msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-22 07:09+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-23 06:49+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere@hungry.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål <i18n-nb@lister.ping.uio.no>\n"
"Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free Societies</citetitle> 57 "
"(Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)."
msgstr ""
-"Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Fri programvare, Frie samfunn</citetitle> 57 "
+"Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free Societies</citetitle> 57 "
"(Joshua Gay, red. 2002)."
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
"to one in three CDs sold worldwide). The MPAA estimates that it loses $3 "
"billion annually worldwide to piracy."
msgstr ""
+"Over hele verden, men spesielt i Asia og Øst-Europa, er det selskaper som "
+"ikke gjør annet enn å ta andre folks opphavsrettsbeskyttede innhold, "
+"kopierer det og selger det—alt dette uten tillatelse fra "
+"opphavsrettseieren. Musikkindustrien estimerer at de taper rundt $4,6 "
+"milliarder hvert år på fysisk piratvirksomhet <placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> (det blir ca. en av tre CD-er solgt på verdensbasis). MPAA "
+"estimerer at de taper $3 milliarder på verdensbasis på piratvirksomhet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"would not eventually be buying Microsoft. Without piracy, then, Microsoft "
"would lose."
msgstr ""
+"Til slutt kan vi forsøke å unnskylde denne piratvirksomheten med argumentet "
+"om at piratvirksomheten faktisk hjelper opphavsrettseieren. Når kineserne "
+"<quote>stjeler</quote> Windows, så gjør det kinserne avhengig av Microsoft. "
+"Microsoft mister verdien til programvaren som ble tatt, men det vinner "
+"brukere som er vant til livet i Microsoft-verdenen. Over tid, etter hvert "
+"som nasjonen blir mer velstående, vil flere og flere folk kjøpe programvare "
+"is stedet for å stjele den. Og dermed vil det over tid, på grunn av at "
+"disse kjøpene kommer Microsoft til gode, vil Microsoft tjene på "
+"piratvirksomheten. Hvis kineserne i stedet for å piratkopiere Windows, "
+"brukte det fritt tilgjengelige operativsystemet GNU/Linux, så ville disse "
+"kinesiske brukerne ikke til slutt kjøpe Microsoft. Uten piratvirksomheten "
+"ville dermed Microsoft tape."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good one. "
"Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, for "
"service that they will want to use it and not the other when they become "
"lawyers (and must pay high subscription fees)."
msgstr ""
-"Dette argumentet er også, noe sant. avhengighet-strategi er en god en. mange "
-"virksomheter praktisere det.. noen trives på grunn av den. Law studenter, "
-"for eksempel får du gratis tilgang til de to største juridiske databasene. "
-"selskapene markedsføring håper begge elevene vil så bli brukt til deres "
-"tjeneste som de vil bruke det, og ikke den andre når de blir jurister (og må "
-"betale høy abonnementsavgift)."
+"Det er også noe sant i dette argumentet. Å gjøre folk avhengig er en god "
+"strategi. Mange selskaper praktiserer det. Noen gjør det godt på grunn av "
+"det. Juss-studenter, for eksempel, får gratis tilgang til de to største "
+"juridiske databasene. Begge selskapenes markedsfører dette i håp om at "
+"studentene vil bli så vant til deres tjenester at de vil ønske å bruke deres "
+"tjeneste og ikke konkurrentens når de blir advokater (og må betale høy "
+"abonnementsavgift)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Internet Explorer"
"properly balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of "
"access, then violating the law is still wrong."
msgstr ""
+"Likevel er ikke dette argumentet spesielt overbevistende. Vi gir ikke "
+"alkoholikeren et forsvar når han stjeler sin første øl, kun på grunn av at "
+"det vil gjøre det mer sannsynlig at han vil betale for de tre neste. I "
+"stedet lar vi vanligvis bedrifter bestemme selv når det er best for dem å gi "
+"bort deres produkter. Hvis Microsoft frykter konkurransen fra GNU/Linux, så "
+"kan Microsoft gi bort produktet sitt, slik de for eksempel gjorde med "
+"Internet Explorer for å bekjempe Netscape. En eiendomsrett betyr å la "
+"eiendomseieren ha retten til å si hvem som får tilgang til hva—i hvert "
+"fall vanligvis. Og hvis loven ordentlig balanserer rettighetene til "
+"opphavsrettighetseieren med rettighetene for tilgang, så er det å bryte "
+"loven fortsatt galt."
#. PAGE BREAK 79
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid "BMG"
msgstr "BMG"
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "EMI"
msgstr ""
msgid "McCain, John"
msgstr "McCain, John"
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Universal Music Group"
msgstr ""
"not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the "
"environment become that even car manufacturers are afraid of technologies "
"that touch content. In an article in <citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, "
-"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW: <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
-"\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
"prosentandel av befolkningen i kriminelle.\" Dette er sikkerhetsstillelse "
"skader på borgerrettigheter vanligvis."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "von Lohmann, Fred"
msgstr "von Lohmann, Fred"
"network. She can, in some cases, be expelled."
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 216
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"university might not believe her. It might treat this <quote>contraband</"
"quote> as presumptive of guilt. And as any number of college students have "
"already learned, our presumptions about innocence disappear in the middle of "
-"wars of prohibition. This war is no different. Says von Lohmann, "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"wars of prohibition. This war is no different. Says von Lohmann,"
msgstr ""
"nå, selvfølgelig, hun vil ha rett til å forsvare seg selv. Du kan leie en "
"advokat for henne (på $300 per time, hvis du er heldig), og hun kan erkjenne "
"\"fremme... fremgang\"—gjennom betyr at er også spesifikke—av "
"\"sikre\" \"enerett\" (det vil si opphavsrett) \"for begrenset ganger.\""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
msgstr "Jaszi, Peter"
"slike utvidelser var ingenting mer enn \"leie-søker\"—fancy sikt "
"økonomer bruk å beskrive spesielle interesser lovgivning gone wild."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Fried, Charles"
msgstr "Fried, Charles"
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Morrison, Alan"
msgstr "Morrison, Alan"
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Public Citizen"
msgstr ""
msgid "Reagan, Ronald"
msgstr "Reagan, Ronald"
+#. PAGE BREAK 240
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"history with a series of seminal victories in the Supreme Court defending "
"individual rights; my colleague and dean, Kathleen Sullivan, who had argued "
"many cases in the Court, and who had advised us early on about a First "
-"Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type="
-"\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
+"Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried."
msgstr ""
"samme innsats på balanse ble reflektert i det juridiske teamet vi samles for "
"å skrive våre truser i tilfelle. jones dag advokater hadde blitt med oss fra "
"He had helped craft the line of cases that limited Congress's power in the "
"context of the Commerce Clause. And while he had argued many positions in "
"the Supreme Court that I personally disagreed with, his joining the cause "
-"was a vote of confidence in our argument. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"was a vote of confidence in our argument."
msgstr ""
"stekt var en spesiell seier for vår side. hver andre tidligere advokat "
"generelt ble ansatt av den andre siden, å forsvare congress's kraft til å gi "
"fortsette å ha rett til å kontrollere hvem som gjorde hva med innhold de "
"ønsket å kontroll."
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Gershwin, George"
+msgstr "Gershwin, George"
+
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"dinitia smith, \"udødelig ord, udødelig royalties? selv Mikke Mus tiltrer "
"fray,\"new york times, 28 mars 1998, b7."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-msgid "Gershwin, George"
-msgstr "Gershwin, George"
-
+#. PAGE BREAK 241
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
"to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the cast.<placeholder type="
"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this part of American "
"culture should be controlled, and they wanted this law to help them effect "
-"that control. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+"that control."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He "
"had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles "
"Fried. He had argued many cases before the Supreme Court. And in his review "
-"of the moot, he let his concern speak: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
-"\"0\"/>"
+"of the moot, he let his concern speak:"
msgstr ""
"en moot var før jurister på jones dag. Don ayer var skeptisk. Han "
"tjenestegjorde i Justisdepartementet reagan med advokat general charles "
msgid ""
"Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have "
"been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen "
-"Sullivan? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Sullivan?"
msgstr ""
"ville det ha vært annerledes hvis jeg hadde hevdet det annerledes? ville det "
"ha vært annerledes hvis don ayer hadde hevdet det? eller charles stekt? "
"For at the start of this case, one of America's leading intellectual "
"property professors stated publicly that my bringing this case was a "
"mistake. <quote>The Court is not ready,</quote> Peter Jaszi said; this issue "
-"should not be raised until it is. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"should not be raised until it is."
msgstr ""
"og selv om jeg ikke kunne, deretter som unnskylde ikke hva som skjedde i "
"januar. for ved starten av dette tilfellet uttalt en av Amerikas ledende "
"hadde noen få som foreslo direkte at de kan være villige til å ta det første "
"skrittet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
msgstr "Lofgren, Zoe"
"imposed the simplest requirement upon copyright owners possible. In May "
"2003, it looked as if the bill would be introduced. On May 16, I posted on "
"the Eldred Act blog, <quote>we are close.</quote> There was a general "
-"reaction in the blog community that something good might happen here. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"reaction in the blog community that something good might happen here."
msgstr ""
"En representant, Zoe Lofgren fra California, gikk så langt som å få "
"lovforslaget utarbeidet. Utkastet løste noen problemer med internasjonal "
"lov. Det påla de enklest mulige forutsetninger på innehaverne av "
"opphavsretter. I mai 2003 så det ut som om loven skulle være introdusert. "
"16. mai, postet jeg på Eldred Act-bloggen, <quote>vi er nære</quote>. Det "
-"oppstod en generell reaksjon i blogg-samfunnet om at noe godt kunne skje "
-"her. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"oppstod en generell reaksjon i blogg-samfunnet om at noe godt kunne skje her."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"stedet for <quote>proprietær programvare</quote>, til sine egne interne "
"behov."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</"
"ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
"entity. Thus, to support <quote>open source and free software</quote> is not "
"to oppose commercial entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software "
"development that is different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
-"\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type="
-"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
"Jeg mener ikke å gå inn i den debatten her. Det er viktig kun for å gjøre "
"det klart at skillet ikke er mellom kommersiell og ikke-kommersiell "
"kommersiell aktør. Dermed er det å støtte <quote>fri programvare</quote> "
"ikke å motsette seg kommersielle aktører. Det er i stedet å støtte en måte "
"å drive programvareutvikling som er forskjellig fra Microsofts.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>"
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. PAGE BREAK 272
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"i bruk programvaren. Den er dermed like avhengig av opphavsrettsloven som "
"Microsoft."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Krim, Jonathan"
+msgstr "Krim, Jonathan"
+
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source</quote>, tilgjengelig fra <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-msgid "Krim, Jonathan"
-msgstr "Krim, Jonathan"
-
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Jonathan Krim of the <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, Microsoft's "
"lobbyists succeeded in getting the United States government to veto the "
"meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, "
-"the meeting was canceled. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"the meeting was canceled."
msgstr ""
"Det er dermed forståelig at Microsoft, som utviklere av proprietær "
"programvare, gikk imot et slikt WIPO-møte, og like fullt forståelig at de "
"følge Jonathan Krim i <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, lyktes "
"Microsofts lobbyister i å få USAs myndigheter til å legge ned veto mot et "
"slikt møte.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og uten støtte fra USA "
-"ble møtet avlyst. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"ble møtet avlyst."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgid "Amazon"
msgstr "Amazon"
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "cookies, Internet"
msgstr ""
"quote> pages. Now, because of the architecture of the Net and the function "
"of cookies on the Net, it is easier to collect the data than not. The "
"friction has disappeared, and hence any <quote>privacy</quote> protected by "
-"the friction disappears, too. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"the friction disappears, too."
msgstr ""
"Angi Internett, der kostnaden for sporing av surfing spesielt har blitt "
"ganske liten. Hvis du er en kunde på amazon, deretter samler som du blar "
"enkeltpersoner og skaperne vil gjøre dette innholdet tilgjengelig. og at "
"innholdet i sin tur kan vi bygge et offentlig-domene."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr "Garlick, Mia"
+#. PAGE BREAK 289
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"movement of consumers and producers of content (<quote>content conducers,</"
"quote> as attorney Mia Garlick calls them) who help build the public domain "
"and, by their work, demonstrate the importance of the public domain to other "
-"creativity. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"creativity."
msgstr ""
"Dette er bare ett prosjekt blant mange innenfor creative commons. og "
"selvfølgelig, creative commons er ikke den eneste organisasjonen å forfølge "
"<quote>rimelig bruk</quote> og <quote>idé/uttrykk</quote> mindre nødvendig å "
"håndtere."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "veterans' pensions"
+msgstr "veteranpensjoner"
+
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), tilgjengelig fra "
"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
-msgid "veterans' pensions"
-msgstr "veteranpensjoner"
-
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"protection has to be granted for free. On average, it takes ninety minutes "
"for a veteran to apply for a pension.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
"> If we make veterans suffer that burden, I don't see why we couldn't "
-"require authors to spend ten minutes every fifty years to file a single "
-"form. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"require authors to spend ten minutes every fifty years to file a single form."
msgstr ""
#. (4)
"skrive en bok og en film basert på boken, jeg har makt til å nekte deg rett "
"til å frigi den filmen, selv om filmen ikke er \"min skrive.\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
+msgstr "Kaplan, Benjamin"
+
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
-msgstr "Kaplan, Benjamin"
-
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"dramatizations of a work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The "
"courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever since. "
"This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest judges, "
-"Judge Benjamin Kaplan. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"Judge Benjamin Kaplan."
msgstr ""
#. f6.
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-22 07:09+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-23 06:49+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14084
+#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14085
msgid "land ownership, air traffic and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14085
+#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14086
msgid "property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14085
+#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14086
msgid "air traffic vs."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:956 freeculture.xml:14482
+#: freeculture.xml:956 freeculture.xml:14483
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2800 freeculture.xml:3154 freeculture.xml:4083 freeculture.xml:5194 freeculture.xml:5243 freeculture.xml:9626 freeculture.xml:9724 freeculture.xml:9893 freeculture.xml:14447 freeculture.xml:14512
+#: freeculture.xml:2800 freeculture.xml:3154 freeculture.xml:4083 freeculture.xml:5194 freeculture.xml:5243 freeculture.xml:9626 freeculture.xml:9724 freeculture.xml:9893 freeculture.xml:14448 freeculture.xml:14513
msgid "artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2800 freeculture.xml:3154 freeculture.xml:4083 freeculture.xml:9626 freeculture.xml:9724 freeculture.xml:9893 freeculture.xml:14447 freeculture.xml:14512
+#: freeculture.xml:2800 freeculture.xml:3154 freeculture.xml:4083 freeculture.xml:9626 freeculture.xml:9724 freeculture.xml:9893 freeculture.xml:14448 freeculture.xml:14513
msgid "recording industry payments to"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3093 freeculture.xml:14144
+#: freeculture.xml:3093 freeculture.xml:14145
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3231 freeculture.xml:4096 freeculture.xml:8030 freeculture.xml:8069 freeculture.xml:14545
+#: freeculture.xml:3231 freeculture.xml:4096 freeculture.xml:8030 freeculture.xml:8069 freeculture.xml:14546
msgid "cable television"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3393 freeculture.xml:3473 freeculture.xml:3523 freeculture.xml:14547
+#: freeculture.xml:3393 freeculture.xml:3473 freeculture.xml:3523 freeculture.xml:14548
msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3394 freeculture.xml:3835 freeculture.xml:9295 freeculture.xml:10102 freeculture.xml:13940 freeculture.xml:14529
+#: freeculture.xml:3394 freeculture.xml:3835 freeculture.xml:9295 freeculture.xml:10102 freeculture.xml:13940 freeculture.xml:14530
msgid "CDs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3488 freeculture.xml:3757 freeculture.xml:14695
+#: freeculture.xml:3488 freeculture.xml:3757 freeculture.xml:14696
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3524 freeculture.xml:3549 freeculture.xml:11369 freeculture.xml:12889 freeculture.xml:13455
+#: freeculture.xml:3524 freeculture.xml:3549 freeculture.xml:11369 freeculture.xml:12861 freeculture.xml:13455
msgid "GNU/Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3525 freeculture.xml:3552 freeculture.xml:11371 freeculture.xml:12890 freeculture.xml:13456
+#: freeculture.xml:3525 freeculture.xml:3552 freeculture.xml:11371 freeculture.xml:12862 freeculture.xml:13456
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3774 freeculture.xml:3783 freeculture.xml:4125 freeculture.xml:7829 freeculture.xml:7858 freeculture.xml:9556 freeculture.xml:14256
+#: freeculture.xml:3774 freeculture.xml:3783 freeculture.xml:4125 freeculture.xml:7829 freeculture.xml:7858 freeculture.xml:9556 freeculture.xml:14257
msgid "cassette recording"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3774 freeculture.xml:4125 freeculture.xml:7829 freeculture.xml:7858 freeculture.xml:9556 freeculture.xml:9557 freeculture.xml:14256 freeculture.xml:14257
+#: freeculture.xml:3774 freeculture.xml:4125 freeculture.xml:7829 freeculture.xml:7858 freeculture.xml:9556 freeculture.xml:9557 freeculture.xml:14257 freeculture.xml:14258
msgid "VCRs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3937 freeculture.xml:3945 freeculture.xml:3967 freeculture.xml:3989 freeculture.xml:4477 freeculture.xml:5802 freeculture.xml:5807 freeculture.xml:5859 freeculture.xml:6734 freeculture.xml:6735 freeculture.xml:7075 freeculture.xml:7137 freeculture.xml:7171 freeculture.xml:7380 freeculture.xml:13643 freeculture.xml:14368 freeculture.xml:14369
+#: freeculture.xml:3937 freeculture.xml:3945 freeculture.xml:3967 freeculture.xml:3989 freeculture.xml:4477 freeculture.xml:5802 freeculture.xml:5807 freeculture.xml:5859 freeculture.xml:6734 freeculture.xml:6735 freeculture.xml:7075 freeculture.xml:7137 freeculture.xml:7171 freeculture.xml:7380 freeculture.xml:13643 freeculture.xml:14369 freeculture.xml:14370
msgid "books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3937 freeculture.xml:3945 freeculture.xml:6735 freeculture.xml:14369
+#: freeculture.xml:3937 freeculture.xml:3945 freeculture.xml:6735 freeculture.xml:14370
msgid "resales of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3967 freeculture.xml:5802 freeculture.xml:5807 freeculture.xml:6734 freeculture.xml:14368
+#: freeculture.xml:3967 freeculture.xml:5802 freeculture.xml:5807 freeculture.xml:6734 freeculture.xml:14369
msgid "out of print"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4781 freeculture.xml:14790
+#: freeculture.xml:4781 freeculture.xml:14792
msgid "Rose, Mark"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:5244 freeculture.xml:5429 freeculture.xml:9871 freeculture.xml:14159
+#: freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:5244 freeculture.xml:5429 freeculture.xml:9871 freeculture.xml:14160
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6432 freeculture.xml:14734
+#: freeculture.xml:6432 freeculture.xml:14735
msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid"
msgstr ""
msgid "BMG"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8032 freeculture.xml:9403
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8032 freeculture.xml:9376
msgid "EMI"
msgstr ""
msgid "McCain, John"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8034 freeculture.xml:9404
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8034 freeculture.xml:9377
msgid "Universal Music Group"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9383
+#: freeculture.xml:9385
msgid ""
"See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9377
+#: freeculture.xml:9379
msgid ""
"This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal "
"and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm "
"buys you not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the "
"environment become that even car manufacturers are afraid of technologies "
"that touch content. In an article in <citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, "
-"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW: <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9870 freeculture.xml:14528
+#: freeculture.xml:9870 freeculture.xml:14529
msgid "Real Networks"
msgstr ""
"civil liberties generally."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10194 freeculture.xml:10307
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:10194 freeculture.xml:10294
msgid "von Lohmann, Fred"
msgstr ""
"network. She can, in some cases, be expelled."
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 216
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10295
+#: freeculture.xml:10296
msgid ""
"Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a "
"lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that "
"<quote>contraband</quote> as presumptive of guilt. And as any number of "
"college students have already learned, our presumptions about innocence "
"disappear in the middle of wars of prohibition. This war is no different. "
-"Says von Lohmann, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Says von Lohmann,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
"<quote>for limited Times.</quote>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10545 freeculture.xml:12033
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:10545 freeculture.xml:12027
msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
msgstr ""
"special-interest legislation gone wild."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11431 freeculture.xml:11447 freeculture.xml:11650 freeculture.xml:12012
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11418 freeculture.xml:11436 freeculture.xml:11645 freeculture.xml:12008
msgid "Fried, Charles"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11432
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11419
msgid "Morrison, Alan"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11433
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11420
msgid "Public Citizen"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11434 freeculture.xml:11644 freeculture.xml:12759
+#: freeculture.xml:11421 freeculture.xml:11644 freeculture.xml:12759
msgid "Reagan, Ronald"
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 240
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11419
+#: freeculture.xml:11423
msgid ""
"The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to "
"write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from "
"history with a series of seminal victories in the Supreme Court defending "
"individual rights; my colleague and dean, Kathleen Sullivan, who had argued "
"many cases in the Court, and who had advised us early on about a First "
-"Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
+"Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11437
+#: freeculture.xml:11438
msgid ""
"Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor "
"general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
"Court. He had helped craft the line of cases that limited Congress's power "
"in the context of the Commerce Clause. And while he had argued many "
"positions in the Supreme Court that I personally disagreed with, his joining "
-"the cause was a vote of confidence in our argument. <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"the cause was a vote of confidence in our argument."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"who did what with content they wanted to control."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11465
+msgid "Gershwin, George"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11473
+#: freeculture.xml:11474
msgid ""
"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19."
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11481
+#: freeculture.xml:11482
msgid ""
"Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse "
"Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March "
"1998, B7."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11488
-msgid "Gershwin, George"
-msgstr ""
-
+#. PAGE BREAK 241
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11466
+#: freeculture.xml:11467
msgid ""
"Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better "
"Bess</citetitle> to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the "
"cast.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this "
"part of American culture should be controlled, and they wanted this law to "
-"help them effect that control. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+"help them effect that control."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11646
+#: freeculture.xml:11647
msgid ""
"One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He "
"had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles "
"Fried. He had argued many cases before the Supreme Court. And in his review "
-"of the moot, he let his concern speak: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"of the moot, he let his concern speak:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12009
+#: freeculture.xml:12010
msgid ""
"Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have "
"been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen "
-"Sullivan? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Sullivan?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12028
+#: freeculture.xml:12029
msgid ""
"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in "
"January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading "
"intellectual property professors stated publicly that my bringing this case "
"was a mistake. <quote>The Court is not ready,</quote> Peter Jaszi said; this "
-"issue should not be raised until it is. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"issue should not be raised until it is."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"step."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12355
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12347
msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12348
+#: freeculture.xml:12349
msgid ""
"One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
"bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
"imposed the simplest requirement upon copyright owners possible. In May "
"2003, it looked as if the bill would be introduced. On May 16, I posted on "
"the Eldred Act blog, <quote>we are close.</quote> There was a general "
-"reaction in the blog community that something good might happen here. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"reaction in the blog community that something good might happen here."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12795 freeculture.xml:12887 freeculture.xml:13408
+#: freeculture.xml:12795 freeculture.xml:12859 freeculture.xml:13408
msgid "IBM"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12847 freeculture.xml:14526
+#: freeculture.xml:12847 freeculture.xml:14527
msgid "Apple Corporation"
msgstr ""
"<quote>proprietary software,</quote> for their own internal uses."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12860
+msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12871
+#: freeculture.xml:12875
msgid ""
"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12888
-msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12860
+#: freeculture.xml:12864
msgid ""
"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
"commercial entity. Thus, to support <quote>open source and free "
"software</quote> is not to oppose commercial entities. It is, instead, to "
"support a mode of software development that is different from "
-"Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"4\"/>"
+"Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 272
"on its adopters. It thus depends upon copyright law just as Microsoft does."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12910
+msgid "Krim, Jonathan"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12919
+#: freeculture.xml:12920
msgid ""
"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12923
-msgid "Krim, Jonathan"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12911
+#: freeculture.xml:12912
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
"to Jonathan Krim of the <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, Microsoft's "
"lobbyists succeeded in getting the United States government to veto the "
"meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, "
-"the meeting was canceled. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"the meeting was canceled."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid "Amazon"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13364
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13355
msgid "cookies, Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13356
+#: freeculture.xml:13357
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
"viewed</quote> pages. Now, because of the architecture of the Net and the "
"function of cookies on the Net, it is easier to collect the data than "
"not. The friction has disappeared, and hence any <quote>privacy</quote> "
-"protected by the friction disappears, too. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"protected by the friction disappears, too."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
"that content will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13629
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13618
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 289
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13619
+#: freeculture.xml:13620
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
"movement of consumers and producers of content (<quote>content "
"conducers,</quote> as attorney Mia Garlick calls them) who help build the "
"public domain and, by their work, demonstrate the importance of the public "
-"domain to other creativity. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"domain to other creativity."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
"use</quote> and <quote>idea/expression</quote> less necessary to navigate."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:14030
+msgid "veterans' pensions"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14039
+#: freeculture.xml:14041
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14047
-msgid "veterans' pensions"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14031
+#: freeculture.xml:14033
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
"for a veteran to apply for a pension.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"id=\"0\"/> If we make veterans suffer that burden, I don't see why we "
"couldn't require authors to spend ten minutes every fifty years to file a "
-"single form. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"single form."
msgstr ""
#. (4)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14051
+#: freeculture.xml:14052
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14067
+#: freeculture.xml:14068
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14073
+#: freeculture.xml:14074
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After "
"all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14083
+#: freeculture.xml:14084
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14087
+#: freeculture.xml:14088
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14095
+#: freeculture.xml:14096
msgid ""
"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive "
"right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors "
"movie is not <quote>my writing.</quote>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:14104
+msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14108
+#: freeculture.xml:14110
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14114
-msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14104
+#: freeculture.xml:14106
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
"dramatizations of a work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The "
"courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever "
"since. This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest "
-"judges, Judge Benjamin Kaplan. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"judges, Judge Benjamin Kaplan."
msgstr ""
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14122
+#: freeculture.xml:14123
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14118
+#: freeculture.xml:14119
msgid ""
"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14127
+#: freeculture.xml:14128
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14134
+#: freeculture.xml:14135
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14147
+#: freeculture.xml:14148
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14161
+#: freeculture.xml:14162
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14177
+#: freeculture.xml:14178
msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14175
+#: freeculture.xml:14176
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14169
+#: freeculture.xml:14170
msgid ""
"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14183
+#: freeculture.xml:14184
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 301
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14190
+#: freeculture.xml:14191
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14200
+#: freeculture.xml:14201
msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14202
+#: freeculture.xml:14203
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14209
+#: freeculture.xml:14210
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14218
+#: freeculture.xml:14219
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14225
+#: freeculture.xml:14226
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14234
+#: freeculture.xml:14235
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14239
+#: freeculture.xml:14240
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"purchasing CDs."
#. PAGE BREAK 302
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14245
+#: freeculture.xml:14246
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14251
+#: freeculture.xml:14252
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14259
+#: freeculture.xml:14260
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14267
+#: freeculture.xml:14268
msgid ""
"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14275
+#: freeculture.xml:14276
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14280
+#: freeculture.xml:14281
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
#. PAGE BREAK 303
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14292
+#: freeculture.xml:14293
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14306
+#: freeculture.xml:14307
msgid "cell phones, music streamed over"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14326
+#: freeculture.xml:14327
msgid ""
"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan "
"Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14308
+#: freeculture.xml:14309
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
#. PAGE BREAK 304
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14333
+#: freeculture.xml:14334
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14349
+#: freeculture.xml:14350
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different "
"<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14360
+#: freeculture.xml:14361
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content "
"that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14371
+#: freeculture.xml:14372
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14381
+#: freeculture.xml:14382
msgid ""
"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 305
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14392
+#: freeculture.xml:14393
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14402
+#: freeculture.xml:14403
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14412
+#: freeculture.xml:14413
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14420
+#: freeculture.xml:14421
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14424
+#: freeculture.xml:14425
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
#. PAGE BREAK 306
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14435
+#: freeculture.xml:14436
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14481
+#: freeculture.xml:14482
msgid "Fisher, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14483 freeculture.xml:14496
+#: freeculture.xml:14484 freeculture.xml:14497
msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14447
+#: freeculture.xml:14448
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, "
"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14443
+#: freeculture.xml:14444
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14498
+#: freeculture.xml:14499
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
#. PAGE BREAK 307
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14514
+#: freeculture.xml:14515
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14527
+#: freeculture.xml:14528
msgid "MusicStore"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14529
+#: freeculture.xml:14530
msgid "prices of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14531
+#: freeculture.xml:14532
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of "
"<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14546
+#: freeculture.xml:14547
msgid "television"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14546
+#: freeculture.xml:14547
msgid "cable vs. broadcast"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14548
+#: freeculture.xml:14549
msgid "piracy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14548
+#: freeculture.xml:14549
msgid "in Asia"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14549
+#: freeculture.xml:14550
msgid "film industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14549
+#: freeculture.xml:14550
msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14551
+#: freeculture.xml:14552
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of "
"<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14563
+#: freeculture.xml:14564
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14572
+#: freeculture.xml:14573
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 308
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14577
+#: freeculture.xml:14578
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14584
+#: freeculture.xml:14585
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14590
+#: freeculture.xml:14591
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14594
+#: freeculture.xml:14595
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
#. 3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14600
+#: freeculture.xml:14601
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14605
+#: freeculture.xml:14606
msgid ""
"But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a "
"competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14611
+#: freeculture.xml:14612
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
#. PAGE BREAK 309
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14625
+#: freeculture.xml:14626
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14636
+#: freeculture.xml:14637
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14638
+#: freeculture.xml:14639
msgid ""
"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14644
+#: freeculture.xml:14645
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14651
+#: freeculture.xml:14652
msgid "Nimmer, Melville"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14652
+#: freeculture.xml:14653
msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14652
+#: freeculture.xml:14653
msgid "Supreme Court challenge of"
msgstr ""
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14663
+#: freeculture.xml:14664
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville "
"B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14654
+#: freeculture.xml:14655
msgid ""
"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a "
"<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14669
+#: freeculture.xml:14670
msgid ""
"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14679
+#: freeculture.xml:14680
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14674
+#: freeculture.xml:14675
msgid ""
"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
#. PAGE BREAK 310
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14703
+#: freeculture.xml:14704
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14711
+#: freeculture.xml:14712
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14721
+#: freeculture.xml:14722
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14729
+#: freeculture.xml:14730
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14736
+#: freeculture.xml:14737
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
#. PAGE BREAK 311
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14745
+#: freeculture.xml:14746
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14754
+#: freeculture.xml:14755
msgid ""
"We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is "
"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14763
+#: freeculture.xml:14764
msgid "NOTES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14765
+#: freeculture.xml:14766
msgid ""
"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14783
+#: freeculture.xml:14785
msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14785
+#: freeculture.xml:14787
msgid ""
"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14792
+#: freeculture.xml:14794
msgid ""
"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 337
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14805
+#: freeculture.xml:14807
msgid ""
"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14816
+#: freeculture.xml:14818
msgid ""
"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14836
+#: freeculture.xml:14838
msgid ""
"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14845
+#: freeculture.xml:14847
msgid ""
"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
<indexterm><primary>Hummer, John</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Barry, Hank</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Hummer Winblad</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>EMI</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Universal Music Group</primary></indexterm>
<para>
This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003,
Universal and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the
afraid of technologies that touch content. In an article in
<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, Rafe Needleman describes a
discussion with BMW:
-<indexterm><primary>EMI</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Universal Music Group</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<blockquote>
<indexterm><primary>BMW</primary></indexterm>
network. She can, in some cases, be expelled.
</para>
<indexterm startref='idxisps' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>von Lohmann, Fred</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire
a lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can
have already learned, our presumptions about innocence disappear in
the middle of wars of prohibition. This war is no different.
Says von Lohmann,
-<indexterm><primary>von Lohmann, Fred</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<blockquote>
<para>
nothing more than <quote>rent-seeking</quote>—the fancy term economists use
to describe special-interest legislation gone wild.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Fried, Charles</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Morrison, Alan</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Public Citizen</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Reagan, Ronald</primary></indexterm>
<para>
The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered
to write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with
<!-- PAGE BREAK 240 -->
who had advised us early on about a First Amendment strategy; and
finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried.
-<indexterm><primary>Fried, Charles</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Morrison, Alan</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Public Citizen</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Reagan, Ronald</primary></indexterm>
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Fried, Charles</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor
general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give
while he had argued many positions in the Supreme Court that I
personally disagreed with, his joining the cause was a vote of
confidence in our argument.
-<indexterm><primary>Fried, Charles</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of
continue to have the right to control who did what with content they
wanted to control.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Gershwin, George</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was
better for the Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to
<!-- PAGE BREAK 241 -->
their view of how this part of American culture should be controlled,
and they wanted this law to help them effect that control.
-<indexterm><primary>Gershwin, George</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this
</para>
<indexterm><primary>Ayer, Don</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Reagan, Ronald</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Fried, Charles</primary></indexterm>
<para>
One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the
skeptic. He had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor
General Charles Fried. He had argued many cases before the Supreme
Court. And in his review of the moot, he let his concern speak:
-<indexterm><primary>Fried, Charles</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be
should decide the issue.
</para>
<indexterm><primary>Ayer, Don</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Fried, Charles</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it
have been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or
Kathleen Sullivan?
-<indexterm><primary>Fried, Charles</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court
stepped down from this pretty picture of dispassionate justice, I could
have persuaded.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Jaszi, Peter</primary></indexterm>
<para>
And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in
January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading
intellectual property professors stated publicly that my bringing this
case was a mistake. <quote>The Court is not ready,</quote> Peter Jaszi said; this
issue should not be raised until it is.
-<indexterm><primary>Jaszi, Peter</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and
Eldred Act. And I had a few who directly suggested that they might be
willing to take the first step.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Lofgren, Zoe</primary></indexterm>
<para>
One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get
the bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international
introduced. On May 16, I posted on the Eldred Act blog, <quote>we are
close.</quote> There was a general reaction in the blog community that
something good might happen here.
-<indexterm><primary>Lofgren, Zoe</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and
to explore requirements that they use open source or free software,
rather than <quote>proprietary software,</quote> for their own internal uses.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>IBM</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary><quote>copyleft</quote> licenses</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>GNU/Linux operating system</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Linux operating system</primary></indexterm>
<para>
I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to
make clear that the distinction is not between commercial and
May 2001), available at
<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #63</ulink>.
</para></footnote>
-<indexterm><primary>IBM</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary><quote>copyleft</quote> licenses</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>GNU/Linux operating system</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Linux operating system</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free
could not impose the same kind of requirements on its adopters. It
thus depends upon copyright law just as Microsoft does.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Krim, Jonathan</primary></indexterm>
<para>
It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software
developer, Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and
url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #64</ulink>.
</para></footnote>
And without U.S. backing, the meeting was canceled.
-<indexterm><primary>Krim, Jonathan</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own
by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy.
</para>
<indexterm><primary>Amazon</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>cookies, Internet</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular
has become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you
and the function of cookies on the Net, it is easier to collect the
data than not. The friction has disappeared, and hence any <quote>privacy</quote>
protected by the friction disappears, too.
-<indexterm><primary>cookies, Internet</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry
content available. And that content will in turn enable us to rebuild
a public domain.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Garlick, Mia</primary></indexterm>
<para>
This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And
of course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such
of content (<quote>content conducers,</quote> as attorney Mia Garlick calls them)
who help build the public domain and, by their work, demonstrate the
importance of the public domain to other creativity.
-<indexterm><primary>Garlick, Mia</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The aim is to
<quote>idea/expression</quote> less necessary to navigate.
<!-- PAGE BREAK 298 -->
</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para>
+<listitem>
+<indexterm><primary>veterans' pensions</primary></indexterm>
+<para>
<!-- (3) -->
<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be
renewed. Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner
If we make veterans suffer that burden, I don't see why we couldn't
require authors to spend ten minutes every fifty years to file a
single form.
-<indexterm><primary>veterans' pensions</primary></indexterm>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<!-- (4) -->
have the power to deny you the right to release that movie, even
though that movie is not <quote>my writing.</quote>
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Kaplan, Benjamin</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it
expanded the exclusive right of copyright to include a right to
The courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation
ever since. This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's
greatest judges, Judge Benjamin Kaplan.
-<indexterm><primary>Kaplan, Benjamin</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<blockquote>
<para>
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff