msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-04 14:48+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-04 22:46+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-08-29 11:14+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere@hungry.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål <i18n-nb@lister.ping.uio.no>\n"
"prosess. RCA hadde hva Causby-ene ikke hadde: Makten til å undertrykke "
"effekten av en teknologisk endring."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><
section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Internet"
msgstr "internet"
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
msgid "development of"
msgstr "utviklingen av"
"USA. Men det var på ingen måte dominerende i vår tradisjon. Det var i "
"stedet bare en del, en kontrollert del, balansert mot det frie."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "free culture"
msgstr "fri kultur"
msgid "in Asia"
msgstr "i Asia"
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><
section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)"
msgstr "fri programvare/åpen kildekode-programvare (FS/OSS)"
msgid "international organization on issues of"
msgstr "internasjonal organisasjon om saker av"
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "IBM"
msgstr "IBM"
"quote>-typen mener du bør kunne gjøre med innhold som du selv ønsker "
"uavhengig av om du har tillatelse eller ikke."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+msgid "initial free character of"
+msgstr ""
+
#. PAGE BREAK 282
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av friheter som tidligere var antatt: Eksempler"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "privacy rights"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
msgid "cookies, Internet"
msgstr "informasjonskapsler, internett"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+msgid "privacy protection on"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"forsvinner ogsåå ethver <quote>personvern</quote> som var beskyttet av denne "
"friksjonen."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+msgid "privacy rights in use of"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
msgstr ""
"Amazon er naturligvis ikke problemet. Men vi kan begynne å bekymre oss for "
"biblioteker. Hvis du er en av disse sprø venstrevridde som mener at folk "
-"bør ha <quote>retten</quote> til å bla igjennom et bibliotek uten at myndighetene "
-"får vite hvilke bøker du ser på (jeg er også en av disse venstrevridde), da "
-"kan det hende denne endringen i teknologien for overvåkning angår deg. Hvis "
-"det blir enkelt å samle inn og sortere hvem som gjør hva i det elektroniske "
-"rom, så forsvinner det friksjons-induserte personvernet fra tidligere tider."
+"bør ha <quote>retten</quote> til å bla igjennom et bibliotek uten at "
+"myndighetene får vite hvilke bøker du ser på (jeg er også en av disse "
+"venstrevridde), da kan det hende denne endringen i teknologien for "
+"overvåkning angår deg. Hvis det blir enkelt å samle inn og sortere hvem som "
+"gjør hva i det elektroniske rom, så forsvinner det friksjons-induserte "
+"personvernet fra tidligere tider."
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
"på personvern til å gjøre aktive handlinger der hvor personvern tidligere "
"var gitt som utgangspunkt."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Data General"
+msgstr "Data General"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. "
"When computers with software were first made available commercially, the "
"software—both the source code and the binaries— was free. You "
"couldn't run a program written for a Data General machine on an IBM machine, "
-"so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software."
msgstr ""
"En lignende historie kan fortelles om stiftelsen av fri programvare-"
"bevegelsen. Da datamaskiner med programvare først ble gjort kommersielt "
"tilgjengelig var programvaren—både kildekoden og binærene—fritt "
"tilgjengelig. Du kunne ikke kjøre et program skrevet for en Data General-"
"maskin på en IBM-maskin, så Data General og IBM brydde seg ikke mye om å "
-"kontrollere programvaren sin. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"kontrollere programvaren sin."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Stallman, Richard"
"kunnskap. Hvorfor skulle det ikke være åpent for kritikk på samme måte som "
"alt annet?"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "proprietary code"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
"needed. Creative Commons gives people a way effectively to begin to build "
"those rules."
msgstr ""
-"Målet er ikke å sloss mot <quote>alle rettigheter "
-"reservert</quote>-folkene. Målet er å utfylle dem. Problemene som "
-"loven skaper for oss som kultur er skapt av sinnsyke og utilsiktede "
-"konsekvenser av lover skrevet for århundrer siden, anvendt på en "
-"teknologi som kun Jefferson kunne ha forestilt seg. Reglene kan godt "
-"å gitt mening da bakgrunnen var teknologiene tilgjengelig for "
-"hundrevis av år siden, men de gir ikke mening når bakgrunnen er "
-"digitale teknologier. Nye regler—med andre friheter, uttrykket "
-"slik at hemmenser uten advokater kan bruke dem—trengs. Creative "
-"Commons gir folk en effektiv måte å begynne å lage disse reglene."
+"Målet er ikke å sloss mot <quote>alle rettigheter reservert</quote>-"
+"folkene. Målet er å utfylle dem. Problemene som loven skaper for oss som "
+"kultur er skapt av sinnsyke og utilsiktede konsekvenser av lover skrevet for "
+"århundrer siden, anvendt på en teknologi som kun Jefferson kunne ha "
+"forestilt seg. Reglene kan godt å gitt mening da bakgrunnen var "
+"teknologiene tilgjengelig for hundrevis av år siden, men de gir ikke mening "
+"når bakgrunnen er digitale teknologier. Nye regler—med andre "
+"friheter, uttrykket slik at hemmenser uten advokater kan bruke dem—"
+"trengs. Creative Commons gir folk en effektiv måte å begynne å lage disse "
+"reglene."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"(1)s, the strategy of releasing Cory's book free on-line will probably "
"<emphasis>increase</emphasis> sales of Cory's book."
msgstr ""
-"Hvorfor ville en utgiver noen sinne gå med på dette? Jeg mistenker "
-"hans utgiver tenkte som dette: Det er to grupper av mennesker der ute: "
-"(1) de osm vil kjøpe Corys bok uansett om den er på internettet eller "
-"ikke og (2)de som kanskje aldri hører om Corys bok hvis den ikke blir "
-"gjort tilgjengelig gratis på internettet. En del av (1) vil laste ned "
-"Corys bok i stedet for å kjøpe den. Vi kan kalle dem slemme-(1). En "
-"del av (2) vil laste ned Corys bok, like den, og deretter bestemme seg "
-"for å kjøpe den. Vi kan kalle dem gode-(2). Hvis det er flere "
-"gode-(2-) enn det er slemme-(1), så vil strategien med å gi ut Corys "
-"bok gratis på nettet antagelig <emphasis>øke</emphasis> salget av "
-"Corys bok."
+"Hvorfor ville en utgiver noen sinne gå med på dette? Jeg mistenker hans "
+"utgiver tenkte som dette: Det er to grupper av mennesker der ute: (1) de osm "
+"vil kjøpe Corys bok uansett om den er på internettet eller ikke og (2)de som "
+"kanskje aldri hører om Corys bok hvis den ikke blir gjort tilgjengelig "
+"gratis på internettet. En del av (1) vil laste ned Corys bok i stedet for å "
+"kjøpe den. Vi kan kalle dem slemme-(1). En del av (2) vil laste ned Corys "
+"bok, like den, og deretter bestemme seg for å kjøpe den. Vi kan kalle dem "
+"gode-(2). Hvis det er flere gode-(2-) enn det er slemme-(1), så vil "
+"strategien med å gi ut Corys bok gratis på nettet antagelig <emphasis>øke</"
+"emphasis> salget av Corys bok."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"used book store prices for the book. As predicted, as the number of "
"downloads increased, the used book price for his book increased, as well."
msgstr ""
-"Idéen om at gratis innhold kan øke verdien for ikke-gratis innhold "
-"var bekreftet av et eksperiment gjennomført av an anne forfatter. "
-"Peter Wayner, som skrev en bok om fri programvarebevegeslen med "
-"tittelen <citetitle>Free For All</citetitle>, gjorde en elektronisk "
-"utgave av boken gratis til gjengelig på nettet med en Creative "
-"Commons-lisens etter at boken var utsolgt fra forlaget. Han fulgte "
-"deretter med på prisen for boken i bruktbokhandler. Som forutsett, "
-"etter hvert som antall nedlastinger steg, steg også bruktprisen på "
-"boken."
+"Idéen om at gratis innhold kan øke verdien for ikke-gratis innhold var "
+"bekreftet av et eksperiment gjennomført av an anne forfatter. Peter Wayner, "
+"som skrev en bok om fri programvarebevegeslen med tittelen <citetitle>Free "
+"For All</citetitle>, gjorde en elektronisk utgave av boken gratis til "
+"gjengelig på nettet med en Creative Commons-lisens etter at boken var "
+"utsolgt fra forlaget. Han fulgte deretter med på prisen for boken i "
+"bruktbokhandler. Som forutsett, etter hvert som antall nedlastinger steg, "
+"steg også bruktprisen på boken."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Public Enemy"
"the creative environment content that others can build upon, so that their "
"form of creativity might grow."
msgstr ""
-"Dette er eksempler på bruk av Creative Commons for å bedre spre "
-"proprietært innhold. Jeg mener at dette er en nydelig og vanlig bruk "
-"av Creative Commons. Det er andre som bruker Creative "
-"Commons-lisenser av andre grunner. Mange som bruker "
-"<quote>sampling-lisensen</quote> gjør det på grunn av at det ville "
-"være hyklerisk. Samling-lisensen sier at andre står fritt til, for "
-"kommersielle eller ikke-kommersielle formål, å bruke biter av innhold "
-"fra det lisensierte verket. De har bare ikke friheten til å gjøre "
+"Dette er eksempler på bruk av Creative Commons for å bedre spre proprietært "
+"innhold. Jeg mener at dette er en nydelig og vanlig bruk av Creative "
+"Commons. Det er andre som bruker Creative Commons-lisenser av andre "
+"grunner. Mange som bruker <quote>sampling-lisensen</quote> gjør det på "
+"grunn av at det ville være hyklerisk. Samling-lisensen sier at andre står "
+"fritt til, for kommersielle eller ikke-kommersielle formål, å bruke biter av "
+"innhold fra det lisensierte verket. De har bare ikke friheten til å gjøre "
"hele innholdet tilgjengelig for andre. På grunn av at den "
"<emphasis>juridiske</emphasis> kostnaden med samling er så høy (Walter "
-"Leaphart, manager for rap-gruppen Public Enemy, som ble skapt ved å "
-"sample musikken til andre, har uttalt at han ikke "
-"<quote>tillater</quote> Public Enemy å sample mer, på grunn av at den "
-"juridiske kostnaden er så høy<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>), slipper disse artistene innhold ut i det kreative miljøet "
-"som andre kan bygge videre på, slik at deres form for kreativitet kan "
-"vokse."
+"Leaphart, manager for rap-gruppen Public Enemy, som ble skapt ved å sample "
+"musikken til andre, har uttalt at han ikke <quote>tillater</quote> Public "
+"Enemy å sample mer, på grunn av at den juridiske kostnaden er så "
+"høy<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), slipper disse artistene "
+"innhold ut i det kreative miljøet som andre kan bygge videre på, slik at "
+"deres form for kreativitet kan vokse."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Creative Commons license expresses this notion of <quote>Some Rights "
"Reserved,</quote> and gives many the chance to say it to others."
msgstr ""
-"Til slutt er det mange som merker sitt innhold med en Creative "
-"Commons-lisens kun fordi de ønsker å uttrykke til andre hvor viktig de "
-"synes balanse er i denne debatten. Hvis du bare aksepterer systemet "
-"slik det er, så sier du i effekt at du tror på <quote>alle rettigheter "
-"reservert</quote>-modellen. Fint for deg, men mange gjør ikke det. "
-"Mange tror at uanset hvor riktig den regelen er for Hollywood og "
-"gærninger, så er den ikke en riktig beskrivelse av hvordan de fleste "
-"skaperne ser på rettighetene knyttet til sitt innhold. Creative "
-"Commons-lisesen uttrykker begrepet <quote>noen rettigheter "
-"reservert</quote>, og gir mange muligheten til å si det til andre."
+"Til slutt er det mange som merker sitt innhold med en Creative Commons-"
+"lisens kun fordi de ønsker å uttrykke til andre hvor viktig de synes balanse "
+"er i denne debatten. Hvis du bare aksepterer systemet slik det er, så sier "
+"du i effekt at du tror på <quote>alle rettigheter reservert</quote>-"
+"modellen. Fint for deg, men mange gjør ikke det. Mange tror at uanset hvor "
+"riktig den regelen er for Hollywood og gærninger, så er den ikke en riktig "
+"beskrivelse av hvordan de fleste skaperne ser på rettighetene knyttet til "
+"sitt innhold. Creative Commons-lisesen uttrykker begrepet <quote>noen "
+"rettigheter reservert</quote>, og gir mange muligheten til å si det til "
+"andre."
#. PAGE BREAK 291
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
"build content based upon content set free."
msgstr ""
"I de første seks månede av Creative Commons-eksperimentet, ble over en "
-"million objekter lisensiert med disse fri kultur-lisensene. Neste "
-"steg er partnerskap med mellomvare-tilbyderne av innhold for å hjelpe "
-"dem å bygge enkle måter for brukerne å merke innholdet med friheten "
-"gitt med Creative Commons inn i teknologiene de lager."
+"million objekter lisensiert med disse fri kultur-lisensene. Neste steg er "
+"partnerskap med mellomvare-tilbyderne av innhold for å hjelpe dem å bygge "
+"enkle måter for brukerne å merke innholdet med friheten gitt med Creative "
+"Commons inn i teknologiene de lager."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Creative Commons relies upon voluntary steps to achieve this rebuilding. "
"They will lead to a world in which more than voluntary steps are possible."
msgstr ""
-"Dette er de første stegene for å gjennoppbygge et allemannseie. De "
-"er ikke kun argumentasjon, de er handlinger. A bygge allemannseiet er "
-"første steg for å vise folk hvor viktig dette er for kreativitet og "
-"nyskapning. Creative Commons baserer seg på frivillige steg for å få "
-"til denne gjenoppbyggingen. De vil føre til en verden hvor mer enn "
-"frivillige steg er mulig."
+"Dette er de første stegene for å gjennoppbygge et allemannseie. De er ikke "
+"kun argumentasjon, de er handlinger. A bygge allemannseiet er første steg "
+"for å vise folk hvor viktig dette er for kreativitet og nyskapning. "
+"Creative Commons baserer seg på frivillige steg for å få til denne "
+"gjenoppbyggingen. De vil føre til en verden hvor mer enn frivillige steg er "
+"mulig."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Creative Commons er bare ett eksempel på frivillig innsats fra "
"enkeltpersoner og skapere for å endre blandingen av rettigheter som nå "
"styrer det kreative området. Prosjektet konkurrerer ikke med "
-"opphavsretten. Den utfyller den. Dets mål er ikke å bekjempe "
-"rettighetene til forfatterne, men a gjøre det enklere for forfattere "
-"og skapere å utøve sine rettigheter mer fleksibelt og billigere. Den "
-"forskjellen, tror vi, vil gjøre det mulig for kreativiteten a spre seg "
-"lettere."
+"opphavsretten. Den utfyller den. Dets mål er ikke å bekjempe rettighetene "
+"til forfatterne, men a gjøre det enklere for forfattere og skapere å utøve "
+"sine rettigheter mer fleksibelt og billigere. Den forskjellen, tror vi, vil "
+"gjøre det mulig for kreativiteten a spre seg lettere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "THEM, SOON"
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-04 14:48+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-04 22:46+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14510
+#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14529
msgid "land ownership, air traffic and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4681 freeculture.xml:13408 freeculture.xml:14511
+#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4681 freeculture.xml:13408 freeculture.xml:14530
msgid "property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14511
+#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14530
msgid "air traffic vs."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4570 freeculture.xml:13901
+#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4570 freeculture.xml:13917
msgid "Supreme Court, U.S."
msgstr ""
"did not: the power to stifle the effect of technological change."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:2399 freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2495 freeculture.xml:2529 freeculture.xml:2555 freeculture.xml:2805 freeculture.xml:7343 freeculture.xml:9903 freeculture.xml:13142
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><
section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:2399 freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2495 freeculture.xml:2529 freeculture.xml:2555 freeculture.xml:2805 freeculture.xml:7343 freeculture.xml:9903 freeculture.xml:13142 freeculture.xml:13700 freeculture.xml:13701 freeculture.xml:13775
msgid "Internet"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:13142
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:13142 freeculture.xml:13700
msgid "development of"
msgstr ""
"a controlled part, balanced with the free."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1761
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1761 freeculture.xml:13740
msgid "free culture"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:975 freeculture.xml:985 freeculture.xml:14909
+#: freeculture.xml:975 freeculture.xml:985 freeculture.xml:14928
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:3058 freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:14975
+#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:3058 freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:14994
msgid "piracy"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7826 freeculture.xml:13146 freeculture.xml:13918 freeculture.xml:13919
+#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7826 freeculture.xml:13146 freeculture.xml:13934 freeculture.xml:13935
msgid "public domain"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2131 freeculture.xml:14973
+#: freeculture.xml:2131 freeculture.xml:14992
msgid "television"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3001 freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:4306 freeculture.xml:5451 freeculture.xml:5500 freeculture.xml:9949 freeculture.xml:10047 freeculture.xml:10208 freeculture.xml:10231 freeculture.xml:14874 freeculture.xml:14939
+#: freeculture.xml:3001 freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:4306 freeculture.xml:5451 freeculture.xml:5500 freeculture.xml:9949 freeculture.xml:10047 freeculture.xml:10208 freeculture.xml:10231 freeculture.xml:14893 freeculture.xml:14958
msgid "artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3001 freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:4306 freeculture.xml:9949 freeculture.xml:10047 freeculture.xml:10208 freeculture.xml:10231 freeculture.xml:14874 freeculture.xml:14939
+#: freeculture.xml:3001 freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:4306 freeculture.xml:9949 freeculture.xml:10047 freeculture.xml:10208 freeculture.xml:10231 freeculture.xml:14893 freeculture.xml:14958
msgid "recording industry payments to"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3300 freeculture.xml:14570
+#: freeculture.xml:3300 freeculture.xml:14589
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3447 freeculture.xml:4330 freeculture.xml:8317 freeculture.xml:8356 freeculture.xml:14972
+#: freeculture.xml:3447 freeculture.xml:4330 freeculture.xml:8317 freeculture.xml:8356 freeculture.xml:14991
msgid "cable television"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3610 freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:3740 freeculture.xml:14974
+#: freeculture.xml:3610 freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:3740 freeculture.xml:14993
msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3611 freeculture.xml:4058 freeculture.xml:9595 freeculture.xml:10449 freeculture.xml:14365 freeculture.xml:14956
+#: freeculture.xml:3611 freeculture.xml:4058 freeculture.xml:9595 freeculture.xml:10449 freeculture.xml:14384 freeculture.xml:14975
msgid "CDs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:3979 freeculture.xml:15122
+#: freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:3979 freeculture.xml:15141
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:14975
+#: freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:14994
msgid "in Asia"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3742 freeculture.xml:13241
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><
section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3742 freeculture.xml:13241 freeculture.xml:13827
msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3743 freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:11724 freeculture.xml:13256 freeculture.xml:13869
+#: freeculture.xml:3743 freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:11724 freeculture.xml:13256 freeculture.xml:13883
msgid "GNU/Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3744 freeculture.xml:3774 freeculture.xml:11726 freeculture.xml:13257 freeculture.xml:13870
+#: freeculture.xml:3744 freeculture.xml:3774 freeculture.xml:11726 freeculture.xml:13257 freeculture.xml:13884
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3762 freeculture.xml:13899
+#: freeculture.xml:3762 freeculture.xml:13915
msgid "law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3762 freeculture.xml:13899
+#: freeculture.xml:3762 freeculture.xml:13915
msgid "databases of case reports in"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4005 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:8116 freeculture.xml:8145 freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:14682
+#: freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4005 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:8116 freeculture.xml:8145 freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:14701
msgid "cassette recording"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:8116 freeculture.xml:8145 freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:9875 freeculture.xml:14682 freeculture.xml:14683
+#: freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:8116 freeculture.xml:8145 freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:9875 freeculture.xml:14701 freeculture.xml:14702
msgid "VCRs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:4168 freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:4720 freeculture.xml:6061 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:6118 freeculture.xml:6998 freeculture.xml:6999 freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7410 freeculture.xml:7444 freeculture.xml:7660 freeculture.xml:14068 freeculture.xml:14794 freeculture.xml:14795
+#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:4168 freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:4720 freeculture.xml:6061 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:6118 freeculture.xml:6998 freeculture.xml:6999 freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7410 freeculture.xml:7444 freeculture.xml:7660 freeculture.xml:14087 freeculture.xml:14813 freeculture.xml:14814
msgid "books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:4168 freeculture.xml:6999 freeculture.xml:14795
+#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:4168 freeculture.xml:6999 freeculture.xml:14814
msgid "resales of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:6061 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:6998 freeculture.xml:14794
+#: freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:6061 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:6998 freeculture.xml:14813
msgid "out of print"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:14068
+#: freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:14087
msgid "free on-line releases of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4661 freeculture.xml:6352 freeculture.xml:14055
+#: freeculture.xml:4661 freeculture.xml:6352 freeculture.xml:14074
msgid "Jefferson, Thomas"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5036 freeculture.xml:15218
+#: freeculture.xml:5036 freeculture.xml:15237
msgid "Rose, Mark"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5441 freeculture.xml:5501 freeculture.xml:5686 freeculture.xml:10206 freeculture.xml:14585
+#: freeculture.xml:5441 freeculture.xml:5501 freeculture.xml:5686 freeculture.xml:10206 freeculture.xml:14604
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5905 freeculture.xml:13900
+#: freeculture.xml:5905 freeculture.xml:13786 freeculture.xml:13916 freeculture.xml:13952
msgid "libraries"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6695 freeculture.xml:15161
+#: freeculture.xml:6695 freeculture.xml:15180
msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7522 freeculture.xml:7582 freeculture.xml:13737
+#: freeculture.xml:7522 freeculture.xml:7582 freeculture.xml:13741
msgid "browsing"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10205 freeculture.xml:14955
+#: freeculture.xml:10205 freeculture.xml:14974
msgid "Real Networks"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13139 freeculture.xml:13891
+#: freeculture.xml:13139 freeculture.xml:13907
msgid "academic journals"
msgstr ""
msgid "international organization on issues of"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13143 freeculture.xml:13258 freeculture.xml:13822
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13143 freeculture.xml:13258 freeculture.xml:13826
msgid "IBM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13144 freeculture.xml:13956
+#: freeculture.xml:13144 freeculture.xml:13973
msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13145 freeculture.xml:13957
+#: freeculture.xml:13145 freeculture.xml:13974
msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13242 freeculture.xml:14953
+#: freeculture.xml:13242 freeculture.xml:14972
msgid "Apple Corporation"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13613 freeculture.xml:13985
+#: freeculture.xml:13613 freeculture.xml:14004
msgid "Creative Commons"
msgstr ""
"with content as you wish, regardless of whether you have permission or not."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13701
+msgid "initial free character of"
+msgstr ""
+
#. PAGE BREAK 282
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13701
+#: freeculture.xml:13703
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
"tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13713
+#: freeculture.xml:13715
msgid ""
"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13727
+#: freeculture.xml:13731
msgid ""
"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither "
"<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13736
+#: freeculture.xml:13739
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13740
+msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13742
+msgid "privacy rights"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13739
+#: freeculture.xml:13744
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13749
+#: freeculture.xml:13754
msgid "What made it assured?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13753
+#: freeculture.xml:13758
msgid ""
"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref "
"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13768
+#: freeculture.xml:13773
msgid "Amazon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13769
+#: freeculture.xml:13774
msgid "cookies, Internet"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13775
+msgid "privacy protection on"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13771
+#: freeculture.xml:13777
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
"protected by the friction disappears, too."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13786
+msgid "privacy rights in use of"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13781
+#: freeculture.xml:13788
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13798
+#: freeculture.xml:13806
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the "
"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> "
#. PAGE BREAK 284
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13792
+#: freeculture.xml:13800
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define "
"<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that "
"by default."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13825
+msgid "Data General"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13816
+#: freeculture.xml:13829
msgid ""
"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
"movement. When computers with software were first made available "
"commercially, the software—both the source code and the "
"binaries— was free. You couldn't run a program written for a Data "
"General machine on an IBM machine, so Data General and IBM didn't care much "
-"about controlling their software. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"about controlling their software."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13824
+#: freeculture.xml:13836
msgid "Stallman, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13826
+#: freeculture.xml:13838
msgid ""
"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13834
+#: freeculture.xml:13846
msgid ""
"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
"else?"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13857
+msgid "proprietary code"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13846
+#: freeculture.xml:13859
msgid ""
"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
#. PAGE BREAK 285
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13855
+#: freeculture.xml:13868
msgid ""
"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13863
+#: freeculture.xml:13877
msgid "Torvalds, Linus"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13865
+#: freeculture.xml:13879
msgid ""
"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13873
+#: freeculture.xml:13887
msgid ""
"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13884
+#: freeculture.xml:13898
msgid ""
"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13892
+#: freeculture.xml:13908
msgid "scientific journals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13894
+#: freeculture.xml:13910
msgid ""
"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13898
+#: freeculture.xml:13914
msgid "Lexis and Westlaw"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13900
+#: freeculture.xml:13916 freeculture.xml:13952
msgid "journals in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13901
+#: freeculture.xml:13917
msgid "access to opinions of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 286
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13903
+#: freeculture.xml:13919
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13918
+#: freeculture.xml:13934
msgid "access fees for material in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13919
+#: freeculture.xml:13935
msgid "license system for rebuilding of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13921
+#: freeculture.xml:13937
msgid ""
"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13932
+#: freeculture.xml:13948
msgid ""
"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13937
+#: freeculture.xml:13954
msgid ""
"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13949
+#: freeculture.xml:13966
msgid ""
"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
#. PAGE BREAK 287
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13959
+#: freeculture.xml:13976
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13972
+#: freeculture.xml:13990
msgid ""
"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13984
+#: freeculture.xml:14003
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13987
+#: freeculture.xml:14006
msgid ""
"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
"increasing control effected through law and technology."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13990
+#: freeculture.xml:14009
msgid "Stanford University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13992
+#: freeculture.xml:14011
msgid ""
"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
#. PAGE BREAK 288
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14003
+#: freeculture.xml:14022
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14021
+#: freeculture.xml:14040
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14032
+#: freeculture.xml:14051
msgid ""
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14042
+#: freeculture.xml:14061
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 289
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14044
+#: freeculture.xml:14063
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14057
+#: freeculture.xml:14076
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The "
"aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14070
+#: freeculture.xml:14089
msgid ""
"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14077
+#: freeculture.xml:14096
msgid ""
"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14089
+#: freeculture.xml:14108
msgid ""
"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14094
+#: freeculture.xml:14113
msgid "Free for All (Wayner)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14095
+#: freeculture.xml:14114
msgid "Wayner, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 290
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14097
+#: freeculture.xml:14116
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14108
+#: freeculture.xml:14127
msgid "Public Enemy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14109
+#: freeculture.xml:14128
msgid "rap music"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14110
+#: freeculture.xml:14129
msgid "Leaphart, Walter"
msgstr ""
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14127
+#: freeculture.xml:14146
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14112
+#: freeculture.xml:14131
msgid ""
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14136
+#: freeculture.xml:14155
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
#. PAGE BREAK 291
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14148
+#: freeculture.xml:14167
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14158
+#: freeculture.xml:14177
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14166
+#: freeculture.xml:14185
msgid ""
"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14180
+#: freeculture.xml:14199
msgid "THEM, SOON"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14182
+#: freeculture.xml:14201
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by "
"individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14189
+#: freeculture.xml:14208
msgid ""
"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14196
+#: freeculture.xml:14215
msgid "1. More Formalities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14198
+#: freeculture.xml:14217
msgid ""
"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If "
#. PAGE BREAK 293
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14205
+#: freeculture.xml:14224
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14210
+#: freeculture.xml:14229
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14216
+#: freeculture.xml:14235
msgid "Why?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14219
+#: freeculture.xml:14238
msgid ""
"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14228
+#: freeculture.xml:14247
msgid ""
"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14242
+#: freeculture.xml:14261
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14240
+#: freeculture.xml:14259
msgid ""
"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14250
+#: freeculture.xml:14269
msgid ""
"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14262
+#: freeculture.xml:14281
msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14264
+#: freeculture.xml:14283
msgid ""
"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14277
+#: freeculture.xml:14296
msgid ""
"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14286
+#: freeculture.xml:14305
msgid ""
"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name "
#. PAGE BREAK 295
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14296
+#: freeculture.xml:14315
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14311
+#: freeculture.xml:14330
msgid "MARKING"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14313
+#: freeculture.xml:14332
msgid ""
"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14323
+#: freeculture.xml:14342
msgid ""
"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14329
+#: freeculture.xml:14348
msgid ""
"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14346
+#: freeculture.xml:14365
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
#. PAGE BREAK 296
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14339
+#: freeculture.xml:14358
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14359
+#: freeculture.xml:14378
msgid ""
"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14365
+#: freeculture.xml:14384
msgid "copyright marking of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14367
+#: freeculture.xml:14386
msgid ""
"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14379
+#: freeculture.xml:14398
msgid ""
"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14387
+#: freeculture.xml:14406
msgid ""
"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14392
+#: freeculture.xml:14411
msgid ""
"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14404
+#: freeculture.xml:14423
msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14406
+#: freeculture.xml:14425
msgid ""
"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14419
+#: freeculture.xml:14438
msgid ""
"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 "
"(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14411
+#: freeculture.xml:14430
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a "
"seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14426
+#: freeculture.xml:14445
msgid ""
"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
#. (1)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14434
+#: freeculture.xml:14453
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
#. (2)
#. PAGE BREAK 298
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14443
+#: freeculture.xml:14462
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14455
+#: freeculture.xml:14474
msgid "veterans' pensions"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14466
+#: freeculture.xml:14485
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14458
+#: freeculture.xml:14477
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
#. (4)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14477
+#: freeculture.xml:14496
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14493
+#: freeculture.xml:14512
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14499
+#: freeculture.xml:14518
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After "
"all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14509
+#: freeculture.xml:14528
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14513
+#: freeculture.xml:14532
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14521
+#: freeculture.xml:14540
msgid ""
"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive "
"right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14529
+#: freeculture.xml:14548
msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
msgstr ""
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14535
+#: freeculture.xml:14554
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14531
+#: freeculture.xml:14550
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14548
+#: freeculture.xml:14567
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14544
+#: freeculture.xml:14563
msgid ""
"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14553
+#: freeculture.xml:14572
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14560
+#: freeculture.xml:14579
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14573
+#: freeculture.xml:14592
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14587
+#: freeculture.xml:14606
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14603
+#: freeculture.xml:14622
msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14601
+#: freeculture.xml:14620
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14595
+#: freeculture.xml:14614
msgid ""
"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14609
+#: freeculture.xml:14628
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 301
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14616
+#: freeculture.xml:14635
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14626
+#: freeculture.xml:14645
msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14628
+#: freeculture.xml:14647
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14635
+#: freeculture.xml:14654
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14644
+#: freeculture.xml:14663
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14651
+#: freeculture.xml:14670
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14660
+#: freeculture.xml:14679
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14665
+#: freeculture.xml:14684
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"purchasing CDs."
#. PAGE BREAK 302
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14671
+#: freeculture.xml:14690
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14677
+#: freeculture.xml:14696
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14685
+#: freeculture.xml:14704
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14693
+#: freeculture.xml:14712
msgid ""
"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14701
+#: freeculture.xml:14720
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14706
+#: freeculture.xml:14725
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
#. PAGE BREAK 303
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14718
+#: freeculture.xml:14737
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14732
+#: freeculture.xml:14751
msgid "cell phones, music streamed over"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14752
+#: freeculture.xml:14771
msgid ""
"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan "
"Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14734
+#: freeculture.xml:14753
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
#. PAGE BREAK 304
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14759
+#: freeculture.xml:14778
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14775
+#: freeculture.xml:14794
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different "
"<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14786
+#: freeculture.xml:14805
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content "
"that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14797
+#: freeculture.xml:14816
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14807
+#: freeculture.xml:14826
msgid ""
"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 305
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14818
+#: freeculture.xml:14837
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14828
+#: freeculture.xml:14847
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14838
+#: freeculture.xml:14857
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14846
+#: freeculture.xml:14865
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14850
+#: freeculture.xml:14869
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
#. PAGE BREAK 306
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14861
+#: freeculture.xml:14880
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14868 freeculture.xml:14910
+#: freeculture.xml:14887 freeculture.xml:14929
msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14908
+#: freeculture.xml:14927
msgid "Fisher, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14874
+#: freeculture.xml:14893
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, "
"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14870
+#: freeculture.xml:14889
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14924
+#: freeculture.xml:14943
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
#. PAGE BREAK 307
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14941
+#: freeculture.xml:14960
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14954
+#: freeculture.xml:14973
msgid "MusicStore"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14956
+#: freeculture.xml:14975
msgid "prices of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14958
+#: freeculture.xml:14977
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of "
"<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14973
+#: freeculture.xml:14992
msgid "cable vs. broadcast"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14976
+#: freeculture.xml:14995
msgid "film industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14976
+#: freeculture.xml:14995
msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14978
+#: freeculture.xml:14997
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of "
"<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14990
+#: freeculture.xml:15009
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14999
+#: freeculture.xml:15018
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 308
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15004
+#: freeculture.xml:15023
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15011
+#: freeculture.xml:15030
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15017
+#: freeculture.xml:15036
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15021
+#: freeculture.xml:15040
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
#. 3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15027
+#: freeculture.xml:15046
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15032
+#: freeculture.xml:15051
msgid ""
"But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a "
"competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15038
+#: freeculture.xml:15057
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
#. PAGE BREAK 309
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15052
+#: freeculture.xml:15071
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15063
+#: freeculture.xml:15082
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15065
+#: freeculture.xml:15084
msgid ""
"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15071
+#: freeculture.xml:15090
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15078
+#: freeculture.xml:15097
msgid "Nimmer, Melville"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15079
+#: freeculture.xml:15098
msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15079
+#: freeculture.xml:15098
msgid "Supreme Court challenge of"
msgstr ""
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15090
+#: freeculture.xml:15109
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville "
"B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15081
+#: freeculture.xml:15100
msgid ""
"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a "
"<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15096
+#: freeculture.xml:15115
msgid ""
"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15106
+#: freeculture.xml:15125
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15101
+#: freeculture.xml:15120
msgid ""
"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
#. PAGE BREAK 310
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15130
+#: freeculture.xml:15149
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15138
+#: freeculture.xml:15157
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15148
+#: freeculture.xml:15167
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15156
+#: freeculture.xml:15175
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15163
+#: freeculture.xml:15182
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
#. PAGE BREAK 311
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15172
+#: freeculture.xml:15191
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15181
+#: freeculture.xml:15200
msgid ""
"We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is "
"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15190
+#: freeculture.xml:15209
msgid "NOTES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15192
+#: freeculture.xml:15211
msgid ""
"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15211
+#: freeculture.xml:15230
msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15213
+#: freeculture.xml:15232
msgid ""
"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15220
+#: freeculture.xml:15239
msgid ""
"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 337
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15233
+#: freeculture.xml:15252
msgid ""
"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15244
+#: freeculture.xml:15263
msgid ""
"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15264
+#: freeculture.xml:15283
msgid ""
"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15273
+#: freeculture.xml:15292
msgid ""
"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff