med dette kapittelet. Dte første er å overbevise deg om "
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+"overbevise deg om at det ville være forferdelig galt av oss å avvise får "
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+"rettighetene som hører til alle andre eiendomseiere. De har aldri vært "
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+"for å gjøre dem like ville være å fundamentalt svekke muligheten for nye "
+"skapere til å skape. Kreativitet er avhengig av at eierne av kreativitet "
+"ikke har perfekt kontroll."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"culture must preserve precisely the opportunity for new creativity to "
"threaten the old."
msgstr ""
-"Organisasjoner som MPAA, der styret inkluderer de mektigste av den "
-"gamle garde, hra liten interesse, på tross av deres retorikk, i å "
-"sikre at det nye kan erstatte dem. Ingen organisasjon har det. Ingen "
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+"Organisasjoner som MPAA, der styret inkluderer de mektigste av den gamle "
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+"ikke nødvendigvis bra for Amerika. Et samfunn som forsvarer idealene til en "
+"fri kultur må ta vare på spesielt muligheten for ny kreativitet til å true "
+"den gamle."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further "
"than the United States Constitution itself."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role='strong'>For å få</emphasis> et lite hint om at det er "
-"noe fundamentalt galt med Valentis argument trenger vi ikke se lenger "
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+"<emphasis role='strong'>For å få</emphasis> et lite hint om at det er noe "
+"fundamentalt galt med Valentis argument trenger vi ikke se lenger en til "
+"grunnloven til USA."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis>ever</emphasis> be taken from the property owner unless the "
"government pays for the privilege."
msgstr ""
-"Forfatterne av vår grunnlov elsket <quote>eiendom</quote>. De elsket "
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+"Forfatterne av vår grunnlov elsket <quote>eiendom</quote>. De elsket de "
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+"det femte grunnlovstilleggets <quote>beslagleggings-avsnitt</quote>, at du "
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+"Grunnloven garanterer dermed at eiendom på en måte er urenkelig. Den kan "
+"<emphasis>aldri</emphasis> tas fra eiendomseieren med mindre myndighetene "
+"betaler for det privilegiet."
#. PAGE BREAK 131
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"the same rights as every other property-right owner. He is effectively "
"arguing for a change in our Constitution itself."
msgstr ""
-"Grunnloven sier dermed rett frem at disse to formene for eiendom ikke "
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+"Grunnloven sier dermed rett frem at disse to formene for eiendom ikke skal "
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+"som enhver annen eiendomseier. Han argumenterer i effekt for å endre "
+"grunnloven selv."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"mistakes; no doubt there could be others that we should reject as well. So "
"my argument is not simply that because Jefferson did it, we should, too."
msgstr ""
-"Å argumentere for en endring i grunnlvoen vår er ikke nødvendigvis "
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+"Å argumentere for en endring i grunnlvoen vår er ikke nødvendigvis galt. "
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+"vi også gjøre det."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"given the same rights as all other property? Why did they require that for "
"creative property there must be a public domain?"
msgstr ""
-"I stedet er mitt argument at på grunn av at Jefferson gjorde det, bør "
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+"et allemannseie?"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"ideas will not succeed. It is a world of stasis and increasingly "
"concentrated stagnation. It is the Soviet Union under Brezhnev."
msgstr ""
-"Det åpenbare svaret på disse åpenbart retoriske spørsmålene er nei. "
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+"beskytte dem mot tap. Hvis myndighetene gjorde dette generelt, så ville vi "
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+"Det er sovjetunionen under Brezhnev."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"increase farm production."
msgstr ""
"I 1873 ble kjemikaliet DDT syntesert første gang. I 1948 vant den "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was "
"important and valuable and probably saved lives, possibly millions."
msgstr ""
-"Ingen tviler på at det er en god ting å drepe sykdomsbærende skadedyr "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Carson, Rachel"
"copyrights will pass into the public domain by virtue of the expiration of a "
"copyright term."
msgstr ""
-"Effekten av disse utvidelsene er ganske enkelt å skattlegge, eller "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"changes if we're to keep this debate in context."
msgstr ""
"<quote>Dekningsområdet</quote> for opphavsretten er den rekken av "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences."
msgstr ""
-"La oss se på et praktisk eksempel for å forstå omfanget av disse forskjellene."
+"La oss se på et praktisk eksempel for å forstå omfanget av disse "
+"forskjellene."
#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
"regulation of a tiny proportion of a tiny part of the creative market in the "
"United States—publishers."
msgstr ""
-"Hvis du i 1790 skrev en bok og du var en av de fem prosentene som "
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+"typen urimelig konkurranse. I 1790 var det 174 utgivere i USA.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opphavsrettslovgivingen var dermed en liten "
+"regulering av en liten andel av et liten del av det kreative markedet i "
"USA—utgivere."
#. PAGE BREAK 149
msgid ""
"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty circle."
msgstr ""
-"Vi kan se dette poenget helt abstrakt ved å starte med denne i "
-"hovedsak tomme sirkel."
+"Vi kan se dette poenget helt abstrakt ved å starte med denne i hovedsak "
+"tomme sirkel."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
msgid "All potential uses of a book."
"Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a "
"copyrighted work."
msgstr ""
-"Å gi ut på nytt står i midten av denne sirkelen av mulige "
-"bruksområder for et opphavsrettsbeskyttet verk."
+"Å gi ut på nytt står i midten av denne sirkelen av mulige bruksområder for "
+"et opphavsrettsbeskyttet verk."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>"
"Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively "
"regulated."
msgstr ""
-"Bruk som tidligere var antatt å ikke være regulert er nå antatt å "
-"være regulert."
+"Bruk som tidligere var antatt å ikke være regulert er nå antatt å være "
+"regulert."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>"
"så mener du kanskje at det er lite i den historien å bekymre deg over."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, "
"it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket "
-"ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special one at that, 188 "
-"pages into a book like this), then you can see this other aspect by "
-"substituting <quote>free market</quote> every place I've spoken of "
-"<quote>free culture.</quote> The point is the same, even if the interests "
-"affecting culture are more fundamental."
+"ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special one at that, "
+"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: pagenumber\" linkend=\"innovators\"/> pages into a "
+"book like this), then you can see this other aspect by substituting "
+"<quote>free market</quote> every place I've spoken of <quote>free culture.</"
+"quote> The point is the same, even if the interests affecting culture are "
+"more fundamental."
msgstr ""
"Men det er det en fasett med denne historien som over hodet ikke er "
-"venstrevridd. Faktisk er det en fasett som kunne vært skrevet av den "
-"mest ekstreme ideologiske forkjemper for markedet. hvis du er en av "
-"disse (og en svært spesiell en, 188 sider inn i en bok som denne), så "
-"kan du se denne andre fasetten ved å bytte inn <quote>fritt "
-"marked</quote> hver gang jeg har snakket om <quote>fri "
-"kultur</quote>. Poenget er det samme, selv om interessene som påvirker "
-"kultur er mer fundamentale."
+"venstrevridd. Faktisk er det en fasett som kunne vært skrevet av den mest "
+"ekstreme ideologiske forkjemper for markedet. hvis du er en av disse (og en "
+"svært spesiell en, <xref xrefstyle=\"select: pagenumber\" linkend=\"innovators\"/> sider inn i en bok som denne), så kan du se denne "
+"andre fasetten ved å bytte inn <quote>fritt marked</quote> hver gang jeg har "
+"snakket om <quote>fri kultur</quote>. Poenget er det samme, selv om "
+"interessene som påvirker kultur er mer fundamentale."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way "
"that even I (pessimist extraordinaire) would never have predicted."
msgstr ""
-"Her er et eksempel for å demonstrere dette poenget, en historie jeg "
-"fortalte starten av i <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> og som "
-"har utviklet seg på en måte som selv ikke jeg (en ekstraordinær "
-"pessimist) kunne ha spådd."
+"Her er et eksempel for å demonstrere dette poenget, en historie jeg fortalte "
+"starten av i <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> og som har utviklet "
+"seg på en måte som selv ikke jeg (en ekstraordinær pessimist) kunne ha spådd."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "MP3.com"
"system was therefore a kind of music-lockbox."
msgstr ""
"Denne idéen krevde et enkel måte å samle inn data om hva brukerne "
-"foretrekker. MP3.com kom opp med en svært snedig måte å samle inn "
-"data om hva brukerne foretrakk. Januar 2000 lanserte selskapet "
-"tjenesten my.mp3.com. Ved å bruke programvare fra MP3.com logget "
-"brukeren inn på en konto og satte så en CD inn i datamaskinen sin. "
-"Programvaren ville kjenne igjen CDen og så gi brukeren tilgang til det "
-"innholdet. Dermed kunne du hvis du f.eks. satte inn en CD av Jill "
-"Sobule, få tilgang til den musikken uansett hvor du var—på jobb "
-"eller hjemme—så snart du hadde logget inn på konto. Systemet "
-"var dermed en slags låsbart musikk-skrin."
+"foretrekker. MP3.com kom opp med en svært snedig måte å samle inn data om "
+"hva brukerne foretrakk. Januar 2000 lanserte selskapet tjenesten my.mp3."
+"com. Ved å bruke programvare fra MP3.com logget brukeren inn på en konto og "
+"satte så en CD inn i datamaskinen sin. Programvaren ville kjenne igjen CDen "
+"og så gi brukeren tilgang til det innholdet. Dermed kunne du hvis du f."
+"eks. satte inn en CD av Jill Sobule, få tilgang til den musikken uansett "
+"hvor du var—på jobb eller hjemme—så snart du hadde logget inn på "
+"konto. Systemet var dermed en slags låsbart musikk-skrin."
#. PAGE BREAK 199
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
"the users liked."
msgstr ""
"Det er ingen tvil om at noen kunne bruke dette systemet til å kopiere "
-"ulovlig innhold. Men den muligheten eksisterte både før og etter "
-"MP3.com. Målet med my.mpr.com-tjenesten var å gi brukere tilgang til "
-"deres eget innhold, og som et biprodukt av å se hva slags innhold de "
-"allerede eide, oppdage hva slags innhold brukerne likte."
+"ulovlig innhold. Men den muligheten eksisterte både før og etter MP3.com. "
+"Målet med my.mpr.com-tjenesten var å gi brukere tilgang til deres eget "
+"innhold, og som et biprodukt av å se hva slags innhold de allerede eide, "
+"oppdage hva slags innhold brukerne likte."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"this was 50,000 copies, it was 50,000 copies directed at giving customers "
"something they had already bought."
msgstr ""
-"Men for å få dette systemet til å fungere, måtte MP3.com kopiere "
-"50 000 CD-er til en tjener. (I prinsippet kunne det vært "
-"brukerne som lastet opp musikken, men det ville tatt svært mye tid, og "
-"det ville gjort at produktet hadde tvilsom kvalitet.) Det kjøpte "
-"derfor 50 000 CDer fra en butikk og gikk igang med å kopiere "
-"disse CD-ene. Og nok en gang, selskapet ville ikke gi ut innholdet "
-"fra disse kopiene til noen andre enn de som kunne bekrefte at de "
-"allerede hadde et eksemplar av Cd-en de ønsket tilgang til. Så selv "
-"pom dette var 50 000 kopier, så var det 50 000 kopier som "
+"Men for å få dette systemet til å fungere, måtte MP3.com kopiere 50 000 "
+"CD-er til en tjener. (I prinsippet kunne det vært brukerne som lastet opp "
+"musikken, men det ville tatt svært mye tid, og det ville gjort at produktet "
+"hadde tvilsom kvalitet.) Det kjøpte derfor 50 000 CDer fra en butikk "
+"og gikk igang med å kopiere disse CD-ene. Og nok en gang, selskapet ville "
+"ikke gi ut innholdet fra disse kopiene til noen andre enn de som kunne "
+"bekrefte at de allerede hadde et eksemplar av Cd-en de ønsket tilgang til. "
+"Så selv pom dette var 50 000 kopier, så var det 50 000 kopier som "
"ble tilbudt for å gi kunder noe de allerede hadde kjøpt."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-10-25 08:15+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-12-01 10:48+0100\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13852
+#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13854
msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13853
+#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13855
msgid "Safire, William"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14876
+#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14878
msgid "land ownership, air traffic and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4709 freeculture.xml:13755 freeculture.xml:14877
+#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4709 freeculture.xml:13757 freeculture.xml:14879
msgid "property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14877
+#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14879
msgid "air traffic vs."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:767 freeculture.xml:894 freeculture.xml:1021 freeculture.xml:1039 freeculture.xml:1087 freeculture.xml:9609 freeculture.xml:13171 freeculture.xml:13956
+#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:767 freeculture.xml:894 freeculture.xml:1021 freeculture.xml:1039 freeculture.xml:1087 freeculture.xml:9609 freeculture.xml:13173 freeculture.xml:13958
msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:768 freeculture.xml:895 freeculture.xml:1022 freeculture.xml:1040 freeculture.xml:1088 freeculture.xml:9610 freeculture.xml:13172 freeculture.xml:13957
+#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:768 freeculture.xml:895 freeculture.xml:1022 freeculture.xml:1040 freeculture.xml:1088 freeculture.xml:9610 freeculture.xml:13174 freeculture.xml:13959
msgid "Causby, Tinie"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4598 freeculture.xml:5200 freeculture.xml:14264
+#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4598 freeculture.xml:5200 freeculture.xml:14266
msgid "Supreme Court, U.S."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:606 freeculture.xml:9617 freeculture.xml:10308
+#: freeculture.xml:606 freeculture.xml:9617 freeculture.xml:10310
msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:4340 freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:10215
+#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:4340 freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:10217
msgid "radio"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2423 freeculture.xml:2507 freeculture.xml:2541 freeculture.xml:2567 freeculture.xml:2817 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:7615 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:10214 freeculture.xml:13487 freeculture.xml:14047 freeculture.xml:14048 freeculture.xml:14122
+#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2423 freeculture.xml:2507 freeculture.xml:2541 freeculture.xml:2567 freeculture.xml:2817 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:7615 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:10216 freeculture.xml:13489 freeculture.xml:14049 freeculture.xml:14050 freeculture.xml:14124
msgid "Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:13487 freeculture.xml:14047
+#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:13489 freeculture.xml:14049
msgid "development of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:850 freeculture.xml:2914 freeculture.xml:2915 freeculture.xml:2942 freeculture.xml:2943 freeculture.xml:2944 freeculture.xml:7847 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:9677 freeculture.xml:9949 freeculture.xml:9950 freeculture.xml:9951 freeculture.xml:9994
+#: freeculture.xml:850 freeculture.xml:2914 freeculture.xml:2915 freeculture.xml:2942 freeculture.xml:2943 freeculture.xml:2944 freeculture.xml:7847 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:9677 freeculture.xml:9951 freeculture.xml:9952 freeculture.xml:9953 freeculture.xml:9996
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1761 freeculture.xml:5307 freeculture.xml:6532 freeculture.xml:14087
+#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1761 freeculture.xml:5307 freeculture.xml:6532 freeculture.xml:14089
msgid "free culture"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:880 freeculture.xml:10199
+#: freeculture.xml:880 freeculture.xml:10201
msgid "Litman, Jessica"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:972 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7070 freeculture.xml:7658 freeculture.xml:11201 freeculture.xml:11492 freeculture.xml:12138
+#: freeculture.xml:972 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7070 freeculture.xml:7658 freeculture.xml:11203 freeculture.xml:11494 freeculture.xml:12140
msgid "Constitution, U.S."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:973 freeculture.xml:1138 freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1614 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:1772 freeculture.xml:3175 freeculture.xml:3266 freeculture.xml:4338 freeculture.xml:4339 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:5351 freeculture.xml:6534 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7057 freeculture.xml:7058 freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7373 freeculture.xml:7403 freeculture.xml:7438 freeculture.xml:7552 freeculture.xml:7553 freeculture.xml:7614 freeculture.xml:7648 freeculture.xml:7753 freeculture.xml:7767 freeculture.xml:7826 freeculture.xml:7827 freeculture.xml:7925 freeculture.xml:9837 freeculture.xml:10188 freeculture.xml:11141 freeculture.xml:11186
+#: freeculture.xml:973 freeculture.xml:1138 freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1614 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:1772 freeculture.xml:3175 freeculture.xml:3266 freeculture.xml:4338 freeculture.xml:4339 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:5351 freeculture.xml:6534 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7057 freeculture.xml:7058 freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7373 freeculture.xml:7403 freeculture.xml:7438 freeculture.xml:7552 freeculture.xml:7553 freeculture.xml:7614 freeculture.xml:7648 freeculture.xml:7753 freeculture.xml:7767 freeculture.xml:7826 freeculture.xml:7827 freeculture.xml:7925 freeculture.xml:9837 freeculture.xml:10190 freeculture.xml:11143 freeculture.xml:11188
msgid "copyright law"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:975 freeculture.xml:985 freeculture.xml:15275
+#: freeculture.xml:975 freeculture.xml:985 freeculture.xml:15277
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1023 freeculture.xml:13403 freeculture.xml:13486 freeculture.xml:13656
+#: freeculture.xml:1023 freeculture.xml:13405 freeculture.xml:13488 freeculture.xml:13658
msgid "intellectual property rights"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1161 freeculture.xml:6760 freeculture.xml:11189
+#: freeculture.xml:1161 freeculture.xml:6760 freeculture.xml:11191
msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1331 freeculture.xml:1548 freeculture.xml:1602 freeculture.xml:1743 freeculture.xml:1989 freeculture.xml:4585 freeculture.xml:6277 freeculture.xml:7531 freeculture.xml:11082 freeculture.xml:11495
+#: freeculture.xml:1331 freeculture.xml:1548 freeculture.xml:1602 freeculture.xml:1743 freeculture.xml:1989 freeculture.xml:4585 freeculture.xml:6277 freeculture.xml:7531 freeculture.xml:11084 freeculture.xml:11497
msgid "Disney, Walt"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:3070 freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:15341
+#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:3070 freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:15343
msgid "piracy"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1449 freeculture.xml:1744 freeculture.xml:11083
+#: freeculture.xml:1449 freeculture.xml:1744 freeculture.xml:11085
msgid "Grimm fairy tales"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4803 freeculture.xml:4869 freeculture.xml:4907 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 freeculture.xml:6728 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7099 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:7164 freeculture.xml:7287 freeculture.xml:7334 freeculture.xml:7371 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7846 freeculture.xml:11140 freeculture.xml:11164 freeculture.xml:11493 freeculture.xml:11494
+#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4803 freeculture.xml:4869 freeculture.xml:4907 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 freeculture.xml:6728 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7099 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:7164 freeculture.xml:7287 freeculture.xml:7334 freeculture.xml:7371 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7846 freeculture.xml:11142 freeculture.xml:11166 freeculture.xml:11495 freeculture.xml:11496
msgid "copyright"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:11140 freeculture.xml:11494
+#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:11142 freeculture.xml:11496
msgid "duration of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:5239 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7252 freeculture.xml:8137 freeculture.xml:11074 freeculture.xml:13491 freeculture.xml:14281 freeculture.xml:14282
+#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:5239 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7252 freeculture.xml:8137 freeculture.xml:11076 freeculture.xml:13493 freeculture.xml:14283 freeculture.xml:14284
msgid "public domain"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2042 freeculture.xml:10002
+#: freeculture.xml:2042 freeculture.xml:10004
msgid "Napster"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2137 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:15339
+#: freeculture.xml:2137 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:15341
msgid "television"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:3775 freeculture.xml:3776 freeculture.xml:5586 freeculture.xml:8267 freeculture.xml:13590 freeculture.xml:13659
+#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:3775 freeculture.xml:3776 freeculture.xml:5586 freeculture.xml:8267 freeculture.xml:13592 freeculture.xml:13661
msgid "Microsoft"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2914 freeculture.xml:9677 freeculture.xml:9951
+#: freeculture.xml:2914 freeculture.xml:9677 freeculture.xml:9953
msgid "in recording industry"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2916 freeculture.xml:3014 freeculture.xml:3267 freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:4341 freeculture.xml:4342 freeculture.xml:4343 freeculture.xml:9952 freeculture.xml:10362 freeculture.xml:10363 freeculture.xml:10364 freeculture.xml:10520
+#: freeculture.xml:2916 freeculture.xml:3014 freeculture.xml:3267 freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:4341 freeculture.xml:4342 freeculture.xml:4343 freeculture.xml:9954 freeculture.xml:10364 freeculture.xml:10365 freeculture.xml:10366 freeculture.xml:10522
msgid "recording industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2916 freeculture.xml:9952
+#: freeculture.xml:2916 freeculture.xml:9954
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2917 freeculture.xml:2946 freeculture.xml:3015 freeculture.xml:9953 freeculture.xml:10365 freeculture.xml:10366 freeculture.xml:10518
+#: freeculture.xml:2917 freeculture.xml:2946 freeculture.xml:3015 freeculture.xml:9955 freeculture.xml:10367 freeculture.xml:10368 freeculture.xml:10520
msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2917 freeculture.xml:9953
+#: freeculture.xml:2917 freeculture.xml:9955
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2942 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:9950
+#: freeculture.xml:2942 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:9952
msgid "exaggerated claims of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:5595 freeculture.xml:5644 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:10358 freeculture.xml:10519 freeculture.xml:10542 freeculture.xml:15240 freeculture.xml:15305
+#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:5595 freeculture.xml:5644 freeculture.xml:10262 freeculture.xml:10360 freeculture.xml:10521 freeculture.xml:10544 freeculture.xml:15242 freeculture.xml:15307
msgid "artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:10358 freeculture.xml:10519 freeculture.xml:10542 freeculture.xml:15240 freeculture.xml:15305
+#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:10262 freeculture.xml:10360 freeculture.xml:10521 freeculture.xml:10544 freeculture.xml:15242 freeculture.xml:15307
msgid "recording industry payments to"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3014 freeculture.xml:4341 freeculture.xml:10362 freeculture.xml:10520
+#: freeculture.xml:3014 freeculture.xml:4341 freeculture.xml:10364 freeculture.xml:10522
msgid "artist remuneration in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3015 freeculture.xml:10366
+#: freeculture.xml:3015 freeculture.xml:10368
msgid "lobbying power of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3118 freeculture.xml:3415 freeculture.xml:4567 freeculture.xml:10408
+#: freeculture.xml:3118 freeculture.xml:3415 freeculture.xml:4567 freeculture.xml:10410
msgid "Picker, Randal C."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3142 freeculture.xml:4566 freeculture.xml:10129 freeculture.xml:10255
+#: freeculture.xml:3142 freeculture.xml:4566 freeculture.xml:10131 freeculture.xml:10257
msgid "broadcast flag"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3264 freeculture.xml:3265 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:4337 freeculture.xml:4420 freeculture.xml:4421 freeculture.xml:7037 freeculture.xml:7126 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:10359 freeculture.xml:10360 freeculture.xml:10361 freeculture.xml:11139 freeculture.xml:11200 freeculture.xml:12137
+#: freeculture.xml:3264 freeculture.xml:3265 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:4337 freeculture.xml:4420 freeculture.xml:4421 freeculture.xml:7037 freeculture.xml:7126 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:10361 freeculture.xml:10362 freeculture.xml:10363 freeculture.xml:11141 freeculture.xml:11202 freeculture.xml:12139
msgid "Congress, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3264 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:4420 freeculture.xml:7126 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:10359
+#: freeculture.xml:3264 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:4420 freeculture.xml:7126 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:10361
msgid "on copyright laws"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3265 freeculture.xml:4337 freeculture.xml:10361
+#: freeculture.xml:3265 freeculture.xml:4337 freeculture.xml:10363
msgid "on recording industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3266 freeculture.xml:4339 freeculture.xml:10188
+#: freeculture.xml:3266 freeculture.xml:4339 freeculture.xml:10190
msgid "statutory licenses in"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3310 freeculture.xml:4344 freeculture.xml:10187
+#: freeculture.xml:3310 freeculture.xml:4344 freeculture.xml:10189
msgid "statutory licenses"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3319 freeculture.xml:14936
+#: freeculture.xml:3319 freeculture.xml:14938
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:4343 freeculture.xml:10363
+#: freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:4343 freeculture.xml:10365
msgid "radio broadcast and"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3432 freeculture.xml:9433 freeculture.xml:9905 freeculture.xml:12985
+#: freeculture.xml:3432 freeculture.xml:9433 freeculture.xml:9907 freeculture.xml:12987
msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3475 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8628 freeculture.xml:8667 freeculture.xml:15338
+#: freeculture.xml:3475 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8628 freeculture.xml:8667 freeculture.xml:15340
msgid "cable television"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3638 freeculture.xml:3718 freeculture.xml:3768 freeculture.xml:15340
+#: freeculture.xml:3638 freeculture.xml:3718 freeculture.xml:3768 freeculture.xml:15342
msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3639 freeculture.xml:4086 freeculture.xml:9906 freeculture.xml:10760 freeculture.xml:14731 freeculture.xml:15322
+#: freeculture.xml:3639 freeculture.xml:4086 freeculture.xml:9908 freeculture.xml:10762 freeculture.xml:14733 freeculture.xml:15324
msgid "CDs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3712 freeculture.xml:13277 freeculture.xml:13768 freeculture.xml:13775
+#: freeculture.xml:3712 freeculture.xml:13279 freeculture.xml:13770 freeculture.xml:13777
msgid "Drahos, Peter"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3733 freeculture.xml:4007 freeculture.xml:15488
+#: freeculture.xml:3733 freeculture.xml:4007 freeculture.xml:15490
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:15341
+#: freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:15343
msgid "in Asia"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3770 freeculture.xml:13588 freeculture.xml:14174
+#: freeculture.xml:3770 freeculture.xml:13590 freeculture.xml:14176
msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3771 freeculture.xml:3801 freeculture.xml:12069 freeculture.xml:13603 freeculture.xml:14230
+#: freeculture.xml:3771 freeculture.xml:3801 freeculture.xml:12071 freeculture.xml:13605 freeculture.xml:14232
msgid "GNU/Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3772 freeculture.xml:3802 freeculture.xml:12071 freeculture.xml:13604 freeculture.xml:14231
+#: freeculture.xml:3772 freeculture.xml:3802 freeculture.xml:12073 freeculture.xml:13606 freeculture.xml:14233
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:4824 freeculture.xml:5048 freeculture.xml:6535 freeculture.xml:6611 freeculture.xml:6744 freeculture.xml:7155 freeculture.xml:14262
+#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:4824 freeculture.xml:5048 freeculture.xml:6535 freeculture.xml:6611 freeculture.xml:6744 freeculture.xml:7155 freeculture.xml:14264
msgid "law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:14262
+#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:14264
msgid "databases of case reports in"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4033 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10185 freeculture.xml:15048
+#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4033 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10187 freeculture.xml:15050
msgid "cassette recording"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10185 freeculture.xml:10186 freeculture.xml:15048 freeculture.xml:15049
+#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10187 freeculture.xml:10188 freeculture.xml:15050 freeculture.xml:15051
msgid "VCRs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:6262 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:7613 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7971 freeculture.xml:14434 freeculture.xml:15160 freeculture.xml:15161
+#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:6262 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:7613 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7971 freeculture.xml:14436 freeculture.xml:15162 freeculture.xml:15163
msgid "books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:15161
+#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:15163
msgid "resales of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:15160
+#: freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:15162
msgid "out of print"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:14434
+#: freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:14436
msgid "free on-line releases of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4689 freeculture.xml:6496 freeculture.xml:14421
+#: freeculture.xml:4689 freeculture.xml:6496 freeculture.xml:14423
msgid "Jefferson, Thomas"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4752 freeculture.xml:13962
+#: freeculture.xml:4752 freeculture.xml:13964
msgid "United Kingdom"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 freeculture.xml:11164
+#: freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 freeculture.xml:11166
msgid "in perpetuity"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5106 freeculture.xml:15584
+#: freeculture.xml:5106 freeculture.xml:15586
msgid "Rose, Mark"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5585 freeculture.xml:5645 freeculture.xml:5830 freeculture.xml:10517 freeculture.xml:14951
+#: freeculture.xml:5585 freeculture.xml:5645 freeculture.xml:5830 freeculture.xml:10519 freeculture.xml:14953
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5942 freeculture.xml:9267 freeculture.xml:11582 freeculture.xml:11827
+#: freeculture.xml:5942 freeculture.xml:9267 freeculture.xml:11584 freeculture.xml:11829
msgid "archives, digital"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6045 freeculture.xml:6100 freeculture.xml:10502
+#: freeculture.xml:6045 freeculture.xml:6100 freeculture.xml:10504
msgid "Library of Congress"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6049 freeculture.xml:11073 freeculture.xml:14133 freeculture.xml:14263 freeculture.xml:14299
+#: freeculture.xml:6049 freeculture.xml:11075 freeculture.xml:14135 freeculture.xml:14265 freeculture.xml:14301
msgid "libraries"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6307 freeculture.xml:10261
+#: freeculture.xml:6307 freeculture.xml:10263
msgid "Kennedy, John F."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6533 freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:9839 freeculture.xml:9954
+#: freeculture.xml:6533 freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:9839 freeculture.xml:9956
msgid "regulation"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6581 freeculture.xml:6630 freeculture.xml:6722 freeculture.xml:6761 freeculture.xml:9848 freeculture.xml:10080
+#: freeculture.xml:6581 freeculture.xml:6630 freeculture.xml:6722 freeculture.xml:6761 freeculture.xml:9848 freeculture.xml:10082
msgid "market constraints"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6873 freeculture.xml:15527
+#: freeculture.xml:6873 freeculture.xml:15529
msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6876 freeculture.xml:13727
+#: freeculture.xml:6876 freeculture.xml:13729
msgid "Gates, Bill"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11492
+#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11494
msgid "copyright purpose established in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11201
+#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11203
msgid "Progress Clause of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:11493
+#: freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:11495
msgid "constitutional purpose of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:11202
+#: freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:11204
msgid "Progress Clause"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:11139
+#: freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:11141
msgid "copyright terms extended by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:11141
+#: freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:11143
msgid "term extensions in"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7251 freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:11165 freeculture.xml:15445
+#: freeculture.xml:7251 freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:11167 freeculture.xml:15447
msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7252 freeculture.xml:11145
+#: freeculture.xml:7252 freeculture.xml:11147
msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:11144 freeculture.xml:11145 freeculture.xml:13232 freeculture.xml:13713
+#: freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:11146 freeculture.xml:11147 freeculture.xml:13234 freeculture.xml:13715
msgid "patents"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:11144
+#: freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:11146
msgid "in public domain"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7288 freeculture.xml:13386
+#: freeculture.xml:7288 freeculture.xml:13388
msgid "corporations"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7971 freeculture.xml:10215
+#: freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7971 freeculture.xml:10217
msgid "on Internet"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7807 freeculture.xml:15342
+#: freeculture.xml:7807 freeculture.xml:15344
msgid "film industry"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7815 freeculture.xml:7890 freeculture.xml:14088
+#: freeculture.xml:7815 freeculture.xml:7890 freeculture.xml:14090
msgid "browsing"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8053 freeculture.xml:9887
+#: freeculture.xml:8053 freeculture.xml:9889
msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8054 freeculture.xml:9888 freeculture.xml:11203 freeculture.xml:11249 freeculture.xml:13542
+#: freeculture.xml:8054 freeculture.xml:9890 freeculture.xml:11205 freeculture.xml:11251 freeculture.xml:13544
msgid "Lessig, Lawrence"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:10841
+#: freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:10843
msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8630 freeculture.xml:9997
+#: freeculture.xml:8630 freeculture.xml:9999
msgid "EMI"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8632 freeculture.xml:10004
+#: freeculture.xml:8632 freeculture.xml:10006
msgid "Universal Music Group"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9464 freeculture.xml:9750 freeculture.xml:10842
+#: freeculture.xml:9464 freeculture.xml:9750 freeculture.xml:10844
msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9496 freeculture.xml:10253
+#: freeculture.xml:9496 freeculture.xml:10255
msgid "Berman, Howard L."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9577 freeculture.xml:9948
+#: freeculture.xml:9577 freeculture.xml:9950
msgid "Vivendi Universal"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, "
"it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket "
-"ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special one at that, 188 "
-"pages into a book like this), then you can see this other aspect by "
-"substituting <quote>free market</quote> every place I've spoken of "
-"<quote>free culture.</quote> The point is the same, even if the interests "
-"affecting culture are more fundamental."
+"ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special one at that, "
+"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: pagenumber\" linkend=\"innovators\"/> pages into a "
+"book like this), then you can see this other aspect by substituting "
+"<quote>free market</quote> every place I've spoken of <quote>free "
+"culture.</quote> The point is the same, even if the interests affecting "
+"culture are more fundamental."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9859
+#: freeculture.xml:9861
msgid ""
"The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same "
"charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9872 freeculture.xml:9993 freeculture.xml:9999
+#: freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:9995 freeculture.xml:10001
msgid "Barry, Hank"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9873 freeculture.xml:10005
+#: freeculture.xml:9875 freeculture.xml:10007
msgid "venture capitalists"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 198
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9875
+#: freeculture.xml:9877
msgid ""
"This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy "
"that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9890
+#: freeculture.xml:9892
msgid ""
"Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in "
"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9894
+#: freeculture.xml:9896
msgid "MP3.com"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9895
+#: freeculture.xml:9897
msgid "my.mp3.com"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9896
+#: freeculture.xml:9898
msgid "Roberts, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9898
+#: freeculture.xml:9900
msgid ""
"In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was "
"keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9906
+#: freeculture.xml:9908
msgid "preference data on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9908
+#: freeculture.xml:9910
msgid ""
"To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to "
"recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9915
+#: freeculture.xml:9917
msgid ""
"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. "
"MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference "
#. PAGE BREAK 199
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9927
+#: freeculture.xml:9929
msgid ""
"No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that "
"opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9937
+#: freeculture.xml:9939
msgid ""
"To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to "
"a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9949 freeculture.xml:9994
+#: freeculture.xml:9951 freeculture.xml:9996
msgid "distribution technology targeted in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9954
+#: freeculture.xml:9956
msgid "outsize penalties of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9956
+#: freeculture.xml:9958
msgid ""
"Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed "
"by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9966
+#: freeculture.xml:9968
msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9969
+#: freeculture.xml:9971
msgid ""
"After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a "
"malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a "
#. PAGE BREAK 200
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9980
+#: freeculture.xml:9982
msgid ""
"The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified "
"amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9995
+#: freeculture.xml:9997
msgid "BMW"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9996
+#: freeculture.xml:9998
msgid "cars, MP3 sound systems in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9998
+#: freeculture.xml:10000
msgid "Hummer, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10000
+#: freeculture.xml:10002
msgid "Hummer Winblad"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10001
+#: freeculture.xml:10003
msgid "MP3 players"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10002
+#: freeculture.xml:10004
msgid "venture capital for"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10003 freeculture.xml:10049
+#: freeculture.xml:10005 freeculture.xml:10051
msgid "Needleman, Rafe"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10013
+#: freeculture.xml:10015
msgid ""
"See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10007
+#: freeculture.xml:10009
msgid ""
"This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal "
"and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10045
+#: freeculture.xml:10047
msgid ""
"Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10036
+#: freeculture.xml:10038
msgid ""
"I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, "
"there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10057
+#: freeculture.xml:10059
msgid ""
"This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your "
"life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats "
#. PAGE BREAK 201
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10067
+#: freeculture.xml:10069
msgid ""
"The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal "
"enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10082
+#: freeculture.xml:10084
msgid ""
"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair "
"use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of "
#. PAGE BREAK 202
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10094
+#: freeculture.xml:10096
msgid ""
"The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the "
"first important way in which the changes I have described will burden "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10113
+#: freeculture.xml:10115
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden "
"on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10120
+#: freeculture.xml:10122
msgid ""
"The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the "
"efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10135
+#: freeculture.xml:10137
msgid ""
"<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> "
"GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law "
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10148
+#: freeculture.xml:10150
msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10131
+#: freeculture.xml:10133
msgid ""
"The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the "
"content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would "
#. PAGE BREAK 203
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10152
+#: freeculture.xml:10154
msgid ""
"In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why "
"not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10161 freeculture.xml:12070
+#: freeculture.xml:10163 freeculture.xml:12072
msgid "Intel"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10167
+#: freeculture.xml:10169
msgid ""
"See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> "
"Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10163
+#: freeculture.xml:10165
msgid ""
"In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, "
"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10175
+#: freeculture.xml:10177
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which "
"this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10180
+#: freeculture.xml:10182
msgid ""
"Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of "
"regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10198
+#: freeculture.xml:10200
msgid "Digital Copyright (Litman)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10196
+#: freeculture.xml:10198
msgid ""
"Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: "
"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10190
+#: freeculture.xml:10192
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10208
+#: freeculture.xml:10210
msgid ""
"But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the "
"rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10214
+#: freeculture.xml:10216
msgid "radio on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10219
+#: freeculture.xml:10221
msgid "Grokster, Ltd."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10219
+#: freeculture.xml:10221
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception "
"is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10238
+#: freeculture.xml:10240
msgid "Tauzin, Billy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10254
+#: freeculture.xml:10256
msgid "Hollings, Fritz"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10238
+#: freeculture.xml:10240
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For example, in July 2002, "
"Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10217
+#: freeculture.xml:10219
msgid ""
"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses "
#. PAGE BREAK 204
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10265
+#: freeculture.xml:10267
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10276
+#: freeculture.xml:10278
msgid ""
"The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The "
"justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10287
+#: freeculture.xml:10289
msgid ""
"Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to "
"stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10296
+#: freeculture.xml:10298
msgid ""
"This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are "
"potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in "
#. PAGE BREAK 205
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10312
+#: freeculture.xml:10314
msgid ""
"Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement "
"potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10336
+#: freeculture.xml:10338
msgid "Lessing, 239."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10322
+#: freeculture.xml:10324
msgid ""
"An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, "
"thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded "
#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10346
+#: freeculture.xml:10348
msgid "Ibid., 229."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10341
+#: freeculture.xml:10343
msgid ""
"This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong "
"was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10351
+#: freeculture.xml:10353
msgid ""
"Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there "
"is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10360
+#: freeculture.xml:10362
msgid "on radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10364
+#: freeculture.xml:10366
msgid "Internet radio hampered by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10365 freeculture.xml:10518
+#: freeculture.xml:10367 freeculture.xml:10520
msgid "on Internet radio fees"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 206
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10368
+#: freeculture.xml:10370
msgid ""
"But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new "
"industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10407
+#: freeculture.xml:10409
msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10390
+#: freeculture.xml:10392
msgid ""
"This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration "
"Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10383
+#: freeculture.xml:10385
msgid ""
"This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher "
"estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10419
+#: freeculture.xml:10421
msgid ""
"The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were "
"proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10427
+#: freeculture.xml:10429
msgid "name of the service;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10430
+#: freeculture.xml:10432
msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10433
+#: freeculture.xml:10435
msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10436
+#: freeculture.xml:10438
msgid "date of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10439
+#: freeculture.xml:10441
msgid "time of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10442
+#: freeculture.xml:10444
msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10445
+#: freeculture.xml:10447
msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10448
+#: freeculture.xml:10450
msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10451
+#: freeculture.xml:10453
msgid "sound recording title;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10454
+#: freeculture.xml:10456
msgid "ISRC code of the recording;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10457
+#: freeculture.xml:10459
msgid ""
"release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of "
"compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10460
+#: freeculture.xml:10462
msgid "featured recording artist;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10463
+#: freeculture.xml:10465
msgid "retail album title;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10466
+#: freeculture.xml:10468
msgid "recording label;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10469
+#: freeculture.xml:10471
msgid "UPC code of the retail album;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10472
+#: freeculture.xml:10474
msgid "catalog number;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10475
+#: freeculture.xml:10477
msgid "copyright owner information;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10478
+#: freeculture.xml:10480
msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10481
+#: freeculture.xml:10483
msgid "name of the service or entity;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10484
+#: freeculture.xml:10486
msgid "channel or program;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10487
+#: freeculture.xml:10489
msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10490
+#: freeculture.xml:10492
msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10493
+#: freeculture.xml:10495
msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10496
+#: freeculture.xml:10498
msgid "unique user identifier;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10499
+#: freeculture.xml:10501
msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10504
+#: freeculture.xml:10506
msgid ""
"The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, "
"pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10512
+#: freeculture.xml:10514
msgid ""
"Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic "
"consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10516 freeculture.xml:15321
+#: freeculture.xml:10518 freeculture.xml:15323
msgid "Real Networks"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10522
+#: freeculture.xml:10524
msgid ""
"In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to "
"everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at "
#. PAGE BREAK 208
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10528
+#: freeculture.xml:10530
msgid ""
"The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony "
"about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10544
+#: freeculture.xml:10546
msgid ""
"And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an "
"industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10556
+#: freeculture.xml:10558
msgid ""
"Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that "
"this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10572
+#: freeculture.xml:10574
msgid "Corrupting Citizens"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10574
+#: freeculture.xml:10576
msgid ""
"Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives "
"dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10580
+#: freeculture.xml:10582
msgid ""
"In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important "
"to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10589
+#: freeculture.xml:10591
msgid ""
"Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> "
"Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink "
#. PAGE BREAK 209
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10585
+#: freeculture.xml:10587
msgid ""
"The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war "
"of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number "
#. f16.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10623
+#: freeculture.xml:10625
msgid ""
"Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA "
"Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10610
+#: freeculture.xml:10612
msgid ""
"The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal "
"system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10634
+#: freeculture.xml:10636
msgid "alcohol prohibition"
msgstr ""
#. f17.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10646
+#: freeculture.xml:10648
msgid ""
"Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During "
"Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, "
#. f18.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10654
+#: freeculture.xml:10656
msgid ""
"National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform "
"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John "
#. f19.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10664
+#: freeculture.xml:10666
msgid ""
"See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax "
"Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10636
+#: freeculture.xml:10638
msgid ""
"Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something "
"more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10672
+#: freeculture.xml:10674
msgid "law schools"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10674
+#: freeculture.xml:10676
msgid ""
"This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly "
"salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10691
+#: freeculture.xml:10693
msgid ""
"The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more "
"severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make "
#. PAGE BREAK 211
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10704
+#: freeculture.xml:10706
msgid ""
"My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we "
"should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10711
+#: freeculture.xml:10713
msgid ""
"My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but "
"that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10725
+#: freeculture.xml:10727
msgid ""
"When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the "
"Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10737
+#: freeculture.xml:10739
msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 212
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10740
+#: freeculture.xml:10742
msgid ""
"We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of "
"plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10751
+#: freeculture.xml:10753
msgid ""
"But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph "
"records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10759
+#: freeculture.xml:10761
msgid "Andromeda"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10760
+#: freeculture.xml:10762
msgid "mix technology and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10762
+#: freeculture.xml:10764
msgid ""
"This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a "
"large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10773
+#: freeculture.xml:10775
msgid ""
"This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But "
"unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so "
#. PAGE BREAK 213
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10783
+#: freeculture.xml:10785
msgid ""
"If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your "
"own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10798
+#: freeculture.xml:10800
msgid ""
"If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the "
"ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10807
+#: freeculture.xml:10809
msgid ""
"My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a "
"version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10818
+#: freeculture.xml:10820
msgid ""
"I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning "
"forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10827
+#: freeculture.xml:10829
msgid ""
"Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled "
"Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form "
#. PAGE BREAK 214
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10833
+#: freeculture.xml:10835
msgid ""
"It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable "
"why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10844
+#: freeculture.xml:10846
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this "
"corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10852 freeculture.xml:10952
+#: freeculture.xml:10854 freeculture.xml:10954
msgid "von Lohmann, Fred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10854
+#: freeculture.xml:10856
msgid ""
"<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von "
"Lohmann explains,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10859
+#: freeculture.xml:10861
msgid ""
"then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to "
"one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10871
+#: freeculture.xml:10873
msgid ""
"And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into "
"criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10876
+#: freeculture.xml:10878
msgid ""
"Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA "
"launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the "
#. f20.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10894
+#: freeculture.xml:10896
msgid ""
"See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single "
"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10885
+#: freeculture.xml:10887
msgid ""
"The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to "
"sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded "
#. f21.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10912
+#: freeculture.xml:10914
msgid ""
"See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses "
"Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10908
+#: freeculture.xml:10910
msgid ""
"Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A "
"report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted "
#. f22.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10933
+#: freeculture.xml:10935
msgid ""
"See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not "
"Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10921
+#: freeculture.xml:10923
msgid ""
"So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a "
"CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you "
#. PAGE BREAK 216
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10954
+#: freeculture.xml:10956
msgid ""
"Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a "
"lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10969
+#: freeculture.xml:10971
msgid ""
"So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans "
"that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10989
+#: freeculture.xml:10991
msgid ""
"When forty to sixty million Americans are considered "
"<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:11002
+#: freeculture.xml:11004
msgid "BALANCES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11007
+#: freeculture.xml:11009
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at "
"the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11014
+#: freeculture.xml:11016
msgid ""
"As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the "
"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11022
+#: freeculture.xml:11024
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all "
"around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current "
#. PAGE BREAK 219
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11032
+#: freeculture.xml:11034
msgid ""
"Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with "
"plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11040
+#: freeculture.xml:11042
msgid ""
"Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and "
"fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11045
+#: freeculture.xml:11047
msgid ""
"We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, "
"binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11051
+#: freeculture.xml:11053
msgid ""
"This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my "
"failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:11061
+#: freeculture.xml:11063
msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11062
+#: freeculture.xml:11064
msgid "Eldred, Eric"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11063
+#: freeculture.xml:11065
msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11065
+#: freeculture.xml:11067
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his "
"daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11073
+#: freeculture.xml:11075
msgid "of public-domain literature"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11074
+#: freeculture.xml:11076
msgid "library of works derived from"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11076
+#: freeculture.xml:11078
msgid ""
"It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne "
"any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a "
#. PAGE BREAK 221
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11085
+#: freeculture.xml:11087
msgid ""
"Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, "
"though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11095
+#: freeculture.xml:11097
msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11097
+#: freeculture.xml:11099
msgid ""
"Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source "
"as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11122 freeculture.xml:12169
+#: freeculture.xml:11124 freeculture.xml:12171
msgid "pornography"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11122
+#: freeculture.xml:11124
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with "
"pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11111
+#: freeculture.xml:11113
msgid ""
"The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public "
"domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11142
+#: freeculture.xml:11144
msgid "Frost, Robert"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11143
+#: freeculture.xml:11145
msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11147
+#: freeculture.xml:11149
msgid ""
"As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection "
"of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11162 freeculture.xml:11174
+#: freeculture.xml:11164 freeculture.xml:11176
msgid "Bono, Mary"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11163 freeculture.xml:11175
+#: freeculture.xml:11165 freeculture.xml:11177
msgid "Bono, Sonny"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11174
+#: freeculture.xml:11176
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11169
+#: freeculture.xml:11171
msgid ""
"This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in "
"memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11186
+#: freeculture.xml:11188
msgid "felony punishment for infringement of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11187
+#: freeculture.xml:11189
msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11188
+#: freeculture.xml:11190
msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11189
+#: freeculture.xml:11191
msgid "felony punishments for"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11191
+#: freeculture.xml:11193
msgid ""
"Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through "
"civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11200 freeculture.xml:12137
+#: freeculture.xml:11202 freeculture.xml:12139
msgid "constitutional powers of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11203 freeculture.xml:11249
+#: freeculture.xml:11205 freeculture.xml:11251
msgid "Eldred case involvement of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11205
+#: freeculture.xml:11207
msgid ""
"It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a "
"constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11216
+#: freeculture.xml:11218
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by "
"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11223
+#: freeculture.xml:11225
msgid ""
"As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of "
"Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11235 freeculture.xml:12731
+#: freeculture.xml:11237 freeculture.xml:12733
msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 223
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11237
+#: freeculture.xml:11239
msgid ""
"In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending "
"existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11251
+#: freeculture.xml:11253
msgid ""
"As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting "
"late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11262
+#: freeculture.xml:11264
msgid ""
"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of "
"government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11271
+#: freeculture.xml:11273
msgid ""
"If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the "
"very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11281
+#: freeculture.xml:11283
msgid ""
"So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of "
"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to "
#. PAGE BREAK 224
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11288
+#: freeculture.xml:11290
msgid ""
"<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in "
"works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11296
+#: freeculture.xml:11298
msgid ""
"<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, "
"<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11302
+#: freeculture.xml:11304
msgid ""
"<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing "
"something about it?</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11306
+#: freeculture.xml:11308
msgid ""
"<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could "
"contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11311
+#: freeculture.xml:11313
msgid ""
"You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know "
"whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11317
+#: freeculture.xml:11319
msgid ""
"<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you "
"will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11323
+#: freeculture.xml:11325
msgid ""
"You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct "
"conclusion:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11327
+#: freeculture.xml:11329
msgid ""
"<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than "
"$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11333
+#: freeculture.xml:11335
msgid ""
"<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to "
"you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from "
#. PAGE BREAK 225
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11339
+#: freeculture.xml:11341
msgid ""
"You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, "
"you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11350
+#: freeculture.xml:11352
msgid ""
"Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be "
"bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11362
+#: freeculture.xml:11364
msgid ""
"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey "
"Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11369
+#: freeculture.xml:11371
msgid ""
"See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information "
"Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11377
+#: freeculture.xml:11379
msgid ""
"Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11355
+#: freeculture.xml:11357
msgid ""
"In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term "
"Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11384
+#: freeculture.xml:11386
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to "
"the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's "
#. PAGE BREAK 226
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11399
+#: freeculture.xml:11401
msgid ""
"It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would "
"not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11412
+#: freeculture.xml:11414
msgid ""
"Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very "
"broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11422
+#: freeculture.xml:11424
msgid ""
"As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no "
"limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11428 freeculture.xml:12218
+#: freeculture.xml:11430 freeculture.xml:12220
msgid "Rehnquist, William H."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11430
+#: freeculture.xml:11432
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in "
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11445
+#: freeculture.xml:11447
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 "
"U.S. 549, 564 (1995)."
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11452
+#: freeculture.xml:11454
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 "
"U.S. 598 (2000)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11443
+#: freeculture.xml:11445
msgid ""
"<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's "
"arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11459
+#: freeculture.xml:11461
msgid ""
"If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries "
"from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of "
#. PAGE BREAK 227
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11456
+#: freeculture.xml:11458
msgid ""
"If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress "
"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11480
+#: freeculture.xml:11482
msgid ""
"<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in "
"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11497
+#: freeculture.xml:11499
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure "
"we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11514
+#: freeculture.xml:11516
msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association"
msgstr ""
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11522
+#: freeculture.xml:11524
msgid ""
"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, "
"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11516
+#: freeculture.xml:11518
msgid ""
"Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the "
"Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11532
+#: freeculture.xml:11534
msgid ""
"As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a "
"way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11544
+#: freeculture.xml:11546
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are "
"responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in "
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11562
+#: freeculture.xml:11564
msgid ""
"The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the "
"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11556
+#: freeculture.xml:11558
msgid ""
"If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) "
"affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that "
#. PAGE BREAK 229
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11571
+#: freeculture.xml:11573
msgid ""
"Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, "
"as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11584
+#: freeculture.xml:11586
msgid ""
"Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still "
"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11592
+#: freeculture.xml:11594
msgid ""
"Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the "
"current copyright owners. How would you do that?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11596
+#: freeculture.xml:11598
msgid ""
"Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners "
"somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11603
+#: freeculture.xml:11605
msgid ""
"But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of "
"the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11612
+#: freeculture.xml:11614
msgid ""
"<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the "
"apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11617
+#: freeculture.xml:11619
msgid ""
"Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty "
"of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles "
#. PAGE BREAK 230
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11626
+#: freeculture.xml:11628
msgid ""
"So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house "
"by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11641
+#: freeculture.xml:11643
msgid ""
"Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The "
"library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11653
+#: freeculture.xml:11655
msgid ""
"The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, "
"and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11658
+#: freeculture.xml:11660
msgid "Agee, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11659 freeculture.xml:12094
+#: freeculture.xml:11661 freeculture.xml:12096
msgid "Hal Roach Studios"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11660
+#: freeculture.xml:11662
msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11661
+#: freeculture.xml:11663
msgid "Lucky Dog, The"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11674
+#: freeculture.xml:11676
msgid ""
"See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright "
"Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11663
+#: freeculture.xml:11665
msgid ""
"Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which "
"owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11681
+#: freeculture.xml:11683
msgid ""
"Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this "
"culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that "
#. PAGE BREAK 231
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11687
+#: freeculture.xml:11689
msgid ""
"His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any "
"continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11705
+#: freeculture.xml:11707
msgid ""
"Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the "
"Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11698
+#: freeculture.xml:11700
msgid ""
"We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most "
"of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11715
+#: freeculture.xml:11717
msgid ""
"Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. "
"Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11723
+#: freeculture.xml:11725
msgid ""
"Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't "
"only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11731
+#: freeculture.xml:11733
msgid ""
"<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the "
"copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a "
#. PAGE BREAK 232
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11742
+#: freeculture.xml:11744
msgid ""
"For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these "
"costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11753
+#: freeculture.xml:11755
msgid ""
"But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have "
"expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11761
+#: freeculture.xml:11763
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by "
"humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11769
+#: freeculture.xml:11771
msgid ""
"But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative "
"work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11779
+#: freeculture.xml:11781
msgid ""
"Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep "
"libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't "
#. PAGE BREAK 233
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11792
+#: freeculture.xml:11794
msgid ""
"Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In "
"this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11799
+#: freeculture.xml:11801
msgid ""
"Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our "
"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11810
+#: freeculture.xml:11812
msgid ""
"The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a "
"film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11819
+#: freeculture.xml:11821
msgid ""
"In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our "
"history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11825
+#: freeculture.xml:11827
msgid "But this situation has now changed."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11829
+#: freeculture.xml:11831
msgid ""
"One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies "
"is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital "
#. PAGE BREAK 234
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11842
+#: freeculture.xml:11844
msgid ""
"And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this "
"digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11852
+#: freeculture.xml:11854
msgid ""
"Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that "
"technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11863
+#: freeculture.xml:11865
msgid ""
"You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for "
"Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11869
+#: freeculture.xml:11871
msgid ""
"Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that "
"publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered "
#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11893
+#: freeculture.xml:11895
msgid ""
"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> "
"20 December 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11881
+#: freeculture.xml:11883
msgid ""
"I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should "
"rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11900
+#: freeculture.xml:11902
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on "
"Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11909
+#: freeculture.xml:11911
msgid ""
"The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A "
"panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11916
+#: freeculture.xml:11918
msgid ""
"Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights "
"be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11927
+#: freeculture.xml:11929
msgid ""
"We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the "
"case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11932
+#: freeculture.xml:11934
msgid "Tatel, David"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 236
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11934
+#: freeculture.xml:11936
msgid ""
"The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This "
"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11943
+#: freeculture.xml:11945
msgid ""
"It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme "
"Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11950
+#: freeculture.xml:11952
msgid ""
"But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our "
"petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11956
+#: freeculture.xml:11958
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these "
"words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11967
+#: freeculture.xml:11969
msgid ""
"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been "
"won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11972 freeculture.xml:11986
+#: freeculture.xml:11974 freeculture.xml:11988
msgid "Steward, Geoffrey"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 237
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11974
+#: freeculture.xml:11976
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it "
"became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11984 freeculture.xml:12347 freeculture.xml:12363 freeculture.xml:12460 freeculture.xml:12680 freeculture.xml:12711 freeculture.xml:12809
+#: freeculture.xml:11986 freeculture.xml:12349 freeculture.xml:12365 freeculture.xml:12462 freeculture.xml:12682 freeculture.xml:12713 freeculture.xml:12811
msgid "Ayer, Don"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11985
+#: freeculture.xml:11987
msgid "Bromberg, Dan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11988
+#: freeculture.xml:11990
msgid ""
"There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was "
"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11998
+#: freeculture.xml:12000
msgid ""
"I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a "
"dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12019
+#: freeculture.xml:12021
msgid ""
"In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm "
"caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no "
#. PAGE BREAK 238
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12027
+#: freeculture.xml:12029
msgid ""
"There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in "
"which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12045 freeculture.xml:12072
+#: freeculture.xml:12047 freeculture.xml:12074
msgid "Eagle Forum"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12046
+#: freeculture.xml:12048
msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12048
+#: freeculture.xml:12050
msgid ""
"The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12062
+#: freeculture.xml:12064
msgid ""
"In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting "
"our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in "
#. PAGE BREAK 239
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12074
+#: freeculture.xml:12076
msgid ""
"In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it "
"gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12086
+#: freeculture.xml:12088
msgid "American Association of Law Libraries"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12087
+#: freeculture.xml:12089
msgid "National Writers Union"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12089
+#: freeculture.xml:12091
msgid ""
"Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, "
"there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12096
+#: freeculture.xml:12098
msgid ""
"But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've "
"already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12102
+#: freeculture.xml:12104
msgid "Akerlof, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12103
+#: freeculture.xml:12105
msgid "Arrow, Kenneth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12104
+#: freeculture.xml:12106
msgid "Buchanan, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12105
+#: freeculture.xml:12107
msgid "Coase, Ronald"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12106
+#: freeculture.xml:12108
msgid "Friedman, Milton"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12108
+#: freeculture.xml:12110
msgid ""
"This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five "
"Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12118 freeculture.xml:12136 freeculture.xml:12349 freeculture.xml:12712
+#: freeculture.xml:12120 freeculture.xml:12138 freeculture.xml:12351 freeculture.xml:12714
msgid "Fried, Charles"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12119
+#: freeculture.xml:12121
msgid "Morrison, Alan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12120
+#: freeculture.xml:12122
msgid "Public Citizen"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12121 freeculture.xml:12348 freeculture.xml:13497
+#: freeculture.xml:12123 freeculture.xml:12350 freeculture.xml:13499
msgid "Reagan, Ronald"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 240
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12123
+#: freeculture.xml:12125
msgid ""
"The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to "
"write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12138
+#: freeculture.xml:12140
msgid "Commerce Clause of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12140
+#: freeculture.xml:12142
msgid ""
"Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor "
"general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12152
+#: freeculture.xml:12154
msgid ""
"The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as "
"well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12159
+#: freeculture.xml:12161
msgid ""
"The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the "
"law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12167
+#: freeculture.xml:12169
msgid "Gershwin, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12168
+#: freeculture.xml:12170
msgid "Porgy and Bess"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12178
+#: freeculture.xml:12180
msgid ""
"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19."
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12186
+#: freeculture.xml:12188
msgid ""
"Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse "
"Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March "
#. PAGE BREAK 241
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12171
+#: freeculture.xml:12173
msgid ""
"Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12195
+#: freeculture.xml:12197
msgid ""
"This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. "
"When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12207
+#: freeculture.xml:12209
msgid ""
"We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean "
"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12214
+#: freeculture.xml:12216
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was "
"little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12219 freeculture.xml:12405
+#: freeculture.xml:12221 freeculture.xml:12407
msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12221
+#: freeculture.xml:12223
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called "
"<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12230 freeculture.xml:12255 freeculture.xml:12607 freeculture.xml:12619
+#: freeculture.xml:12232 freeculture.xml:12257 freeculture.xml:12609 freeculture.xml:12621
msgid "Breyer, Stephen"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12231 freeculture.xml:12571
+#: freeculture.xml:12233 freeculture.xml:12573
msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 242
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12233
+#: freeculture.xml:12235
msgid ""
"The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on "
"Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12245
+#: freeculture.xml:12247
msgid ""
"In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her "
"general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12257
+#: freeculture.xml:12259
msgid ""
"Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as "
"unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12266
+#: freeculture.xml:12268
msgid ""
"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice "
"Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12274
+#: freeculture.xml:12276
msgid ""
"This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus "
"had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open "
#. PAGE BREAK 243
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12284
+#: freeculture.xml:12286
msgid ""
"This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am "
"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12298
+#: freeculture.xml:12300
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side "
"came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12306
+#: freeculture.xml:12308
msgid ""
"There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly "
"agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12313
+#: freeculture.xml:12315
msgid ""
"But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress "
"extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It "
#. PAGE BREAK 244
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12328
+#: freeculture.xml:12330
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first "
"week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12338
+#: freeculture.xml:12340
msgid ""
"I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single "
"point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12351
+#: freeculture.xml:12353
msgid ""
"One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He "
"had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12357
+#: freeculture.xml:12359
msgid ""
"<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be "
"willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12365
+#: freeculture.xml:12367
msgid ""
"He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't "
"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right "
#. PAGE BREAK 245
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12375
+#: freeculture.xml:12377
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of "
"people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12385
+#: freeculture.xml:12387
msgid ""
"Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for "
"seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12400
+#: freeculture.xml:12402
msgid ""
"When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I "
"intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12407
+#: freeculture.xml:12409
msgid ""
"Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history "
"was bothering her."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12412
+#: freeculture.xml:12414
msgid ""
"justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, "
"and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12419
+#: freeculture.xml:12421
msgid ""
"She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face "
"of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was "
#. PAGE BREAK 246
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12425
+#: freeculture.xml:12427
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, "
"then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12433
+#: freeculture.xml:12435
msgid ""
"There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the "
"Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12439
+#: freeculture.xml:12441
msgid ""
"justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, "
"too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12447
+#: freeculture.xml:12449
msgid ""
"Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I "
"answered,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12453
+#: freeculture.xml:12455
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing "
"in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12462
+#: freeculture.xml:12464
msgid ""
"That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer "
"was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12469
+#: freeculture.xml:12471
msgid ""
"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been "
"crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> "
#. PAGE BREAK 247
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12474
+#: freeculture.xml:12476
msgid ""
"It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. "
"To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12481
+#: freeculture.xml:12483
msgid ""
"chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy "
"verbatim other people's books, don't you?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12485
+#: freeculture.xml:12487
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the "
"public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12493
+#: freeculture.xml:12495
msgid "Olson, Theodore B."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12495
+#: freeculture.xml:12497
msgid ""
"Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the "
"Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12501
+#: freeculture.xml:12503
msgid ""
"justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time "
"would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12509
+#: freeculture.xml:12511
msgid ""
"When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's "
"flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the "
#. PAGE BREAK 248
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12522
+#: freeculture.xml:12524
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew "
"there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12531
+#: freeculture.xml:12533
msgid ""
"The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over "
"and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12546
+#: freeculture.xml:12548
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was "
"five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12554
+#: freeculture.xml:12556
msgid ""
"A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off "
"the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12559
+#: freeculture.xml:12561
msgid ""
"My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money "
"in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12565
+#: freeculture.xml:12567
msgid ""
"I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the "
"principle in this case from the principle in "
#. PAGE BREAK 249
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12575
+#: freeculture.xml:12577
msgid ""
"Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent "
"with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12580
+#: freeculture.xml:12582
msgid ""
"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice "
"Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12586
+#: freeculture.xml:12588
msgid ""
"But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was "
"reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12597
+#: freeculture.xml:12599
msgid ""
"Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they "
"would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12609
+#: freeculture.xml:12611
msgid ""
"Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion "
"was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of "
#. PAGE BREAK 250
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12622
+#: freeculture.xml:12624
msgid ""
"Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was "
"external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12633
+#: freeculture.xml:12635
msgid ""
"These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because "
"neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12640
+#: freeculture.xml:12642
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is "
"a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12645
+#: freeculture.xml:12647
msgid "originalism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12647
+#: freeculture.xml:12649
msgid ""
"It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have "
"been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of "
#. PAGE BREAK 251
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12660
+#: freeculture.xml:12662
msgid ""
"Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the "
"framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12675
+#: freeculture.xml:12677
msgid ""
"My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I "
"had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12682
+#: freeculture.xml:12684
msgid ""
"Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism "
"about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a "
#. PAGE BREAK 252
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12693
+#: freeculture.xml:12695
msgid ""
"As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see "
"a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12714
+#: freeculture.xml:12716
msgid ""
"Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have "
"been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12719
+#: freeculture.xml:12721
msgid ""
"My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not "
"ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12725
+#: freeculture.xml:12727
msgid ""
"Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing "
"anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12733
+#: freeculture.xml:12735
msgid ""
"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in "
"January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12740
+#: freeculture.xml:12742
msgid ""
"After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, "
"that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, "
#. PAGE BREAK 253
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12749
+#: freeculture.xml:12751
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act "
"itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12764
+#: freeculture.xml:12766
msgid ""
"In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing "
"the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12778 freeculture.xml:12783
+#: freeculture.xml:12780 freeculture.xml:12785
msgid "Bolling, Ruben"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12773
+#: freeculture.xml:12775
msgid ""
"The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious "
"images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12781
+#: freeculture.xml:12783
msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:12782
+#: freeculture.xml:12784
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12786
+#: freeculture.xml:12788
msgid ""
"The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from "
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12797
+#: freeculture.xml:12799
msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12799
+#: freeculture.xml:12801
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was "
"decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12811
+#: freeculture.xml:12813
msgid ""
"It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San "
"Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same "
#. PAGE BREAK 256
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12821
+#: freeculture.xml:12823
msgid ""
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I "
"proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12829
+#: freeculture.xml:12831
msgid ""
"We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric "
"Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12834
+#: freeculture.xml:12836
msgid ""
"Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either "
"the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12842 freeculture.xml:13043
+#: freeculture.xml:12844 freeculture.xml:13045
msgid "Forbes, Steve"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12844
+#: freeculture.xml:12846
msgid ""
"The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in "
"an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12856
+#: freeculture.xml:12858
msgid ""
"Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration "
"requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12866
+#: freeculture.xml:12868
msgid "Berlin Act (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12867 freeculture.xml:12908
+#: freeculture.xml:12869 freeculture.xml:12910
msgid "Berne Convention (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12875
+#: freeculture.xml:12877
msgid "German copyright law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12875
+#: freeculture.xml:12877
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the "
"Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12870
+#: freeculture.xml:12872
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12902
+#: freeculture.xml:12904
msgid ""
"That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd "
"copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12910
+#: freeculture.xml:12912
msgid ""
"The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in "
"1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12920
+#: freeculture.xml:12922
msgid ""
"These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the "
"formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12928
+#: freeculture.xml:12930
msgid ""
"Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the "
"nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a "
#. PAGE BREAK 258
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12936
+#: freeculture.xml:12938
msgid ""
"In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12948
+#: freeculture.xml:12950
msgid ""
"This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the "
"argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12957
+#: freeculture.xml:12959
msgid ""
"No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because "
"you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12973
+#: freeculture.xml:12975
msgid ""
"It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in "
"copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12988
+#: freeculture.xml:12990
msgid ""
"This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we "
"tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12998
+#: freeculture.xml:13000
msgid ""
"But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to "
"know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13007
+#: freeculture.xml:13009
msgid ""
"The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is "
"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13014
+#: freeculture.xml:13016
msgid ""
"If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended "
"term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13021
+#: freeculture.xml:13023
msgid ""
"Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the "
"work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than "
#. PAGE BREAK 260
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13027
+#: freeculture.xml:13029
msgid ""
"It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I "
"completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13045
+#: freeculture.xml:13047
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some "
"in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13051
+#: freeculture.xml:13053
msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13053
+#: freeculture.xml:13055
msgid ""
"One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
"bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13062
+#: freeculture.xml:13064
msgid ""
"But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the "
"MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of "
#. PAGE BREAK 261
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13070
+#: freeculture.xml:13072
msgid ""
"The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central "
"concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13091
+#: freeculture.xml:13093
msgid ""
"Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do "
"this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13099
+#: freeculture.xml:13101
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two "
"stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13109
+#: freeculture.xml:13111
msgid ""
"I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been "
"about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And "
#. PAGE BREAK 262
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13118
+#: freeculture.xml:13120
msgid ""
"When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright "
"owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13128
+#: freeculture.xml:13130
msgid "Kelly, Kevin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13130
+#: freeculture.xml:13132
msgid ""
"But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, "
"then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13140
+#: freeculture.xml:13142
msgid "What does this industry really want?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13143
+#: freeculture.xml:13145
msgid ""
"With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the "
"effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13154
+#: freeculture.xml:13156
msgid ""
"The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The "
"most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not "
#. PAGE BREAK 263
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13162
+#: freeculture.xml:13164
msgid ""
"It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard "
"to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13174
+#: freeculture.xml:13176
msgid ""
"What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if "
"the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13181
+#: freeculture.xml:13183
msgid ""
"All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
"<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13193
+#: freeculture.xml:13195
msgid "CONCLUSION"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13194
+#: freeculture.xml:13196
msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13195
+#: freeculture.xml:13197
msgid "AIDS medications"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13196
+#: freeculture.xml:13198
msgid "antiretroviral drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13197
+#: freeculture.xml:13199
msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13198 freeculture.xml:13711
+#: freeculture.xml:13200 freeculture.xml:13713
msgid "drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13198 freeculture.xml:13711
+#: freeculture.xml:13200 freeculture.xml:13713
msgid "pharmaceutical"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13199
+#: freeculture.xml:13201
msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13201
+#: freeculture.xml:13203
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people "
"with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13208
+#: freeculture.xml:13210
msgid ""
"There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. "
"These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13223
+#: freeculture.xml:13225
msgid ""
"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating "
"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13216
+#: freeculture.xml:13218
msgid ""
"These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United "
"States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13232 freeculture.xml:13713
+#: freeculture.xml:13234 freeculture.xml:13715
msgid "on pharmaceuticals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13233
+#: freeculture.xml:13235
msgid "pharmaceutical patents"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 265
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13236
+#: freeculture.xml:13238
msgid ""
"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13244
+#: freeculture.xml:13246
msgid ""
"There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
"not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13255
+#: freeculture.xml:13257
msgid ""
"But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another "
"thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13261
+#: freeculture.xml:13263
msgid "international law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13262
+#: freeculture.xml:13264
msgid "parallel importation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13263
+#: freeculture.xml:13265
msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13276 freeculture.xml:13769
+#: freeculture.xml:13278 freeculture.xml:13771
msgid "Braithwaite, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13274
+#: freeculture.xml:13276
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: "
"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13265
+#: freeculture.xml:13267
msgid ""
"In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
"importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13280
+#: freeculture.xml:13282
msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)"
msgstr ""
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13288
+#: freeculture.xml:13290
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13315
+#: freeculture.xml:13317
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13282
+#: freeculture.xml:13284
msgid ""
"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13322
+#: freeculture.xml:13324
msgid ""
"We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt "
"patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13332
+#: freeculture.xml:13334
msgid ""
"By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
"government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13340
+#: freeculture.xml:13342
msgid ""
"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was "
#. f5.
#. PAGE BREAK 333
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13355
+#: freeculture.xml:13357
msgid ""
"See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's "
"Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13349
+#: freeculture.xml:13351
msgid ""
"Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
"which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13377
+#: freeculture.xml:13379
msgid ""
"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13386
+#: freeculture.xml:13388
msgid "in pharmaceutical industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13388
+#: freeculture.xml:13390
msgid ""
"Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their "
"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13396
+#: freeculture.xml:13398
msgid ""
"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13403
+#: freeculture.xml:13405
msgid "of drug patents"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 268
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13405
+#: freeculture.xml:13407
msgid ""
"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13427
+#: freeculture.xml:13429
msgid ""
"So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13433
+#: freeculture.xml:13435
msgid ""
"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13448
+#: freeculture.xml:13450
msgid ""
"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. "
#. PAGE BREAK 269
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13457
+#: freeculture.xml:13459
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the "
"cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13471
+#: freeculture.xml:13473
msgid ""
"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13484 freeculture.xml:14254
+#: freeculture.xml:13486 freeculture.xml:14256
msgid "academic journals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13485 freeculture.xml:13498
+#: freeculture.xml:13487 freeculture.xml:13500
msgid "biomedical research"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13486 freeculture.xml:13656
+#: freeculture.xml:13488 freeculture.xml:13658
msgid "international organization on issues of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13488 freeculture.xml:13605 freeculture.xml:14173
+#: freeculture.xml:13490 freeculture.xml:13607 freeculture.xml:14175
msgid "IBM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13489 freeculture.xml:14320
+#: freeculture.xml:13491 freeculture.xml:14322
msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13490 freeculture.xml:14321
+#: freeculture.xml:13492 freeculture.xml:14323
msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13491
+#: freeculture.xml:13493
msgid "public projects in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13492
+#: freeculture.xml:13494
msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13493
+#: freeculture.xml:13495
msgid "Wellcome Trust"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13494 freeculture.xml:13657
+#: freeculture.xml:13496 freeculture.xml:13659
msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13495
+#: freeculture.xml:13497
msgid "World Wide Web"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13496
+#: freeculture.xml:13498
msgid "Global Positioning System"
msgstr ""
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13503
+#: freeculture.xml:13505
msgid ""
"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink "
#. PAGE BREAK 270
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13500
+#: freeculture.xml:13502
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the "
"United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13536
+#: freeculture.xml:13538
msgid ""
"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13542
+#: freeculture.xml:13544
msgid "in international debate on intellectual property"
msgstr ""
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13545
+#: freeculture.xml:13547
msgid ""
"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
"meeting."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13544
+#: freeculture.xml:13546
msgid ""
"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was "
"ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13554 freeculture.xml:13710
+#: freeculture.xml:13556 freeculture.xml:13712
msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 271
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13556
+#: freeculture.xml:13558
msgid ""
"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13580
+#: freeculture.xml:13582
msgid ""
"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13589 freeculture.xml:15319
+#: freeculture.xml:13591 freeculture.xml:15321
msgid "Apple Corporation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13590
+#: freeculture.xml:13592
msgid "on free software"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13592
+#: freeculture.xml:13594
msgid ""
"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
"least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13602
+#: freeculture.xml:13604
msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13618
+#: freeculture.xml:13620
msgid ""
"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13607
+#: freeculture.xml:13609
msgid ""
"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13636
+#: freeculture.xml:13638
msgid "General Public License (GPL)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13637
+#: freeculture.xml:13639
msgid "GPL (General Public License)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 272
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13639
+#: freeculture.xml:13641
msgid ""
"More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free "
"software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13658
+#: freeculture.xml:13660
msgid "Krim, Jonathan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13659
+#: freeculture.xml:13661
msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by"
msgstr ""
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13669
+#: freeculture.xml:13671
msgid ""
"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13661
+#: freeculture.xml:13663
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13675
+#: freeculture.xml:13677
msgid ""
"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13683 freeculture.xml:13741
+#: freeculture.xml:13685 freeculture.xml:13743
msgid "Boland, Lois"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13685
+#: freeculture.xml:13687
msgid ""
"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13696
+#: freeculture.xml:13698
msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13701
+#: freeculture.xml:13703
msgid ""
"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13712
+#: freeculture.xml:13714
msgid "generic drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13715
+#: freeculture.xml:13717
msgid ""
"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to "
"<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13729
+#: freeculture.xml:13731
msgid ""
"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
#. PAGE BREAK 274
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13743
+#: freeculture.xml:13745
msgid ""
"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting "
"<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13754
+#: freeculture.xml:13756
msgid "feudal system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13755
+#: freeculture.xml:13757
msgid "feudal system of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13757
+#: freeculture.xml:13759
msgid ""
"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
"Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13774
+#: freeculture.xml:13776
msgid ""
"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13771
+#: freeculture.xml:13773
msgid ""
"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13785
+#: freeculture.xml:13787
msgid ""
"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
#. PAGE BREAK 275
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13794
+#: freeculture.xml:13796
msgid ""
"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
"should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13806
+#: freeculture.xml:13808
msgid ""
"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13817
+#: freeculture.xml:13819
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13825
+#: freeculture.xml:13827
msgid ""
"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13831
+#: freeculture.xml:13833
msgid ""
"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
"should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for "
#. PAGE BREAK 276
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13842
+#: freeculture.xml:13844
msgid ""
"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the "
"truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13850
+#: freeculture.xml:13852
msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13854
+#: freeculture.xml:13856
msgid "Turner, Ted"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13856
+#: freeculture.xml:13858
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this "
"struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13867
+#: freeculture.xml:13869
msgid ""
"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13875
+#: freeculture.xml:13877
msgid ""
"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness "
"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13882
+#: freeculture.xml:13884
msgid ""
"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13892
+#: freeculture.xml:13894
msgid ""
"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13899
+#: freeculture.xml:13901
msgid ""
"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13907
+#: freeculture.xml:13909
msgid ""
"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
"tragedy."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13910
+#: freeculture.xml:13912
msgid "Dylan, Bob"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13916
+#: freeculture.xml:13918
msgid ""
"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, "
"September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13934
+#: freeculture.xml:13936
msgid ""
"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old "
"Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f13.
#. PAGE BREAK 334
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13941
+#: freeculture.xml:13943
msgid ""
"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for "
"Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13912
+#: freeculture.xml:13914
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is "
"filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13958
+#: freeculture.xml:13960
msgid "BBC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13959
+#: freeculture.xml:13961
msgid "Brazil, free culture in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13960 freeculture.xml:14351
+#: freeculture.xml:13962 freeculture.xml:14353
msgid "Creative Commons"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13961
+#: freeculture.xml:13963
msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13962
+#: freeculture.xml:13964
msgid "public creative archive in"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13967
+#: freeculture.xml:13969
msgid ""
"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press "
"release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13976
+#: freeculture.xml:13978
msgid ""
"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 "
"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. PAGE BREAK 278
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13964
+#: freeculture.xml:13966
msgid ""
"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
"will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens "
#. PAGE BREAK 279
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13990
+#: freeculture.xml:13992
msgid ""
"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
"potential is ever to be realized."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13998
+#: freeculture.xml:14000
msgid "AFTERWORD"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 280
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14002
+#: freeculture.xml:14004
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will "
"agree with me that something must be done to change where we are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14007
+#: freeculture.xml:14009
msgid ""
"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
"which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14013
+#: freeculture.xml:14015
msgid ""
"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
"significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14020
+#: freeculture.xml:14022
msgid ""
"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
"an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14029
+#: freeculture.xml:14031
msgid "US, NOW"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14031
+#: freeculture.xml:14033
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright "
"warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14038
+#: freeculture.xml:14040
msgid ""
"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14048
+#: freeculture.xml:14050
msgid "initial free character of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 282
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14050
+#: freeculture.xml:14052
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
"tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14062
+#: freeculture.xml:14064
msgid ""
"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14078
+#: freeculture.xml:14080
msgid ""
"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither "
"<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14086
+#: freeculture.xml:14088
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14087
+#: freeculture.xml:14089
msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14089
+#: freeculture.xml:14091
msgid "privacy rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14091
+#: freeculture.xml:14093
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14101
+#: freeculture.xml:14103
msgid "What made it assured?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14105
+#: freeculture.xml:14107
msgid ""
"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref "
"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14120
+#: freeculture.xml:14122
msgid "Amazon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14121
+#: freeculture.xml:14123
msgid "cookies, Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14122
+#: freeculture.xml:14124
msgid "privacy protection on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14124
+#: freeculture.xml:14126
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14133
+#: freeculture.xml:14135
msgid "privacy rights in use of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14135
+#: freeculture.xml:14137
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14153
+#: freeculture.xml:14155
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the "
"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> "
#. PAGE BREAK 284
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14147
+#: freeculture.xml:14149
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define "
"<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14172
+#: freeculture.xml:14174
msgid "Data General"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14176
+#: freeculture.xml:14178
msgid ""
"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
"movement. When computers with software were first made available "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14183
+#: freeculture.xml:14185
msgid "Stallman, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14185
+#: freeculture.xml:14187
msgid ""
"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14193
+#: freeculture.xml:14195
msgid ""
"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14204
+#: freeculture.xml:14206
msgid "proprietary code"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14206
+#: freeculture.xml:14208
msgid ""
"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
#. PAGE BREAK 285
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14215
+#: freeculture.xml:14217
msgid ""
"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14224
+#: freeculture.xml:14226
msgid "Torvalds, Linus"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14226
+#: freeculture.xml:14228
msgid ""
"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14234
+#: freeculture.xml:14236
msgid ""
"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14245
+#: freeculture.xml:14247
msgid ""
"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14255
+#: freeculture.xml:14257
msgid "scientific journals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14257
+#: freeculture.xml:14259
msgid ""
"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14261
+#: freeculture.xml:14263
msgid "Lexis and Westlaw"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14263 freeculture.xml:14299
+#: freeculture.xml:14265 freeculture.xml:14301
msgid "journals in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14264
+#: freeculture.xml:14266
msgid "access to opinions of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 286
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14266
+#: freeculture.xml:14268
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14281
+#: freeculture.xml:14283
msgid "access fees for material in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14282
+#: freeculture.xml:14284
msgid "license system for rebuilding of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14284
+#: freeculture.xml:14286
msgid ""
"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14295
+#: freeculture.xml:14297
msgid ""
"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14301
+#: freeculture.xml:14303
msgid ""
"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14313
+#: freeculture.xml:14315
msgid ""
"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
#. PAGE BREAK 287
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14323
+#: freeculture.xml:14325
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14337
+#: freeculture.xml:14339
msgid ""
"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14350
+#: freeculture.xml:14352
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14353
+#: freeculture.xml:14355
msgid ""
"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
"increasing control effected through law and technology."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14356
+#: freeculture.xml:14358
msgid "Stanford University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14358
+#: freeculture.xml:14360
msgid ""
"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
#. PAGE BREAK 288
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14369
+#: freeculture.xml:14371
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14387
+#: freeculture.xml:14389
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14398
+#: freeculture.xml:14400
msgid ""
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14408
+#: freeculture.xml:14410
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 289
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14410
+#: freeculture.xml:14412
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14423
+#: freeculture.xml:14425
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The "
"aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14436
+#: freeculture.xml:14438
msgid ""
"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14443
+#: freeculture.xml:14445
msgid ""
"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14455
+#: freeculture.xml:14457
msgid ""
"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14460
+#: freeculture.xml:14462
msgid "Free for All (Wayner)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14461
+#: freeculture.xml:14463
msgid "Wayner, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 290
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14463
+#: freeculture.xml:14465
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14474
+#: freeculture.xml:14476
msgid "Public Enemy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14475
+#: freeculture.xml:14477
msgid "rap music"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14476
+#: freeculture.xml:14478
msgid "Leaphart, Walter"
msgstr ""
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14493
+#: freeculture.xml:14495
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14478
+#: freeculture.xml:14480
msgid ""
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14502
+#: freeculture.xml:14504
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
#. PAGE BREAK 291
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14514
+#: freeculture.xml:14516
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14524
+#: freeculture.xml:14526
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14532
+#: freeculture.xml:14534
msgid ""
"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14546
+#: freeculture.xml:14548
msgid "THEM, SOON"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14548
+#: freeculture.xml:14550
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by "
"individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14555
+#: freeculture.xml:14557
msgid ""
"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14562
+#: freeculture.xml:14564
msgid "1. More Formalities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14564
+#: freeculture.xml:14566
msgid ""
"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If "
#. PAGE BREAK 293
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14571
+#: freeculture.xml:14573
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14576
+#: freeculture.xml:14578
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14582
+#: freeculture.xml:14584
msgid "Why?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14585
+#: freeculture.xml:14587
msgid ""
"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14594
+#: freeculture.xml:14596
msgid ""
"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14608
+#: freeculture.xml:14610
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14606
+#: freeculture.xml:14608
msgid ""
"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14616
+#: freeculture.xml:14618
msgid ""
"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14628
+#: freeculture.xml:14630
msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14630
+#: freeculture.xml:14632
msgid ""
"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14643
+#: freeculture.xml:14645
msgid ""
"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14652
+#: freeculture.xml:14654
msgid ""
"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name "
#. PAGE BREAK 295
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14662
+#: freeculture.xml:14664
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14677
+#: freeculture.xml:14679
msgid "MARKING"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14679
+#: freeculture.xml:14681
msgid ""
"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14689
+#: freeculture.xml:14691
msgid ""
"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14695
+#: freeculture.xml:14697
msgid ""
"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14712
+#: freeculture.xml:14714
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
#. PAGE BREAK 296
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14705
+#: freeculture.xml:14707
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14725
+#: freeculture.xml:14727
msgid ""
"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14731
+#: freeculture.xml:14733
msgid "copyright marking of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14733
+#: freeculture.xml:14735
msgid ""
"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14745
+#: freeculture.xml:14747
msgid ""
"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14753
+#: freeculture.xml:14755
msgid ""
"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14758
+#: freeculture.xml:14760
msgid ""
"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14770
+#: freeculture.xml:14772
msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14772
+#: freeculture.xml:14774
msgid ""
"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14785
+#: freeculture.xml:14787
msgid ""
"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 "
"(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14777
+#: freeculture.xml:14779
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a "
"seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14792
+#: freeculture.xml:14794
msgid ""
"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
#. (1)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14800
+#: freeculture.xml:14802
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
#. (2)
#. PAGE BREAK 298
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14809
+#: freeculture.xml:14811
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14821
+#: freeculture.xml:14823
msgid "veterans' pensions"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14832
+#: freeculture.xml:14834
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14824
+#: freeculture.xml:14826
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
#. (4)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14843
+#: freeculture.xml:14845
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14859
+#: freeculture.xml:14861
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14865
+#: freeculture.xml:14867
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After "
"all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14875
+#: freeculture.xml:14877
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14879
+#: freeculture.xml:14881
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14887
+#: freeculture.xml:14889
msgid ""
"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive "
"right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14895
+#: freeculture.xml:14897
msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
msgstr ""
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14901
+#: freeculture.xml:14903
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14897
+#: freeculture.xml:14899
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14914
+#: freeculture.xml:14916
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14910
+#: freeculture.xml:14912
msgid ""
"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14919
+#: freeculture.xml:14921
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14926
+#: freeculture.xml:14928
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14939
+#: freeculture.xml:14941
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14953
+#: freeculture.xml:14955
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14969
+#: freeculture.xml:14971
msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14967
+#: freeculture.xml:14969
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14961
+#: freeculture.xml:14963
msgid ""
"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14975
+#: freeculture.xml:14977
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 301
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14982
+#: freeculture.xml:14984
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14992
+#: freeculture.xml:14994
msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14994
+#: freeculture.xml:14996
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15001
+#: freeculture.xml:15003
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15010
+#: freeculture.xml:15012
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15017
+#: freeculture.xml:15019
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15026
+#: freeculture.xml:15028
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15031
+#: freeculture.xml:15033
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"purchasing CDs."
#. PAGE BREAK 302
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15037
+#: freeculture.xml:15039
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15043
+#: freeculture.xml:15045
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15051
+#: freeculture.xml:15053
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15059
+#: freeculture.xml:15061
msgid ""
"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15067
+#: freeculture.xml:15069
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15072
+#: freeculture.xml:15074
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
#. PAGE BREAK 303
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15084
+#: freeculture.xml:15086
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15098
+#: freeculture.xml:15100
msgid "cell phones, music streamed over"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15118
+#: freeculture.xml:15120
msgid ""
"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan "
"Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15100
+#: freeculture.xml:15102
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
#. PAGE BREAK 304
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15125
+#: freeculture.xml:15127
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15141
+#: freeculture.xml:15143
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different "
"<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15152
+#: freeculture.xml:15154
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content "
"that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15163
+#: freeculture.xml:15165
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15173
+#: freeculture.xml:15175
msgid ""
"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 305
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15184
+#: freeculture.xml:15186
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15194
+#: freeculture.xml:15196
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15204
+#: freeculture.xml:15206
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15212
+#: freeculture.xml:15214
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15216
+#: freeculture.xml:15218
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
#. PAGE BREAK 306
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15227
+#: freeculture.xml:15229
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15234 freeculture.xml:15276
+#: freeculture.xml:15236 freeculture.xml:15278
msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15274
+#: freeculture.xml:15276
msgid "Fisher, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15240
+#: freeculture.xml:15242
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, "
"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15236
+#: freeculture.xml:15238
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15290
+#: freeculture.xml:15292
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
#. PAGE BREAK 307
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15307
+#: freeculture.xml:15309
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15320
+#: freeculture.xml:15322
msgid "MusicStore"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15322
+#: freeculture.xml:15324
msgid "prices of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15324
+#: freeculture.xml:15326
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of "
"<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15339
+#: freeculture.xml:15341
msgid "cable vs. broadcast"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15342
+#: freeculture.xml:15344
msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15344
+#: freeculture.xml:15346
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of "
"<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15356
+#: freeculture.xml:15358
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15365
+#: freeculture.xml:15367
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 308
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15370
+#: freeculture.xml:15372
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15377
+#: freeculture.xml:15379
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15383
+#: freeculture.xml:15385
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15387
+#: freeculture.xml:15389
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
#. 3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15393
+#: freeculture.xml:15395
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15398
+#: freeculture.xml:15400
msgid ""
"But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a "
"competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15404
+#: freeculture.xml:15406
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
#. PAGE BREAK 309
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15418
+#: freeculture.xml:15420
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15429
+#: freeculture.xml:15431
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15431
+#: freeculture.xml:15433
msgid ""
"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15437
+#: freeculture.xml:15439
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15444
+#: freeculture.xml:15446
msgid "Nimmer, Melville"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15445
+#: freeculture.xml:15447
msgid "Supreme Court challenge of"
msgstr ""
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15456
+#: freeculture.xml:15458
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville "
"B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15447
+#: freeculture.xml:15449
msgid ""
"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a "
"<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15462
+#: freeculture.xml:15464
msgid ""
"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15472
+#: freeculture.xml:15474
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15467
+#: freeculture.xml:15469
msgid ""
"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
#. PAGE BREAK 310
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15496
+#: freeculture.xml:15498
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15504
+#: freeculture.xml:15506
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15514
+#: freeculture.xml:15516
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15522
+#: freeculture.xml:15524
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15529
+#: freeculture.xml:15531
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
#. PAGE BREAK 311
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15538
+#: freeculture.xml:15540
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15547
+#: freeculture.xml:15549
msgid ""
"We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is "
"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15556
+#: freeculture.xml:15558
msgid "NOTES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15558
+#: freeculture.xml:15560
msgid ""
"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15577
+#: freeculture.xml:15579
msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15579
+#: freeculture.xml:15581
msgid ""
"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15586
+#: freeculture.xml:15588
msgid ""
"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 337
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15599
+#: freeculture.xml:15601
msgid ""
"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15610
+#: freeculture.xml:15612
msgid ""
"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15630
+#: freeculture.xml:15632
msgid ""
"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15639
+#: freeculture.xml:15641
msgid ""
"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff