Add some indexes.

diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po
index 03ff5947ff74ee5c8422556bfb22a442914cab85..fea3bcaf1ce52a3fcec83633041011d905aa09a0 100644 (file)
--- a/freeculture.nb.po
+++ b/freeculture.nb.po
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-26 00:41+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-26 13:13+0300\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n"
 "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere@hungry.com>\n"
 "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål <i18n-nb@lister.ping.uio.no>\n"
@@ -71,12 +71,11 @@ msgid ""
 "visit <ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\">http://"
 "creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/</ulink>"
 msgstr ""
-"Denne versjonen av "
-"Fri Kultur er lisensert med en Creative Commons-lisens.  Denne lisensen "
-"tillater ikke-kommersiell utnyttelse av verket, hvis opphavsinnehaveren er "
-"navngitt.  For mer informasjon om lisensen, klikk på ikonet over eller besøk "
-"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\">http://"
-"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/</ulink>"
+"Denne versjonen av Fri Kultur er lisensert med en Creative Commons-lisens.  "
+"Denne lisensen tillater ikke-kommersiell utnyttelse av verket, hvis "
+"opphavsinnehaveren er navngitt.  For mer informasjon om lisensen, klikk på "
+"ikonet over eller besøk <ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-"
+"nc/1.0/\">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/</ulink>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><title>
 msgid "ABOUT THE AUTHOR"
@@ -1909,12 +1908,12 @@ msgid ""
 "the burden of the law&mdash;even the burden of the Byzantine complexity that "
 "copyright law has become. It was just one more expense of doing business."
 msgstr ""
-"For teknologiene til internettet dukket opp, betød ikke denne "
-"begrepsmessige sammenblandingen mye.  Teknologiene for å publisere var "
-"kostbare, som mente at det meste av publisering var kommersiell. "
-"Kommersielle aktører kunne håndtere byrden pålagt av loven&mdash;til "
-"og med byrden som den bysantiske kompleksiteten som opphavsrettsloven "
-"har blitt.  Det var bare nok en kostnad ved å drive forretning."
+"Før teknologiene til internettet dukket opp, betød ikke denne begrepsmessige "
+"sammenblandingen mye.  Teknologiene for å publisere var kostbare, som betød "
+"at det meste av publisering var kommersiell. Kommersielle aktører kunne "
+"håndtere byrden pålagt av loven&mdash;til og med byrden som den bysantiske "
+"kompleksiteten som opphavsrettsloven har blitt.  Det var bare nok en kostnad "
+"ved å drive forretning."
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
 msgid "Florida, Richard"
@@ -1930,14 +1929,13 @@ msgid ""
 "also believe the conditions under which it will be enabled are much more "
 "tenuous.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
-"I The Rise of the Creative Class (New York: Basic Books, 2002), "
-"dokumenterer Richard Florida en endring i arbeidsstokken mot "
-"kreativitetsarbeide.  Hans tekst omhandler derimot ikke direkte de "
-"juridiske vilkår som kreativiteten blir muliggjort eller hindret "
-"under.  Jeg er helt klart enig med ham i viktigheten og betydningen av "
-"denne endringen, men jeg tror også at vilkårene som disse endringene "
-"blir aktivert under er mye vanskeligere.  <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"I The Rise of the Creative Class (New York: Basic Books, 2002), dokumenterer "
+"Richard Florida en endring i arbeidsstokken mot kreativitetsarbeide.  Hans "
+"tekst omhandler derimot ikke direkte de juridiske vilkår som kreativiteten "
+"blir muliggjort eller hindret under.  Jeg er helt klart enig med ham i "
+"viktigheten og betydningen av denne endringen, men jeg tror også at "
+"vilkårene som disse endringene blir aktivert under er mye vanskeligere.  "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
 msgid ""
@@ -1982,11 +1980,11 @@ msgid ""
 "synchronized with sound, Steamboat Willie brought to life the character that "
 "would become Mickey Mouse."
 msgstr ""
-"I 1928 ble en tegnefilmfigur født.  En tidlig Mikke Mus debuterte i "
-"mai dette året, i en stille flopp ved navn Plane Crazy.  I november, i "
-"Colony teateret i New York City, ble den første vidt distribuerte "
-"tegnefilmen med synkronisert lyd, Steamboat Willy, vist frem med "
-"figuren som skulle bli til Mikke Mus."
+"I 1928 ble en tegnefilmfigur født.  En tidlig Mikke Mus debuterte i mai "
+"dette året, i en stille flopp ved navn Plane Crazy.  I november, i Colony "
+"teateret i New York City, ble den første vidt distribuerte tegnefilmen med "
+"synkronisert lyd, Steamboat Willy, vist frem med figuren som skulle bli til "
+"Mikke Mus."
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
 msgid ""
@@ -1997,12 +1995,12 @@ msgid ""
 "of 1928, the results were unambiguous.  As Disney describes that first "
 "experiment,"
 msgstr ""
-"Film med sykronisert lyd hadde blitt introdusert et år tidligere i "
-"filmen The Jazz Singer.  Suksessen fikk Walt Disney til å kopiere "
-"teknikken og mikse lyd med tegnefilm.  Ingen visste hvorvidt det ville "
-"virke eller ikke, og om det fungere, hvorvidt publikum villa ha sans "
-"for det.  Men da Disney gjorde en test sommeren 1928, var resutlatet "
-"entydig.  Som Disney beskriver dette første eksperimentet,"
+"Film med sykronisert lyd hadde blitt introdusert et år tidligere i filmen "
+"The Jazz Singer.  Suksessen fikk Walt Disney til å kopiere teknikken og "
+"mikse lyd med tegnefilm.  Ingen visste hvorvidt det ville virke eller ikke, "
+"og om det fungere, hvorvidt publikum villa ha sans for det.  Men da Disney "
+"gjorde en test sommeren 1928, var resutlatet entydig.  Som Disney beskriver "
+"dette første eksperimentet,"
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 35
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
@@ -2013,9 +2011,9 @@ msgid ""
 "going to see the picture."
 msgstr ""
 "Et par av guttene mine kunne lese noteark, og en av dem kunne spille "
-"munnspill.  Vi stappet dem inn i et rom hvor de ikke kunne se "
-"skjermen, og gorde det slik at lyden de spilte ble sendt videre til et "
-"rom hvor våre koner og venner var plassert for å se på bildet."
+"munnspill.  Vi stappet dem inn i et rom hvor de ikke kunne se skjermen, og "
+"gorde det slik at lyden de spilte ble sendt videre til et rom hvor våre "
+"koner og venner var plassert for å se på bildet."
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
 msgid ""
@@ -2024,11 +2022,10 @@ msgid ""
 "tune, the rest of us in the sound department bammed tin pans and blew slide "
 "whistles on the beat.  The synchronization was pretty close."
 msgstr ""
-"Guttene brukte et note- og lydeffekt-ark.  Etter noen dårlige "
-"oppstarter, kom endelig lyd og handlig i gang med et smell. "
-"Munnspilleren spilte melodien, og resten av oss i lydavdelingen "
-"slamret på tinnkasseroller og blåste på slide-fløyte til rytmen. "
-"Synkroniseringen var nesten helt riktig."
+"Guttene brukte et note- og lydeffekt-ark.  Etter noen dårlige oppstarter, "
+"kom endelig lyd og handlig i gang med et smell. Munnspilleren spilte "
+"melodien, og resten av oss i lydavdelingen slamret på tinnkasseroller og "
+"blåste på slide-fløyte til rytmen. Synkroniseringen var nesten helt riktig."
 
 #.  f1
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
@@ -2047,11 +2044,11 @@ msgid ""
 "again. It was terrible, but it was wonderful! And it was something new!"
 "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
-"Effekten på vårt lille publikum var intet mindre enn elektrisk.  De "
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-"trodde de tullet med meg.  Så de puttet meg i publikum og satte igang "
-"på nytt.  Det var grufult, men det var fantastisk.  Og det var noe "
-"nytt!<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Effekten på vårt lille publikum var intet mindre enn elektrisk.  De reagerte "
+"nesten instiktivt til denne union av lyd og bevegelse.  Jeg trodde de tullet "
+"med meg.  Så de puttet meg i publikum og satte igang på nytt.  Det var "
+"grufult, men det var fantastisk.  Og det var noe nytt!<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
 msgid "Iwerks, Ub"
@@ -3790,13 +3787,17 @@ msgstr ""
 "det er mange av alle politiske striper. og med blogger som ikke er politisk "
 "dekker politiske spørsmål når anledningen fortjener."
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Dean, Howard"
+msgstr "Dean, Howard"
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
 #, mtrans, fuzzy
 msgid ""
 "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name "
 "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for "
 "blogs. Yet even if the number of readers is small, the reading is having an "
-"effect."
+"effect.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 "betydningen av disse bloggene er liten nå, men ikke så små. navnet howard "
 "dean kan godt har bleknet fra 2004 presidentvalget rase men for blogger. "
@@ -3812,6 +3813,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "Noah shachtman, \"med uopphørlig innlegg, en pundit stirs potten,\" new york "
 "times, 16 januar 2003, g5."
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Lott, Trent"
+msgstr "Lott, Trent"
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
 msgid ""
 "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the "
@@ -3823,7 +3828,7 @@ msgid ""
 "the story. Over time, more and more instances of the same \"misspeaking\" "
 "emerged. Finally, the story broke back into the mainstream press. In the "
 "end, Lott was forced to resign as senate majority leader.<placeholder type="
-"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
@@ -5134,6 +5139,10 @@ msgid ""
 "owes the composer money for that performance."
 msgstr ""
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
+msgstr "Lovett, Lyle"
+
 #.  PAGE BREAK 72
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
 #, mtrans, fuzzy
@@ -5145,7 +5154,8 @@ msgid ""
 "by the Rolling Stones or Lyle Lovett. The recording artist is adding to the "
 "value of the composition performed on the radio station.  And if the law "
 "were perfectly consistent, the radio station would have to pay the recording "
-"artist for his work, just as it pays the composer of the music for his work."
+"artist for his work, just as it pays the composer of the music for his "
+"work.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 "men når radiostasjonen spiller en post, det er ikke bare utføre en kopi av "
 "komponistens arbeid. radiostasjonen presterer også en kopi av den "
@@ -5171,6 +5181,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "å utføre den Plateartist arbeid gratis, selv om det må betale komponisten "
 "noe for privilegiet av å spille sangen."
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Madonna"
+msgstr "Madonna"
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
 #, mtrans, fuzzy
 msgid ""
@@ -5984,7 +5998,6 @@ msgstr ""
 "Fildelerne deler ulike typer innhold.  Vi kan derel disse ulike typene inn i "
 "fire typer."
 
-#.  A.
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
 #, mtrans, fuzzy
 msgid ""
@@ -5994,7 +6007,7 @@ msgid ""
 "takes it would actually have bought it if sharing didn't make it available "
 "for free. Most probably wouldn't have, but clearly there are some who "
 "would.  The latter are the target of category A: users who download instead "
-"of purchasing."
+"of purchasing.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 "Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for å kjøpe innhold. "
 "Derfor, når en ny madonna cd frigis, i stedet for å kjøpe cd, disse brukerne "
@@ -8236,6 +8249,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "siterer meg, vil jeg slå deg til våre advokater.\" som assistent for herrera "
 "fortalte andre senere, \"de ikke gir faen. de vil bare penger.\""
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Day After Trinity, The"
+msgstr ""
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
 #, mtrans, fuzzy
 msgid ""
@@ -8244,7 +8261,8 @@ msgid ""
 "reality was beyond the documentary filmmaker's budget. At the very last "
 "minute before the film was to be released, Else digitally replaced the shot "
 "with a clip from another film that he had worked on, The Day After Trinity, "
-"from ten years before.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"from ten years before.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 "ellers har ikke penger til å kjøpe retten til å spille hva spilte på TV "
 "backstage ved san francisco opera. Hvis du vil gjenskape denne virkeligheten "
@@ -8357,7 +8375,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "dim visning av \"fair use\", og et krav om \"fair use\" kan slipe "
 "søknadsprosessen til å stoppe."
 
-#.  2.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Lucas, George"
+msgstr "Lucas, George"
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
 #, mtrans, fuzzy
 msgid ""
@@ -8368,7 +8389,8 @@ msgid ""
 "thinking that we would be granted free or cheap license to four seconds of "
 "Simpsons. As a documentary producer working to exhaustion on a shoestring, "
 "the last thing I wanted was to risk legal trouble, even nuisance legal "
-"trouble, and even to defend a principle."
+"trouble, and even to defend a principle.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 "Jeg skulle trolig aldri ha spurt matt groening i utgangspunktet. men jeg "
 "visste (minst fra folklore) at fox hadde en historie for å spore ned og "
@@ -10159,7 +10181,6 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>"
 
-#.  PAGE BREAK 133
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
 #, mtrans, fuzzy
 msgid ""
@@ -10174,7 +10195,7 @@ msgid ""
 "willfully infringe Madonna's copyright by copying a song from her latest CD "
 "and posting it on the Web, you can be punished with a $150,000 fine. The "
 "fine is an ex post punishment for violating an ex ante rule. It is imposed "
-"by the state."
+"by the state.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 "midt på dette bildet er et regulert punkt: på personen eller gruppen som er "
 "målet for regulering eller innehaveren av en rettighet. (i hvert fall i "
@@ -13449,6 +13470,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "Molly ivins, \"media konsolidering må stoppes,\" charleston gazette, 31 kan "
 "2003."
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "McCain, John"
+msgstr "McCain, John"
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
 msgid ""
 "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain "
@@ -13458,7 +13483,8 @@ msgid ""
 "BMG, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, and EMI control 84.8 "
 "percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> "
 "The \"five largest cable companies pipe programming to 74 percent of the "
-"cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
+"cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 174
@@ -14616,7 +14642,8 @@ msgid ""
 "a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" "
 "that's true, at least in part. If, after Lyle Lovett (finally) releases a "
 "new album, rather than buying it, I go to Kazaa and find a free copy to "
-"take, that is very much like stealing a copy from Tower."
+"take, that is very much like stealing a copy from Tower.  <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 "på samme måte når den andre siden, sier, \"fildeling er akkurat som å vandre "
 "inn i en tower records og tar en cd av sokkelen og vandre ut med det,\" som "
@@ -15372,7 +15399,7 @@ msgid ""
 "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to "
 "leverage the revealed preferences of music listeners to recommend new "
 "artists. If you like Lyle Lovett, you're likely to enjoy Bonnie Raitt. And "
-"so on."
+"so on.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 "Hvis du vil gjøre dette systemet fungerer, men trengte mp3.com en pålitelig "
 "måte å anbefale musikk til sine brukere. idéen bak denne alternative var å "
@@ -18066,6 +18093,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "dag på støtning ned opphavsrett forlengelsen,\"orlando sentinel tribune, 9 "
 "oktober 2002."
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Lucky Dog, The"
+msgstr ""
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
 msgid ""
 "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which "
@@ -18076,7 +18107,8 @@ msgid ""
 "the public domain. Because Agee controls the exclusive rights for these "
 "popular films, he makes a great deal of money. According to one estimate, "
 "\"Roach has sold about 60,000 videocassettes and 50,000 DVDs of the duo's "
-"silent films.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"silent films.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
@@ -20351,7 +20383,6 @@ msgstr ""
 "eiendommen eier, men de byrdene produserer et mye bedre system av "
 "beskyttelse for egenskapen generelt."
 
-#.  PAGE BREAK 259
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
 #, mtrans, fuzzy
 msgid ""
@@ -20363,7 +20394,8 @@ msgid ""
 "And like a car, there's no way to buy and sell creative property with "
 "confidence unless there is some simple way to authenticate who is the author "
 "and what rights he has. Simple transactions are destroyed in a world without "
-"formalities. Complex, expensive, lawyer transactions take their place."
+"formalities. Complex, expensive, lawyer transactions take their place.  "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 "på samme måte er det spesielle fysikk som gjør formaliteter viktig i lov om "
 "opphavsrett. i motsetning til en snekker tabell er det ingenting i naturen "
@@ -20497,6 +20529,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "introdusere en Eldred-lov. og jeg hadde noen få som foreslo direkte at de "
 "kan være villige til å ta det første skrittet."
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
+msgstr "Lofgren, Zoe"
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
 msgid ""
 "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
@@ -20504,14 +20540,16 @@ msgid ""
 "imposed the simplest requirement upon copyright owners possible. In May "
 "2003, it looked as if the bill would be introduced. On May 16, I posted on "
 "the Eldred Act blog, \"we are close.\" There was a general reaction in the "
-"blog community that something good might happen here."
+"blog community that something good might happen here.  <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 "En representant, Zoe Lofgren fra California, gikk så langt som å få "
 "lovforslaget utarbeidet. Utkastet løste noen problemer med internasjonal "
 "lov. Det påla de enklest mulige forutsetninger på innehaverne av "
 "opphavsretter. I mai 2003 så det ut som om loven skulle være introdusert.  "
 "16. mai, postet jeg på Eldred Act-bloggen, \"vi er nære\".  Det oppstod en "
-"generell reaksjon i blogg-samfunnet om at noe godt kanne skje her."
+"generell reaksjon i blogg-samfunnet om at noe godt kunne skje her.  "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
 #, mtrans, fuzzy

diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot
index c62f09926db14975cfab757e215a94292b4abca7..66f638ca48860b78bd118c633fdf80e632acf62e 100644 (file)
--- a/freeculture.pot
+++ b/freeculture.pot
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-26 00:41+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-26 13:13+0300\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
@@ -420,12 +420,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:365 freeculture.xml:12693
+#: freeculture.xml:365 freeculture.xml:12710
 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:376 freeculture.xml:386 freeculture.xml:12706
+#: freeculture.xml:376 freeculture.xml:386 freeculture.xml:12723
 msgid "Safire, William"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -558,12 +558,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:471 freeculture.xml:484 freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:534 freeculture.xml:934 freeculture.xml:951 freeculture.xml:996 freeculture.xml:8740 freeculture.xml:12094 freeculture.xml:12797
+#: freeculture.xml:471 freeculture.xml:484 freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:534 freeculture.xml:934 freeculture.xml:951 freeculture.xml:996 freeculture.xml:8753 freeculture.xml:12111 freeculture.xml:12814
 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:472 freeculture.xml:485 freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:535 freeculture.xml:935 freeculture.xml:952 freeculture.xml:997 freeculture.xml:8741 freeculture.xml:12095 freeculture.xml:12798
+#: freeculture.xml:472 freeculture.xml:485 freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:535 freeculture.xml:935 freeculture.xml:952 freeculture.xml:997 freeculture.xml:8754 freeculture.xml:12112 freeculture.xml:12815
 msgid "Causby, Tinie"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1102,7 +1102,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:898 freeculture.xml:14036
+#: freeculture.xml:898 freeculture.xml:14053
 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1299,7 +1299,7 @@ msgid "\"PIRACY\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1047 freeculture.xml:4661
+#: freeculture.xml:1047 freeculture.xml:4669
 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1397,7 +1397,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1129 freeculture.xml:6751
+#: freeculture.xml:1129 freeculture.xml:6762
 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2480,7 +2480,7 @@ msgid "Crichton, Michael"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1951 freeculture.xml:2011 freeculture.xml:2018 freeculture.xml:2451
+#: freeculture.xml:1951 freeculture.xml:2011 freeculture.xml:2018 freeculture.xml:2453
 msgid "Barish, Stephanie"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2572,7 +2572,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f31 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2015 freeculture.xml:3701 freeculture.xml:4780 freeculture.xml:7929
+#: freeculture.xml:2015 freeculture.xml:3709 freeculture.xml:4788 freeculture.xml:7941
 msgid "Ibid."
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2713,7 +2713,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2123 freeculture.xml:7867
+#: freeculture.xml:2123 freeculture.xml:7879
 msgid "ABC"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2891,25 +2891,35 @@ msgid ""
 "political cover political issues when the occasion merits."
 msgstr ""
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2261
+msgid "Dean, Howard"
+msgstr ""
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
 #: freeculture.xml:2257
 msgid ""
 "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name "
 "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for "
 "blogs. Yet even if the number of readers is small, the reading is having an "
-"effect."
+"effect.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f18 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2274
+#: freeculture.xml:2275
 msgid ""
 "Noah Shachtman, \"With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,\" New "
 "York Times, 16 January 2003, G5."
 msgstr ""
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2278
+msgid "Lott, Trent"
+msgstr ""
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2263
+#: freeculture.xml:2264
 msgid ""
 "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the "
 "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott "
@@ -2920,11 +2930,12 @@ msgid ""
 "researching the story. Over time, more and more instances of the same "
 "\"misspeaking\" emerged. Finally, the story broke back into the mainstream "
 "press. In the end, Lott was forced to resign as senate majority "
-"leader.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"leader.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2279
+#: freeculture.xml:2281
 msgid ""
 "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't "
 "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are "
@@ -2933,7 +2944,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2286
+#: freeculture.xml:2288
 msgid ""
 "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can "
 "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly "
@@ -2944,13 +2955,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2295
+#: freeculture.xml:2297
 msgid "Winer, Dave"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 57 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2298
+#: freeculture.xml:2300
 msgid ""
 "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from "
 "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and "
@@ -2963,18 +2974,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2308 freeculture.xml:2361
+#: freeculture.xml:2310 freeculture.xml:2363
 msgid "CNN"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f19 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2316
+#: freeculture.xml:2318
 msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2310
+#: freeculture.xml:2312
 msgid ""
 "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated "
 "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public "
@@ -2991,7 +3002,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f20 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2334
+#: freeculture.xml:2336
 msgid ""
 "John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information "
 "Online,\" New York Times, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci D. Kramer, \"Shuttle "
@@ -3001,7 +3012,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2326
+#: freeculture.xml:2328
 msgid ""
 "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate&mdash;\"amateur\" not in "
 "the sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning "
@@ -3016,7 +3027,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2353
+#: freeculture.xml:2355
 msgid ""
 "See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" New York "
 "Times, 29 September 2003, C4. (\"Not all news organizations have been as "
@@ -3030,7 +3041,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 58 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2346
+#: freeculture.xml:2348
 msgid ""
 "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with "
 "blogs. \"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for "
@@ -3046,7 +3057,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2373
+#: freeculture.xml:2375
 msgid ""
 "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because \"you don't "
 "have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.\" That is "
@@ -3063,12 +3074,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2389
+#: freeculture.xml:2391
 msgid "Brown, John Seely"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2392
+#: freeculture.xml:2394
 msgid ""
 "John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation.  His work, "
 "as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and . . . the creation of "
@@ -3076,7 +3087,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2397
+#: freeculture.xml:2399
 msgid ""
 "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit "
 "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be "
@@ -3086,7 +3097,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 59 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2404
+#: freeculture.xml:2406
 msgid ""
 "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When \"a lot of us grew up,\" he "
 "explains, that tinkering was done \"on motorcycle engines, lawnmower "
@@ -3100,7 +3111,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2417
+#: freeculture.xml:2419
 msgid ""
 "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free "
 "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source "
@@ -3110,7 +3121,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2424
+#: freeculture.xml:2426
 msgid ""
 "This opportunity creates a \"completely new kind of learning platform,\" as "
 "Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you . . .  unleash a "
@@ -3121,7 +3132,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2432
+#: freeculture.xml:2434
 msgid ""
 "In this process, \"the concrete things you tinker with are abstract.  They "
 "are code.\" Kids are \"shifting to the ability to tinker in the abstract, "
@@ -3132,7 +3143,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2441
+#: freeculture.xml:2443
 msgid ""
 "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same "
 "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, "
@@ -3147,7 +3158,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 60 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2453
+#: freeculture.xml:2455
 msgid ""
 "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just "
 "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as "
@@ -3156,7 +3167,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2461
+#: freeculture.xml:2463
 msgid ""
 "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed.  Indeed, as "
 "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly "
@@ -3169,7 +3180,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f22 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2476
+#: freeculture.xml:2478
 msgid ""
 "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, \"Technological Access "
 "Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,\" Communications of the "
@@ -3177,7 +3188,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2470
+#: freeculture.xml:2472
 msgid ""
 "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars.  "
 "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter 10) has "
@@ -3189,7 +3200,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2484
+#: freeculture.xml:2486
 msgid ""
 "\"This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,\" Brown "
 "explains. We need to \"understand how kids who grow up digital think and "
@@ -3197,7 +3208,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2489
+#: freeculture.xml:2491
 msgid ""
 "\"Yet,\" as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will evince, "
 "\"we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the natural "
@@ -3207,7 +3218,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2497
+#: freeculture.xml:2499
 msgid ""
 "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving "
 "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to "
@@ -3216,19 +3227,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2503
+#: freeculture.xml:2505
 msgid ""
 "\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter "
 "9, quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2509
+#: freeculture.xml:2511
 msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2511
+#: freeculture.xml:2513
 msgid ""
 "In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a "
 "freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in Troy, New York.  His major "
@@ -3238,7 +3249,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2518
+#: freeculture.xml:2520
 msgid ""
 "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions.  It "
 "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to "
@@ -3249,7 +3260,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2526
+#: freeculture.xml:2528
 msgid ""
 "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one "
 "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the "
@@ -3260,7 +3271,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 62 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2533
+#: freeculture.xml:2535
 msgid ""
 "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the "
 "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of "
@@ -3273,7 +3284,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2545
+#: freeculture.xml:2547
 msgid ""
 "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself.  Microsoft, for "
 "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search "
@@ -3284,7 +3295,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2554
+#: freeculture.xml:2556
 msgid ""
 "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network.  Indeed, "
 "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His "
@@ -3298,7 +3309,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2566
+#: freeculture.xml:2568
 msgid ""
 "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, "
 "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system "
@@ -3309,7 +3320,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 63 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2573
+#: freeculture.xml:2575
 msgid ""
 "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students "
 "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies "
@@ -3319,7 +3330,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2582
+#: freeculture.xml:2584
 msgid ""
 "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files "
 "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of "
@@ -3336,7 +3347,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2597
+#: freeculture.xml:2599
 msgid ""
 "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The "
 "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the "
@@ -3347,7 +3358,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2606
+#: freeculture.xml:2608
 msgid ""
 "\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. . . .  "
 "I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran or "
@@ -3362,7 +3373,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 64 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2618
+#: freeculture.xml:2620
 msgid ""
 "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and "
 "had therefore \"willfully\" violated copyright laws. They demanded that he "
@@ -3376,7 +3387,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2638
+#: freeculture.xml:2640
 msgid ""
 "Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit "
 "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" Professional Media Group LCC 6 (2003): "
@@ -3384,7 +3395,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2629
+#: freeculture.xml:2631
 msgid ""
 "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other "
 "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at "
@@ -3398,7 +3409,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2644
+#: freeculture.xml:2646
 msgid ""
 "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened.  An "
 "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to "
@@ -3407,7 +3418,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2651
+#: freeculture.xml:2653
 msgid ""
 "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They "
 "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it "
@@ -3421,7 +3432,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 65 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2662
+#: freeculture.xml:2664
 msgid ""
 "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight.  But "
 "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American "
@@ -3433,7 +3444,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2672
+#: freeculture.xml:2674
 msgid ""
 "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or "
 "$12,000 and a settlement."
@@ -3441,7 +3452,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2684
+#: freeculture.xml:2686
 msgid ""
 "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001)  "
 "(27&ndash;2042&mdash;Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for "
@@ -3450,14 +3461,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2692
+#: freeculture.xml:2694
 msgid ""
 "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" Wall "
 "Street Journal, 10 September 2003, A24."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2676
+#: freeculture.xml:2678
 msgid ""
 "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality.  Let's "
 "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality.  Where is the "
@@ -3471,7 +3482,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2697
+#: freeculture.xml:2699
 msgid ""
 "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The "
 "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had "
@@ -3479,7 +3490,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2704
+#: freeculture.xml:2706
 msgid ""
 "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an "
 "activist. . . . [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever "
@@ -3488,7 +3499,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2711
+#: freeculture.xml:2713
 msgid ""
 "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his "
 "father told me, Jesse \"considers himself very conservative, and so do "
@@ -3498,12 +3509,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2720
+#: freeculture.xml:2722
 msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: \"Pirates\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2722
+#: freeculture.xml:2724
 msgid ""
 "If \"piracy\" means using the creative property of others without their "
 "permission&mdash;if \"if value, then right\" is true&mdash;then the history "
@@ -3514,13 +3525,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2730
+#: freeculture.xml:2732
 msgid "Film"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2734
+#: freeculture.xml:2736
 msgid ""
 "I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary "
 "history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, "
@@ -3530,7 +3541,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 67 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2732
+#: freeculture.xml:2734
 msgid ""
 "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder "
 "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East "
@@ -3544,12 +3555,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2749
+#: freeculture.xml:2751
 msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story,"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2753
+#: freeculture.xml:2755
 msgid ""
 "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the "
 "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as "
@@ -3561,7 +3572,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2773
+#: freeculture.xml:2775
 msgid ""
 "J. A. Aberdeen, Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent Motion "
 "Picture Producers (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and expanded texts "
@@ -3576,17 +3587,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2784
+#: freeculture.xml:2786
 msgid "General Film Company"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2785 freeculture.xml:3028 freeculture.xml:4121 freeculture.xml:9465
+#: freeculture.xml:2787 freeculture.xml:3030 freeculture.xml:4129 freeculture.xml:9479
 msgid "Picker, Randal C."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2762
+#: freeculture.xml:2764
 msgid ""
 "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of "
 "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by "
@@ -3603,14 +3614,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2795
+#: freeculture.xml:2797
 msgid ""
 "Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" The Silents Majority, archived at "
 "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #12</ulink>."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2789
+#: freeculture.xml:2791
 msgid ""
 "The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like "
 "Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted.  "
@@ -3625,7 +3636,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 68 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2805
+#: freeculture.xml:2807
 msgid ""
 "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal "
 "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a "
@@ -3635,19 +3646,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2816
+#: freeculture.xml:2818
 msgid "Recorded Music"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2818
+#: freeculture.xml:2820
 msgid ""
 "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how "
 "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2822
+#: freeculture.xml:2824
 msgid ""
 "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for "
 "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the "
@@ -3659,12 +3670,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2831 freeculture.xml:2973
+#: freeculture.xml:2833 freeculture.xml:2975
 msgid "Beatles"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2833
+#: freeculture.xml:2835
 msgid ""
 "But what if I wanted to record \"Happy Mose,\" using Edison's phonograph or "
 "Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear enough that I "
@@ -3684,7 +3695,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 69 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2851
+#: freeculture.xml:2853
 msgid ""
 "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to "
 "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it,"
@@ -3692,7 +3703,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2865
+#: freeculture.xml:2867
 msgid ""
 "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 "
 "and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st "
@@ -3703,7 +3714,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2858
+#: freeculture.xml:2860
 msgid ""
 "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A "
 "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights "
@@ -3715,7 +3726,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f5 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2879
+#: freeculture.xml:2881
 msgid ""
 "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of "
 "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
@@ -3723,7 +3734,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2885
+#: freeculture.xml:2887
 msgid ""
 "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of "
 "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
@@ -3731,14 +3742,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2892
+#: freeculture.xml:2894
 msgid ""
 "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of "
 "John Philip Sousa, composer)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2875
+#: freeculture.xml:2877
 msgid ""
 "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works "
 "were \"sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of American "
@@ -3751,7 +3762,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2905
+#: freeculture.xml:2907
 msgid ""
 "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283&ndash;84 "
 "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating "
@@ -3760,7 +3771,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f9 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2916
+#: freeculture.xml:2918
 msgid ""
 "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared "
 "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American "
@@ -3768,7 +3779,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2897
+#: freeculture.xml:2899
 msgid ""
 "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the "
 "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano "
@@ -3786,7 +3797,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 70 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2922
+#: freeculture.xml:2924
 msgid ""
 "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer and the recording "
 "artist. Congress amended the law to make sure that composers would be paid "
@@ -3801,7 +3812,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2936
+#: freeculture.xml:2938
 msgid ""
 "American law ordinarily calls this a \"compulsory license,\" but I will "
 "refer to it as a \"statutory license.\" A statutory license is a license "
@@ -3812,12 +3823,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2951 freeculture.xml:13712
+#: freeculture.xml:2953 freeculture.xml:13729
 msgid "Grisham, John"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2944
+#: freeculture.xml:2946
 msgid ""
 "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a "
 "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the "
@@ -3830,7 +3841,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f10 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2967
+#: freeculture.xml:2969
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and "
 "H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., "
@@ -3840,7 +3851,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2954
+#: freeculture.xml:2956
 msgid ""
 "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in "
 "effect, the law subsidizes the recording industry through a kind of "
@@ -3857,7 +3868,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2976
+#: freeculture.xml:2978
 msgid ""
 "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, "
 "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for "
@@ -3866,7 +3877,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f11 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2998
+#: freeculture.xml:3000
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on "
 "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March "
@@ -3874,7 +3885,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2983
+#: freeculture.xml:2985
 msgid ""
 "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system "
 "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a "
@@ -3891,29 +3902,29 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3005
+#: freeculture.xml:3007
 msgid ""
 "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative "
 "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3010 freeculture.xml:4086
+#: freeculture.xml:3012 freeculture.xml:4094
 msgid "Radio"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3012
+#: freeculture.xml:3014
 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3027
+#: freeculture.xml:3029
 msgid "Hand, Learned"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3018
+#: freeculture.xml:3020
 msgid ""
 "See 17 United States Code, sections 106 and 110. At the beginning, record "
 "companies printed \"Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast\" and other messages "
@@ -3928,7 +3939,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3015
+#: freeculture.xml:3017
 msgid ""
 "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a \"public "
 "performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
@@ -3937,9 +3948,14 @@ msgid ""
 "station thus owes the composer money for that performance."
 msgstr ""
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3046 freeculture.xml:8574 freeculture.xml:9034 freeculture.xml:11929
+msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
+msgstr ""
+
 #.  PAGE BREAK 72 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3035
+#: freeculture.xml:3037
 msgid ""
 "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy "
 "of the composer's work. The radio station is also performing a copy of the "
@@ -3948,11 +3964,12 @@ msgid ""
 "by the Rolling Stones or Lyle Lovett. The recording artist is adding to the "
 "value of the composition performed on the radio station.  And if the law "
 "were perfectly consistent, the radio station would have to pay the recording "
-"artist for his work, just as it pays the composer of the music for his work."
+"artist for his work, just as it pays the composer of the music for his "
+"work.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3048
+#: freeculture.xml:3051
 msgid ""
 "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio "
 "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need "
@@ -3961,8 +3978,13 @@ msgid ""
 "must pay the composer something for the privilege of playing the song."
 msgstr ""
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3059 freeculture.xml:3543 freeculture.xml:5952
+msgid "Madonna"
+msgstr ""
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3056
+#: freeculture.xml:3062
 msgid ""
 "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music.  Imagine "
 "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public "
@@ -3971,7 +3993,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3062
+#: freeculture.xml:3068
 msgid ""
 "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then "
 "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under "
@@ -3983,7 +4005,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3071
+#: freeculture.xml:3078
 msgid ""
 "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists "
 "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the "
@@ -3994,18 +4016,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3080 freeculture.xml:4092
+#: freeculture.xml:3087 freeculture.xml:4100
 msgid "Cable TV"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3083
+#: freeculture.xml:3090
 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 73 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3086
+#: freeculture.xml:3093
 msgid ""
 "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable "
 "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that "
@@ -4017,18 +4039,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3096
+#: freeculture.xml:3103
 msgid "Anello, Douglas"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3097
+#: freeculture.xml:3104
 msgid "Burdick, Quentin"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f13 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3103
+#: freeculture.xml:3110
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Law Revision&mdash;CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the "
 "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee "
@@ -4038,14 +4060,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f14 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3114
+#: freeculture.xml:3121
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Law Revision&mdash;CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, "
 "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3099
+#: freeculture.xml:3106
 msgid ""
 "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft.  Rosel "
 "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of \"unfair and "
@@ -4060,14 +4082,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f15 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3125
+#: freeculture.xml:3132
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Law Revision&mdash;CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, "
 "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3121
+#: freeculture.xml:3128
 msgid ""
 "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only "
 "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid "
@@ -4075,13 +4097,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3131
+#: freeculture.xml:3138
 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f16 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3140
+#: freeculture.xml:3147
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Law Revision&mdash;CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B.  Krim, "
 "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United "
@@ -4089,7 +4111,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3135
+#: freeculture.xml:3142
 msgid ""
 "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our "
 "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't "
@@ -4099,14 +4121,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f17 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3151
+#: freeculture.xml:3158
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Law Revision&mdash;CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, "
 "president of the Screen Actors Guild)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3147
+#: freeculture.xml:3154
 msgid ""
 "These were \"free-ride[rs],\" Screen Actor's Guild president Charlton Heston "
 "said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder "
@@ -4114,19 +4136,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3156
+#: freeculture.xml:3163
 msgid ""
 "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney "
 "General Edwin Zimmerman put it,"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3172 freeculture.xml:3174
+#: freeculture.xml:3179 freeculture.xml:3181
 msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3170
+#: freeculture.xml:3177
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Law Revision&mdash;CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M.  Zimmerman, "
 "acting assistant attorney general).  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
@@ -4134,7 +4156,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3161
+#: freeculture.xml:3168
 msgid ""
 "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright "
 "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are "
@@ -4146,14 +4168,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3178
+#: freeculture.xml:3185
 msgid ""
 "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court "
 "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3182
+#: freeculture.xml:3189
 msgid ""
 "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of "
 "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they \"pirated.\" In the "
@@ -4168,7 +4190,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f19 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3199
+#: freeculture.xml:3206
 msgid ""
 "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, The Engine of Free "
 "Expression: Copyright on the Internet&mdash;The Myth of Free Information, "
@@ -4178,7 +4200,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3194
+#: freeculture.xml:3201
 msgid ""
 "These separate stories sing a common theme. If \"piracy\" means using value "
 "from someone else's creative property without permission from that "
@@ -4191,12 +4213,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3216
+#: freeculture.xml:3223
 msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: \"Piracy\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3218
+#: freeculture.xml:3225
 msgid ""
 "There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in "
 "many forms. The most significant is commercial piracy, the unauthorized "
@@ -4207,7 +4229,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 76 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3226
+#: freeculture.xml:3233
 msgid ""
 "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of \"taking\" that is "
 "more directly related to the Internet. That taking, too, seems wrong to "
@@ -4219,13 +4241,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3236
+#: freeculture.xml:3243
 msgid "Piracy I"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3244
+#: freeculture.xml:3251
 msgid ""
 "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), The "
 "Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003, July 2003, available at "
@@ -4235,7 +4257,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3238
+#: freeculture.xml:3245
 msgid ""
 "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are "
 "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, "
@@ -4247,7 +4269,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3254
+#: freeculture.xml:3261
 msgid ""
 "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor "
 "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this "
@@ -4255,7 +4277,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3260
+#: freeculture.xml:3267
 msgid ""
 "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for "
 "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred "
@@ -4267,7 +4289,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3269
+#: freeculture.xml:3276
 msgid ""
 "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the "
 "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American "
@@ -4282,7 +4304,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 77 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3280
+#: freeculture.xml:3287
 msgid ""
 "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these "
 "countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to "
@@ -4291,12 +4313,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3307 freeculture.xml:12189 freeculture.xml:12618 freeculture.xml:12625
+#: freeculture.xml:3314 freeculture.xml:12206 freeculture.xml:12635 freeculture.xml:12642
 msgid "Drahos, Peter"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3293
+#: freeculture.xml:3300
 msgid ""
 "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the "
 "Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 10&ndash;13, 209.  The "
@@ -4315,7 +4337,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3288
+#: freeculture.xml:3295
 msgid ""
 "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its "
 "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these "
@@ -4327,12 +4349,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3327 freeculture.xml:3582 freeculture.xml:14235
+#: freeculture.xml:3334 freeculture.xml:3590 freeculture.xml:14252
 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3320
+#: freeculture.xml:3327
 msgid ""
 "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan "
 "Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy (New York: Amacom, 2002), "
@@ -4344,7 +4366,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3314
+#: freeculture.xml:3321
 msgid ""
 "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any "
 "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to "
@@ -4354,7 +4376,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3331
+#: freeculture.xml:3338
 msgid ""
 "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands "
 "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they "
@@ -4370,7 +4392,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 78 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3344
+#: freeculture.xml:3351
 msgid ""
 "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property "
 "right of a very special sort, it is a property right. Like all property "
@@ -4388,12 +4410,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3373
+#: freeculture.xml:3380
 msgid "Windows"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3362
+#: freeculture.xml:3369
 msgid ""
 "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the "
 "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese \"steal\" "
@@ -4409,7 +4431,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3376
+#: freeculture.xml:3383
 msgid ""
 "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good "
 "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, "
@@ -4420,7 +4442,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3384
+#: freeculture.xml:3391
 msgid ""
 "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic "
 "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it "
@@ -4436,7 +4458,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 79 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3398
+#: freeculture.xml:3405
 msgid ""
 "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I "
 "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at "
@@ -4448,7 +4470,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3408
+#: freeculture.xml:3415
 msgid ""
 "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part "
 "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all \"piracy\" is. Or at "
@@ -4460,7 +4482,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3417
+#: freeculture.xml:3424
 msgid ""
 "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy "
 "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to "
@@ -4469,7 +4491,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3423
+#: freeculture.xml:3430
 msgid ""
 "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly "
 "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it "
@@ -4478,26 +4500,26 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3429
+#: freeculture.xml:3436
 msgid ""
 "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push "
 "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3435
+#: freeculture.xml:3442
 msgid "Piracy II"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3440
+#: freeculture.xml:3447
 msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 80 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3437
+#: freeculture.xml:3444
 msgid ""
 "The key to the \"piracy\" that the law aims to quash is a use that \"rob[s] "
 "the author of [his] profit.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This "
@@ -4507,12 +4529,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3462 freeculture.xml:7998
+#: freeculture.xml:3469 freeculture.xml:8010
 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3454
+#: freeculture.xml:3461
 msgid ""
 "See Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary "
 "National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do Business (New York: "
@@ -4526,12 +4548,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3465
+#: freeculture.xml:3472
 msgid "Fanning, Shawn"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3449
+#: freeculture.xml:3456
 msgid ""
 "Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the "
 "Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations.  Like "
@@ -4543,7 +4565,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3473
+#: freeculture.xml:3480
 msgid ""
 "See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" San "
 "Francisco Chronicle, 24 September 2002, A1; \"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide,\" New "
@@ -4554,7 +4576,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3468
+#: freeculture.xml:3475
 msgid ""
 "The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster "
 "amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, "
@@ -4570,7 +4592,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3495
+#: freeculture.xml:3502
 msgid ""
 "See Ipsos-Insight, TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music Distribution "
 "(September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of Americans aged twelve and "
@@ -4580,14 +4602,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3504
+#: freeculture.xml:3511
 msgid ""
 "Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" New York "
 "Times, 6 June 2003, A1."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3489
+#: freeculture.xml:3496
 msgid ""
 "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have "
 "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 "
@@ -4603,7 +4625,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3513
+#: freeculture.xml:3520
 msgid ""
 "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does "
 "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, "
@@ -4615,15 +4637,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 81 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3523
+#: freeculture.xml:3530
 msgid ""
 "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different "
 "kinds into four types."
 msgstr ""
 
-#.  A. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3529
+#: freeculture.xml:3536
 msgid ""
 "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
 "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, "
@@ -4631,12 +4652,12 @@ msgid ""
 "takes it would actually have bought it if sharing didn't make it available "
 "for free. Most probably wouldn't have, but clearly there are some who "
 "would.  The latter are the target of category A: users who download instead "
-"of purchasing."
+"of purchasing.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  B. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3539
+#: freeculture.xml:3547
 msgid ""
 "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing "
 "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard "
@@ -4649,7 +4670,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  C. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3550
+#: freeculture.xml:3558
 msgid ""
 "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content "
 "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the "
@@ -4668,26 +4689,26 @@ msgstr ""
 #.  PAGE BREAK 82 
 #.  D. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3567
+#: freeculture.xml:3575
 msgid ""
 "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content "
 "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3573
+#: freeculture.xml:3581
 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3581
+#: freeculture.xml:3589
 msgid ""
 "See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148&ndash;49.  <placeholder "
 "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3576
+#: freeculture.xml:3584
 msgid ""
 "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of "
 "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of "
@@ -4701,7 +4722,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3592
+#: freeculture.xml:3600
 msgid ""
 "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful "
 "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers "
@@ -4712,7 +4733,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f10 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3607
+#: freeculture.xml:3615
 msgid ""
 "See Cap Gemini Ernst &amp; Young, Technology Evolution and the Music "
 "Industry's Business Model Crisis (2003), 3. This report describes the music "
@@ -4728,7 +4749,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3600
+#: freeculture.xml:3608
 msgid ""
 "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder "
 "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame "
@@ -4743,12 +4764,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f11 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3633
+#: freeculture.xml:3641
 msgid "U.S. Congress, Copyright and Home Copying, 4."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3625
+#: freeculture.xml:3633
 msgid ""
 "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact "
 "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In "
@@ -4759,7 +4780,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3637
+#: freeculture.xml:3645
 msgid ""
 "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong "
 "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry "
@@ -4771,7 +4792,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3647
+#: freeculture.xml:3655
 msgid ""
 "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the "
 "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause.  The "
@@ -4783,7 +4804,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3656
+#: freeculture.xml:3664
 msgid ""
 "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file "
 "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest "
@@ -4792,7 +4813,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3666
+#: freeculture.xml:3674
 msgid ""
 "See Recording Industry Association of America, 2002 Yearend Statistics, "
 "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
@@ -4809,12 +4830,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3693
+#: freeculture.xml:3701
 msgid "Black, Jane"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3690
+#: freeculture.xml:3698
 msgid ""
 "Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February "
 "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
@@ -4822,7 +4843,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3662
+#: freeculture.xml:3670
 msgid ""
 "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 "
 "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder "
@@ -4842,7 +4863,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 84 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3707
+#: freeculture.xml:3715
 msgid ""
 "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is "
 "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the "
@@ -4853,7 +4874,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3716
+#: freeculture.xml:3724
 msgid ""
 "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain "
 "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording "
@@ -4871,7 +4892,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3734
+#: freeculture.xml:3742
 msgid ""
 "These are the harms&mdash;alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, "
 "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording "
@@ -4880,7 +4901,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f15 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3747
+#: freeculture.xml:3755
 msgid ""
 "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no "
 "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law&mdash;Coming "
@@ -4891,7 +4912,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3741
+#: freeculture.xml:3749
 msgid ""
 "One benefit is type C sharing&mdash;making available content that is "
 "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available.  "
@@ -4906,7 +4927,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f16 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3772
+#: freeculture.xml:3780
 msgid ""
 "While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in "
 "existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, "
@@ -4919,7 +4940,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3766
+#: freeculture.xml:3774
 msgid ""
 "In real space&mdash;long before the Internet&mdash;the market had a simple "
 "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands "
@@ -4934,12 +4955,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3793
+#: freeculture.xml:3801
 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3795
+#: freeculture.xml:3803
 msgid ""
 "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record "
 "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content "
@@ -4954,7 +4975,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3808
+#: freeculture.xml:3816
 msgid ""
 "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the "
 "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well "
@@ -4966,7 +4987,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 86 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3816
+#: freeculture.xml:3824
 msgid ""
 "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D "
 "sharing to occur&mdash;the sharing of content that copyright owners want to "
@@ -4983,7 +5004,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3833
+#: freeculture.xml:3841
 msgid ""
 "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with "
 "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A "
@@ -4992,7 +5013,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3839
+#: freeculture.xml:3847
 msgid ""
 "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably "
 "says, \"This is how much we've lost,\" we must also ask, \"How much has "
@@ -5001,7 +5022,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3846
+#: freeculture.xml:3854
 msgid ""
 "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much "
 "of the \"piracy\" that file sharing enables is plainly legal and good.  And "
@@ -5016,7 +5037,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3859
+#: freeculture.xml:3867
 msgid ""
 "\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target "
 "just what you call type A sharing?\""
@@ -5024,7 +5045,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f17 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3876
+#: freeculture.xml:3884
 msgid ""
 "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 "
 "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at "
@@ -5035,7 +5056,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3863
+#: freeculture.xml:3871
 msgid ""
 "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of "
 "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that "
@@ -5048,7 +5069,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3886
+#: freeculture.xml:3894
 msgid ""
 "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing "
 "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure "
@@ -5062,7 +5083,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3897
+#: freeculture.xml:3905
 msgid ""
 "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content "
 "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process "
@@ -5074,7 +5095,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3908
+#: freeculture.xml:3916
 msgid ""
 "So, as we've seen, when \"mechanical reproduction\" threatened the interests "
 "of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers against the "
@@ -5088,7 +5109,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3921
+#: freeculture.xml:3929
 msgid ""
 "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the "
 "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, "
@@ -5099,7 +5120,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 88 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3931
+#: freeculture.xml:3939
 msgid ""
 "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, "
 "served two important goals&mdash;indeed, the two central goals of any "
@@ -5116,12 +5137,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3949
+#: freeculture.xml:3957
 msgid "Betamax"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3951
+#: freeculture.xml:3959
 msgid ""
 "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and "
 "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the "
@@ -5137,7 +5158,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 89 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3964
+#: freeculture.xml:3972
 msgid ""
 "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to "
 "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It "
@@ -5154,7 +5175,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f18 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3986
+#: freeculture.xml:3994
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 "
 "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., "
@@ -5164,13 +5185,13 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f19 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3998
+#: freeculture.xml:4006
 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f20 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4003
+#: freeculture.xml:4011
 msgid ""
 "Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 480 F. Supp. 429, "
 "(C.D. Cal., 1979)."
@@ -5178,14 +5199,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f21 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4014
+#: freeculture.xml:4022
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack "
 "Valenti)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3979
+#: freeculture.xml:3987
 msgid ""
 "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti "
 "called VCRs \"tapeworms.\" He warned, \"When there are 20, 30, 40 million of "
@@ -5211,14 +5232,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f22 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4030
+#: freeculture.xml:4038
 msgid ""
 "Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th "
 "Cir.  1981)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4019
+#: freeculture.xml:4027
 msgid ""
 "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In "
 "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in "
@@ -5234,7 +5255,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 90 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4035
+#: freeculture.xml:4043
 msgid ""
 "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit.  And in "
 "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and "
@@ -5243,14 +5264,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f23 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4054
+#: freeculture.xml:4062
 msgid ""
 "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 431 "
 "(1984)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4044
+#: freeculture.xml:4052
 msgid ""
 "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to "
 "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for "
@@ -5261,7 +5282,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4059
+#: freeculture.xml:4067
 msgid ""
 "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision.  But as with "
 "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the "
@@ -5271,82 +5292,82 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4068
+#: freeculture.xml:4076
 msgid "Table"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4072
+#: freeculture.xml:4080
 msgid "CASE"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4073
+#: freeculture.xml:4081
 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4074
+#: freeculture.xml:4082
 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4075
+#: freeculture.xml:4083
 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4080
+#: freeculture.xml:4088
 msgid "Recordings"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4081
+#: freeculture.xml:4089
 msgid "Composers"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4082 freeculture.xml:4094 freeculture.xml:4100
+#: freeculture.xml:4090 freeculture.xml:4102 freeculture.xml:4108
 msgid "No protection"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4083 freeculture.xml:4095
+#: freeculture.xml:4091 freeculture.xml:4103
 msgid "Statutory license"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4087
+#: freeculture.xml:4095
 msgid "Recording artists"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4088
+#: freeculture.xml:4096
 msgid "N/A"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4089 freeculture.xml:4101
+#: freeculture.xml:4097 freeculture.xml:4109
 msgid "Nothing"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4093
+#: freeculture.xml:4101
 msgid "Broadcasters"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4098
+#: freeculture.xml:4106
 msgid "VCR"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4099
+#: freeculture.xml:4107
 msgid "Film creators"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4111
+#: freeculture.xml:4119
 msgid ""
 "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other "
 "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was "
@@ -5362,7 +5383,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4108
+#: freeculture.xml:4116
 msgid ""
 "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way "
 "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each "
@@ -5372,7 +5393,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 91 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4128
+#: freeculture.xml:4136
 msgid ""
 "In none of these cases did either the courts or Congress eliminate all free "
 "riding. In none of these cases did the courts or Congress insist that the "
@@ -5385,7 +5406,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4140
+#: freeculture.xml:4148
 msgid ""
 "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up "
 "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt "
@@ -5399,12 +5420,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f25 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4157
+#: freeculture.xml:4165
 msgid "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4152
+#: freeculture.xml:4160
 msgid ""
 "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has "
 "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright "
@@ -5418,7 +5439,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4169
+#: freeculture.xml:4177
 msgid ""
 "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is "
 "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires "
@@ -5435,14 +5456,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f26 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4196
+#: freeculture.xml:4204
 msgid ""
 "John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes "
 "Past Efforts,\" New York Times, 22 September 2003, C3."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4186
+#: freeculture.xml:4194
 msgid ""
 "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode "
 "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally "
@@ -5461,20 +5482,20 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4210
+#: freeculture.xml:4218
 msgid ""
 "\"It is our property,\" the warriors insist. \"And it should be protected "
 "just as any other property is protected.\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4218
+#: freeculture.xml:4226
 msgid "\"PROPERTY\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 94 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4222
+#: freeculture.xml:4230
 msgid ""
 "The copyright warriors are right: A copyright is a kind of property. It can "
 "be owned and sold, and the law protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the "
@@ -5483,7 +5504,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4229
+#: freeculture.xml:4237
 msgid ""
 "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a bit "
 "misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of property.  "
@@ -5498,7 +5519,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4254
+#: freeculture.xml:4262
 msgid ""
 "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in The "
 "Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 6 (Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery "
@@ -5506,7 +5527,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4241
+#: freeculture.xml:4249
 msgid ""
 "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, "
 "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the "
@@ -5522,7 +5543,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4260
+#: freeculture.xml:4268
 msgid ""
 "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the "
 "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss "
@@ -5532,7 +5553,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4275
+#: freeculture.xml:4283
 msgid ""
 "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are "
 "intangible.  A property right is simply a right that an individual has "
@@ -5544,7 +5565,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4268
+#: freeculture.xml:4276
 msgid ""
 "But how, and to what extent, and in what form&mdash;the details, in other "
 "words&mdash;matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the "
@@ -5553,7 +5574,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4288
+#: freeculture.xml:4296
 msgid ""
 "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding "
 "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of \"copyright material is "
@@ -5565,12 +5586,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4302
+#: freeculture.xml:4310
 msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4304
+#: freeculture.xml:4312
 msgid ""
 "William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1595. The play was first "
 "published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play that Shakespeare had "
@@ -5584,7 +5605,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4320
+#: freeculture.xml:4328
 msgid ""
 "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent "
 "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his "
@@ -5597,7 +5618,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4331
+#: freeculture.xml:4339
 msgid ""
 "Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective (Nashville: "
 "Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151&ndash;52."
@@ -5605,7 +5626,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 97 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4316
+#: freeculture.xml:4324
 msgid ""
 "In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet was written, the "
 "\"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive "
@@ -5622,14 +5643,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4357
+#: freeculture.xml:4365
 msgid ""
 "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a "
 "\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4347
+#: freeculture.xml:4355
 msgid ""
 "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a "
 "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of "
@@ -5644,7 +5665,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4365
+#: freeculture.xml:4373
 msgid ""
 "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" "
 "was&mdash;indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of "
@@ -5657,7 +5678,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4378
+#: freeculture.xml:4386
 msgid ""
 "There was no positive law, but that didn't mean that there was no law. The "
 "Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words of legislatures and "
@@ -5672,7 +5693,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 98 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4395
+#: freeculture.xml:4403
 msgid ""
 "This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they "
 "were called, because there was growing competition from foreign "
@@ -5684,7 +5705,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4407
+#: freeculture.xml:4415
 msgid ""
 "The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an "
 "exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, however, and "
@@ -5695,7 +5716,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4417
+#: freeculture.xml:4425
 msgid ""
 "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament "
 "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular "
@@ -5703,7 +5724,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4422
+#: freeculture.xml:4430
 msgid ""
 "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very "
 "strong claim. Take Romeo and Juliet as an example: That play was written by "
@@ -5717,7 +5738,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4434
+#: freeculture.xml:4442
 msgid ""
 "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about "
 "the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of "
@@ -5726,7 +5747,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 99 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4441
+#: freeculture.xml:4449
 msgid ""
 "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to "
 "apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it wasn't "
@@ -5741,7 +5762,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4458
+#: freeculture.xml:4466
 msgid ""
 "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were "
 "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term "
@@ -5754,7 +5775,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4470
+#: freeculture.xml:4478
 msgid ""
 "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British.  They had "
 "had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially "
@@ -5769,7 +5790,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4486
+#: freeculture.xml:4494
 msgid ""
 "Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally "
 "viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the claim that "
@@ -5782,14 +5803,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4510
+#: freeculture.xml:4518
 msgid ""
 "Philip Wittenberg, The Protection and Marketing of Literary Property (New "
 "York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4497
+#: freeculture.xml:4505
 msgid ""
 "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a "
 "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers.  "
@@ -5805,7 +5826,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4515
+#: freeculture.xml:4523
 msgid ""
 "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of "
 "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was "
@@ -5815,7 +5836,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4524
+#: freeculture.xml:4532
 msgid ""
 "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among "
 "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of "
@@ -5829,7 +5850,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4536
+#: freeculture.xml:4544
 msgid ""
 "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting "
 "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every "
@@ -5841,7 +5862,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4545
+#: freeculture.xml:4553
 msgid ""
 "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that "
 "echo today,"
@@ -5849,7 +5870,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f5 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4560
+#: freeculture.xml:4568
 msgid ""
 "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the "
 "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the "
@@ -5861,7 +5882,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4550
+#: freeculture.xml:4558
 msgid ""
 "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well "
 "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that "
@@ -5873,7 +5894,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4571
+#: freeculture.xml:4579
 msgid ""
 "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series "
 "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave "
@@ -5891,7 +5912,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4592
+#: freeculture.xml:4600
 msgid ""
 "Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" Vanderbilt "
 "Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For a wonderfully compelling account, see "
@@ -5899,7 +5920,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4586
+#: freeculture.xml:4594
 msgid ""
 "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the "
 "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah.  Until "
@@ -5912,14 +5933,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4604
+#: freeculture.xml:4612
 msgid ""
 "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, Authorship and Copyright "
 "(London: Routledge, 1992), 62&ndash;69."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4600
+#: freeculture.xml:4608
 msgid ""
 "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight.  The hero of "
 "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder "
@@ -5928,7 +5949,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4614
+#: freeculture.xml:4622
 msgid ""
 "Mark Rose, Authors and Owners (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), "
 "92."
@@ -5936,17 +5957,17 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f9 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4624
+#: freeculture.xml:4632
 msgid "Ibid., 93."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4626
+#: freeculture.xml:4634
 msgid "Erskine, Andrew"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4609
+#: freeculture.xml:4617
 msgid ""
 "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in "
 "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints \"of "
@@ -5961,14 +5982,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f10 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4635
+#: freeculture.xml:4643
 msgid ""
 "Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective, 167 (quoting "
 "Borwell)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4629
+#: freeculture.xml:4637
 msgid ""
 "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, "
 "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive "
@@ -5980,7 +6001,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4643
+#: freeculture.xml:4651
 msgid ""
 "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like "
 "Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" "
@@ -5989,7 +6010,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f11 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4655
+#: freeculture.xml:4663
 msgid ""
 "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
 "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" Wayne Law Review 29 (1983): "
@@ -5997,7 +6018,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4648
+#: freeculture.xml:4656
 msgid ""
 "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James "
 "Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of the "
@@ -6008,7 +6029,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4664
+#: freeculture.xml:4672
 msgid ""
 "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English "
 "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection "
@@ -6022,7 +6043,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 103 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4675
+#: freeculture.xml:4683
 msgid ""
 "Considered as a matter of abstract justice&mdash;reasoning as if justice "
 "were just a matter of logical deduction from first "
@@ -6037,25 +6058,25 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4690
+#: freeculture.xml:4698
 msgid ""
 "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, "
 "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4693
+#: freeculture.xml:4701
 msgid "Beckett, Thomas"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4699
+#: freeculture.xml:4707
 msgid "Ibid., 1156."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4695
+#: freeculture.xml:4703
 msgid ""
 "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate "
 "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas "
@@ -6068,7 +6089,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4709
+#: freeculture.xml:4717
 msgid ""
 "As few legal cases ever do, Donaldson v. Beckett drew an enormous amount of "
 "attention throughout Britain. Donaldson's lawyers argued that whatever "
@@ -6081,7 +6102,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4719
+#: freeculture.xml:4727
 msgid ""
 "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to "
 "the House and voted upon first by the \"law lords,\" members of special "
@@ -6091,7 +6112,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 104 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4726
+#: freeculture.xml:4734
 msgid ""
 "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks "
 "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the "
@@ -6103,32 +6124,32 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4744
+#: freeculture.xml:4752
 msgid "Bacon, Francis"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4745
+#: freeculture.xml:4753
 msgid "Bunyan, John"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4746
+#: freeculture.xml:4754
 msgid "Johnson, Samuel"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4747
+#: freeculture.xml:4755
 msgid "Milton, John"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4748
+#: freeculture.xml:4756
 msgid "Shakespeare, William"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4736
+#: freeculture.xml:4744
 msgid ""
 "\"The public domain.\" Before the case of Donaldson v. Beckett, there was no "
 "clear idea of a public domain in England. Before 1774, there was a strong "
@@ -6144,12 +6165,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f13 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4761
+#: freeculture.xml:4769
 msgid "Rose, 97."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4751
+#: freeculture.xml:4759
 msgid ""
 "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled "
 "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most "
@@ -6163,14 +6184,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4765
+#: freeculture.xml:4773
 msgid ""
 "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally "
 "strong in the opposite direction. The Morning Chronicle reported:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4771
+#: freeculture.xml:4779
 msgid ""
 "By the above decision . . . near 200,000 pounds worth of what was honestly "
 "purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property is now "
@@ -6183,7 +6204,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 105 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4786
+#: freeculture.xml:4794
 msgid ""
 "\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say "
 "that the change was profound. The decision of the House of Lords meant that "
@@ -6205,7 +6226,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4806
+#: freeculture.xml:4814
 msgid ""
 "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, "
 "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the "
@@ -6213,12 +6234,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4814
+#: freeculture.xml:4822
 msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4816
+#: freeculture.xml:4824
 msgid ""
 "Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been "
 "very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher "
@@ -6227,19 +6248,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4823
+#: freeculture.xml:4831
 msgid ""
 "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me "
 "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4834 freeculture.xml:4903
+#: freeculture.xml:4842 freeculture.xml:4911
 msgid "San Francisco Opera"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4828
+#: freeculture.xml:4836
 msgid ""
 "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The "
 "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera.  Stagehands are a "
@@ -6251,7 +6272,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 107 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4837
+#: freeculture.xml:4845
 msgid ""
 "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing "
 "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set.  Playing on the "
@@ -6261,7 +6282,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4846
+#: freeculture.xml:4854
 msgid ""
 "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else "
 "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of The Simpsons.  For of "
@@ -6271,12 +6292,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4858 freeculture.xml:4866
+#: freeculture.xml:4866 freeculture.xml:4874
 msgid "Gracie Films"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4853
+#: freeculture.xml:4861
 msgid ""
 "Else called Simpsons creator Matt Groening's office to get permission.  "
 "Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-halfsecond image on a "
@@ -6287,7 +6308,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4861
+#: freeculture.xml:4869
 msgid ""
 "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be "
 "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company.  Else "
@@ -6298,7 +6319,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4869
+#: freeculture.xml:4877
 msgid ""
 "Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered . . . that "
 "Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation&mdash;or at least that someone "
@@ -6309,7 +6330,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4877
+#: freeculture.xml:4885
 msgid ""
 "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he "
 "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera.  He explained "
@@ -6320,7 +6341,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 108 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4885
+#: freeculture.xml:4893
 msgid ""
 "\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you "
 "have your facts straight,\" she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the clip "
@@ -6330,19 +6351,25 @@ msgid ""
 "Else later on, \"They don't give a shit. They just want the money.\""
 msgstr ""
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4912
+msgid "Day After Trinity, The"
+msgstr ""
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4897
+#: freeculture.xml:4905
 msgid ""
 "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on "
 "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this "
 "reality was beyond the documentary filmmaker's budget. At the very last "
 "minute before the film was to be released, Else digitally replaced the shot "
 "with a clip from another film that he had worked on, The Day After Trinity, "
-"from ten years before.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"from ten years before.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4906
+#: freeculture.xml:4915
 msgid ""
 "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the "
 "copyright to The Simpsons. That copyright is their property.  To use that "
@@ -6355,7 +6382,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4917
+#: freeculture.xml:4926
 msgid ""
 "For example, \"public performance\" is a use of The Simpsons that the "
 "copyright owner gets to control. If you take a selection of favorite "
@@ -6367,7 +6394,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4929
+#: freeculture.xml:4938
 msgid ""
 "For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers "
 "don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with "
@@ -6377,7 +6404,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4926
+#: freeculture.xml:4935
 msgid ""
 "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought "
 "is \"fair use.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's use of just "
@@ -6388,12 +6415,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 109 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4941
+#: freeculture.xml:4950
 msgid "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4945
+#: freeculture.xml:4954
 msgid ""
 "The Simpsons fiasco was for me a great lesson in the gulf between what "
 "lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what is crushingly "
@@ -6405,7 +6432,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4955
+#: freeculture.xml:4964
 msgid ""
 "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors "
 "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue "
@@ -6414,9 +6441,13 @@ msgid ""
 "grind the application process to a halt."
 msgstr ""
 
-#.  2. 
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4981
+msgid "Lucas, George"
+msgstr ""
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4963
+#: freeculture.xml:4972
 msgid ""
 "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I "
 "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and "
@@ -6425,13 +6456,14 @@ msgid ""
 "thinking that we would be granted free or cheap license to four seconds of "
 "Simpsons. As a documentary producer working to exhaustion on a shoestring, "
 "the last thing I wanted was to risk legal trouble, even nuisance legal "
-"trouble, and even to defend a principle."
+"trouble, and even to defend a principle.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  3. 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 110 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4975
+#: freeculture.xml:4985
 msgid ""
 "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School "
 ". . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox would "
@@ -6442,14 +6474,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  4. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4985
+#: freeculture.xml:4995
 msgid ""
 "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we "
 "are up against a release deadline and out of money."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4992
+#: freeculture.xml:5002
 msgid ""
 "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore "
 "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture.  But in "
@@ -6460,7 +6492,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5000
+#: freeculture.xml:5010
 msgid ""
 "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its "
 "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect "
@@ -6469,22 +6501,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5009
+#: freeculture.xml:5019
 msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5010
+#: freeculture.xml:5020
 msgid "Allen, Paul"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5011 freeculture.xml:5019 freeculture.xml:5030 freeculture.xml:5045 freeculture.xml:5054 freeculture.xml:5059 freeculture.xml:5111 freeculture.xml:5127 freeculture.xml:5150 freeculture.xml:5212 freeculture.xml:9567
+#: freeculture.xml:5021 freeculture.xml:5029 freeculture.xml:5040 freeculture.xml:5055 freeculture.xml:5064 freeculture.xml:5069 freeculture.xml:5121 freeculture.xml:5137 freeculture.xml:5160 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:9581
 msgid "Alben, Alex"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5013
+#: freeculture.xml:5023
 msgid ""
 "In 1993, Alex Alben was a lawyer working at Starwave, Inc.  Starwave was an "
 "innovative company founded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen to develop "
@@ -6494,7 +6526,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5021
+#: freeculture.xml:5031
 msgid ""
 "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the "
 "emerging market for CD-ROM technology&mdash;not to distribute film, but to "
@@ -6506,7 +6538,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5032
+#: freeculture.xml:5042
 msgid ""
 "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a "
 "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him "
@@ -6516,7 +6548,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 112 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5039
+#: freeculture.xml:5049
 msgid ""
 "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave "
 "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, "
@@ -6526,7 +6558,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5047
+#: freeculture.xml:5057
 msgid ""
 "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. \"Our goal was "
 "that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's films,\" "
@@ -6536,24 +6568,24 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5056
+#: freeculture.xml:5066
 msgid ""
 "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave.  Slade asked, "
 "\"Well, what will it take?\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5072
+#: freeculture.xml:5082
 msgid "artists"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5073
+#: freeculture.xml:5083
 msgid "publicity rights on images of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5067
+#: freeculture.xml:5077
 msgid ""
 "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of "
 "publicity&mdash;rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation "
@@ -6562,7 +6594,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5061
+#: freeculture.xml:5071
 msgid ""
 "Alben replied, \"Well, we're going to have to clear rights from everyone who "
 "appears in these films, and the music and everything else that we want to "
@@ -6571,7 +6603,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5078
+#: freeculture.xml:5088
 msgid ""
 "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing "
 "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim "
@@ -6581,7 +6613,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5085
+#: freeculture.xml:5095
 msgid ""
 "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his "
 "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben "
@@ -6589,7 +6621,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5091
+#: freeculture.xml:5101
 msgid ""
 "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips.  We made some "
 "artistic decisions about what film clips to include&mdash;of course we were "
@@ -6600,7 +6632,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 113 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5100
+#: freeculture.xml:5110
 msgid ""
 "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for "
 "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than "
@@ -6613,7 +6645,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5113
+#: freeculture.xml:5123
 msgid ""
 "Some actors were glad to help&mdash;Donald Sutherland, for example, followed "
 "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared.  Others were "
@@ -6626,14 +6658,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5124
+#: freeculture.xml:5134
 msgid ""
 "It was one year later&mdash;\"and even then we weren't sure whether we were "
 "totally in the clear.\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5129
+#: freeculture.xml:5139
 msgid ""
 "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the "
 "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for "
@@ -6641,7 +6673,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5135
+#: freeculture.xml:5145
 msgid ""
 "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands "
 "and said, \"Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the music, "
@@ -6654,20 +6686,20 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 114 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5147
+#: freeculture.xml:5157
 msgid ""
 "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, "
 "and it sold very well."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5151
+#: freeculture.xml:5161
 msgid "Drucker, Peter"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5159
+#: freeculture.xml:5169
 msgid ""
 "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, Seven Steps to "
 "Performance-Based Services Acquisition, available at <ulink "
@@ -6675,7 +6707,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5153
+#: freeculture.xml:5163
 msgid ""
 "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a "
 "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this "
@@ -6686,7 +6718,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5167
+#: freeculture.xml:5177
 msgid ""
 "For, as he acknowledged, \"very few . . . have the time and resources, and "
 "the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be "
@@ -6696,7 +6728,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5175
+#: freeculture.xml:5185
 msgid ""
 "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she "
 "gets paid very well. . . . And then when 30 seconds of that performance is "
@@ -6705,7 +6737,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5183
+#: freeculture.xml:5193
 msgid ""
 "Or at least, is this how the artist should be compensated? Would it make "
 "sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of statutory license that someone "
@@ -6718,7 +6750,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 115 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5193
+#: freeculture.xml:5203
 msgid ""
 "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing "
 "mechanism&mdash;where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't "
@@ -6738,7 +6770,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5214
+#: freeculture.xml:5224
 msgid ""
 "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the "
 "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that "
@@ -6758,7 +6790,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 116 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5231
+#: freeculture.xml:5241
 msgid ""
 "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a "
 "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California.  "
@@ -6769,7 +6801,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5241
+#: freeculture.xml:5251
 msgid ""
 "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth "
 "century, all framed around the idea of a 60 Minutes episode.  The execution "
@@ -6778,12 +6810,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5246
+#: freeculture.xml:5256
 msgid "Nimmer, David"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5248
+#: freeculture.xml:5258
 msgid ""
 "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, "
 "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had "
@@ -6794,12 +6826,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5255
+#: freeculture.xml:5265
 msgid "Boies, David"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5257
+#: freeculture.xml:5267
 msgid ""
 "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film "
 "hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to "
@@ -6816,7 +6848,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5272
+#: freeculture.xml:5282
 msgid ""
 "We live in a \"cut and paste\" culture enabled by technology. Anyone "
 "building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom that the cut and "
@@ -6826,12 +6858,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5288
+#: freeculture.xml:5298
 msgid "Camp Chaos"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5279
+#: freeculture.xml:5289
 msgid ""
 "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its "
 "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before "
@@ -6844,7 +6876,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5291
+#: freeculture.xml:5301
 msgid ""
 "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted "
 "to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly "
@@ -6854,7 +6886,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5298
+#: freeculture.xml:5308
 msgid ""
 "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so "
 "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they "
@@ -6871,7 +6903,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5313
+#: freeculture.xml:5323
 msgid ""
 "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for "
 "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if "
@@ -6881,7 +6913,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 118 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5319
+#: freeculture.xml:5329
 msgid ""
 "In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, "
 "the comic genius of Saturday Night Live and Austin Powers. According to the "
@@ -6894,7 +6926,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5331
+#: freeculture.xml:5341
 msgid ""
 "The announcement called this \"film sampling.\" As Myers explained, \"Film "
 "Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin on existing films and "
@@ -6905,7 +6937,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5340
+#: freeculture.xml:5350
 msgid ""
 "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you "
 "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this "
@@ -6918,7 +6950,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5350
+#: freeculture.xml:5360
 msgid ""
 "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first "
 "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of \"fair use.\" Much "
@@ -6934,12 +6966,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5365
+#: freeculture.xml:5375
 msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5367
+#: freeculture.xml:5377
 msgid ""
 "In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"&mdash;computer codes designed to "
 "\"spider,\" or automatically search the Internet and copy "
@@ -6951,7 +6983,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5376
+#: freeculture.xml:5386
 msgid ""
 "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And "
 "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these "
@@ -6962,7 +6994,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5384
+#: freeculture.xml:5394
 msgid ""
 "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated.  In "
 "the dystopia described in 1984, old newspapers were constantly updated to "
@@ -6972,7 +7004,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 120 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5392
+#: freeculture.xml:5402
 msgid ""
 "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way "
 "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was "
@@ -6980,7 +7012,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5397
+#: freeculture.xml:5407
 msgid ""
 "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no "
 "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the "
@@ -6991,7 +7023,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5410
+#: freeculture.xml:5420
 msgid ""
 "The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House "
 "changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release "
@@ -7001,7 +7033,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5404
+#: freeculture.xml:5414
 msgid ""
 "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the "
 "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have "
@@ -7011,7 +7043,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5418
+#: freeculture.xml:5428
 msgid ""
 "We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember "
 "reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your "
@@ -7024,7 +7056,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5429
+#: freeculture.xml:5439
 msgid ""
 "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat "
 "it. That's not quite correct. We all forget history. The key is whether we "
@@ -7036,7 +7068,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 121 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5438
+#: freeculture.xml:5448
 msgid ""
 "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet "
 "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially "
@@ -7048,7 +7080,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5449
+#: freeculture.xml:5459
 msgid ""
 "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very "
 "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer "
@@ -7061,7 +7093,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5459
+#: freeculture.xml:5469
 msgid ""
 "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human "
 "history. At the end of 2002, it held \"two hundred and thirty terabytes of "
@@ -7081,7 +7113,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 122 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5477
+#: freeculture.xml:5487
 msgid ""
 "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember "
 "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a "
@@ -7093,7 +7125,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5489
+#: freeculture.xml:5499
 msgid ""
 "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in "
 "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded "
@@ -7104,7 +7136,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5497
+#: freeculture.xml:5507
 msgid ""
 "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, "
 "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in "
@@ -7115,7 +7147,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5514
+#: freeculture.xml:5524
 msgid ""
 "Doug Herrick, \"Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at the "
 "Library of Congress,\" Film Library Quarterly 13 nos. 2&ndash;3 (1980): 5; "
@@ -7124,7 +7156,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5505
+#: freeculture.xml:5515
 msgid ""
 "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress "
 "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such "
@@ -7137,7 +7169,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5522
+#: freeculture.xml:5532
 msgid ""
 "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were "
 "originally not copyrighted&mdash;there was no way to capture the broadcasts, "
@@ -7151,7 +7183,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 123 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5533
+#: freeculture.xml:5543
 msgid ""
 "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his "
 "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from "
@@ -7163,12 +7195,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5560
+#: freeculture.xml:5570
 msgid "Movie Archive"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5544
+#: freeculture.xml:5554
 msgid ""
 "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose "
 "archive of film includes close to 45,000 \"ephemeral films\" (meaning films "
@@ -7189,7 +7221,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5563
+#: freeculture.xml:5573
 msgid ""
 "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we "
 "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what "
@@ -7199,7 +7231,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5571
+#: freeculture.xml:5581
 msgid ""
 "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this "
 "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is "
@@ -7210,7 +7242,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 124 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5579
+#: freeculture.xml:5589
 msgid ""
 "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of "
 "creative property goes through different \"lives.\" In its first life, if "
@@ -7222,7 +7254,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5591
+#: freeculture.xml:5601
 msgid ""
 "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has "
 "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every "
@@ -7234,7 +7266,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5603
+#: freeculture.xml:5613
 msgid ""
 "Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar "
 "Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,\" Chicago Tribune, 5 "
@@ -7245,7 +7277,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5600
+#: freeculture.xml:5610
 msgid ""
 "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very "
 "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder "
@@ -7257,7 +7289,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5617
+#: freeculture.xml:5627
 msgid ""
 "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative "
 "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular "
@@ -7271,7 +7303,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 125 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5628
+#: freeculture.xml:5638
 msgid ""
 "For most of the twentieth century, it was economics that made this so. It "
 "would have been insanely expensive to collect and make accessible all "
@@ -7283,7 +7315,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5640
+#: freeculture.xml:5650
 msgid ""
 "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that "
 "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to "
@@ -7294,7 +7326,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5648
+#: freeculture.xml:5658
 msgid ""
 "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined "
 "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are "
@@ -7303,7 +7335,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5655
+#: freeculture.xml:5665
 msgid ""
 "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music.  "
 "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, "
@@ -7320,7 +7352,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 126 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5669
+#: freeculture.xml:5679
 msgid ""
 "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only "
 "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of "
@@ -7336,7 +7368,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5684
+#: freeculture.xml:5694
 msgid ""
 "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an "
 "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call "
@@ -7347,17 +7379,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5694
+#: freeculture.xml:5704
 msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5703
+#: freeculture.xml:5713
 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5696
+#: freeculture.xml:5706
 msgid ""
 "Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of "
 "America since 1966. He first came to Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's "
@@ -7369,42 +7401,42 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5716
+#: freeculture.xml:5726
 msgid "Disney, Inc."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5717
+#: freeculture.xml:5727
 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5718
+#: freeculture.xml:5728
 msgid "MGM"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5719
+#: freeculture.xml:5729
 msgid "Paramount Pictures"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5720
+#: freeculture.xml:5730
 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5721
+#: freeculture.xml:5731
 msgid "Universal Pictures"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5722
+#: freeculture.xml:5732
 msgid "Warner Brothers"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5706
+#: freeculture.xml:5716
 msgid ""
 "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture "
 "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to "
@@ -7423,7 +7455,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 128 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5726
+#: freeculture.xml:5736
 msgid ""
 "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has "
 "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a "
@@ -7437,7 +7469,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5738
+#: freeculture.xml:5748
 msgid ""
 "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture "
 "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating "
@@ -7449,13 +7481,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5747
+#: freeculture.xml:5757
 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5761
+#: freeculture.xml:5771
 msgid ""
 "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R.  4794, "
 "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on "
@@ -7465,7 +7497,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5752
+#: freeculture.xml:5762
 msgid ""
 "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the "
 "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and "
@@ -7479,7 +7511,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 129 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5771
+#: freeculture.xml:5781
 msgid ""
 "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's "
 "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The "
@@ -7491,7 +7523,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5782
+#: freeculture.xml:5792
 msgid ""
 "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with "
 "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use "
@@ -7506,7 +7538,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5797
+#: freeculture.xml:5807
 msgid ""
 "Lawyers speak of \"property\" not as an absolute thing, but as a bundle of "
 "rights that are sometimes associated with a particular object. Thus, my "
@@ -7518,7 +7550,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5794
+#: freeculture.xml:5804
 msgid ""
 "While \"creative property\" is certainly \"property\" in a nerdy and precise "
 "sense that lawyers are trained to understand,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
@@ -7530,7 +7562,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5812
+#: freeculture.xml:5822
 msgid ""
 "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our "
 "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is "
@@ -7541,7 +7573,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 130 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5820
+#: freeculture.xml:5830
 msgid ""
 "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, "
 "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince "
@@ -7555,7 +7587,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5835
+#: freeculture.xml:5845
 msgid ""
 "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of "
 "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in "
@@ -7569,7 +7601,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5847
+#: freeculture.xml:5857
 msgid ""
 "The framers of our Constitution loved \"property.\" Indeed, so strongly did "
 "they love property that they built into the Constitution an important "
@@ -7583,7 +7615,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 131 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5858
+#: freeculture.xml:5868
 msgid ""
 "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti "
 "calls \"creative property.\" In the clause granting Congress the power to "
@@ -7598,7 +7630,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5873
+#: freeculture.xml:5883
 msgid ""
 "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property "
 "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated "
@@ -7609,7 +7641,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5882
+#: freeculture.xml:5892
 msgid ""
 "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong.  There "
 "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong.  The "
@@ -7623,7 +7655,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5894
+#: freeculture.xml:5904
 msgid ""
 "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least "
 "try to understand why. Why did the framers, fanatical property types that "
@@ -7633,7 +7665,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5901
+#: freeculture.xml:5911
 msgid ""
 "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of "
 "these \"creative property\" rights, and the control that they enabled.  Once "
@@ -7648,7 +7680,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 132 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5915
+#: freeculture.xml:5925
 msgid ""
 "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how "
 "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the "
@@ -7660,20 +7692,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5924
+#: freeculture.xml:5934
 msgid ""
 "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken "
 "the right or regulation."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:5925 freeculture.xml:6099 freeculture.xml:6400
+#: freeculture.xml:5935 freeculture.xml:6110 freeculture.xml:6411
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
-#.  PAGE BREAK 133 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5928
+#: freeculture.xml:5938
 msgid ""
 "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group "
 "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case "
@@ -7686,11 +7717,11 @@ msgid ""
 "willfully infringe Madonna's copyright by copying a song from her latest CD "
 "and posting it on the Web, you can be punished with a $150,000 fine. The "
 "fine is an ex post punishment for violating an ex ante rule. It is imposed "
-"by the state."
+"by the state.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5944
+#: freeculture.xml:5955
 msgid ""
 "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual "
 "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a "
@@ -7703,7 +7734,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5955
+#: freeculture.xml:5966
 msgid ""
 "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through "
 "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These "
@@ -7715,7 +7746,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5965
+#: freeculture.xml:5976
 msgid ""
 "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, "
 "\"architecture\"&mdash;the physical world as one finds it&mdash;is a "
@@ -7733,7 +7764,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 134 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5982
+#: freeculture.xml:5993
 msgid ""
 "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: "
 "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by "
@@ -7741,7 +7772,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5988
+#: freeculture.xml:5999
 msgid ""
 "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective "
 "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we "
@@ -7753,12 +7784,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5997
+#: freeculture.xml:6008
 msgid "driving speed, constraints on"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6000
+#: freeculture.xml:6011
 msgid ""
 "So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high "
 "speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how "
@@ -7775,7 +7806,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6018
+#: freeculture.xml:6029
 msgid ""
 "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean "
 "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's "
@@ -7788,7 +7819,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 135 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6014
+#: freeculture.xml:6025
 msgid ""
 "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While "
 "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role "
@@ -7805,22 +7836,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6042
+#: freeculture.xml:6053
 msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6043
+#: freeculture.xml:6054
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6082
+#: freeculture.xml:6093
 msgid "Commons, John R."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6054
+#: freeculture.xml:6065
 msgid ""
 "Some people object to this way of talking about \"liberty.\" They object "
 "because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at any "
@@ -7851,7 +7882,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6046
+#: freeculture.xml:6057
 msgid ""
 "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand "
 "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any "
@@ -7862,12 +7893,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6086
+#: freeculture.xml:6097
 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6088
+#: freeculture.xml:6099
 msgid ""
 "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, "
 "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the "
@@ -7876,18 +7907,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6094
+#: freeculture.xml:6105
 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6098 freeculture.xml:6399
+#: freeculture.xml:6109 freeculture.xml:6410
 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 136 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6103
+#: freeculture.xml:6114
 msgid ""
 "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law "
 "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those "
@@ -7901,7 +7932,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6115
+#: freeculture.xml:6126
 msgid ""
 "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p "
 "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does "
@@ -7913,7 +7944,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 137 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6123
+#: freeculture.xml:6134
 msgid ""
 "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response.  "
 "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, "
@@ -7924,17 +7955,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6133
+#: freeculture.xml:6144
 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6134
+#: freeculture.xml:6145
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6137
+#: freeculture.xml:6148
 msgid ""
 "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the "
 "warriors. Indeed, in a \"White Paper\" prepared by the Commerce Department "
@@ -7949,7 +7980,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 138 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6149
+#: freeculture.xml:6160
 msgid ""
 "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed&mdash;if it was to "
 "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by "
@@ -7966,7 +7997,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6166
+#: freeculture.xml:6177
 msgid ""
 "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign "
 "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological "
@@ -7978,7 +8009,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f5 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6182
+#: freeculture.xml:6193
 msgid ""
 "See Geoffrey Smith, \"Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?\" "
 "BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink "
@@ -7989,7 +8020,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6174
+#: freeculture.xml:6185
 msgid ""
 "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it "
 "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology "
@@ -8012,17 +8043,17 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6214
+#: freeculture.xml:6225
 msgid "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170&ndash;71."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6223 freeculture.xml:12592
+#: freeculture.xml:6234 freeculture.xml:12609
 msgid "Gates, Bill"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6204
+#: freeculture.xml:6215
 msgid ""
 "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no.  In a free "
 "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, "
@@ -8041,7 +8072,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6226
+#: freeculture.xml:6237
 msgid ""
 "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new "
 "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government "
@@ -8053,7 +8084,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6236
+#: freeculture.xml:6247
 msgid ""
 "In the context of laws regulating speech&mdash;which include, obviously, "
 "copyright law&mdash;that duty is even stronger. When the industry "
@@ -8070,7 +8101,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 140 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6250
+#: freeculture.xml:6261
 msgid ""
 "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes "
 "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are \"justified.\" My "
@@ -8081,22 +8112,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6259
+#: freeculture.xml:6270
 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6262
+#: freeculture.xml:6273
 msgid "DDT"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6270
+#: freeculture.xml:6281
 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6265
+#: freeculture.xml:6276
 msgid ""
 "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul "
 "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the "
@@ -8106,7 +8137,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6273
+#: freeculture.xml:6284
 msgid ""
 "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop "
 "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was "
@@ -8114,17 +8145,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6277 freeculture.xml:6283
+#: freeculture.xml:6288 freeculture.xml:6294
 msgid "Carson, Rachel"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6284
+#: freeculture.xml:6295
 msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6279
+#: freeculture.xml:6290
 msgid ""
 "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, which argued that DDT, "
 "whatever its primary benefits, was also having unintended environmental "
@@ -8134,7 +8165,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6287
+#: freeculture.xml:6298
 msgid ""
 "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim "
 "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced "
@@ -8147,7 +8178,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6300
+#: freeculture.xml:6311
 msgid ""
 "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
 "Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 (1997): 87."
@@ -8155,7 +8186,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 141 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6296
+#: freeculture.xml:6307
 msgid ""
 "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle "
 "appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for "
@@ -8173,7 +8204,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6317
+#: freeculture.xml:6328
 msgid ""
 "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this "
 "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on "
@@ -8187,19 +8218,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6328
+#: freeculture.xml:6339
 msgid ""
 "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free "
 "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6335
+#: freeculture.xml:6346
 msgid "Beginnings"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6337
+#: freeculture.xml:6348
 msgid ""
 "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved "
 "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of \"creative "
@@ -8208,7 +8239,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6343
+#: freeculture.xml:6354
 msgid ""
 "The power to establish \"creative property\" rights is granted to Congress "
 "in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article I, "
@@ -8217,7 +8248,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 142 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6348
+#: freeculture.xml:6359
 msgid ""
 "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, "
 "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right "
@@ -8230,7 +8261,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6361
+#: freeculture.xml:6372
 msgid ""
 "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in "
 "chapter 6, the English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a "
@@ -8242,7 +8273,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6370
+#: freeculture.xml:6381
 msgid ""
 "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the "
 "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built "
@@ -8259,7 +8290,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6385
+#: freeculture.xml:6396
 msgid ""
 "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call \"copyright\" "
 "today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever "
@@ -8270,7 +8301,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 143 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6392
+#: freeculture.xml:6403
 msgid ""
 "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in "
 "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular "
@@ -8278,38 +8309,38 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6403
+#: freeculture.xml:6414
 msgid "We will end here:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6406
+#: freeculture.xml:6417
 msgid "&quot;Copyright&quot; today."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6407
+#: freeculture.xml:6418
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 144 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6410
+#: freeculture.xml:6421
 msgid "Let me explain how."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6415
+#: freeculture.xml:6426
 msgid "Law: Duration"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6430
+#: freeculture.xml:6441
 msgid "Crosskey, William W."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6425
+#: freeculture.xml:6436
 msgid ""
 "William W. Crosskey, Politics and the Constitution in the History of the "
 "United States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1, "
@@ -8320,7 +8351,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6417
+#: freeculture.xml:6428
 msgid ""
 "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced "
 "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English "
@@ -8336,7 +8367,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6440
+#: freeculture.xml:6451
 msgid ""
 "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting "
 "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal "
@@ -8347,7 +8378,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6448
+#: freeculture.xml:6459
 msgid ""
 "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal "
 "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was "
@@ -8358,7 +8389,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f9 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6463
+#: freeculture.xml:6474
 msgid ""
 "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to "
 "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, A History of "
@@ -8376,7 +8407,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6455
+#: freeculture.xml:6466
 msgid ""
 "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten "
 "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered "
@@ -8389,7 +8420,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 145 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6479
+#: freeculture.xml:6490
 msgid ""
 "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of "
 "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted "
@@ -8400,7 +8431,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f10 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6494
+#: freeculture.xml:6505
 msgid ""
 "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of "
 "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For "
@@ -8413,7 +8444,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6488
+#: freeculture.xml:6499
 msgid ""
 "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of "
 "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of "
@@ -8424,12 +8455,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f11 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6509
+#: freeculture.xml:6520
 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6505
+#: freeculture.xml:6516
 msgid ""
 "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an "
 "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of "
@@ -8442,7 +8473,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6517
+#: freeculture.xml:6528
 msgid ""
 "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was "
 "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to "
@@ -8453,7 +8484,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6525
+#: freeculture.xml:6536
 msgid ""
 "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined "
 "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has "
@@ -8467,7 +8498,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 146 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6535
+#: freeculture.xml:6546
 msgid ""
 "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of "
 "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public "
@@ -8479,7 +8510,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6546
+#: freeculture.xml:6557
 msgid ""
 "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, "
 "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers "
@@ -8491,7 +8522,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6556
+#: freeculture.xml:6567
 msgid ""
 "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works "
 "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term&mdash;the maximum "
@@ -8503,7 +8534,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6566
+#: freeculture.xml:6577
 msgid ""
 "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure "
 "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And "
@@ -8515,7 +8546,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6583
+#: freeculture.xml:6594
 msgid ""
 "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first "
 "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than "
@@ -8524,7 +8555,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6575
+#: freeculture.xml:6586
 msgid ""
 "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is "
 "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew "
@@ -8536,12 +8567,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6592
+#: freeculture.xml:6603
 msgid "Law: Scope"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6594
+#: freeculture.xml:6605
 msgid ""
 "The \"scope\" of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law.  The "
 "scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those changes are not "
@@ -8550,7 +8581,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6600
+#: freeculture.xml:6611
 msgid ""
 "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only \"maps, charts, "
 "and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or "
@@ -8566,7 +8597,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6613
+#: freeculture.xml:6624
 msgid ""
 "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today "
 "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers "
@@ -8584,7 +8615,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 148 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6628
+#: freeculture.xml:6639
 msgid ""
 "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural "
 "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the "
@@ -8599,7 +8630,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6641
+#: freeculture.xml:6652
 msgid ""
 "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding "
 "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten "
@@ -8615,7 +8646,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6655
+#: freeculture.xml:6666
 msgid ""
 "All of these \"formalities\" were abolished in the American system when we "
 "decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement that you "
@@ -8626,13 +8657,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6663
+#: freeculture.xml:6674
 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f13 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6674
+#: freeculture.xml:6685
 msgid ""
 "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, \"Poets, Pirates, and the Creation of "
 "American Literature,\" 29 New York University Journal of International Law "
@@ -8641,7 +8672,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6667
+#: freeculture.xml:6678
 msgid ""
 "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually "
 "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another "
@@ -8655,7 +8686,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 149 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6687
+#: freeculture.xml:6698
 msgid ""
 "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by "
 "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally "
@@ -8666,7 +8697,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6697
+#: freeculture.xml:6708
 msgid ""
 "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is "
 "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every "
@@ -8677,7 +8708,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6706
+#: freeculture.xml:6717
 msgid ""
 "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use "
 "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to "
@@ -8685,7 +8716,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6711
+#: freeculture.xml:6722
 msgid ""
 "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control "
 "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today "
@@ -8700,7 +8731,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6725
+#: freeculture.xml:6736
 msgid ""
 "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, "
 "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was "
@@ -8712,7 +8743,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6748
+#: freeculture.xml:6759
 msgid ""
 "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, July/August 2003, "
 "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>.  "
@@ -8720,7 +8751,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6738
+#: freeculture.xml:6749
 msgid ""
 "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free "
 "culture&mdash;at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law "
@@ -8736,7 +8767,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f15 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6764
+#: freeculture.xml:6775
 msgid ""
 "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about "
 "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the "
@@ -8746,7 +8777,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6758
+#: freeculture.xml:6769
 msgid ""
 "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can "
 "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to "
@@ -8756,7 +8787,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6775
+#: freeculture.xml:6786
 msgid ""
 "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be "
 "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without "
@@ -8766,7 +8797,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6784
+#: freeculture.xml:6795
 msgid ""
 "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the "
 "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to "
@@ -8775,13 +8806,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6792
+#: freeculture.xml:6803
 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f16 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6799
+#: freeculture.xml:6810
 msgid ""
 "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly "
 "regulates more than \"copies\"&mdash;a public performance of a copyrighted "
@@ -8793,7 +8824,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6794
+#: freeculture.xml:6805
 msgid ""
 "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in "
 "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and "
@@ -8804,7 +8835,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 151 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6811
+#: freeculture.xml:6822
 msgid ""
 "\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for copyright law "
 "to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's argument at the start of this "
@@ -8819,7 +8850,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f17 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6827
+#: freeculture.xml:6838
 msgid ""
 "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we "
 "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its "
@@ -8828,7 +8859,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6822
+#: freeculture.xml:6833
 msgid ""
 "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very "
 "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet "
@@ -8840,25 +8871,25 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6838
+#: freeculture.xml:6849
 msgid ""
 "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty "
 "circle."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6842
+#: freeculture.xml:6853
 msgid "All potential uses of a book."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6843
+#: freeculture.xml:6854
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 152 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6847
+#: freeculture.xml:6858
 msgid ""
 "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all "
 "its potential uses. Most of these uses are unregulated by copyright law, "
@@ -8873,17 +8904,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6860
+#: freeculture.xml:6871
 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6861
+#: freeculture.xml:6872
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6864
+#: freeculture.xml:6875
 msgid ""
 "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by "
 "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is "
@@ -8894,26 +8925,26 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6872
+#: freeculture.xml:6883
 msgid ""
 "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that "
 "remain unregulated because the law considers these \"fair uses.\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6877
+#: freeculture.xml:6888
 msgid ""
 "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a "
 "copyrighted work."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6878
+#: freeculture.xml:6889
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6881
+#: freeculture.xml:6892
 msgid ""
 "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as "
 "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated.  You "
@@ -8926,30 +8957,30 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6892
+#: freeculture.xml:6903
 msgid "Unregulated copying considered &quot;fair uses.&quot;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6893
+#: freeculture.xml:6904
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6897
+#: freeculture.xml:6908
 msgid ""
 "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively "
 "regulated."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6898
+#: freeculture.xml:6909
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 154 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6902
+#: freeculture.xml:6913
 msgid ""
 "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three "
 "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that "
@@ -8958,7 +8989,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f18 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6910
+#: freeculture.xml:6921
 msgid ""
 "I don't mean \"nature\" in the sense that it couldn't be different, but "
 "rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical networks need "
@@ -8968,7 +8999,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6907
+#: freeculture.xml:6918
 msgid ""
 "Enter the Internet&mdash;a distributed, digital network where every use of a "
 "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
@@ -8985,7 +9016,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 155 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6931
+#: freeculture.xml:6942
 msgid ""
 "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the "
 "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no "
@@ -8997,7 +9028,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6944
+#: freeculture.xml:6955
 msgid ""
 "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of "
 "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or "
@@ -9011,7 +9042,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6958
+#: freeculture.xml:6969
 msgid ""
 "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is "
 "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make "
@@ -9020,7 +9051,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6964
+#: freeculture.xml:6975
 msgid ""
 "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever "
 "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively "
@@ -9031,7 +9062,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6974
+#: freeculture.xml:6985
 msgid ""
 "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative "
 "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in "
@@ -9046,7 +9077,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 156 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6990
+#: freeculture.xml:7001
 msgid ""
 "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden "
 "on category 3 (\"fair use\") that fair use never before had to bear.  If a "
@@ -9060,7 +9091,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7005
+#: freeculture.xml:7016
 msgid ""
 "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free "
 "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair "
@@ -9071,7 +9102,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7016
+#: freeculture.xml:7027
 msgid ""
 "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the "
 "business of making \"trailer\" advertisements for movies available to video "
@@ -9081,7 +9112,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7023
+#: freeculture.xml:7034
 msgid ""
 "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to "
 "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews.  The "
@@ -9093,7 +9124,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 157 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7035
+#: freeculture.xml:7046
 msgid ""
 "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it "
 "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than "
@@ -9109,7 +9140,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7052
+#: freeculture.xml:7063
 msgid ""
 "Disney countersued&mdash;for $100 million in damages. Those damages were "
 "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had \"willfully infringed\" on "
@@ -9122,7 +9153,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7064
+#: freeculture.xml:7075
 msgid ""
 "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video "
 "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be "
@@ -9134,7 +9165,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7073
+#: freeculture.xml:7084
 msgid ""
 "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would "
 "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives "
@@ -9151,7 +9182,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 158 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7088
+#: freeculture.xml:7099
 msgid ""
 "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control "
 "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes &amp; Noble has the right to say you "
@@ -9168,7 +9199,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7103
+#: freeculture.xml:7114
 msgid ""
 "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed "
 "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of "
@@ -9179,12 +9210,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7112
+#: freeculture.xml:7123
 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7114
+#: freeculture.xml:7125
 msgid ""
 "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second "
 "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its "
@@ -9193,7 +9224,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7120
+#: freeculture.xml:7131
 msgid ""
 "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that "
 "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law.  The law, "
@@ -9203,20 +9234,20 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7127
+#: freeculture.xml:7138
 msgid "Casablanca"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f19 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7136
+#: freeculture.xml:7147
 msgid ""
 "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary "
 "Problems 44 (1981): 172&ndash;73."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7129
+#: freeculture.xml:7140
 msgid ""
 "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner "
 "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of Casablanca. Warner "
@@ -9227,12 +9258,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f20 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7145
+#: freeculture.xml:7156
 msgid "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1&ndash;3."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7141
+#: freeculture.xml:7152
 msgid ""
 "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers "
 "that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder "
@@ -9242,7 +9273,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7152
+#: freeculture.xml:7163
 msgid ""
 "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the "
 "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly "
@@ -9251,7 +9282,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7158
+#: freeculture.xml:7169
 msgid ""
 "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the "
 "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: "
@@ -9263,12 +9294,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7169
+#: freeculture.xml:7180
 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7172
+#: freeculture.xml:7183
 msgid ""
 "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a "
 "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that "
@@ -9277,13 +9308,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7179
+#: freeculture.xml:7190
 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 160 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7183
+#: freeculture.xml:7194
 msgid ""
 "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book "
 "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: "
@@ -9295,35 +9326,35 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7194
+#: freeculture.xml:7205
 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7195
+#: freeculture.xml:7206
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7198
+#: freeculture.xml:7209
 msgid ""
 "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions "
 "that the publisher purports to grant with this book."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7202
+#: freeculture.xml:7213
 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7203
+#: freeculture.xml:7214
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 161 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7207
+#: freeculture.xml:7218
 msgid ""
 "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard "
 "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no "
@@ -9333,64 +9364,64 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7223
+#: freeculture.xml:7234
 msgid ""
 "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the "
 "translation): Aristotle's Politics."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7227
+#: freeculture.xml:7238
 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s &quot;Politics&quot;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7228
+#: freeculture.xml:7239
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7231
+#: freeculture.xml:7242
 msgid ""
 "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at "
 "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7236
+#: freeculture.xml:7247
 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s &quot;Politics&quot;."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7237
+#: freeculture.xml:7248
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7240
+#: freeculture.xml:7251
 msgid ""
 "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original "
 "e-book version of my last book, The Future of Ideas:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7245
+#: freeculture.xml:7256
 msgid "List of the permissions for &quot;The Future of Ideas&quot;."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7246
+#: freeculture.xml:7257
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7249
+#: freeculture.xml:7260
 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f21 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7259
+#: freeculture.xml:7270
 msgid ""
 "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for "
 "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read "
@@ -9401,7 +9432,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7252
+#: freeculture.xml:7263
 msgid ""
 "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"&mdash; as "
 "if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works.  For "
@@ -9416,7 +9447,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7274
+#: freeculture.xml:7285
 msgid ""
 "The control comes instead from the code&mdash;from the technology within "
 "which the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are "
@@ -9436,7 +9467,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 163 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7292
+#: freeculture.xml:7303
 msgid ""
 "These are controls, not permissions. Imagine a world where the Marx Brothers "
 "sold word processing software that, when you tried to type \"Warner "
@@ -9444,7 +9475,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7297
+#: freeculture.xml:7308
 msgid ""
 "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright law as copyright "
 "code. The controls over access to content will not be controls that are "
@@ -9455,7 +9486,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7305
+#: freeculture.xml:7316
 msgid ""
 "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls "
 "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that "
@@ -9465,14 +9496,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7313
+#: freeculture.xml:7324
 msgid ""
 "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook "
 "Reader."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7317
+#: freeculture.xml:7328
 msgid ""
 "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public "
 "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the "
@@ -9482,18 +9513,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7325
+#: freeculture.xml:7336
 msgid "List of the permissions for &quot;Alice's Adventures in Wonderland&quot;."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7327
+#: freeculture.xml:7338
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 164 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7331
+#: freeculture.xml:7342
 msgid ""
 "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, "
 "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the \"permissions\" "
@@ -9501,7 +9532,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7338
+#: freeculture.xml:7349
 msgid ""
 "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission.  For the "
 "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; "
@@ -9512,7 +9543,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7346
+#: freeculture.xml:7357
 msgid ""
 "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to "
 "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting "
@@ -9527,7 +9558,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7359
+#: freeculture.xml:7370
 msgid ""
 "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative "
 "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with "
@@ -9537,19 +9568,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7367
+#: freeculture.xml:7378
 msgid ""
 "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story "
 "of mine that makes the same point."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7371
+#: freeculture.xml:7382
 msgid "Aibo robotic dog"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7374
+#: freeculture.xml:7385
 msgid ""
 "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns "
 "tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and that "
@@ -9558,7 +9589,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 165 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7379
+#: freeculture.xml:7390
 msgid ""
 "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up "
 "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable "
@@ -9569,7 +9600,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7388
+#: freeculture.xml:7399
 msgid ""
 "\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers.  You "
 "teach a computer how to do something by programming it differently.  So to "
@@ -9580,7 +9611,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7396
+#: freeculture.xml:7407
 msgid ""
 "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word hack has "
 "a particularly unfriendly connotation. Nonprogrammers hack bushes or "
@@ -9595,7 +9626,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7408
+#: freeculture.xml:7419
 msgid ""
 "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like "
 "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult "
@@ -9605,7 +9636,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7415
+#: freeculture.xml:7426
 msgid ""
 "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and "
 "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance "
@@ -9616,7 +9647,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 166 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7423
+#: freeculture.xml:7434
 msgid ""
 "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United "
 "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it "
@@ -9631,7 +9662,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7439
+#: freeculture.xml:7450
 msgid ""
 "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show&mdash; not "
 "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed "
@@ -9645,12 +9676,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7462 freeculture.xml:9879
+#: freeculture.xml:7473 freeculture.xml:9893
 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7452
+#: freeculture.xml:7463
 msgid ""
 "See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" "
 "Science 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play Dead: Sony Muzzles the "
@@ -9665,7 +9696,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7450
+#: freeculture.xml:7461
 msgid ""
 "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder "
 "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a "
@@ -9675,7 +9706,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7470
+#: freeculture.xml:7481
 msgid ""
 "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to "
 "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it "
@@ -9687,7 +9718,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7480
+#: freeculture.xml:7491
 msgid ""
 "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition.  In "
 "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of "
@@ -9697,7 +9728,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 167 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7487
+#: freeculture.xml:7498
 msgid ""
 "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the "
 "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems "
@@ -9706,7 +9737,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7493
+#: freeculture.xml:7504
 msgid ""
 "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United "
 "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just "
@@ -9717,7 +9748,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7501
+#: freeculture.xml:7512
 msgid ""
 "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing "
 "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or "
@@ -9727,7 +9758,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7509
+#: freeculture.xml:7520
 msgid ""
 "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then "
 "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com "
@@ -9735,7 +9766,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7516
+#: freeculture.xml:7527
 msgid ""
 "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's "
 "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention "
@@ -9743,7 +9774,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7522
+#: freeculture.xml:7533
 msgid ""
 "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of "
 "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an "
@@ -9752,7 +9783,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 168 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7528
+#: freeculture.xml:7539
 msgid ""
 "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public "
 "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the "
@@ -9761,7 +9792,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7536
+#: freeculture.xml:7547
 msgid ""
 "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread "
 "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such "
@@ -9769,7 +9800,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7541
+#: freeculture.xml:7552
 msgid ""
 "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about "
 "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the "
@@ -9781,7 +9812,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7550
+#: freeculture.xml:7561
 msgid ""
 "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code "
 "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, legal code "
@@ -9790,7 +9821,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7556
+#: freeculture.xml:7567
 msgid ""
 "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the "
 "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at "
@@ -9802,7 +9833,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 169 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7565
+#: freeculture.xml:7576
 msgid ""
 "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a "
 "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance "
@@ -9816,7 +9847,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7577
+#: freeculture.xml:7588
 msgid ""
 "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line "
 "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection "
@@ -9827,7 +9858,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7585
+#: freeculture.xml:7596
 msgid ""
 "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by "
 "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could "
@@ -9840,7 +9871,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f23 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7611
+#: freeculture.xml:7622
 msgid ""
 "Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, "
 "455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers never changed his view about the VCR. See James "
@@ -9849,7 +9880,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7596
+#: freeculture.xml:7607
 msgid ""
 "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the "
 "\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that "
@@ -9868,7 +9899,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 170 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7620
+#: freeculture.xml:7631
 msgid ""
 "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses "
 "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR "
@@ -9876,17 +9907,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7625
+#: freeculture.xml:7636
 msgid "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7629
+#: freeculture.xml:7640
 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7632
+#: freeculture.xml:7643
 msgid ""
 "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention "
 "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different "
@@ -9898,7 +9929,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 171 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7640
+#: freeculture.xml:7651
 msgid ""
 "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree "
 "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to "
@@ -9907,17 +9938,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7648
+#: freeculture.xml:7659
 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7649
+#: freeculture.xml:7660
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7652
+#: freeculture.xml:7663
 msgid ""
 "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns "
 "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention "
@@ -9928,7 +9959,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7660
+#: freeculture.xml:7671
 msgid ""
 "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the "
 "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict "
@@ -9939,7 +9970,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7668
+#: freeculture.xml:7679
 msgid ""
 "This is how code becomes law. The controls built into the technology of copy "
 "and access protection become rules the violation of which is also a "
@@ -9953,7 +9984,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7678
+#: freeculture.xml:7689
 msgid ""
 "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law "
 "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease "
@@ -9968,7 +9999,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f24 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7697
+#: freeculture.xml:7708
 msgid ""
 "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, "
 "Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" Loyola of Los Angeles "
@@ -9976,7 +10007,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7691
+#: freeculture.xml:7702
 msgid ""
 "For example, imagine you were part of a Star Trek fan club. You gathered "
 "every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of fan fiction about "
@@ -9986,7 +10017,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7703
+#: freeculture.xml:7714
 msgid ""
 "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity.  "
 "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered "
@@ -9996,7 +10027,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7710
+#: freeculture.xml:7721
 msgid ""
 "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally "
 "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots "
@@ -10009,7 +10040,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7720
+#: freeculture.xml:7731
 msgid ""
 "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the "
 "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's "
@@ -10020,13 +10051,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7729
+#: freeculture.xml:7740
 msgid "Market: Concentration"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 173 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7731
+#: freeculture.xml:7742
 msgid ""
 "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically&mdash;tripled in the past "
 "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well&mdash;from "
@@ -10044,7 +10075,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7749
+#: freeculture.xml:7760
 msgid ""
 "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't "
 "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in "
@@ -10054,7 +10085,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7756
+#: freeculture.xml:7767
 msgid ""
 "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media.  In "
 "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical "
@@ -10067,18 +10098,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7767
+#: freeculture.xml:7778
 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7770
+#: freeculture.xml:7781
 msgid "BMG"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f25 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7776
+#: freeculture.xml:7787
 msgid ""
 "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and "
 "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003)  (statement "
@@ -10087,7 +10118,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f26 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7783
+#: freeculture.xml:7794
 msgid ""
 "Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" "
 "New York Times, 23 December 2002."
@@ -10095,14 +10126,19 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f27 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7789
+#: freeculture.xml:7800
 msgid ""
 "Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" Charleston Gazette, 31 "
 "May 2003."
 msgstr ""
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7803
+msgid "McCain, John"
+msgstr ""
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7772
+#: freeculture.xml:7783
 msgid ""
 "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain "
 "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five "
@@ -10112,12 +10148,12 @@ msgid ""
 "84.8 percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
 "id=\"1\"/> The \"five largest cable companies pipe programming to 74 percent "
 "of the cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"2\"/>"
+"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 174 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7794
+#: freeculture.xml:7806
 msgid ""
 "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the "
 "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than "
@@ -10129,7 +10165,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7805
+#: freeculture.xml:7817
 msgid ""
 "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well.  Today, there are "
 "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were "
@@ -10143,12 +10179,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7819 freeculture.xml:7836
+#: freeculture.xml:7831 freeculture.xml:7848
 msgid "Fallows, James"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7816
+#: freeculture.xml:7828
 msgid ""
 "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in "
 "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent "
@@ -10156,14 +10192,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7834
+#: freeculture.xml:7846
 msgid ""
 "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): "
 "89.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7823
+#: freeculture.xml:7835
 msgid ""
 "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its "
 "integration. They supply content&mdash;Fox movies . . .  Fox TV shows "
@@ -10178,7 +10214,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7841
+#: freeculture.xml:7853
 msgid ""
 "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large "
 "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many "
@@ -10187,18 +10223,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7847
+#: freeculture.xml:7859
 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7848
+#: freeculture.xml:7860
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 175 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7852
+#: freeculture.xml:7864
 msgid ""
 "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is "
 "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute "
@@ -10206,7 +10242,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7857
+#: freeculture.xml:7869
 msgid ""
 "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing "
 "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and "
@@ -10215,24 +10251,24 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7863
+#: freeculture.xml:7875
 msgid ""
 "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration "
 "may matter."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7866
+#: freeculture.xml:7878
 msgid "Lear, Norman"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7868 freeculture.xml:7932
+#: freeculture.xml:7880 freeculture.xml:7944
 msgid "All in the Family"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7870
+#: freeculture.xml:7882
 msgid ""
 "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for All in the Family. He took the "
 "pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too edgy, they told "
@@ -10243,7 +10279,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f29 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7882
+#: freeculture.xml:7894
 msgid ""
 "Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center "
 "Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, "
@@ -10254,7 +10290,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7877
+#: freeculture.xml:7889
 msgid ""
 "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to "
 "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking.  The copyrights that "
@@ -10264,7 +10300,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 176 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7894
+#: freeculture.xml:7906
 msgid ""
 "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the "
 "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a "
@@ -10276,7 +10312,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f30 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7913
+#: freeculture.xml:7925
 msgid ""
 "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media "
 "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st "
@@ -10288,7 +10324,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7903
+#: freeculture.xml:7915
 msgid ""
 "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence.  After "
 "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance.  In 1985, there were "
@@ -10307,7 +10343,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7934
+#: freeculture.xml:7946
 msgid ""
 "Today, another Norman Lear with another All in the Family would find that he "
 "had the choice either to make the show less edgy or to be fired: The content "
@@ -10315,17 +10351,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7943
+#: freeculture.xml:7955
 msgid "Diller, Barry"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7944
+#: freeculture.xml:7956
 msgid "Moyers, Bill"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7940
+#: freeculture.xml:7952
 msgid ""
 "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of "
 "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry "
@@ -10335,7 +10371,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f32 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7957
+#: freeculture.xml:7969
 msgid ""
 "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" Now with Bill Moyers, Bill "
 "Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available at <ulink "
@@ -10343,7 +10379,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7948
+#: freeculture.xml:7960
 msgid ""
 "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their "
 "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their "
@@ -10354,7 +10390,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7964
+#: freeculture.xml:7976
 msgid ""
 "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large "
 "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous.  Increasingly "
@@ -10368,13 +10404,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7975
+#: freeculture.xml:7987
 msgid "Clark, Kim B."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f33 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7984
+#: freeculture.xml:7996
 msgid ""
 "Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National "
 "Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do Business (Cambridge: Harvard Business "
@@ -10388,7 +10424,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7977
+#: freeculture.xml:7989
 msgid ""
 "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration "
 "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the \"Innovator's "
@@ -10402,7 +10438,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8001
+#: freeculture.xml:8013
 msgid ""
 "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say "
 "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies "
@@ -10410,14 +10446,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8007
+#: freeculture.xml:8019
 msgid ""
 "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest "
 "the concern."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8011
+#: freeculture.xml:8023
 msgid ""
 "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug "
 "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; "
@@ -10426,7 +10462,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 178 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8016
+#: freeculture.xml:8028
 msgid ""
 "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any "
 "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I "
@@ -10444,7 +10480,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8035
+#: freeculture.xml:8047
 msgid ""
 "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is "
 "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend "
@@ -10452,7 +10488,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8041
+#: freeculture.xml:8053
 msgid ""
 "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a "
 "media campaign as part of the \"war on drugs.\" The campaign produced scores "
@@ -10467,14 +10503,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8053
+#: freeculture.xml:8065
 msgid ""
 "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its "
 "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8057
+#: freeculture.xml:8069
 msgid ""
 "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a "
 "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to "
@@ -10484,7 +10520,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 179 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8063
+#: freeculture.xml:8075
 msgid ""
 "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the "
 "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the "
@@ -10493,22 +10529,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8104
+#: freeculture.xml:8116
 msgid "Comcast"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8105
+#: freeculture.xml:8117
 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8106
+#: freeculture.xml:8118
 msgid "WJOA"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8080
+#: freeculture.xml:8092
 msgid ""
 "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that "
 "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the "
@@ -10538,7 +10574,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8070
+#: freeculture.xml:8082
 msgid ""
 "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding "
 "\"controversial\" ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed "
@@ -10552,7 +10588,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8110
+#: freeculture.xml:8122
 msgid ""
 "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well&mdash;if we lived in a "
 "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws "
@@ -10565,12 +10601,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8122
+#: freeculture.xml:8134
 msgid "Together"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8124
+#: freeculture.xml:8136
 msgid ""
 "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright "
 "warriors that the government should \"protect my property.\" In the "
@@ -10580,7 +10616,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 180 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8130
+#: freeculture.xml:8142
 msgid ""
 "But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed&mdash; when "
 "we recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to "
@@ -10595,7 +10631,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8146
+#: freeculture.xml:8158
 msgid ""
 "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright "
 "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, "
@@ -10604,7 +10640,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8152
+#: freeculture.xml:8164
 msgid ""
 "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture "
 "notwithstanding.  And these massive shifts in the effective power of "
@@ -10618,7 +10654,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8164
+#: freeculture.xml:8176
 msgid ""
 "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant "
 "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now "
@@ -10633,7 +10669,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 181 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8176
+#: freeculture.xml:8188
 msgid ""
 "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we "
 "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together "
@@ -10645,14 +10681,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f35 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8198
+#: freeculture.xml:8210
 msgid ""
 "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of "
 "copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159&ndash;60."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8184
+#: freeculture.xml:8196
 msgid ""
 "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they "
 "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the "
@@ -10670,12 +10706,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8203
+#: freeculture.xml:8215
 msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8206
+#: freeculture.xml:8218
 msgid ""
 "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and "
 "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished "
@@ -10685,38 +10721,38 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8219 freeculture.xml:8257
+#: freeculture.xml:8231 freeculture.xml:8269
 msgid "PUBLISH"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8220 freeculture.xml:8258 freeculture.xml:8297 freeculture.xml:8330
+#: freeculture.xml:8232 freeculture.xml:8270 freeculture.xml:8309 freeculture.xml:8342
 msgid "TRANSFORM"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8225 freeculture.xml:8263 freeculture.xml:8302 freeculture.xml:8335
+#: freeculture.xml:8237 freeculture.xml:8275 freeculture.xml:8314 freeculture.xml:8347
 msgid "Commercial"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8226 freeculture.xml:8264 freeculture.xml:8265 freeculture.xml:8303 freeculture.xml:8304 freeculture.xml:8336 freeculture.xml:8337 freeculture.xml:8341 freeculture.xml:8342
+#: freeculture.xml:8238 freeculture.xml:8276 freeculture.xml:8277 freeculture.xml:8315 freeculture.xml:8316 freeculture.xml:8348 freeculture.xml:8349 freeculture.xml:8353 freeculture.xml:8354
 msgid "&copy;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8227 freeculture.xml:8231 freeculture.xml:8232 freeculture.xml:8269 freeculture.xml:8270 freeculture.xml:8309
+#: freeculture.xml:8239 freeculture.xml:8243 freeculture.xml:8244 freeculture.xml:8281 freeculture.xml:8282 freeculture.xml:8321
 msgid "Free"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8230 freeculture.xml:8268 freeculture.xml:8307 freeculture.xml:8340
+#: freeculture.xml:8242 freeculture.xml:8280 freeculture.xml:8319 freeculture.xml:8352
 msgid "Noncommercial"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 182 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8239
+#: freeculture.xml:8251
 msgid ""
 "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright "
 "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached "
@@ -10726,12 +10762,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8248
+#: freeculture.xml:8260
 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8277
+#: freeculture.xml:8289
 msgid ""
 "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law&mdash;if published, "
 "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered "
@@ -10740,7 +10776,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8283
+#: freeculture.xml:8295
 msgid ""
 "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this "
 "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of "
@@ -10750,17 +10786,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8296 freeculture.xml:8329
+#: freeculture.xml:8308 freeculture.xml:8341
 msgid "COPY"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8308
+#: freeculture.xml:8320
 msgid "&copy;/Free"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8316
+#: freeculture.xml:8328
 msgid ""
 "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy "
 "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market "
@@ -10771,7 +10807,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 183 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8349
+#: freeculture.xml:8361
 msgid ""
 "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was "
 "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity&mdash; commercial or "
@@ -10780,7 +10816,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8357
+#: freeculture.xml:8369
 msgid ""
 "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does "
 "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether "
@@ -10789,7 +10825,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8363
+#: freeculture.xml:8375
 msgid ""
 "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying.  But I "
 "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it "
@@ -10802,7 +10838,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f36 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8379
+#: freeculture.xml:8391
 msgid ""
 "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement "
 "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public "
@@ -10812,7 +10848,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8373
+#: freeculture.xml:8385
 msgid ""
 "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course "
 "copyright is a kind of \"property,\" and of course, as with any property, "
@@ -10830,7 +10866,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 184 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8396
+#: freeculture.xml:8408
 msgid ""
 "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on "
 "the scope of the interests protected by \"property.\" The very birth of "
@@ -10849,7 +10885,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8415
+#: freeculture.xml:8427
 msgid ""
 "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response "
 "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the "
@@ -10864,33 +10900,33 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8432
+#: freeculture.xml:8444
 msgid "PUZZLES"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8436
+#: freeculture.xml:8448
 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8438
+#: freeculture.xml:8450
 msgid "chimeras"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8441
+#: freeculture.xml:8453
 msgid "Wells, H. G."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8444
+#: freeculture.xml:8456
 msgid "&quot;Country of the Blind, The&quot; (Wells)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8452
+#: freeculture.xml:8464
 msgid ""
 "H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, The "
 "Country of the Blind and Other Stories, Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: "
@@ -10898,7 +10934,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8448
+#: freeculture.xml:8460
 msgid ""
 "In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez "
 "trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in "
@@ -10912,7 +10948,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8464
+#: freeculture.xml:8476
 msgid ""
 "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight "
 "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are \"blind.\" "
@@ -10926,7 +10962,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 187 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8476
+#: freeculture.xml:8488
 msgid ""
 "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the "
 "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, "
@@ -10940,7 +10976,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8487
+#: freeculture.xml:8499
 msgid ""
 "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" "
 "love, the father and the village object. \"You see, my dear,\" her father "
@@ -10949,21 +10985,21 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8493
+#: freeculture.xml:8505
 msgid ""
 "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is "
 "affected,\" he reports."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8497
+#: freeculture.xml:8509
 msgid ""
 "\"What affects it?\" the father asks.  \"Those queer things that are called "
 "the eyes . . . are diseased . . . in such a way as to affect his brain.\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8502
+#: freeculture.xml:8514
 msgid ""
 "The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in "
 "order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy "
@@ -10973,7 +11009,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 188 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8508
+#: freeculture.xml:8520
 msgid ""
 "\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform "
 "Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride.  (You'll "
@@ -10988,7 +11024,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8525
+#: freeculture.xml:8537
 msgid ""
 "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible.  A "
 "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is "
@@ -10999,7 +11035,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8533
+#: freeculture.xml:8545
 msgid ""
 "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and "
 "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly "
@@ -11016,7 +11052,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8547
+#: freeculture.xml:8559
 msgid ""
 "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a "
 "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my "
@@ -11028,18 +11064,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8556
+#: freeculture.xml:8568
 msgid ""
 "Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into "
 "a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" "
 "that's true, at least in part. If, after Lyle Lovett (finally) releases a "
 "new album, rather than buying it, I go to Kazaa and find a free copy to "
-"take, that is very much like stealing a copy from Tower."
+"take, that is very much like stealing a copy from Tower.  <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 189 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8566
+#: freeculture.xml:8579
 msgid ""
 "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from "
 "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from "
@@ -11051,7 +11088,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8576
+#: freeculture.xml:8589
 msgid ""
 "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it "
 "is both&mdash;both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is "
@@ -11061,12 +11098,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8622 freeculture.xml:9324
+#: freeculture.xml:8635 freeculture.xml:9338
 msgid "Berman, Howard L."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8592
+#: freeculture.xml:8605
 msgid ""
 "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the "
 "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, \"Copyright "
@@ -11099,7 +11136,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8583
+#: freeculture.xml:8596
 msgid ""
 "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, "
 "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We "
@@ -11112,7 +11149,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8628
+#: freeculture.xml:8641
 msgid ""
 "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as "
 "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no "
@@ -11122,7 +11159,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8635
+#: freeculture.xml:8648
 msgid ""
 "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake.  Rather than "
 "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that "
@@ -11135,7 +11172,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 190 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8647
+#: freeculture.xml:8660
 msgid ""
 "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of "
 "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is "
@@ -11146,7 +11183,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8655
+#: freeculture.xml:8668
 msgid ""
 "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My "
 "focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this war will "
@@ -11160,14 +11197,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8668
+#: freeculture.xml:8681
 msgid ""
 "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, "
 "and we want to protect those rights."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8672
+#: freeculture.xml:8685
 msgid ""
 "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major "
 "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it "
@@ -11178,7 +11215,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8689
+#: freeculture.xml:8702
 msgid ""
 "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital "
 "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the "
@@ -11189,7 +11226,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8680
+#: freeculture.xml:8693
 msgid ""
 "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with "
 "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for "
@@ -11202,14 +11239,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8704
+#: freeculture.xml:8717
 msgid ""
 "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the "
 "major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8709
+#: freeculture.xml:8722
 msgid ""
 "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It "
 "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill "
@@ -11217,12 +11254,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8717
+#: freeculture.xml:8730
 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8720
+#: freeculture.xml:8733
 msgid ""
 "To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has "
 "launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought "
@@ -11232,7 +11269,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8728
+#: freeculture.xml:8741
 msgid ""
 "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in "
 "particular, the consequences for \"free culture.\" But my aim now is to "
@@ -11241,7 +11278,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8735
+#: freeculture.xml:8748
 msgid ""
 "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first "
 "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of "
@@ -11250,7 +11287,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8743
+#: freeculture.xml:8756
 msgid ""
 "Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the "
 "side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme claims of control "
@@ -11260,7 +11297,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 193 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8750
+#: freeculture.xml:8763
 msgid ""
 "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe "
 "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident "
@@ -11270,12 +11307,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8757
+#: freeculture.xml:8770
 msgid "Constraining Creators"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8759
+#: freeculture.xml:8772
 msgid ""
 "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies.  "
 "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share "
@@ -11292,7 +11329,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8774
+#: freeculture.xml:8787
 msgid ""
 "This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the "
 "capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and in "
@@ -11307,7 +11344,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 194 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8785
+#: freeculture.xml:8798
 msgid ""
 "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture "
 "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated "
@@ -11317,7 +11354,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8795
+#: freeculture.xml:8808
 msgid ""
 "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the "
 "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a "
@@ -11331,12 +11368,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8823 freeculture.xml:8844
+#: freeculture.xml:8836 freeculture.xml:8857
 msgid "Worldcom"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8818
+#: freeculture.xml:8831
 msgid ""
 "See Lynne W. Jeter, Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom (Hoboken, "
 "N.J.: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2003), 176, 204; for details of the settlement, "
@@ -11347,12 +11384,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8839
+#: freeculture.xml:8852
 msgid "Bush, George W."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8830
+#: freeculture.xml:8843
 msgid ""
 "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the "
 "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an "
@@ -11366,7 +11403,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8806
+#: freeculture.xml:8819
 msgid ""
 "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of "
 "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is "
@@ -11388,7 +11425,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8867
+#: freeculture.xml:8880
 msgid ""
 "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" Wired, 7 July 2003, "
 "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
@@ -11397,7 +11434,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8847
+#: freeculture.xml:8860
 msgid ""
 "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high "
 "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never "
@@ -11417,7 +11454,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8878
+#: freeculture.xml:8891
 msgid ""
 "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing "
 "law. I described that change in detail in chapter 10. But an even bigger "
@@ -11430,7 +11467,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8889
+#: freeculture.xml:8902
 msgid ""
 "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting "
 "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the "
@@ -11444,7 +11481,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8900
+#: freeculture.xml:8913
 msgid ""
 "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described "
 "in chapter 7, in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, "
@@ -11454,7 +11491,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 196 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8909
+#: freeculture.xml:8922
 msgid ""
 "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend "
 "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for "
@@ -11467,7 +11504,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8919
+#: freeculture.xml:8932
 msgid ""
 "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate "
 "\"breathing room\" between regulation by the law and the access the law "
@@ -11480,7 +11517,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8930
+#: freeculture.xml:8943
 msgid ""
 "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of "
 "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend "
@@ -11493,13 +11530,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8941
+#: freeculture.xml:8954
 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me,"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 197 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8945
+#: freeculture.xml:8958
 msgid ""
 "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are "
 "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being "
@@ -11512,12 +11549,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8958
+#: freeculture.xml:8971
 msgid "Constraining Innovators"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8960
+#: freeculture.xml:8973
 msgid ""
 "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story&mdash;creativity "
 "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you "
@@ -11528,7 +11565,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8968
+#: freeculture.xml:8981
 msgid ""
 "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense.  Indeed, "
 "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket "
@@ -11540,7 +11577,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8977
+#: freeculture.xml:8990
 msgid ""
 "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same "
 "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, "
@@ -11555,13 +11592,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8989 freeculture.xml:9090
+#: freeculture.xml:9002 freeculture.xml:9104
 msgid "Barry, Hank"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 198 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8991
+#: freeculture.xml:9004
 msgid ""
 "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy "
 "that I described in chapter 10. The consequence of this massive threat of "
@@ -11575,7 +11612,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9003
+#: freeculture.xml:9016
 msgid ""
 "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in "
 "The Future of Ideas and which has progressed in a way that even I (pessimist "
@@ -11583,7 +11620,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9008
+#: freeculture.xml:9021
 msgid ""
 "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com.  MP3.com was "
 "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new "
@@ -11594,17 +11631,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9016
+#: freeculture.xml:9029
 msgid ""
 "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to "
 "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to "
 "leverage the revealed preferences of music listeners to recommend new "
 "artists. If you like Lyle Lovett, you're likely to enjoy Bonnie Raitt. And "
-"so on."
+"so on.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9023
+#: freeculture.xml:9037
 msgid ""
 "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences.  "
 "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference "
@@ -11619,7 +11656,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 199 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9035
+#: freeculture.xml:9049
 msgid ""
 "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that "
 "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com "
@@ -11629,7 +11666,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9044
+#: freeculture.xml:9058
 msgid ""
 "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to "
 "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, "
@@ -11643,7 +11680,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9056
+#: freeculture.xml:9070
 msgid ""
 "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed "
 "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of "
@@ -11655,12 +11692,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9066
+#: freeculture.xml:9080
 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9069
+#: freeculture.xml:9083
 msgid ""
 "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a "
 "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a "
@@ -11673,7 +11710,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 200 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9079
+#: freeculture.xml:9093
 msgid ""
 "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified "
 "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to "
@@ -11685,13 +11722,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9089
+#: freeculture.xml:9103
 msgid "Hummer, John"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9097
+#: freeculture.xml:9111
 msgid ""
 "See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" Los Angeles Times, "
 "23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the effects on innovation in "
@@ -11702,7 +11739,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9092
+#: freeculture.xml:9106
 msgid ""
 "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal "
 "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm "
@@ -11722,17 +11759,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9121
+#: freeculture.xml:9135
 msgid "BMW"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9136
+#: freeculture.xml:9150
 msgid "Needleman, Rafe"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9132
+#: freeculture.xml:9146
 msgid ""
 "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16 June 2003, "
 "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
@@ -11741,7 +11778,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9123
+#: freeculture.xml:9137
 msgid ""
 "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, "
 "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany "
@@ -11753,7 +11790,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9141
+#: freeculture.xml:9155
 msgid ""
 "This is the world of the mafia&mdash;filled with \"your money or your life\" "
 "offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law "
@@ -11765,7 +11802,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 201 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9151
+#: freeculture.xml:9165
 msgid ""
 "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal "
 "enterprises. The point is the definition of \"illegal.\" The law is a mess "
@@ -11781,7 +11818,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9166
+#: freeculture.xml:9180
 msgid ""
 "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair "
 "use. Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both "
@@ -11796,7 +11833,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 202 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9178
+#: freeculture.xml:9192
 msgid ""
 "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the "
 "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden "
@@ -11819,7 +11856,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9200
+#: freeculture.xml:9214
 msgid ""
 "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the "
 "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's "
@@ -11833,7 +11870,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9214
+#: freeculture.xml:9228
 msgid ""
 "\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the "
 "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), "
@@ -11843,12 +11880,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9230
+#: freeculture.xml:9244
 msgid "GartnerG2, 26&ndash;27."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9210
+#: freeculture.xml:9224
 msgid ""
 "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the "
 "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would "
@@ -11866,7 +11903,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 203 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9235
+#: freeculture.xml:9249
 msgid ""
 "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why "
 "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical "
@@ -11877,14 +11914,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9249
+#: freeculture.xml:9263
 msgid ""
 "See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, "
 "February 2002 (Entertainment)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9246
+#: freeculture.xml:9260
 msgid ""
 "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, "
 "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would "
@@ -11894,7 +11931,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9257
+#: freeculture.xml:9271
 msgid ""
 "There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed "
 "innovation&mdash;again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free "
@@ -11902,7 +11939,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9263
+#: freeculture.xml:9277
 msgid ""
 "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of "
 "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others.  When "
@@ -11912,12 +11949,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f9. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9272
+#: freeculture.xml:9286
 msgid "Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9269
+#: freeculture.xml:9283
 msgid ""
 "As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as "
 "regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica "
@@ -11930,7 +11967,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9282
+#: freeculture.xml:9296
 msgid ""
 "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the "
 "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a "
@@ -11941,7 +11978,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f10. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9290
+#: freeculture.xml:9304
 msgid ""
 "The only circuit court exception is found in Recording Industry Association "
 "of America (RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th "
@@ -11958,7 +11995,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9310
+#: freeculture.xml:9324
 msgid ""
 "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the "
 "Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize "
@@ -11977,7 +12014,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9289
+#: freeculture.xml:9303
 msgid ""
 "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder "
 "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses "
@@ -11989,7 +12026,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 204 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9332
+#: freeculture.xml:9346
 msgid ""
 "As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the "
 "recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he "
@@ -12001,7 +12038,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9342
+#: freeculture.xml:9356
 msgid ""
 "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The "
 "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist "
@@ -12014,7 +12051,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9353
+#: freeculture.xml:9367
 msgid ""
 "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to "
 "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels "
@@ -12025,7 +12062,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9362
+#: freeculture.xml:9376
 msgid ""
 "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are "
 "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in "
@@ -12041,7 +12078,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 205 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9377
+#: freeculture.xml:9391
 msgid ""
 "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement "
 "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since "
@@ -12053,12 +12090,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9401
+#: freeculture.xml:9415
 msgid "Lessing, 239."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9387
+#: freeculture.xml:9401
 msgid ""
 "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, "
 "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded "
@@ -12076,12 +12113,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f13. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9411
+#: freeculture.xml:9425
 msgid "Ibid., 229."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9406
+#: freeculture.xml:9420
 msgid ""
 "This potential for FM radio was never realized&mdash;not because Armstrong "
 "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of "
@@ -12091,7 +12128,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9416
+#: freeculture.xml:9430
 msgid ""
 "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there "
 "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio "
@@ -12102,7 +12139,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 206 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9424
+#: freeculture.xml:9438
 msgid ""
 "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new "
 "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful "
@@ -12117,12 +12154,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9464
+#: freeculture.xml:9478
 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9447
+#: freeculture.xml:9461
 msgid ""
 "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration "
 "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by "
@@ -12143,7 +12180,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9440
+#: freeculture.xml:9454
 msgid ""
 "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher "
 "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to "
@@ -12154,7 +12191,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9471
+#: freeculture.xml:9485
 msgid ""
 "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were "
 "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station)  "
@@ -12162,57 +12199,57 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9478
+#: freeculture.xml:9492
 msgid "name of the service;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9481
+#: freeculture.xml:9495
 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9484
+#: freeculture.xml:9498
 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9487
+#: freeculture.xml:9501
 msgid "date of transmission;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9490
+#: freeculture.xml:9504
 msgid "time of transmission;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9493
+#: freeculture.xml:9507
 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9496
+#: freeculture.xml:9510
 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9499
+#: freeculture.xml:9513
 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9502
+#: freeculture.xml:9516
 msgid "sound recording title;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9505
+#: freeculture.xml:9519
 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9508
+#: freeculture.xml:9522
 msgid ""
 "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of "
 "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of "
@@ -12220,77 +12257,77 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9511
+#: freeculture.xml:9525
 msgid "featured recording artist;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9514
+#: freeculture.xml:9528
 msgid "retail album title;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9517
+#: freeculture.xml:9531
 msgid "recording label;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9520
+#: freeculture.xml:9534
 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9523
+#: freeculture.xml:9537
 msgid "catalog number;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9526
+#: freeculture.xml:9540
 msgid "copyright owner information;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9529
+#: freeculture.xml:9543
 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9532
+#: freeculture.xml:9546
 msgid "name of the service or entity;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9535
+#: freeculture.xml:9549
 msgid "channel or program;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9538
+#: freeculture.xml:9552
 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9541
+#: freeculture.xml:9555
 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9544
+#: freeculture.xml:9558
 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9547
+#: freeculture.xml:9561
 msgid "Unique User identifier;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9550
+#: freeculture.xml:9564
 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9555
+#: freeculture.xml:9569
 msgid ""
 "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, "
 "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the "
@@ -12300,7 +12337,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9563
+#: freeculture.xml:9577
 msgid ""
 "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic "
 "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was "
@@ -12308,7 +12345,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9569
+#: freeculture.xml:9583
 msgid ""
 "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to "
 "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at "
@@ -12317,7 +12354,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 208 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9575
+#: freeculture.xml:9589
 msgid ""
 "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony "
 "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and "
@@ -12331,7 +12368,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9591
+#: freeculture.xml:9605
 msgid ""
 "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry "
 "with thousands of webcasters, we think it should be an industry with, you "
@@ -12340,7 +12377,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9598
+#: freeculture.xml:9612
 msgid ""
 "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that "
 "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the "
@@ -12351,12 +12388,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9608
+#: freeculture.xml:9622
 msgid "Corrupting Citizens"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9610
+#: freeculture.xml:9624
 msgid ""
 "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives "
 "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity "
@@ -12364,7 +12401,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9616
+#: freeculture.xml:9630
 msgid ""
 "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important "
 "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts "
@@ -12373,7 +12410,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f15. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9625
+#: freeculture.xml:9639
 msgid ""
 "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet "
 "and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink "
@@ -12384,7 +12421,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 209 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9621
+#: freeculture.xml:9635
 msgid ""
 "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war "
 "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number "
@@ -12402,14 +12439,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f16. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9659
+#: freeculture.xml:9673
 msgid ""
 "Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" Los "
 "Angeles Times, 10 September 2003, Business."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9646
+#: freeculture.xml:9660
 msgid ""
 "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal "
 "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in "
@@ -12432,7 +12469,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f17. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9681
+#: freeculture.xml:9695
 msgid ""
 "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During "
 "Prohibition,\" American Economic Review 81, no. 2 (1991): 242."
@@ -12440,7 +12477,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f18. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9689
+#: freeculture.xml:9703
 msgid ""
 "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform "
 "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John "
@@ -12449,7 +12486,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f19. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9699
+#: freeculture.xml:9713
 msgid ""
 "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" "
 "Journal of Economic Literature 36 (1998): 818 (survey of compliance "
@@ -12457,7 +12494,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9671
+#: freeculture.xml:9685
 msgid ""
 "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something "
 "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol "
@@ -12480,7 +12517,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9708
+#: freeculture.xml:9722
 msgid ""
 "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly "
 "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students "
@@ -12499,7 +12536,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9725
+#: freeculture.xml:9739
 msgid ""
 "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more "
 "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make "
@@ -12513,7 +12550,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 211 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9738
+#: freeculture.xml:9752
 msgid ""
 "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we "
 "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics "
@@ -12523,7 +12560,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9745
+#: freeculture.xml:9759
 msgid ""
 "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but "
 "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people "
@@ -12540,7 +12577,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9759
+#: freeculture.xml:9773
 msgid ""
 "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the "
 "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways "
@@ -12554,13 +12591,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9771
+#: freeculture.xml:9785
 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 212 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9774
+#: freeculture.xml:9788
 msgid ""
 "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of "
 "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought.  The law "
@@ -12571,7 +12608,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9785
+#: freeculture.xml:9799
 msgid ""
 "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph "
 "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without "
@@ -12582,12 +12619,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9793
+#: freeculture.xml:9807
 msgid "Adromeda"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9795
+#: freeculture.xml:9809
 msgid ""
 "This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large "
 "process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in "
@@ -12601,7 +12638,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9806
+#: freeculture.xml:9820
 msgid ""
 "This use is enabled by unprotected media&mdash;either CDs or records.  But "
 "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so "
@@ -12614,7 +12651,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 213 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9816
+#: freeculture.xml:9830
 msgid ""
 "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your "
 "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, "
@@ -12628,7 +12665,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9830
+#: freeculture.xml:9844
 msgid ""
 "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the "
 "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with "
@@ -12640,7 +12677,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9839
+#: freeculture.xml:9853
 msgid ""
 "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a "
 "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only "
@@ -12653,7 +12690,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9850
+#: freeculture.xml:9864
 msgid ""
 "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning "
 "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this "
@@ -12665,7 +12702,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9859
+#: freeculture.xml:9873
 msgid ""
 "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled "
 "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form "
@@ -12674,7 +12711,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9865
+#: freeculture.xml:9879
 msgid ""
 "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable "
 "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; "
@@ -12689,12 +12726,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9882
+#: freeculture.xml:9896
 msgid "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains,"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9887
+#: freeculture.xml:9901
 msgid ""
 "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to "
 "one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you "
@@ -12707,7 +12744,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9899
+#: freeculture.xml:9913
 msgid ""
 "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into "
 "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to "
@@ -12715,7 +12752,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9904
+#: freeculture.xml:9918
 msgid ""
 "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA "
 "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the "
@@ -12727,7 +12764,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f20. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9922
+#: freeculture.xml:9936
 msgid ""
 "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in "
 "Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 "
@@ -12742,7 +12779,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9913
+#: freeculture.xml:9927
 msgid ""
 "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to "
 "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded "
@@ -12756,7 +12793,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f21. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9940
+#: freeculture.xml:9954
 msgid ""
 "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some "
 "Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink "
@@ -12764,7 +12801,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9936
+#: freeculture.xml:9950
 msgid ""
 "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A "
 "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted "
@@ -12776,7 +12813,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f22. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9961
+#: freeculture.xml:9975
 msgid ""
 "See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" Boston "
 "Globe, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank Ahrens, \"Four Students Sued over "
@@ -12795,7 +12832,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9949
+#: freeculture.xml:9963
 msgid ""
 "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a "
 "CD to your daughter&mdash;a collection of songs just like the cassettes you "
@@ -12813,7 +12850,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 216 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9980
+#: freeculture.xml:9994
 msgid ""
 "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a "
 "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that "
@@ -12826,7 +12863,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9995
+#: freeculture.xml:10009
 msgid ""
 "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans "
 "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the "
@@ -12847,7 +12884,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10015
+#: freeculture.xml:10029
 msgid ""
 "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the "
 "law, and when the law could achieve the same objective&mdash; securing "
@@ -12858,12 +12895,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10028
+#: freeculture.xml:10042
 msgid "BALANCES"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10032
+#: freeculture.xml:10046
 msgid ""
 "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is "
 "on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the "
@@ -12872,7 +12909,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10038
+#: freeculture.xml:10052
 msgid ""
 "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the "
 "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop&mdash;or before she "
@@ -12882,7 +12919,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10046
+#: freeculture.xml:10060
 msgid ""
 "A war about copyright rages all around&mdash;and we're all focusing on the "
 "wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses.  "
@@ -12894,7 +12931,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 219 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10055
+#: freeculture.xml:10069
 msgid ""
 "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with "
 "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the "
@@ -12904,7 +12941,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10063
+#: freeculture.xml:10077
 msgid ""
 "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and "
 "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline "
@@ -12912,7 +12949,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10068
+#: freeculture.xml:10082
 msgid ""
 "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, "
 "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more "
@@ -12921,7 +12958,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10074
+#: freeculture.xml:10088
 msgid ""
 "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my "
 "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of "
@@ -12930,12 +12967,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10083
+#: freeculture.xml:10097
 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10085
+#: freeculture.xml:10099
 msgid ""
 "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like "
 "Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one "
@@ -12946,7 +12983,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10094
+#: freeculture.xml:10108
 msgid ""
 "It didn't work&mdash;at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne "
 "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a "
@@ -12956,7 +12993,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 221 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10101
+#: freeculture.xml:10115
 msgid ""
 "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, "
 "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world "
@@ -12968,7 +13005,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10112
+#: freeculture.xml:10126
 msgid ""
 "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source "
 "as Disney's. Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter had passed into the public domain in "
@@ -12983,7 +13020,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10135
+#: freeculture.xml:10149
 msgid ""
 "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but "
 "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of "
@@ -13001,7 +13038,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10124
+#: freeculture.xml:10138
 msgid ""
 "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public "
 "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of "
@@ -13015,7 +13052,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10152
+#: freeculture.xml:10166
 msgid ""
 "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection "
 "of poems New Hampshire was slated to pass into the public domain. Eldred "
@@ -13031,7 +13068,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10172
+#: freeculture.xml:10186
 msgid ""
 "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to "
 "last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the "
@@ -13043,7 +13080,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10167
+#: freeculture.xml:10181
 msgid ""
 "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in "
 "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, "
@@ -13052,7 +13089,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10183
+#: freeculture.xml:10197
 msgid ""
 "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through "
 "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he "
@@ -13063,7 +13100,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10192
+#: freeculture.xml:10206
 msgid ""
 "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a "
 "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional "
@@ -13073,7 +13110,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10203
+#: freeculture.xml:10217
 msgid ""
 "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . .  by securing "
 "for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their "
@@ -13081,7 +13118,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10209
+#: freeculture.xml:10223
 msgid ""
 "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of "
 "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power "
@@ -13094,12 +13131,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10228 freeculture.xml:11678
+#: freeculture.xml:10242 freeculture.xml:11693
 msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10219
+#: freeculture.xml:10233
 msgid ""
 "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending "
 "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if "
@@ -13112,7 +13149,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10231
+#: freeculture.xml:10245
 msgid ""
 "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting "
 "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration "
@@ -13125,7 +13162,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10242
+#: freeculture.xml:10256
 msgid ""
 "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of "
 "government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are "
@@ -13137,7 +13174,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10251
+#: freeculture.xml:10265
 msgid ""
 "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the "
 "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one "
@@ -13149,7 +13186,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10261
+#: freeculture.xml:10275
 msgid ""
 "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of "
 "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to "
@@ -13159,7 +13196,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 224 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10268
+#: freeculture.xml:10282
 msgid ""
 "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C "
 "will expire. That means that after next year, we will no longer be receiving "
@@ -13167,7 +13204,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10276
+#: freeculture.xml:10290
 msgid ""
 "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could "
 "change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to extend the terms of "
@@ -13176,14 +13213,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10282
+#: freeculture.xml:10296
 msgid ""
 "\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about "
 "it?\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10286
+#: freeculture.xml:10300
 msgid ""
 "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the "
 "campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure that they support "
@@ -13191,7 +13228,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10291
+#: freeculture.xml:10305
 msgid ""
 "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know "
 "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. \"How much would we get if "
@@ -13199,7 +13236,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10297
+#: freeculture.xml:10311
 msgid ""
 "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to "
 "get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the "
@@ -13208,14 +13245,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10303
+#: freeculture.xml:10317
 msgid ""
 "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct "
 "conclusion:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10307
+#: freeculture.xml:10321
 msgid ""
 "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 "
 "in campaign contributions if we were confident those contributions would "
@@ -13223,7 +13260,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10313
+#: freeculture.xml:10327
 msgid ""
 "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute "
 "up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these "
@@ -13232,7 +13269,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 225 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10319
+#: freeculture.xml:10333
 msgid ""
 "You quickly get the point&mdash;you as the member of the board and, I trust, "
 "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary "
@@ -13244,7 +13281,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10330
+#: freeculture.xml:10344
 msgid ""
 "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be "
 "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to "
@@ -13253,7 +13290,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10343
+#: freeculture.xml:10357
 msgid ""
 "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse "
 "Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" Chicago "
@@ -13262,7 +13299,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10350
+#: freeculture.xml:10364
 msgid ""
 "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" "
 "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>."
@@ -13270,7 +13307,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f5. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10357
+#: freeculture.xml:10371
 msgid ""
 "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" Congressional "
 "Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink "
@@ -13278,7 +13315,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10336
+#: freeculture.xml:10350
 msgid ""
 "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term "
 "Extension Act, this \"theory\" about incentives was proved real. Ten of the "
@@ -13293,7 +13330,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10365
+#: freeculture.xml:10379
 msgid ""
 "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not "
 "be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the "
@@ -13307,7 +13344,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 226 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10378
+#: freeculture.xml:10392
 msgid ""
 "It was also my judgment that this Supreme Court would not allow Congress to "
 "extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme Court's work knows, "
@@ -13319,7 +13356,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10391
+#: freeculture.xml:10405
 msgid ""
 "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very "
 "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate "
@@ -13329,7 +13366,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10401
+#: freeculture.xml:10415
 msgid ""
 "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no "
 "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when "
@@ -13339,7 +13376,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10410
+#: freeculture.xml:10424
 msgid ""
 "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in "
 "United States v. Lopez. The government had argued that possessing guns near "
@@ -13355,18 +13392,18 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10426
+#: freeculture.xml:10440
 msgid "United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 564 (1995)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10432
+#: freeculture.xml:10446
 msgid "United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10423
+#: freeculture.xml:10437
 msgid ""
 "\"We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,\" the "
 "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything "
@@ -13378,7 +13415,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10439
+#: freeculture.xml:10453
 msgid ""
 "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries "
 "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of "
@@ -13392,7 +13429,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 227 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10437
+#: freeculture.xml:10451
 msgid ""
 "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress "
 "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
@@ -13406,7 +13443,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10463
+#: freeculture.xml:10477
 msgid ""
 "If, that is, the principle announced in Lopez stood for a principle.  Many "
 "believed the decision in Lopez stood for politics&mdash;a conservative "
@@ -13421,7 +13458,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10477
+#: freeculture.xml:10491
 msgid ""
 "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in "
 "Eldred was not about. By insisting on the Constitution's limits to "
@@ -13441,7 +13478,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f9. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10500
+#: freeculture.xml:10514
 msgid ""
 "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 "
 "U.S.  186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n.10, available at <ulink "
@@ -13449,7 +13486,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10495
+#: freeculture.xml:10509
 msgid ""
 "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the "
 "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public "
@@ -13461,7 +13498,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10510
+#: freeculture.xml:10524
 msgid ""
 "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a "
 "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the "
@@ -13473,7 +13510,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10522
+#: freeculture.xml:10536
 msgid ""
 "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended.  "
 "Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for "
@@ -13487,7 +13524,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f10. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10543
+#: freeculture.xml:10557
 msgid ""
 "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the "
 "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal "
@@ -13496,7 +13533,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10537
+#: freeculture.xml:10551
 msgid ""
 "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) "
 "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that "
@@ -13508,7 +13545,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 229 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10552
+#: freeculture.xml:10566
 msgid ""
 "Think practically about the consequence of this extension&mdash;practically, "
 "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, "
@@ -13519,7 +13556,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10564
+#: freeculture.xml:10578
 msgid ""
 "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still "
 "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not "
@@ -13530,14 +13567,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10572
+#: freeculture.xml:10586
 msgid ""
 "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the "
 "current copyright owners. How would you do that?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10576
+#: freeculture.xml:10590
 msgid ""
 "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners "
 "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and "
@@ -13545,7 +13582,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10583
+#: freeculture.xml:10597
 msgid ""
 "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of "
 "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about "
@@ -13555,14 +13592,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10592
+#: freeculture.xml:10606
 msgid ""
 "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists "
 "for the system respond. \"Why should there be a list of copyright owners?\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10598
+#: freeculture.xml:10612
 msgid ""
 "Well, actually, if you think about it, there are plenty of lists of who owns "
 "what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles to cars.  And where "
@@ -13574,7 +13611,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 230 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10607
+#: freeculture.xml:10621
 msgid ""
 "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house "
 "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is "
@@ -13588,7 +13625,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10622
+#: freeculture.xml:10636
 msgid ""
 "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library.  The "
 "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already "
@@ -13602,7 +13639,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10634
+#: freeculture.xml:10648
 msgid ""
 "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, "
 "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other "
@@ -13610,13 +13647,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10639
+#: freeculture.xml:10653
 msgid "Agee, Michael"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f11. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10652
+#: freeculture.xml:10666
 msgid ""
 "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" Los "
 "Angeles Times, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, \"Classic Movies, Songs, "
@@ -13624,8 +13661,13 @@ msgid ""
 "Copyright Extension,\" Orlando Sentinel Tribune, 9 October 2002."
 msgstr ""
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:10672
+msgid "Lucky Dog, The"
+msgstr ""
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10641
+#: freeculture.xml:10655
 msgid ""
 "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which "
 "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct "
@@ -13635,11 +13677,12 @@ msgid ""
 "the public domain. Because Agee controls the exclusive rights for these "
 "popular films, he makes a great deal of money. According to one estimate, "
 "\"Roach has sold about 60,000 videocassettes and 50,000 DVDs of the duo's "
-"silent films.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"silent films.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10660
+#: freeculture.xml:10675
 msgid ""
 "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this "
 "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that "
@@ -13649,7 +13692,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 231 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10666
+#: freeculture.xml:10681
 msgid ""
 "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any "
 "continuing commercial value. The rest&mdash;to the extent it survives at "
@@ -13661,7 +13704,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10683
+#: freeculture.xml:10698
 msgid ""
 "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the "
 "Petitoners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See "
@@ -13671,7 +13714,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10677
+#: freeculture.xml:10692
 msgid ""
 "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs.  For most "
 "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital "
@@ -13682,7 +13725,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10693
+#: freeculture.xml:10708
 msgid ""
 "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important.  "
 "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In "
@@ -13692,7 +13735,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10701
+#: freeculture.xml:10716
 msgid ""
 "Or more accurately, owners. As we've seen, there isn't only a single "
 "copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't a single "
@@ -13702,7 +13745,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10710
+#: freeculture.xml:10725
 msgid ""
 "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the "
 "copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a "
@@ -13717,7 +13760,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 232 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10721
+#: freeculture.xml:10736
 msgid ""
 "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these "
 "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would "
@@ -13727,7 +13770,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10731
+#: freeculture.xml:10746
 msgid ""
 "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have "
 "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock "
@@ -13736,7 +13779,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10739
+#: freeculture.xml:10754
 msgid ""
 "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has "
 "continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a "
@@ -13746,7 +13789,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10748
+#: freeculture.xml:10763
 msgid ""
 "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative "
 "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books "
@@ -13757,7 +13800,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10758
+#: freeculture.xml:10773
 msgid ""
 "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep "
 "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes &amp; Noble, and we don't "
@@ -13771,7 +13814,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 233 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10771
+#: freeculture.xml:10786
 msgid ""
 "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression.  In "
 "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this "
@@ -13779,7 +13822,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10778
+#: freeculture.xml:10793
 msgid ""
 "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our "
 "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no "
@@ -13792,7 +13835,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10788
+#: freeculture.xml:10803
 msgid ""
 "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a "
 "film&mdash;the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs&mdash;were so high, "
@@ -13803,7 +13846,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10797
+#: freeculture.xml:10812
 msgid ""
 "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our "
 "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost "
@@ -13812,12 +13855,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10803
+#: freeculture.xml:10818
 msgid "But this situation has now changed."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10806
+#: freeculture.xml:10821
 msgid ""
 "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies "
 "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of.  Digital "
@@ -13832,7 +13875,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 234 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10819
+#: freeculture.xml:10834
 msgid ""
 "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this "
 "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of "
@@ -13845,7 +13888,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10829
+#: freeculture.xml:10844
 msgid ""
 "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that "
 "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in "
@@ -13858,7 +13901,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10840
+#: freeculture.xml:10855
 msgid ""
 "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster "
 "Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too.  So won't "
@@ -13866,7 +13909,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10846
+#: freeculture.xml:10861
 msgid ""
 "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that "
 "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes &amp; Noble offered "
@@ -13880,7 +13923,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f13. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10869
+#: freeculture.xml:10884
 msgid ""
 "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 "
 "December 2002, available at <ulink "
@@ -13888,7 +13931,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10857
+#: freeculture.xml:10872
 msgid ""
 "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should "
 "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My "
@@ -13902,7 +13945,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10876
+#: freeculture.xml:10891
 msgid ""
 "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal "
 "district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny "
@@ -13913,7 +13956,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10884
+#: freeculture.xml:10899
 msgid ""
 "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument.  A "
 "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our "
@@ -13923,7 +13966,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10891
+#: freeculture.xml:10906
 msgid ""
 "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights "
 "be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: "
@@ -13936,7 +13979,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10902
+#: freeculture.xml:10917
 msgid ""
 "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the "
 "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important "
@@ -13946,7 +13989,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 236 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10908
+#: freeculture.xml:10923
 msgid ""
 "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc.  This "
 "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the "
@@ -13956,7 +13999,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10917
+#: freeculture.xml:10932
 msgid ""
 "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme "
 "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one "
@@ -13966,7 +14009,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10924
+#: freeculture.xml:10939
 msgid ""
 "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our "
 "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of "
@@ -13974,7 +14017,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10930
+#: freeculture.xml:10945
 msgid ""
 "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly "
 "hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost "
@@ -13987,7 +14030,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10940
+#: freeculture.xml:10955
 msgid ""
 "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been "
 "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this "
@@ -13995,13 +14038,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10945 freeculture.xml:10959
+#: freeculture.xml:10960 freeculture.xml:10974
 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 237 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10947
+#: freeculture.xml:10962
 msgid ""
 "The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very "
 "end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary "
@@ -14013,17 +14056,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10957 freeculture.xml:11298 freeculture.xml:11313 freeculture.xml:11407 freeculture.xml:11621 freeculture.xml:11652 freeculture.xml:11740
+#: freeculture.xml:10972 freeculture.xml:11313 freeculture.xml:11328 freeculture.xml:11422 freeculture.xml:11636 freeculture.xml:11667 freeculture.xml:11755
 msgid "Ayer, Don"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10958
+#: freeculture.xml:10973
 msgid "Bromberg, Dan"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10961
+#: freeculture.xml:10976
 msgid ""
 "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was "
 "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite "
@@ -14036,7 +14079,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10971
+#: freeculture.xml:10986
 msgid ""
 "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a "
 "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it "
@@ -14057,7 +14100,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10992
+#: freeculture.xml:11007
 msgid ""
 "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm "
 "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no "
@@ -14068,7 +14111,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 238 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11000
+#: freeculture.xml:11015
 msgid ""
 "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in "
 "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court "
@@ -14087,17 +14130,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11031 freeculture.xml:11054
+#: freeculture.xml:11046 freeculture.xml:11069
 msgid "Eagle Forum"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11032
+#: freeculture.xml:11047
 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11019
+#: freeculture.xml:11034
 msgid ""
 "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
 "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning.  "
@@ -14115,7 +14158,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11035
+#: freeculture.xml:11050
 msgid ""
 "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting "
 "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in "
@@ -14125,7 +14168,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11043
+#: freeculture.xml:11058
 msgid ""
 "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it "
 "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software "
@@ -14139,7 +14182,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11057
+#: freeculture.xml:11072
 msgid ""
 "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, "
 "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including "
@@ -14148,7 +14191,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11063
+#: freeculture.xml:11078
 msgid ""
 "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've "
 "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law "
@@ -14157,32 +14200,32 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11069
+#: freeculture.xml:11084
 msgid "Akerlof, George"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11070
+#: freeculture.xml:11085
 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11071
+#: freeculture.xml:11086
 msgid "Buchanan, James"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11072
+#: freeculture.xml:11087
 msgid "Coase, Ronald"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11073
+#: freeculture.xml:11088
 msgid "Friedman, Milton"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11075
+#: freeculture.xml:11090
 msgid ""
 "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five "
 "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton "
@@ -14196,12 +14239,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11098 freeculture.xml:11111 freeculture.xml:11304 freeculture.xml:11657
+#: freeculture.xml:11113 freeculture.xml:11126 freeculture.xml:11319 freeculture.xml:11672
 msgid "Fried, Charles"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11086
+#: freeculture.xml:11101
 msgid ""
 "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to "
 "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from "
@@ -14216,7 +14259,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11101
+#: freeculture.xml:11116
 msgid ""
 "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor "
 "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
@@ -14231,7 +14274,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11114
+#: freeculture.xml:11129
 msgid ""
 "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as "
 "well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians "
@@ -14240,7 +14283,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11121
+#: freeculture.xml:11136
 msgid ""
 "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the "
 "law. The congressmen were not surprising either&mdash;they were defending "
@@ -14252,7 +14295,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f14. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11137
+#: freeculture.xml:11152
 msgid ""
 "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S.  "
 "(2003) (No. 01-618), 19."
@@ -14260,19 +14303,19 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f15. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11145
+#: freeculture.xml:11160
 msgid ""
 "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins "
 "the Fray,\" New York Times, 28 March 1998, B7."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11152
+#: freeculture.xml:11167
 msgid "Gershwin, George"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11130
+#: freeculture.xml:11145
 msgid ""
 "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
 "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work&mdash; better "
@@ -14288,7 +14331,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11155
+#: freeculture.xml:11170
 msgid ""
 "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate.  "
 "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is "
@@ -14303,7 +14346,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11167
+#: freeculture.xml:11182
 msgid ""
 "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean "
 "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend "
@@ -14315,7 +14358,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11176
+#: freeculture.xml:11191
 msgid ""
 "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called "
 "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives "
@@ -14327,13 +14370,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11185 freeculture.xml:11209 freeculture.xml:11550 freeculture.xml:11562
+#: freeculture.xml:11200 freeculture.xml:11224 freeculture.xml:11565 freeculture.xml:11577
 msgid "Breyer, Stephen"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 242 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11187
+#: freeculture.xml:11202
 msgid ""
 "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on "
 "Congress's power. These four&mdash;Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
@@ -14346,7 +14389,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11199
+#: freeculture.xml:11214
 msgid ""
 "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her "
 "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are "
@@ -14359,7 +14402,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11211
+#: freeculture.xml:11226
 msgid ""
 "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as "
 "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored "
@@ -14369,7 +14412,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11219
+#: freeculture.xml:11234
 msgid ""
 "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice "
 "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges "
@@ -14380,7 +14423,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11227
+#: freeculture.xml:11242
 msgid ""
 "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: "
 "on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and "
@@ -14393,7 +14436,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 243 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11237
+#: freeculture.xml:11252
 msgid ""
 "This then was the core of our strategy&mdash;a strategy for which I am "
 "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the Lopez case, "
@@ -14406,7 +14449,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11250
+#: freeculture.xml:11265
 msgid ""
 "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done "
 "it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that "
@@ -14416,7 +14459,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11259
+#: freeculture.xml:11274
 msgid ""
 "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly "
 "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of "
@@ -14426,7 +14469,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 244 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11266
+#: freeculture.xml:11281
 msgid ""
 "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended "
 "existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic.  It then "
@@ -14444,7 +14487,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11289
+#: freeculture.xml:11304
 msgid ""
 "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single "
 "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the "
@@ -14455,7 +14498,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11300
+#: freeculture.xml:11315
 msgid ""
 "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He "
 "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles "
@@ -14465,7 +14508,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11307
+#: freeculture.xml:11322
 msgid ""
 "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be "
 "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a "
@@ -14476,7 +14519,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 245 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11315
+#: freeculture.xml:11330
 msgid ""
 "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't "
 "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right "
@@ -14494,7 +14537,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11332
+#: freeculture.xml:11347
 msgid ""
 "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for "
 "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my "
@@ -14510,7 +14553,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11347
+#: freeculture.xml:11362
 msgid ""
 "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I "
 "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This "
@@ -14519,14 +14562,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11353
+#: freeculture.xml:11368
 msgid ""
 "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening.  The history "
 "was bothering her."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11358
+#: freeculture.xml:11373
 msgid ""
 "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, "
 "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions "
@@ -14535,7 +14578,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11365
+#: freeculture.xml:11380
 msgid ""
 "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of "
 "what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to "
@@ -14544,7 +14587,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 246 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11371
+#: freeculture.xml:11386
 msgid ""
 "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, "
 "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives "
@@ -14552,14 +14595,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11379
+#: freeculture.xml:11394
 msgid ""
 "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the "
 "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed,"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11385
+#: freeculture.xml:11400
 msgid ""
 "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, "
 "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone "
@@ -14569,14 +14612,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11393
+#: freeculture.xml:11408
 msgid ""
 "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I "
 "answered,"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11399
+#: freeculture.xml:11414
 msgid ""
 "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all.  Nothing "
 "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about "
@@ -14586,7 +14629,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11409
+#: freeculture.xml:11424
 msgid ""
 "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer "
 "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of "
@@ -14596,7 +14639,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11416
+#: freeculture.xml:11431
 msgid ""
 "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been "
 "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez ruling, and we hoped "
@@ -14605,21 +14648,21 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 247 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11421
+#: freeculture.xml:11436
 msgid ""
 "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic.  "
 "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11429
+#: freeculture.xml:11444
 msgid ""
 "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy "
 "verbatim other people's books, don't you?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11433
+#: freeculture.xml:11448
 msgid ""
 "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the "
 "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that "
@@ -14628,7 +14671,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11442
+#: freeculture.xml:11457
 msgid ""
 "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the "
 "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor "
@@ -14636,7 +14679,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11448
+#: freeculture.xml:11463
 msgid ""
 "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time "
 "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the "
@@ -14645,7 +14688,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11456
+#: freeculture.xml:11471
 msgid ""
 "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal.  Olson's "
 "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the "
@@ -14661,7 +14704,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 248 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11469
+#: freeculture.xml:11484
 msgid ""
 "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I "
 "could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered "
@@ -14669,7 +14712,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11477
+#: freeculture.xml:11492
 msgid ""
 "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over "
 "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the "
@@ -14686,7 +14729,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11492
+#: freeculture.xml:11507
 msgid ""
 "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and "
 "missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the "
@@ -14696,7 +14739,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11499
+#: freeculture.xml:11514
 msgid ""
 "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off "
 "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I "
@@ -14704,7 +14747,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11504
+#: freeculture.xml:11519
 msgid ""
 "My reasoning. Here was a case that pitted all the money in the world against "
 "reasoning. And here was the last naïve law professor, scouring the pages, "
@@ -14712,7 +14755,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11509
+#: freeculture.xml:11524
 msgid ""
 "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the "
 "principle in this case from the principle in Lopez. The argument was nowhere "
@@ -14722,7 +14765,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 249 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11518
+#: freeculture.xml:11533
 msgid ""
 "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument.  Consistent "
 "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found "
@@ -14730,7 +14773,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11523
+#: freeculture.xml:11538
 msgid ""
 "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable&mdash;for her, and for Justice "
 "Souter. Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too much to expect them to "
@@ -14739,7 +14782,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11529
+#: freeculture.xml:11544
 msgid ""
 "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was "
 "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited "
@@ -14752,7 +14795,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11540
+#: freeculture.xml:11555
 msgid ""
 "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they "
 "would respect? By what right did they&mdash;the silent five&mdash;get to "
@@ -14765,7 +14808,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11552
+#: freeculture.xml:11567
 msgid ""
 "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion "
 "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of "
@@ -14780,7 +14823,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 250 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11565
+#: freeculture.xml:11580
 msgid ""
 "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was "
 "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has "
@@ -14793,7 +14836,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11576
+#: freeculture.xml:11591
 msgid ""
 "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because "
 "neither believed in the Lopez case, neither was willing to push it as a "
@@ -14803,7 +14846,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11583
+#: freeculture.xml:11598
 msgid ""
 "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression "
 "gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the "
@@ -14811,7 +14854,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11588
+#: freeculture.xml:11603
 msgid ""
 "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one "
 "thing for them to have explained why the principle of Lopez didn't apply in "
@@ -14827,7 +14870,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 251 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11601
+#: freeculture.xml:11616
 msgid ""
 "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the "
 "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined "
@@ -14842,7 +14885,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11616
+#: freeculture.xml:11631
 msgid ""
 "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself.  For I "
 "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as "
@@ -14850,7 +14893,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11623
+#: freeculture.xml:11638
 msgid ""
 "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism "
 "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular.  Most have a "
@@ -14865,7 +14908,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 252 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11634
+#: freeculture.xml:11649
 msgid ""
 "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see "
 "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in "
@@ -14884,7 +14927,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11654
+#: freeculture.xml:11669
 msgid ""
 "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have "
 "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen "
@@ -14892,7 +14935,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11660
+#: freeculture.xml:11675
 msgid ""
 "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not "
 "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take "
@@ -14901,7 +14944,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11666
+#: freeculture.xml:11681
 msgid ""
 "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing "
 "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little "
@@ -14911,7 +14954,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11673
+#: freeculture.xml:11688
 msgid ""
 "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in "
 "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading "
@@ -14923,7 +14966,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 253 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11681
+#: freeculture.xml:11696
 msgid ""
 "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, "
 "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, "
@@ -14943,7 +14986,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11702
+#: freeculture.xml:11717
 msgid ""
 "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing "
 "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright "
@@ -14954,12 +14997,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11716
+#: freeculture.xml:11731
 msgid "Bolling, Ruben"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11711
+#: freeculture.xml:11726
 msgid ""
 "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious "
 "images&mdash;of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the "
@@ -14969,7 +15012,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11719
+#: freeculture.xml:11734
 msgid ""
 "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from "
 "The New York Times. That \"grand experiment\" we call the \"public domain\" "
@@ -14981,12 +15024,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:11730
+#: freeculture.xml:11745
 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11732
+#: freeculture.xml:11747
 msgid ""
 "The day Eldred was decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to "
 "Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was "
@@ -14998,7 +15041,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11742
+#: freeculture.xml:11757
 msgid ""
 "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San "
 "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same "
@@ -15012,7 +15055,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 256 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11752
+#: freeculture.xml:11767
 msgid ""
 "The New York Times published the piece. In it, I proposed a simple fix: "
 "Fifty years after a work has been published, the copyright owner would be "
@@ -15022,7 +15065,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11760
+#: freeculture.xml:11775
 msgid ""
 "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name.  Eric "
 "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said "
@@ -15030,7 +15073,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11765
+#: freeculture.xml:11780
 msgid ""
 "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either "
 "the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation "
@@ -15041,12 +15084,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11773 freeculture.xml:11971
+#: freeculture.xml:11788 freeculture.xml:11987
 msgid "Forbes, Steve"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11775
+#: freeculture.xml:11790
 msgid ""
 "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in "
 "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing "
@@ -15060,7 +15103,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11787
+#: freeculture.xml:11802
 msgid ""
 "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration "
 "requirement.  For one of the hardest things about the current system for "
@@ -15073,18 +15116,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11797
+#: freeculture.xml:11812
 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11798 freeculture.xml:11837
+#: freeculture.xml:11813 freeculture.xml:11852
 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11805
+#: freeculture.xml:11820
 msgid ""
 "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright "
 "legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with "
@@ -15106,7 +15149,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11801
+#: freeculture.xml:11816
 msgid ""
 "As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in "
 "1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal "
@@ -15120,7 +15163,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11831
+#: freeculture.xml:11846
 msgid ""
 "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd "
 "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world "
@@ -15130,7 +15173,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11839
+#: freeculture.xml:11854
 msgid ""
 "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in "
 "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, "
@@ -15142,7 +15185,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11849
+#: freeculture.xml:11864
 msgid ""
 "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the "
 "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should "
@@ -15153,7 +15196,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11857
+#: freeculture.xml:11872
 msgid ""
 "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the "
 "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a "
@@ -15164,7 +15207,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 258 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11865
+#: freeculture.xml:11880
 msgid ""
 "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
 "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a "
@@ -15176,7 +15219,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11877
+#: freeculture.xml:11892
 msgid ""
 "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the "
 "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property "
@@ -15187,7 +15230,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11886
+#: freeculture.xml:11901
 msgid ""
 "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because "
 "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be "
@@ -15204,9 +15247,8 @@ msgid ""
 "burdens produce a much better system of protection for property generally."
 msgstr ""
 
-#.  PAGE BREAK 259 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11902
+#: freeculture.xml:11917
 msgid ""
 "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in "
 "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that "
@@ -15216,11 +15258,12 @@ msgid ""
 "owner. And like a car, there's no way to buy and sell creative property with "
 "confidence unless there is some simple way to authenticate who is the author "
 "and what rights he has. Simple transactions are destroyed in a world without "
-"formalities. Complex, expensive, lawyer transactions take their place."
+"formalities. Complex, expensive, lawyer transactions take their place.  "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11916
+#: freeculture.xml:11932
 msgid ""
 "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we "
 "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" "
@@ -15232,7 +15275,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11926
+#: freeculture.xml:11942
 msgid ""
 "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to "
 "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious "
@@ -15243,7 +15286,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11935
+#: freeculture.xml:11951
 msgid ""
 "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is "
 "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer "
@@ -15253,7 +15296,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11942
+#: freeculture.xml:11958
 msgid ""
 "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended "
 "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your "
@@ -15263,7 +15306,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11949
+#: freeculture.xml:11965
 msgid ""
 "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the "
 "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than "
@@ -15272,7 +15315,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 260 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11955
+#: freeculture.xml:11971
 msgid ""
 "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I "
 "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt "
@@ -15290,7 +15333,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11973
+#: freeculture.xml:11989
 msgid ""
 "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay "
 "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be "
@@ -15298,19 +15341,25 @@ msgid ""
 "that they might be willing to take the first step."
 msgstr ""
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12002
+msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
+msgstr ""
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11979
+#: freeculture.xml:11995
 msgid ""
 "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
 "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
 "imposed the simplest requirement upon copyright owners possible. In May "
 "2003, it looked as if the bill would be introduced. On May 16, I posted on "
 "the Eldred Act blog, \"we are close.\" There was a general reaction in the "
-"blog community that something good might happen here."
+"blog community that something good might happen here.  <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11988
+#: freeculture.xml:12005
 msgid ""
 "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the "
 "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of "
@@ -15322,7 +15371,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 261 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11996
+#: freeculture.xml:12013
 msgid ""
 "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central "
 "concept in the proposed bill\"&mdash;that copyrights be renewed. That was "
@@ -15344,7 +15393,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12017
+#: freeculture.xml:12034
 msgid ""
 "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do "
 "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of "
@@ -15355,7 +15404,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12025
+#: freeculture.xml:12042
 msgid ""
 "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to "
 "changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed.  In the other, "
@@ -15367,7 +15416,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12035
+#: freeculture.xml:12052
 msgid ""
 "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been "
 "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react.  And "
@@ -15377,7 +15426,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 262 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12044
+#: freeculture.xml:12061
 msgid ""
 "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright "
 "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the "
@@ -15391,7 +15440,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12055
+#: freeculture.xml:12072
 msgid ""
 "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, "
 "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest "
@@ -15404,12 +15453,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12065
+#: freeculture.xml:12082
 msgid "What does this industry really want?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12068
+#: freeculture.xml:12085
 msgid ""
 "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the "
 "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting "
@@ -15421,7 +15470,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12078
+#: freeculture.xml:12095
 msgid ""
 "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The "
 "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not "
@@ -15432,7 +15481,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 263 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12085
+#: freeculture.xml:12102
 msgid ""
 "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard "
 "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain "
@@ -15443,7 +15492,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12097
+#: freeculture.xml:12114
 msgid ""
 "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if "
 "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and "
@@ -15453,7 +15502,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12104
+#: freeculture.xml:12121
 msgid ""
 "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
 "\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long "
@@ -15465,12 +15514,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12116
+#: freeculture.xml:12133
 msgid "CONCLUSION"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12118
+#: freeculture.xml:12135
 msgid ""
 "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus "
 "worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa.  "
@@ -15480,7 +15529,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12125
+#: freeculture.xml:12142
 msgid ""
 "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression.  "
 "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already "
@@ -15491,7 +15540,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12140
+#: freeculture.xml:12157
 msgid ""
 "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating "
 "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), "
@@ -15502,7 +15551,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12133
+#: freeculture.xml:12150
 msgid ""
 "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United "
 "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, "
@@ -15515,7 +15564,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 265 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12151
+#: freeculture.xml:12168
 msgid ""
 "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
 "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by "
@@ -15526,7 +15575,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12159
+#: freeculture.xml:12176
 msgid ""
 "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
 "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
@@ -15539,7 +15588,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12170
+#: freeculture.xml:12187
 msgid ""
 "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another "
 "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders "
@@ -15549,12 +15598,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12188 freeculture.xml:12619
+#: freeculture.xml:12205 freeculture.xml:12636
 msgid "Braithwaite, John"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12186
+#: freeculture.xml:12203
 msgid ""
 "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the "
 "Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37.  <placeholder "
@@ -15562,7 +15611,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12177
+#: freeculture.xml:12194
 msgid ""
 "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
 "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
@@ -15575,7 +15624,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12198
+#: freeculture.xml:12215
 msgid ""
 "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and "
 "Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared "
@@ -15589,7 +15638,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12230
+#: freeculture.xml:12247
 msgid ""
 "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and "
 "Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared "
@@ -15598,7 +15647,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12193
+#: freeculture.xml:12210
 msgid ""
 "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
 "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
@@ -15621,7 +15670,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12236
+#: freeculture.xml:12253
 msgid ""
 "We should place the intervention by the United States in context.  No doubt "
 "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
@@ -15633,7 +15682,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12246
+#: freeculture.xml:12263
 msgid ""
 "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
 "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens.  This is not "
@@ -15644,7 +15693,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12254
+#: freeculture.xml:12271
 msgid ""
 "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
 "of United States drug companies&mdash;at least, not substantially. It was "
@@ -15658,7 +15707,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #.  f5. 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 333 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12269
+#: freeculture.xml:12286
 msgid ""
 "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at "
 "Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 24 May 1999, A1, "
@@ -15675,7 +15724,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12263
+#: freeculture.xml:12280
 msgid ""
 "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
 "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
@@ -15687,7 +15736,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12290
+#: freeculture.xml:12307
 msgid ""
 "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
 "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
@@ -15700,7 +15749,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12300
+#: freeculture.xml:12317
 msgid ""
 "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations.  Their "
 "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation.  They push a "
@@ -15711,7 +15760,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12308
+#: freeculture.xml:12325
 msgid ""
 "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
 "companies would love&mdash;they say, and I believe them&mdash;to sell their "
@@ -15723,7 +15772,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 268 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12316
+#: freeculture.xml:12333
 msgid ""
 "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
 "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
@@ -15739,7 +15788,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12331
+#: freeculture.xml:12348
 msgid ""
 "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
 "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
@@ -15747,7 +15796,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12337
+#: freeculture.xml:12354
 msgid ""
 "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
 "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same "
@@ -15762,7 +15811,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 269 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12349
+#: freeculture.xml:12366
 msgid ""
 "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
 "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism.  "
@@ -15782,7 +15831,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12369
+#: freeculture.xml:12386
 msgid ""
 "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
 "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
@@ -15800,7 +15849,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12386
+#: freeculture.xml:12403
 msgid ""
 "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, August "
 "2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
@@ -15813,12 +15862,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12414 freeculture.xml:13134
+#: freeculture.xml:12431 freeculture.xml:13151
 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12383
+#: freeculture.xml:12400
 msgid ""
 "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by "
 "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a "
@@ -15842,7 +15891,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12417
+#: freeculture.xml:12434
 msgid ""
 "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
 "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
@@ -15853,14 +15902,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12425
+#: freeculture.xml:12442
 msgid ""
 "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
 "meeting."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12424
+#: freeculture.xml:12441
 msgid ""
 "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was "
 "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its "
@@ -15872,7 +15921,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 271 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12435
+#: freeculture.xml:12452
 msgid ""
 "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
 "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
@@ -15896,7 +15945,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12459
+#: freeculture.xml:12476
 msgid ""
 "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
 "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
@@ -15905,7 +15954,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12465
+#: freeculture.xml:12482
 msgid ""
 "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
 "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" "
@@ -15920,7 +15969,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12487
+#: freeculture.xml:12504
 msgid ""
 "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
 "sophisticated.  As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open "
@@ -15939,7 +15988,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12476
+#: freeculture.xml:12493
 msgid ""
 "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
 "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
@@ -15955,7 +16004,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 272 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12505
+#: freeculture.xml:12522
 msgid ""
 "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free "
 "software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is "
@@ -15974,14 +16023,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f9. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12531
+#: freeculture.xml:12548
 msgid ""
 "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink "
 "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12523
+#: freeculture.xml:12540
 msgid ""
 "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
 "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
@@ -15994,7 +16043,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12537
+#: freeculture.xml:12554
 msgid ""
 "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
 "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
@@ -16004,7 +16053,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12545
+#: freeculture.xml:12562
 msgid ""
 "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
 "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
@@ -16016,12 +16065,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12555
+#: freeculture.xml:12572
 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12559
+#: freeculture.xml:12576
 msgid ""
 "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
 "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
@@ -16034,7 +16083,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12569
+#: freeculture.xml:12586
 msgid ""
 "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" "
 "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory "
@@ -16049,7 +16098,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12582
+#: freeculture.xml:12599
 msgid ""
 "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
 "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
@@ -16065,7 +16114,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 274 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12595
+#: freeculture.xml:12612
 msgid ""
 "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which "
 "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that "
@@ -16078,7 +16127,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12607
+#: freeculture.xml:12624
 msgid ""
 "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
 "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not "
@@ -16092,14 +16141,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12624
+#: freeculture.xml:12641
 msgid ""
 "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210&ndash;20.  "
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12621
+#: freeculture.xml:12638
 msgid ""
 "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
 "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
@@ -16109,7 +16158,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12632
+#: freeculture.xml:12649
 msgid ""
 "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
 "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
@@ -16119,7 +16168,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 275 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12639
+#: freeculture.xml:12656
 msgid ""
 "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
 "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to "
@@ -16132,7 +16181,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12651
+#: freeculture.xml:12668
 msgid ""
 "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
 "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
@@ -16145,7 +16194,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12661
+#: freeculture.xml:12678
 msgid ""
 "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea.  Instead, the "
 "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of "
@@ -16156,7 +16205,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12669
+#: freeculture.xml:12686
 msgid ""
 "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
 "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
@@ -16164,7 +16213,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12675
+#: freeculture.xml:12692
 msgid ""
 "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
 "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means "
@@ -16178,7 +16227,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 276 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12686
+#: freeculture.xml:12703
 msgid ""
 "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the "
 "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something "
@@ -16188,12 +16237,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12705
+#: freeculture.xml:12722
 msgid "Turner, Ted"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12695
+#: freeculture.xml:12712
 msgid ""
 "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon.  There are moments "
 "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was "
@@ -16208,7 +16257,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12709
+#: freeculture.xml:12726
 msgid ""
 "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
 "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
@@ -16218,7 +16267,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12717
+#: freeculture.xml:12734
 msgid ""
 "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle.  Largeness "
 "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
@@ -16228,7 +16277,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12724
+#: freeculture.xml:12741
 msgid ""
 "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
 "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
@@ -16240,7 +16289,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12734
+#: freeculture.xml:12751
 msgid ""
 "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
 "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
@@ -16250,7 +16299,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12741
+#: freeculture.xml:12758
 msgid ""
 "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
 "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
@@ -16261,20 +16310,20 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12749
+#: freeculture.xml:12766
 msgid ""
 "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
 "tragedy."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12752
+#: freeculture.xml:12769
 msgid "Dylan, Bob"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f11. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12757
+#: freeculture.xml:12774
 msgid ""
 "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September "
 "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
@@ -16292,7 +16341,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12775
+#: freeculture.xml:12792
 msgid ""
 "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 "
 "September 2003, available at <ulink "
@@ -16302,7 +16351,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #.  f13. 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 334 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12782
+#: freeculture.xml:12799
 msgid ""
 "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan "
 "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
@@ -16310,7 +16359,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12754
+#: freeculture.xml:12771
 msgid ""
 "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA "
 "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder "
@@ -16329,18 +16378,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12799 freeculture.xml:13150
+#: freeculture.xml:12816 freeculture.xml:13167
 msgid "Creative Commons"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12800
+#: freeculture.xml:12817
 msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f14. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12805
+#: freeculture.xml:12822
 msgid ""
 "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 "
 "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
@@ -16349,7 +16398,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f15. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12814
+#: freeculture.xml:12831
 msgid ""
 "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, "
 "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>."
@@ -16357,7 +16406,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 278 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12802
+#: freeculture.xml:12819
 msgid ""
 "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
 "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download "
@@ -16376,20 +16425,20 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 279 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12828
+#: freeculture.xml:12845
 msgid ""
 "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
 "potential is ever to be realized."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12836
+#: freeculture.xml:12853
 msgid "AFTERWORD"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 280 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12840
+#: freeculture.xml:12857
 msgid ""
 "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must "
 "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what "
@@ -16397,7 +16446,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12845
+#: freeculture.xml:12862
 msgid ""
 "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
 "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
@@ -16406,7 +16455,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12851
+#: freeculture.xml:12868
 msgid ""
 "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
 "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
@@ -16415,7 +16464,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12858
+#: freeculture.xml:12875
 msgid ""
 "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
 "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
@@ -16425,12 +16474,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12867
+#: freeculture.xml:12884
 msgid "US, NOW"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12869
+#: freeculture.xml:12886
 msgid ""
 "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has "
 "been framed at the extremes&mdash;as a grand either/or: either property or "
@@ -16439,7 +16488,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12875
+#: freeculture.xml:12892
 msgid ""
 "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
 "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
@@ -16453,7 +16502,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 282 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12885
+#: freeculture.xml:12902
 msgid ""
 "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
 "tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied "
@@ -16464,7 +16513,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12897
+#: freeculture.xml:12914
 msgid ""
 "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
 "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
@@ -16480,7 +16529,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12911
+#: freeculture.xml:12928
 msgid ""
 "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle&mdash;neither \"all "
 "rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights "
@@ -16490,12 +16539,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12920
+#: freeculture.xml:12937
 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12922
+#: freeculture.xml:12939
 msgid ""
 "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
 "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
@@ -16507,12 +16556,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12932
+#: freeculture.xml:12949
 msgid "What made it assured?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12936
+#: freeculture.xml:12953
 msgid ""
 "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your "
 "privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering "
@@ -16529,12 +16578,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12950
+#: freeculture.xml:12967
 msgid "Amazon"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12952
+#: freeculture.xml:12969
 msgid ""
 "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
 "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
@@ -16547,7 +16596,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12962
+#: freeculture.xml:12979
 msgid ""
 "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
 "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
@@ -16560,7 +16609,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12978
+#: freeculture.xml:12995
 msgid ""
 "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the "
 "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" Stanford Technology Law "
@@ -16573,7 +16622,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 284 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12972
+#: freeculture.xml:12989
 msgid ""
 "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on "
 "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction "
@@ -16586,7 +16635,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12996
+#: freeculture.xml:13013
 msgid ""
 "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
 "movement. When computers with software were first made available "
@@ -16597,12 +16646,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13003
+#: freeculture.xml:13020
 msgid "Stallman, Richard"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13005
+#: freeculture.xml:13022
 msgid ""
 "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
 "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
@@ -16612,7 +16661,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13013
+#: freeculture.xml:13030
 msgid ""
 "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
 "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
@@ -16626,7 +16675,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13025
+#: freeculture.xml:13042
 msgid ""
 "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
 "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
@@ -16639,7 +16688,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 285 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13034
+#: freeculture.xml:13051
 msgid ""
 "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
 "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code.  The world of "
@@ -16649,7 +16698,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13043
+#: freeculture.xml:13060
 msgid ""
 "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
 "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
@@ -16658,7 +16707,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13049
+#: freeculture.xml:13066
 msgid ""
 "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
 "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
@@ -16671,7 +16720,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13060
+#: freeculture.xml:13077
 msgid ""
 "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
 "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
@@ -16682,7 +16731,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13068
+#: freeculture.xml:13085
 msgid ""
 "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
 "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
@@ -16691,7 +16740,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 286 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13073
+#: freeculture.xml:13090
 msgid ""
 "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
 "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
@@ -16708,7 +16757,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13089
+#: freeculture.xml:13106
 msgid ""
 "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
 "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
@@ -16720,7 +16769,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13098
+#: freeculture.xml:13115
 msgid ""
 "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
 "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
@@ -16728,7 +16777,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13103
+#: freeculture.xml:13120
 msgid ""
 "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
 "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
@@ -16743,7 +16792,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13115
+#: freeculture.xml:13132
 msgid ""
 "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
 "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
@@ -16753,7 +16802,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13123
+#: freeculture.xml:13140
 msgid ""
 "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
 "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
@@ -16768,7 +16817,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13137
+#: freeculture.xml:13154
 msgid ""
 "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
 "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets.  There's no "
@@ -16779,19 +16828,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13148
+#: freeculture.xml:13165
 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13153
+#: freeculture.xml:13170
 msgid ""
 "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
 "increasing control effected through law and technology."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13157
+#: freeculture.xml:13174
 msgid ""
 "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
 "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
@@ -16805,7 +16854,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 288 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13167
+#: freeculture.xml:13184
 msgid ""
 "Simple&mdash;which means without a middleman, or without a lawyer.  By "
 "developing a free set of licenses that people can attach to their content, "
@@ -16823,7 +16872,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13185
+#: freeculture.xml:13202
 msgid ""
 "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
 "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
@@ -16836,7 +16885,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13196
+#: freeculture.xml:13213
 msgid ""
 "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
 "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
@@ -16849,12 +16898,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13217
+#: freeculture.xml:13234
 msgid "Garlick, Mia"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13207
+#: freeculture.xml:13224
 msgid ""
 "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons.  And of "
 "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
@@ -16868,7 +16917,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13220
+#: freeculture.xml:13237
 msgid ""
 "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to "
 "complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are "
@@ -16882,7 +16931,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13232
+#: freeculture.xml:13249
 msgid ""
 "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
 "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
@@ -16892,7 +16941,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13239
+#: freeculture.xml:13256
 msgid ""
 "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
 "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1)  those who will buy "
@@ -16906,7 +16955,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13251
+#: freeculture.xml:13268
 msgid ""
 "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion.  "
 "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
@@ -16915,7 +16964,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 290 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13257
+#: freeculture.xml:13274
 msgid ""
 "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
 "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
@@ -16928,7 +16977,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13283
+#: freeculture.xml:13300
 msgid ""
 "Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real Culture Wars "
 "(2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg Hittelman, a Fiat Lucre "
@@ -16937,7 +16986,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13268
+#: freeculture.xml:13285
 msgid ""
 "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
 "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
@@ -16956,7 +17005,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13292
+#: freeculture.xml:13309
 msgid ""
 "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
 "license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
@@ -16971,7 +17020,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 291 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13304
+#: freeculture.xml:13321
 msgid ""
 "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
 "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
@@ -16982,7 +17031,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13314
+#: freeculture.xml:13331
 msgid ""
 "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
 "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
@@ -16993,7 +17042,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13322
+#: freeculture.xml:13339
 msgid ""
 "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
 "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
@@ -17004,12 +17053,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13336
+#: freeculture.xml:13353
 msgid "THEM, SOON"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13338
+#: freeculture.xml:13355
 msgid ""
 "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also "
 "take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the "
@@ -17019,7 +17068,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13345
+#: freeculture.xml:13362
 msgid ""
 "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
 "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
@@ -17028,12 +17077,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13352
+#: freeculture.xml:13369
 msgid "1. More Formalities"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13354
+#: freeculture.xml:13371
 msgid ""
 "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
 "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed.  If "
@@ -17043,14 +17092,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 293 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13361
+#: freeculture.xml:13378
 msgid ""
 "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
 "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13366
+#: freeculture.xml:13383
 msgid ""
 "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
 "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
@@ -17059,12 +17108,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13372
+#: freeculture.xml:13389
 msgid "Why?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13375
+#: freeculture.xml:13392
 msgid ""
 "As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a "
 "good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a "
@@ -17074,7 +17123,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13383
+#: freeculture.xml:13400
 msgid ""
 "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
 "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
@@ -17089,7 +17138,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13397
+#: freeculture.xml:13414
 msgid ""
 "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only.  "
 "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
@@ -17097,7 +17146,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13395
+#: freeculture.xml:13412
 msgid ""
 "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
 "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>&mdash;but it should not change it by going back "
@@ -17107,7 +17156,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13405
+#: freeculture.xml:13422
 msgid ""
 "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
 "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
@@ -17118,12 +17167,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13417
+#: freeculture.xml:13434
 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13419
+#: freeculture.xml:13436
 msgid ""
 "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
 "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
@@ -17138,7 +17187,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13432
+#: freeculture.xml:13449
 msgid ""
 "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
 "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
@@ -17150,7 +17199,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13441
+#: freeculture.xml:13458
 msgid ""
 "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet.  There "
 "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world.  Domain name "
@@ -17163,7 +17212,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 295 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13451
+#: freeculture.xml:13468
 msgid ""
 "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
 "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
@@ -17177,12 +17226,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13466
+#: freeculture.xml:13483
 msgid "MARKING"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13468
+#: freeculture.xml:13485
 msgid ""
 "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
 "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
@@ -17194,7 +17243,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13478
+#: freeculture.xml:13495
 msgid ""
 "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
 "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
@@ -17202,7 +17251,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13484
+#: freeculture.xml:13501
 msgid ""
 "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
 "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
@@ -17216,7 +17265,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13501
+#: freeculture.xml:13518
 msgid ""
 "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
 "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
@@ -17225,7 +17274,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 296 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13494
+#: freeculture.xml:13511
 msgid ""
 "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
 "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
@@ -17241,7 +17290,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13514
+#: freeculture.xml:13531
 msgid ""
 "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
 "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
@@ -17251,7 +17300,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13521
+#: freeculture.xml:13538
 msgid ""
 "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
 "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
@@ -17265,7 +17314,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13532
+#: freeculture.xml:13549
 msgid ""
 "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements.  "
 "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
@@ -17276,7 +17325,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13540
+#: freeculture.xml:13557
 msgid ""
 "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
 "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
@@ -17284,7 +17333,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13545
+#: freeculture.xml:13562
 msgid ""
 "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
 "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed.  It "
@@ -17295,12 +17344,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13557
+#: freeculture.xml:13574
 msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13559
+#: freeculture.xml:13576
 msgid ""
 "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
 "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
@@ -17309,14 +17358,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13571
+#: freeculture.xml:13588
 msgid ""
 "\"A Radical Rethink,\" Economist, 366:8308 (25 January 2003): 15, available "
 "at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #74</ulink>."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13564
+#: freeculture.xml:13581
 msgid ""
 "In The Future of Ideas, I proposed a seventy-five-year term, granted in "
 "five-year increments with a requirement of renewal every five years.  That "
@@ -17327,7 +17376,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13578
+#: freeculture.xml:13595
 msgid ""
 "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
 "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
@@ -17336,7 +17385,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  (1) 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13586
+#: freeculture.xml:13603
 msgid ""
 "Keep it short: The term should be as long as necessary to give incentives to "
 "create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong protections for "
@@ -17349,7 +17398,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #.  (2) 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 298 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13594
+#: freeculture.xml:13611
 msgid ""
 "Keep it simple: The line between the public domain and protected content "
 "must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair use,\" and the "
@@ -17363,7 +17412,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13614
+#: freeculture.xml:13631
 msgid ""
 "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
 "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
@@ -17371,7 +17420,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13607
+#: freeculture.xml:13624
 msgid ""
 "Keep it alive: Copyright should have to be renewed.  Especially if the "
 "maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be required to signal "
@@ -17385,7 +17434,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  (4) 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13625
+#: freeculture.xml:13642
 msgid ""
 "Keep it prospective: Whatever the term of copyright should be, the clearest "
 "lesson that economists teach is that a term once given should not be "
@@ -17402,7 +17451,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13640
+#: freeculture.xml:13657
 msgid ""
 "These changes together should produce an average copyright term that is much "
 "shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the average term was just 32.2 "
@@ -17410,7 +17459,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13645
+#: freeculture.xml:13662
 msgid ""
 "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I "
 "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than "
@@ -17419,12 +17468,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13655
+#: freeculture.xml:13672
 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13657
+#: freeculture.xml:13674
 msgid ""
 "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
 "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
@@ -17435,7 +17484,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13665
+#: freeculture.xml:13682
 msgid ""
 "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive "
 "right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right "
@@ -17447,14 +17496,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f5. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13678
+#: freeculture.xml:13695
 msgid ""
 "Benjamin Kaplan, An Unhurried View of Copyright (New York: Columbia "
 "University Press, 1967), 32."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13674
+#: freeculture.xml:13691
 msgid ""
 "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
 "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
@@ -17466,12 +17515,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13691
+#: freeculture.xml:13708
 msgid "Ibid., 56."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13687
+#: freeculture.xml:13704
 msgid ""
 "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
 "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
@@ -17480,7 +17529,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13696
+#: freeculture.xml:13713
 msgid ""
 "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
 "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
@@ -17490,7 +17539,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13703
+#: freeculture.xml:13720
 msgid ""
 "Term: If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, then that right should "
 "be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect John Grisham's right "
@@ -17502,7 +17551,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13715
+#: freeculture.xml:13732
 msgid ""
 "Scope: Likewise should the scope of derivative rights be narrowed.  Again, "
 "there are some cases in which derivative rights are important.  Those should "
@@ -17517,7 +17566,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13727
+#: freeculture.xml:13744
 msgid ""
 "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
 "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
@@ -17527,12 +17576,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13743
+#: freeculture.xml:13760
 msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13741
+#: freeculture.xml:13758
 msgid ""
 "Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial Jukebox "
 "(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187&ndash;216.  <placeholder "
@@ -17540,7 +17589,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13735
+#: freeculture.xml:13752
 msgid ""
 "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
 "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected.  This is the "
@@ -17550,7 +17599,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13749
+#: freeculture.xml:13766
 msgid ""
 "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
 "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
@@ -17561,7 +17610,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 301 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13756
+#: freeculture.xml:13773
 msgid ""
 "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
 "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
@@ -17571,12 +17620,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13766
+#: freeculture.xml:13783
 msgid "4. Liberate the Music&mdash;Again"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13768
+#: freeculture.xml:13785
 msgid ""
 "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
 "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
@@ -17586,7 +17635,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13775
+#: freeculture.xml:13792
 msgid ""
 "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
 "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
@@ -17597,7 +17646,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13784
+#: freeculture.xml:13801
 msgid ""
 "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
 "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
@@ -17607,7 +17656,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13791
+#: freeculture.xml:13808
 msgid ""
 "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
 "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
@@ -17617,7 +17666,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  A. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13799
+#: freeculture.xml:13816
 msgid ""
 "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
 "CDs."
@@ -17625,7 +17674,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  B. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13804
+#: freeculture.xml:13821
 msgid ""
 "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
 "purchasing CDs."
@@ -17634,7 +17683,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #.  PAGE BREAK 302 
 #.  C. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13810
+#: freeculture.xml:13827
 msgid ""
 "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
 "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
@@ -17643,7 +17692,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  D. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13816
+#: freeculture.xml:13833
 msgid ""
 "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
 "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
@@ -17651,7 +17700,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13822
+#: freeculture.xml:13839
 msgid ""
 "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
 "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
@@ -17662,7 +17711,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13830
+#: freeculture.xml:13847
 msgid ""
 "As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial.  "
 "For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I "
@@ -17671,7 +17720,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13837
+#: freeculture.xml:13854
 msgid ""
 "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
 "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
@@ -17679,7 +17728,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13842
+#: freeculture.xml:13859
 msgid ""
 "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
 "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
@@ -17694,7 +17743,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 303 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13854
+#: freeculture.xml:13871
 msgid ""
 "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
 "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
@@ -17711,7 +17760,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13886
+#: freeculture.xml:13903
 msgid ""
 "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April "
 "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
@@ -17719,7 +17768,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13869
+#: freeculture.xml:13886
 msgid ""
 "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
 "you access to content on the fly&mdash;such as Internet radio, content that "
@@ -17740,7 +17789,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 304 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13893
+#: freeculture.xml:13910
 msgid ""
 "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
 "present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file "
@@ -17756,7 +17805,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13909
+#: freeculture.xml:13926
 msgid ""
 "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" "
 "here to solve. Let's start with type D content&mdash;uncopyrighted content "
@@ -17769,7 +17818,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13920
+#: freeculture.xml:13937
 msgid ""
 "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at "
 "one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable "
@@ -17780,7 +17829,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13929
+#: freeculture.xml:13946
 msgid ""
 "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
 "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
@@ -17792,7 +17841,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13939
+#: freeculture.xml:13956
 msgid ""
 "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
 "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
@@ -17805,7 +17854,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 305 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13950
+#: freeculture.xml:13967
 msgid ""
 "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
 "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
@@ -17817,7 +17866,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13960
+#: freeculture.xml:13977
 msgid ""
 "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
 "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
@@ -17830,7 +17879,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13970
+#: freeculture.xml:13987
 msgid ""
 "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
 "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
@@ -17841,14 +17890,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13978
+#: freeculture.xml:13995
 msgid ""
 "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
 "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13982
+#: freeculture.xml:13999
 msgid ""
 "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
 "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet)  has harmed a "
@@ -17862,7 +17911,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 306 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13993
+#: freeculture.xml:14010
 msgid ""
 "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
 "asbestos.  But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law.  "
@@ -17873,12 +17922,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14037
+#: freeculture.xml:14054
 msgid "Fisher, William"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14004
+#: freeculture.xml:14021
 msgid ""
 "William Fisher, Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities (last revised: 10 "
 "October 2000), available at <ulink "
@@ -17915,7 +17964,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14001
+#: freeculture.xml:14018
 msgid ""
 "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
 "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
@@ -17930,7 +17979,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14050
+#: freeculture.xml:14067
 msgid ""
 "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
 "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, Promises to "
@@ -17948,7 +17997,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 307 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14065
+#: freeculture.xml:14082
 msgid ""
 "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
 "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
@@ -17961,7 +18010,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14078
+#: freeculture.xml:14095
 msgid ""
 "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" "
 "to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be "
@@ -17978,7 +18027,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14093
+#: freeculture.xml:14110
 msgid ""
 "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" "
 "music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for "
@@ -17993,7 +18042,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14105
+#: freeculture.xml:14122
 msgid ""
 "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
 "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
@@ -18004,13 +18053,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14114
+#: freeculture.xml:14131
 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 308 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14119
+#: freeculture.xml:14136
 msgid ""
 "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
 "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
@@ -18019,19 +18068,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14126
+#: freeculture.xml:14143
 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14132
+#: freeculture.xml:14149
 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  2. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14136
+#: freeculture.xml:14153
 msgid ""
 "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
 "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
@@ -18039,14 +18088,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  3. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14142
+#: freeculture.xml:14159
 msgid ""
 "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
 "extent actual harm is demonstrated."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14147
+#: freeculture.xml:14164
 msgid ""
 "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive "
 "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of "
@@ -18055,7 +18104,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14153
+#: freeculture.xml:14170
 msgid ""
 "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
 "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
@@ -18072,7 +18121,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 309 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14167
+#: freeculture.xml:14184
 msgid ""
 "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
 "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
@@ -18082,12 +18131,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14178
+#: freeculture.xml:14195
 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14180
+#: freeculture.xml:14197
 msgid ""
 "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
 "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
@@ -18096,7 +18145,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14186
+#: freeculture.xml:14203
 msgid ""
 "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
 "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
@@ -18107,14 +18156,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f10. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14203
+#: freeculture.xml:14220
 msgid ""
 "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer "
 "Memorial Lecture), UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069&ndash;70."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14194
+#: freeculture.xml:14211
 msgid ""
 "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by "
 "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are "
@@ -18127,7 +18176,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14209
+#: freeculture.xml:14226
 msgid ""
 "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
 "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
@@ -18135,7 +18184,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14219
+#: freeculture.xml:14236
 msgid ""
 "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
 "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
@@ -18154,7 +18203,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14214
+#: freeculture.xml:14231
 msgid ""
 "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits.  But "
 "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
@@ -18166,7 +18215,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 310 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14243
+#: freeculture.xml:14260
 msgid ""
 "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
 "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
@@ -18176,7 +18225,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14251
+#: freeculture.xml:14268
 msgid ""
 "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
 "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
@@ -18189,7 +18238,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14261
+#: freeculture.xml:14278
 msgid ""
 "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
 "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
@@ -18200,7 +18249,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14269
+#: freeculture.xml:14286
 msgid ""
 "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
 "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
@@ -18208,7 +18257,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14275
+#: freeculture.xml:14292
 msgid ""
 "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
 "technology&mdash;the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
@@ -18221,7 +18270,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 311 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14284
+#: freeculture.xml:14301
 msgid ""
 "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture&mdash;but it should "
 "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
@@ -18231,7 +18280,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14293
+#: freeculture.xml:14310
 msgid ""
 "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is "
 "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
@@ -18239,12 +18288,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14302
+#: freeculture.xml:14319
 msgid "NOTES"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14304
+#: freeculture.xml:14321
 msgid ""
 "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
 "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
@@ -18258,12 +18307,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14319
+#: freeculture.xml:14336
 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14321
+#: freeculture.xml:14338
 msgid ""
 "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
 "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
@@ -18272,7 +18321,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14327
+#: freeculture.xml:14344
 msgid ""
 "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
 "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
@@ -18288,7 +18337,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 337 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14340
+#: freeculture.xml:14357
 msgid ""
 "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
 "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
@@ -18301,7 +18350,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14351
+#: freeculture.xml:14368
 msgid ""
 "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
 "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
@@ -18322,7 +18371,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14371
+#: freeculture.xml:14388
 msgid ""
 "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
 "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice.  Michael helped me to "
@@ -18333,7 +18382,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14380
+#: freeculture.xml:14397
 msgid ""
 "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
 "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "

diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml
index e43d2782b805fb0d11e70371580b3511d3cd778a..684acdd16ff0e3b316cb7f25870c2f5884bddbfb 100644 (file)
--- a/freeculture.xml
+++ b/freeculture.xml
@@ -2258,6 +2258,7 @@ The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The
 name Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race
 but for blogs. Yet even if the number of readers is small, the reading
 is having an effect.
+<indexterm><primary>Dean, Howard</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <para>
 One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the
@@ -2274,6 +2275,7 @@ resign as senate majority leader.<footnote><para>
 Noah Shachtman, "With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot," New
 York Times, 16 January 2003, G5.
 </para></footnote>
+<indexterm><primary>Lott, Trent</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <para>
 This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures
@@ -3041,6 +3043,7 @@ recording artist is adding to the value of the composition performed
 on the radio station.  And if the law were perfectly consistent, the
 radio station would have to pay the recording artist for his work,
 just as it pays the composer of the music for his work.
+<indexterm><primary>Lovett, Lyle</primary></indexterm>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 72 -->
 </para>
@@ -3052,6 +3055,9 @@ something for nothing. It gets to perform the recording artist's work
 for free, even if it must pay the composer something for the privilege
 of playing the song.
 </para>
+<indexterm id="idxmadonna" class='startofrange'>
+  <primary>Madonna</primary>
+</indexterm>
 <para>
 This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music.
 Imagine it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize
@@ -3067,6 +3073,7 @@ the sale of her CDs. The public performance of her recording is not a
 "protected" right. The radio station thus gets to pirate the value of
 Madonna's work without paying her anything.
 </para>
+<indexterm startref="idxmadonna" class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists
 benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the
@@ -3533,6 +3540,7 @@ everyone who takes it would actually have bought it if sharing didn't
 make it available for free. Most probably wouldn't have, but clearly
 there are some who would.  The latter are the target of category A:
 users who download instead of purchasing.
+<indexterm><primary>Madonna</primary></indexterm>
 </para></listitem>
 <listitem><para>
 <!-- B. -->
@@ -4901,6 +4909,7 @@ very last minute before the film was to be released, Else digitally
 replaced the shot with a clip from another film that he had worked on,
 The Day After Trinity, from ten years before.
 <indexterm><primary>San Francisco Opera</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Day After Trinity, The</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <para>
 There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the
@@ -4969,6 +4978,7 @@ license to four seconds of Simpsons. As a documentary producer working
 to exhaustion on a shoestring, the last thing I wanted was to risk
 legal trouble, even nuisance legal trouble, and even to defend a
 principle.
+<indexterm><primary>Lucas, George</primary></indexterm>
 </para></listitem>
 <listitem><para>
 <!-- 3. -->
@@ -5939,6 +5949,7 @@ Web, you can be punished
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 133 -->
 with a $150,000 fine. The fine is an ex post punishment for violating
 an ex ante rule. It is imposed by the state.
+<indexterm><primary>Madonna</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <para>
 Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an
@@ -7789,6 +7800,7 @@ programming to 74 percent of the cable subscribers nationwide."<footnote><para>
 Molly Ivins, "Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped," Charleston Gazette,
 31 May 2003.
 </para></footnote>
+<indexterm><primary>McCain, John</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <para>
 The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation,
@@ -8559,6 +8571,7 @@ with it," that's true, at least in part. If, after Lyle Lovett
 (finally) releases a new album, rather than buying it, I go to Kazaa
 and find a free copy to take, that is very much like stealing a copy
 from Tower.
+<indexterm><primary>Lovett, Lyle</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <para>
 
@@ -9018,6 +9031,7 @@ recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to
 leverage the revealed preferences of music listeners to recommend new
 artists. If you like Lyle Lovett, you're likely to enjoy Bonnie
 Raitt. And so on.
+<indexterm><primary>Lovett, Lyle</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <para>
 This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences.
@@ -10655,6 +10669,7 @@ Songs, Books at Stake; Supreme Court Hears Arguments Today on Striking
 Down Copyright Extension," Orlando Sentinel Tribune, 9 October 2002.
 </para></footnote>
 
+<indexterm><primary>Lucky Dog, The</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <para>
 Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in
@@ -11911,6 +11926,7 @@ the author and what rights he has. Simple transactions are destroyed in
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 259 -->
 a world without formalities. Complex, expensive, lawyer transactions
 take their place.
+<indexterm><primary>Lovett, Lyle</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <para>
 This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono
@@ -11983,6 +11999,7 @@ possible. In May 2003, it looked as if the bill would be
 introduced. On May 16, I posted on the Eldred Act blog, "we are
 close." There was a general reaction in the blog community that
 something good might happen here.
+<indexterm><primary>Lofgren, Zoe</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <para>
 But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and