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[text-free-culture-lessig.git] / freeculture.xml

diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml
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--- a/freeculture.xml
+++ b/freeculture.xml
@@ -162,92 +162,6 @@ Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 4 -->
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 5 -->
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 6 -->
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 4 -->
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 5 -->
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 6 -->

-<colophon>
-<para>
-THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.  375 Hudson Street New
-York, New York
-</para>
-<para>
-Copyright &copy; Lawrence Lessig.  All rights reserved.
-</para>
-<para>
-Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,</quote>
-<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, 2003. Copyright
-&copy; 2003 by The New York Times Co.  Reprinted with permission.
-</para>
-<para>
-Cartoon in <xref linkend="fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright Tribune
-Media Services, Inc.  All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission.
-</para>
-<para>
-Diagram in <xref linkend="fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership"/> courtesy of the office of FCC
-Commissioner, Michael J. Copps.
-</para>
-<para>
-Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
-</para>
-<para>
-Lessig, Lawrence.
-Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law to lock down 
-culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig.
-</para>
-<para>
-p. cm.
-</para>
-<para>
-Includes index.
-</para>
-<para>
-ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)
-</para>
-
-<para>
-1. Intellectual property&mdash;United States. 2. Mass media&mdash;United States.
-</para>
-<para>
-3. Technological innovations&mdash;United States. 4. Art&mdash;United States. I. Title.
-</para>
-<para>
-KF2979.L47
-</para>
-<para>
-343.7309'9&mdash;dc22
-</para>
-<para>
-This book is printed on acid-free paper.
-</para>
-<para>
-Printed in the United States of America
-</para>
-<para>
-1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4
-</para>
-<para>
-Designed by Marysarah Quinn
-</para>
-
-<para>
-&translationblock;
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of
-this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a
-retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means
-(electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise),
-without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and
-the above publisher of this book.
-</para>
-<para>
-The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the
-Internet or via any other means without the permission of the
-publisher is illegal and punishable by law.  Please purchase only
-authorized electronic editions and do not participate in or encourage
-electronic piracy of copyrighted materials. Your support of the
-author's rights is appreciated.
-</para>
-</colophon>
-

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 7 -->
 <dedication><title></title>
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 7 -->
 <dedication><title></title>
 <para>


@@ -764,6 +678,8 @@ stepped out of a thirteenth-story window to his death.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxfmradio' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxarmstrongedwinhoward' class='endofrange'/>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxfmradio' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxarmstrongedwinhoward' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm><primary>Causby, Thomas Lee</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Causby, Tinie</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and
 rarely with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From
 <para>
 This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and
 rarely with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From


@@ -845,7 +761,7 @@ individuals shared and transformed their culture&mdash;telling
 stories, reenacting scenes from plays or TV, participating in fan
 clubs, sharing music, making tapes&mdash;were left alone by the law.
 </para>
 stories, reenacting scenes from plays or TV, participating in fan
 clubs, sharing music, making tapes&mdash;were left alone by the law.
 </para>

-<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitscommercialcreativityasprimarypurposeof' class='startofrange'><primary>Copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>commercial creativity as primary purpose of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitscommercialcreativityasprimarypurposeof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>commercial creativity as primary purpose of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly,
 then quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by
 <para>
 The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly,
 then quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by


@@ -889,6 +805,8 @@ been undone.  The consequence is that we are less and less a free
 culture, more and more a permission culture.
 </para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 24 -->
 culture, more and more a permission culture.
 </para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 24 -->

+<indexterm><primary>Causby, Thomas Lee</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Causby, Tinie</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>protection of artists vs. business interests</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial
 <indexterm><primary>protection of artists vs. business interests</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial


@@ -2074,6 +1992,8 @@ realized.
 <indexterm startref='idxeastmangeorge' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxpermissionsphotographyexemptedfrom' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idximagesownershipof' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxeastmangeorge' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxpermissionsphotographyexemptedfrom' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idximagesownershipof' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm><primary>digital cameras</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxjustthink' class='startofrange'><primary>Just Think!</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San
 Francisco's Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San
 Francisco's Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses


@@ -2090,6 +2010,9 @@ schools and enable three hundred to five hundred children to learn
 something about media by doing something with media.  By doing, they
 think. By tinkering, they learn.
 </para>
 something about media by doing something with media.  By doing, they
 think. By tinkering, they learn.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxeducationinmedialiteracy' class='startofrange'><primary>education</primary><secondary>in media literacy</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmedialiteracy' class='startofrange'><primary>media literacy</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxexpressiontechnologiesofmedialiteracyand' class='startofrange'><primary>expression, technologies of</primary><secondary>media literacy and</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is
 increasingly so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has
 <para>
 These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is
 increasingly so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has


@@ -2116,6 +2039,7 @@ deconstruct media images. Its aim is to make [kids] literate about the
 way media works, the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and
 the way people access it.</quote>
 </para>
 way media works, the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and
 the way people access it.</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxjustthink' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For most
 people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway
 <para>
 This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For most
 people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway


@@ -2159,8 +2083,8 @@ from reading a book about it. One learns to write by writing and then
 reflecting upon what one has written. One learns to write with images
 by making them and then reflecting upon what one has created.
 </para>
 reflecting upon what one has written. One learns to write with images
 by making them and then reflecting upon what one has created.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Crichton, Michael</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxdaleyelizabeth' class='startofrange'><primary>Daley, Elizabeth</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxdaleyelizabeth' class='startofrange'><primary>Daley, Elizabeth</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Crichton, Michael</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film,
 as Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern
 <para>
 This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film,
 as Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern


@@ -2281,6 +2205,7 @@ can do well. Yet neither is text a form in which
 this message depended upon its connection to this form of expression.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxbarishstephanie' class='endofrange'/>
 this message depended upon its connection to this form of expression.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxbarishstephanie' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm id='idxdaleyelizabeth2' class='startofrange'><primary>Daley, Elizabeth</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 52 -->
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 52 -->


@@ -2313,6 +2238,7 @@ make a little movie.</quote> But instead, really help you take these elements
 that you understand, that are your language, and construct meaning
 about the topic.&hellip;
 </para>
 that you understand, that are your language, and construct meaning
 about the topic.&hellip;
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Barish, Stephanie</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of
 course, is eventually, as it has happened in all these classes, they
 <para>
 That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of
 course, is eventually, as it has happened in all these classes, they


@@ -2331,6 +2257,10 @@ had a lot of power with this language.
 <!-- FIXME removed a " from the end of the previous paragraph that did
      not match with any start quote. -->
 </blockquote>
 <!-- FIXME removed a " from the end of the previous paragraph that did
      not match with any start quote. -->
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxeducationinmedialiteracy' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxmedialiteracy' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxexpressiontechnologiesofmedialiteracyand' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdaleyelizabeth2' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm id='idxseptemberterroristattacksof' class='startofrange'><primary>September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>World Trade Center</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxnewscoverage' class='startofrange'><primary>news coverage</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxseptemberterroristattacksof' class='startofrange'><primary>September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>World Trade Center</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxnewscoverage' class='startofrange'><primary>news coverage</primary></indexterm>


@@ -2521,6 +2451,8 @@ is having an effect.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Lott, Trent</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Thurmond, Strom</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Lott, Trent</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Thurmond, Strom</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxmediablogpressureon' class='startofrange'><primary>media</primary><secondary>blog pressure on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetnewseventson2' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>news events on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the
 mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott
 <para>
 One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the
 mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott


@@ -2537,6 +2469,7 @@ Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,</quote>
 York Times, 16 January 2003, G5.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 York Times, 16 January 2003, G5.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxmediacommercialimperativesof' class='startofrange'><primary>media</primary><secondary>commercial imperatives of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures
 don't exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and
 <para>
 This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures
 don't exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and


@@ -2544,6 +2477,8 @@ newspapers are commercial entities. They must work to keep attention.
 If they lose readers, they lose revenue. Like sharks, they must move
 on.
 </para>
 If they lose readers, they lose revenue. Like sharks, they must move
 on.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxmediablogpressureon' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>peer-generated rankings on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they
 can focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a
 <para>
 But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they
 can focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a


@@ -2553,6 +2488,8 @@ rises in the ranks of stories. People read what is popular; what is
 popular has been selected by a very democratic process of
 peer-generated rankings.
 </para>
 popular has been selected by a very democratic process of
 peer-generated rankings.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxmediacommercialimperativesof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxjournalism' class='startofrange'><primary>journalism</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxwinerdave' class='startofrange'><primary>Winer, Dave</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle
 <indexterm id='idxwinerdave' class='startofrange'><primary>Winer, Dave</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle


@@ -2566,7 +2503,9 @@ conflict of interest is so easily disclosed that you know you can sort of
 get it out of the way.</quote>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>CNN</primary></indexterm>
 get it out of the way.</quote>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>CNN</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>media</primary><secondary>commercial imperatives of</secondary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Iraq war</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Iraq war</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>media</primary><secondary>ownership concentration in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 These conflicts become more important as media becomes more
 concentrated (more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more
 <para>
 These conflicts become more important as media becomes more
 concentrated (more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more


@@ -2584,13 +2523,15 @@ account of the war was too bleak: She needed to offer a more
 optimistic story. When she told New York that wasn't warranted, they
 told her that <emphasis>they</emphasis> were writing <quote>the story.</quote>)
 </para>
 optimistic story. When she told New York that wasn't warranted, they
 told her that <emphasis>they</emphasis> were writing <quote>the story.</quote>)
 </para>

-<para> Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the
-debate&mdash;<quote>amateur</quote> not in the sense of inexperienced, but in the
-sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning not paid by anyone to give their
-reports. It allows for a much broader range of input into a story, as
-reporting on the Columbia disaster revealed, when hundreds from across
-the southwest United States turned to the Internet to retell what they
-had seen.<footnote><para>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetnewseventson2' class='endofrange'/>
+<para>
+Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the
+debate&mdash;<quote>amateur</quote> not in the sense of inexperienced,
+but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning not paid by anyone to
+give their reports. It allows for a much broader range of input into a
+story, as reporting on the Columbia disaster revealed, when hundreds
+from across the southwest United States turned to the Internet to
+retell what they had seen.<footnote><para>

 <!-- f20 -->
 John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of
 Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci
 <!-- f20 -->
 John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of
 Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci


@@ -2633,6 +2574,7 @@ And as the inclusion of content in this space is the least infringing use
 of the Internet (meaning infringing on copyright), Winer said, <quote>we will
 be the last thing that gets shut down.</quote>
 </para>
 of the Internet (meaning infringing on copyright), Winer said, <quote>we will
 be the last thing that gets shut down.</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxjournalism' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you
 don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote>
 <para>
 This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you
 don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote>


@@ -2649,12 +2591,12 @@ happens. When there are ten million, there will be something
 extraordinary to report.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxnewscoverage' class='endofrange'/>
 extraordinary to report.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxnewscoverage' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm startref='idxinternetpublicdiscourseconductedon' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm startref='idxpoliticaldiscourse' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxblogsweblogs2' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxinternetblogson2' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxweblogsblogs2' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxwinerdave' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxpoliticaldiscourse' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxblogsweblogs2' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxinternetblogson2' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxweblogsblogs2' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxwinerdave' class='endofrange'/>

-<indexterm startref='idxinternetpublicdiscourseconductedon' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm id='idxbrownjohnseely' class='startofrange'><primary>Brown, John Seely</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxadvertising1' class='startofrange'><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm id='idxbrownjohnseely' class='startofrange'><primary>Brown, John Seely</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxadvertising1' class='startofrange'><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -2764,7 +2706,7 @@ natural tendencies of today's digital kids. &hellip; We're building an
 architecture that unleashes 60 percent of the brain [and] a legal
 system that closes down that part of the brain.</quote>
 </para>
 architecture that unleashes 60 percent of the brain [and] a legal
 system that closes down that part of the brain.</quote>
 </para>

-<indexterm startref="idxbrownjohnseely" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxbrownjohnseely' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes
 moving images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an
 <para>
 We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes
 moving images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an


@@ -2780,8 +2722,13 @@ quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence.
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="3" id="catalogs">
 <title>CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs</title>
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="3" id="catalogs">
 <title>CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs</title>

+<indexterm><primary>Jordan, Jesse</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>RPI</primary><see>Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)</see></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxrensselaer' class='startofrange'><primary>Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>RPI</primary><see>Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)</see></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxrensselaer' class='startofrange'><primary>Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxrensselaerpolytechnicinstituterpicomputernetworksearchengineof' class='startofrange'><primary>Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)</primary><secondary>computer network search engine of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsearchengines' class='startofrange'><primary>search engines</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxuniversitycomputernetworksppsharingon' class='startofrange'><primary>university computer networks, p2p sharing on</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetsearchenginesusedon' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>search engines used on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>In the fall</emphasis> of 2002, Jesse Jordan
 of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>In the fall</emphasis> of 2002, Jesse Jordan
 of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer


@@ -2805,6 +2752,7 @@ available on the RPI network is available on the Internet. But the
 network is designed to enable students to get access to the Internet,
 as well as more intimate access to other members of the RPI community.
 </para>
 network is designed to enable students to get access to the Internet,
 as well as more intimate access to other members of the RPI community.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxgoogle' class='startofrange'><primary>Google</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 62 -->
 <para>
 Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 62 -->


@@ -2817,6 +2765,9 @@ access to material from that institution.  Businesses do this all the
 time, enabling employees to have access to material that people
 outside the business can't get. Universities do it as well.
 </para>
 time, enabling employees to have access to material that people
 outside the business can't get. Universities do it as well.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxuniversitycomputernetworksppsharingon' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxjordanjesse' class='startofrange'><primary>Jordan, Jesse</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmicrosoftnetworkfilesystemof' class='startofrange'><primary>Microsoft</primary><secondary>network file system of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 These engines are enabled by the network technology itself.
 Microsoft, for example, has a network file system that makes it very
 <para>
 These engines are enabled by the network technology itself.
 Microsoft, for example, has a network file system that makes it very


@@ -2826,6 +2777,7 @@ content.  Jesse's search engine was built to take advantage of this
 technology. It used Microsoft's network file system to build an index
 of all the files available within the RPI network.
 </para>
 technology. It used Microsoft's network file system to build an index
 of all the files available within the RPI network.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxgoogle' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network.
 Indeed, his engine was a simple modification of engines that others
 <para>
 Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network.
 Indeed, his engine was a simple modification of engines that others


@@ -2838,6 +2790,7 @@ modified the system a bit to fix that problem, by adding a button that
 a user could click to see if the machine holding the file was still
 on-line.
 </para>
 a user could click to see if the machine holding the file was still
 on-line.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxmicrosoftnetworkfilesystemof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six
 months, he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By
 <para>
 Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six
 months, he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By


@@ -2845,6 +2798,7 @@ March, the system was functioning quite well. Jesse had more than one
 million files in his directory, including every type of content that might
 be on users' computers.
 </para>
 million files in his directory, including every type of content that might
 be on users' computers.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxinternetsearchenginesusedon' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which
 students could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or
 <para>
 Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which
 students could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or


@@ -2854,6 +2808,8 @@ might have created; university brochures&mdash;basically anything that
 users of the RPI network made available in a public folder of their
 computer.
 </para>
 users of the RPI network made available in a public folder of their
 computer.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Google</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>education</primary><secondary>tinkering as means of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the
 files that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that
 <para>
 But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the
 files that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that


@@ -2869,6 +2825,11 @@ this experiment. He was a kid tinkering with technology in an
 environment where tinkering with technology was precisely what he was
 supposed to do.
 </para>
 environment where tinkering with technology was precisely what he was
 supposed to do.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsinrecordingindustry' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>in recording industry</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsagainststudentfilesharing' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>against student file sharing</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustrycopyrightinfringementlawsuitsof' class='startofrange'><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>copyright infringement lawsuits of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaacopyrightinfringementlawsuitsfiledby' class='startofrange'><primary>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</primary><secondary>copyright infringement lawsuits filed by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm startref='idxrensselaerpolytechnicinstituterpicomputernetworksearchengineof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at
 RPI. The dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association
 <para>
 On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at
 RPI. The dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association


@@ -2891,7 +2852,12 @@ RPI community to get access to content, which Jesse had not himself
 created or posted, and the vast majority of which had nothing to do
 with music.
 </para>
 created or posted, and the vast majority of which had nothing to do
 with music.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxsearchengines' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>exaggerated claims of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>statutory damages of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsindividualdefendantsintimidatedby' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>individual defendants intimidated by</secondary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>statutory damages</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>statutory damages</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaaintimidationtacticsof' class='startofrange'><primary>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</primary><secondary>intimidation tactics of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a
 network and had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They
 <para>
 But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a
 network and had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They


@@ -2903,8 +2869,8 @@ claim $150,000 per infringement. As the RIAA alleged more than one
 hundred specific copyright infringements, they therefore demanded that
 Jesse pay them at least $15,000,000.
 </para>
 hundred specific copyright infringements, they therefore demanded that
 Jesse pay them at least $15,000,000.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Princeton University</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Michigan Technical University</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Michigan Technical University</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Princeton University</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other
 student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at
 <para>
 Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other
 student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at


@@ -2923,7 +2889,7 @@ Suit Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media Gro
 (2003): 5, available at 2003 WL 55179443.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 (2003): 5, available at 2003 WL 55179443.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

-<indexterm startref="idxrensselaer" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrensselaer' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened.
 An uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They
 <para>
 Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened.
 An uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They


@@ -2943,6 +2909,7 @@ case, Matt Oppenheimer, told Jesse, <quote>You don't want to pay another
 visit to a dentist like me.</quote>) And throughout, the RIAA insisted it
 would not settle the case until it took every penny Jesse had saved.
 </para>
 visit to a dentist like me.</quote>) And throughout, the RIAA insisted it
 would not settle the case until it took every penny Jesse had saved.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>legal system, attorney costs in</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight.
 But Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the
 <para>
 Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight.
 But Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the


@@ -2958,6 +2925,8 @@ So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning,
 or $12,000 and a settlement.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
 or $12,000 and a settlement.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>artist remuneration in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</primary><secondary>lobbying power of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality.
 Let's put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality.
 <para>
 The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality.
 Let's put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality.


@@ -2979,6 +2948,8 @@ Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and Punishment,</quote>
 <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, A24.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, A24.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsindividualdefendantsintimidatedby' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaaintimidationtacticsof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the
 RIAA. The case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this
 <para>
 On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the
 RIAA. The case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this


@@ -3000,10 +2971,17 @@ I. &hellip; He's  not a tree hugger. &hellip; I  think it's bizarre that they wo
 pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the
 wrong message. And he wants to correct the record.</quote>
 </para>
 pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the
 wrong message. And he wants to correct the record.</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxuniversitycomputernetworksppsharingon' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxjordanjesse' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsinrecordingindustry' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsagainststudentfilesharing' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustrycopyrightinfringementlawsuitsof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaacopyrightinfringementlawsuitsfiledby' class='endofrange'/>

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 66 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="4" id="pirates">
 <title>CHAPTER FOUR: <quote>Pirates</quote></title>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 66 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="4" id="pirates">
 <title>CHAPTER FOUR: <quote>Pirates</quote></title>

+<indexterm id='idxpiracyindevelopmentofcontentindustry' class='startofrange'><primary>piracy</primary><secondary>in development of content industry</secondary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary><quote>if value, then right</quote> theory</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis>
 <indexterm><primary><quote>if value, then right</quote> theory</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis>


@@ -3113,7 +3091,7 @@ Edison's creative property.
 The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see
 how requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music.
 </para>
 The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see
 how requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music.
 </para>

-<indexterm id="idxfourneauxhenri" class='startofrange'><primary>Fourneaux, Henri</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfourneauxhenri' class='startofrange'><primary>Fourneaux, Henri</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Russel, Phil</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines
 <indexterm><primary>Russel, Phil</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines


@@ -3144,7 +3122,7 @@ then made copies of those recordings.  Because of this gap in the law,
 then, I could effectively pirate someone else's song without paying
 its composer anything.
 </para>
 then, I could effectively pirate someone else's song without paying
 its composer anything.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref="idxfourneauxhenri" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfourneauxhenri' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 69 -->
 <para>
 The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 69 -->


@@ -3197,6 +3175,10 @@ To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23
 <indexterm><primary>American Graphophone Company</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>player pianos</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>sheet music</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>American Graphophone Company</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>player pianos</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>sheet music</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on copyright laws</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressusonrecordingindustry' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on recording industry</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawstatutorylicensesin' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>statutory licenses in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustrystatutorylicensesystemin' class='startofrange'><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>statutory license system in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too,
 do the arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the
 <para>
 These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too,
 do the arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the


@@ -3222,6 +3204,7 @@ memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American
 Graphophone Company Association).
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 Graphophone Company Association).
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>cover songs</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer
 <emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the
 <para>
 The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer
 <emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the


@@ -3237,6 +3220,8 @@ copyright law that makes cover songs possible. Once a composer
 authorizes a recording of his song, others are free to record the same
 song, so long as they pay the original composer a fee set by the law.
 </para>
 authorizes a recording of his song, others are free to record the same
 song, so long as they pay the original composer a fee set by the law.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcompulsorylicense' class='startofrange'><primary>compulsory license</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxstatutorylicenses' class='startofrange'><primary>statutory licenses</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but I will
 refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory license is a license
 <para>
 American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but I will
 refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory license is a license


@@ -3245,7 +3230,7 @@ Copyright Act in 1909, record companies were free to distribute copies
 of recordings so long as they paid the composer (or copyright holder)
 the fee set by the statute.
 </para>
 of recordings so long as they paid the composer (or copyright holder)
 the fee set by the statute.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Grisham, John</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxgrishamjohn' class='startofrange'><primary>Grisham, John</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham
 writes a novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if
 <para>
 This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham
 writes a novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if


@@ -3256,6 +3241,7 @@ have no permission to use Grisham's work except with permission of
 Grisham.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawonmusicrecordings' class='endofrange'/>
 Grisham.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawonmusicrecordings' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm><primary>Beatles</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And
 thus, in effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording
 <para>
 But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And
 thus, in effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording


@@ -3277,8 +3263,10 @@ sess., 217 (1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted
 in <citetitle>Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act</citetitle>, E. Fulton Brylawski and
 Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976).
 </para></footnote>
 in <citetitle>Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act</citetitle>, E. Fulton Brylawski and
 Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976).
 </para></footnote>

-<indexterm><primary>Beatles</primary></indexterm>

 </para>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusonrecordingindustry' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxgrishamjohn' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently,
 historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for
 <para>
 While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently,
 historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for


@@ -3308,6 +3296,10 @@ March 1967). I am grateful to Glenn Brown for drawing my attention to
 this report.</para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 this report.</para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawstatutorylicensesin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustrystatutorylicensesystemin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcompulsorylicense' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxstatutorylicenses' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their
 creative work, the record producers, and the public, benefit.
 <para>
 By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their
 creative work, the record producers, and the public, benefit.


@@ -3315,7 +3307,8 @@ creative work, the record producers, and the public, benefit.
 </section>
 <section id="radio">
 <title>Radio</title>
 </section>
 <section id="radio">
 <title>Radio</title>

-<indexterm id='idxartistspayments1' class='startofrange'><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryradiobroadcastand' class='startofrange'><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>radio broadcast and</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxartistsrecordingindustrypaymentsto' class='startofrange'><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Radio was also born of piracy.
 </para>
 <para>
 Radio was also born of piracy.
 </para>


@@ -3362,7 +3355,7 @@ something for nothing. It gets to perform the recording artist's work
 for free, even if it must pay the composer something for the privilege
 of playing the song.
 </para>
 for free, even if it must pay the composer something for the privilege
 of playing the song.
 </para>

-<indexterm id="idxmadonna" class='startofrange'><primary>Madonna</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmadonna' class='startofrange'><primary>Madonna</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music.
 Imagine it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize
 <para>
 This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music.
 Imagine it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize


@@ -3379,7 +3372,8 @@ the sale of her CDs. The public performance of her recording is not a
 <emphasis>pirate</emphasis> the value of Madonna's work without paying
 her anything.
 </para>
 <emphasis>pirate</emphasis> the value of Madonna's work without paying
 her anything.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref="idxmadonna" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxartistsrecordingindustrypaymentsto' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxmadonna' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists
 benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the
 <para>
 No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists
 benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the


@@ -3388,11 +3382,11 @@ ordinarily gives the creator the right to make this choice. By making
 the choice for him or her, the law gives the radio station the right
 to take something for nothing.
 </para>
 the choice for him or her, the law gives the radio station the right
 to take something for nothing.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxartistspayments1' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryradiobroadcastand' class='endofrange'/>

 </section>
 <section id="cabletv">
 <title>Cable TV</title>
 </section>
 <section id="cabletv">
 <title>Cable TV</title>

-<indexterm id='idxcabletv1' class='startofrange'><primary>cable television</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcabletelevision' class='startofrange'><primary>cable television</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy.
 </para>
 <para>
 Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy.
 </para>


@@ -3509,7 +3503,8 @@ exercise veto power over the emerging technologies of cable. Cable
 companies thus built their empire in part upon a <quote>piracy</quote> of the value
 created by broadcasters' content.
 </para>
 companies thus built their empire in part upon a <quote>piracy</quote> of the value
 created by broadcasters' content.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxcabletv1' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpiracyindevelopmentofcontentindustry' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcabletelevision' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a
 common theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a
 common theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone


@@ -4336,6 +4331,8 @@ system to minimize the opportunity for copyright infringement. It did
 not, and for that, Disney and Universal wanted to hold it responsible
 for the architecture it chose.
 </para>
 not, and for that, Disney and Universal wanted to hold it responsible
 for the architecture it chose.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws3' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on copyright laws</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on VCR technology</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal
 champion. Valenti called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are
 <para>
 MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal
 champion. Valenti called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are


@@ -4418,6 +4415,7 @@ by such new technology.<footnote><para>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws3' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision.  But as
 with the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress
 <para>
 Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision.  But as
 with the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress


@@ -4511,6 +4509,7 @@ to $15 million in damages? Would it have been better if Edison had
 controlled film? Should every cover band have to hire a lawyer to get
 permission to record a song?
 </para>
 controlled film? Should every cover band have to hire a lawyer to get
 permission to record a song?
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>on balance of interests in copyright law</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition
 has answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated,
 <para>
 We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition
 has answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated,


@@ -4601,6 +4600,7 @@ table in the backyard&mdash;by, for example, going to Sears, buying a
 table, and putting it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking
 then?
 </para>
 table, and putting it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking
 then?
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Jefferson, Thomas</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus
 ideas, though that's an important difference. The point instead is that
 <para>
 The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus
 ideas, though that's an important difference. The point instead is that


@@ -4620,6 +4620,7 @@ Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in
 Ellery Bergh, eds., 1903), 330, 333&ndash;34.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 Ellery Bergh, eds., 1903), 330, 333&ndash;34.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>property rights</primary><secondary>intangibility of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the
 reach of the law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that
 <para>
 The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the
 reach of the law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that


@@ -4658,9 +4659,15 @@ from the implications that the copyright warriors would have us draw.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 96 -->
 <chapter label="6" id="founders">
 <title>CHAPTER SIX: Founders</title>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 96 -->
 <chapter label="6" id="founders">
 <title>CHAPTER SIX: Founders</title>

-<indexterm><primary>Henry V</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbooksenglishcopyrightlawdevelopedfor' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>English copyright law developed for</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawdevelopmentof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>development of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawenglish' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>English</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxenglandcopyrightlawsdevelopedin' class='startofrange'><primary>England, copyright laws developed in</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxunitedkingdomhistoryofcopyrightlawin' class='startofrange'><primary>United Kingdom</primary><secondary>history of copyright law in</secondary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Branagh, Kenneth</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Branagh, Kenneth</primary></indexterm>

-<indexterm id='idxbooksenglishlaw' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>English copyright law developed for</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Henry V</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Shakespeare, William</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxromeoandjulietshakespeare' class='startofrange'><primary>Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote
 <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote
 <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first


@@ -4673,6 +4680,8 @@ once overheard someone commenting on Kenneth Branagh's adaptation of
 Henry V: <quote>I liked it, but Shakespeare is so full of
 clichés.</quote>
 </para>
 Henry V: <quote>I liked it, but Shakespeare is so full of
 clichés.</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Conger</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxtonsonjacob' class='startofrange'><primary>Tonson, Jacob</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was written, the
 <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive
 <para>
 In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was written, the
 <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive


@@ -4703,7 +4712,10 @@ one else could publish copies of a book to which they held the
 copyright.  Prices of the classics were thus kept high; competition to
 produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated.
 </para>
 copyright.  Prices of the classics were thus kept high; competition to
 produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated.
 </para>

-<indexterm id='idxbritishparliament' class='startofrange'><primary>British Parliament</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>British Parliament</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightdurationof2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>renewability of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Statute of Anne (1710)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who
 knows a little about copyright law. The better-known year in the
 <para>
 Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who
 knows a little about copyright law. The better-known year in the


@@ -4721,6 +4733,10 @@ As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a
 free in 1731. So why was there any issue about it still being under
 Tonson's control in 1774?
 </para>
 free in 1731. So why was there any issue about it still being under
 Tonson's control in 1774?
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxromeoandjulietshakespeare' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxtonsonjacob' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxlawcommonvspositive' class='startofrange'><primary>law</primary><secondary>common vs. positive</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>positive law</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Licensing Act (1662)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a <quote>copyright</quote>
 <indexterm><primary>Licensing Act (1662)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a <quote>copyright</quote>


@@ -4733,6 +4749,8 @@ published.  But after it expired, there was no positive law that said
 that the publishers, or <quote>Stationers,</quote> had an exclusive right to print
 books.
 </para>
 that the publishers, or <quote>Stationers,</quote> had an exclusive right to print
 books.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightdurationof2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>common law</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean
 that there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to
 <para>
 There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean
 that there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to


@@ -4745,6 +4763,11 @@ background only if it passes a law to displace it. And so the real
 question after the licensing statutes had expired was whether the
 common law protected a copyright, independent of any positive law.
 </para>
 question after the licensing statutes had expired was whether the
 common law protected a copyright, independent of any positive law.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxlawcommonvspositive' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>Conger</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbritishparliament' class='startofrange'><primary>British Parliament</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Scottish publishers</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxstatuteofanne' class='startofrange'><primary>Statute of Anne (1710)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This question was important to the publishers, or <quote>booksellers,</quote> as
 they were called, because there was growing competition from foreign
 <para>
 This question was important to the publishers, or <quote>booksellers,</quote> as
 they were called, because there was growing competition from foreign


@@ -4757,6 +4780,7 @@ to again give them exclusive control over publishing. That demand
                ultimately
 resulted in the Statute of Anne.
 </para>
                ultimately
 resulted in the Statute of Anne.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightasnarrowmonopolyright' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>as narrow monopoly right</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a book an
 exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation,
 <para>
 The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a book an
 exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation,


@@ -4766,12 +4790,16 @@ copyright <quote>expired,</quote> and the work would then be free and could be
 published by anyone. Or so the legislature is thought to have
 believed.
 </para>
 published by anyone. Or so the legislature is thought to have
 believed.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxstatuteofanne' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would
 Parliament limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to
 the particular limit they set, but why would they limit the right
 <emphasis>at all?</emphasis>
 </para>
 <para>
 Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would
 Parliament limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to
 the particular limit they set, but why would they limit the right
 <emphasis>at all?</emphasis>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxbritishparliament' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>Shakespeare, William</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very
 strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: That play
 <para>
 For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very
 strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: That play


@@ -4783,12 +4811,14 @@ why is it that the law would ever allow someone else to come along and
 take Shakespeare's play without his, or his estate's, permission? What
 reason is there to allow someone else to <quote>steal</quote> Shakespeare's work?
 </para>
 take Shakespeare's play without his, or his estate's, permission? What
 reason is there to allow someone else to <quote>steal</quote> Shakespeare's work?
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Statute of Anne (1710)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special
 about the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the
 Statute of Anne. Second, we have to see something important about
 <quote>booksellers.</quote>
 </para>
 <para>
 The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special
 about the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the
 Statute of Anne. Second, we have to see something important about
 <quote>booksellers.</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>usage restrictions attached to</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come
 to apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in 1710, it
 <para>
 First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come
 to apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in 1710, it


@@ -4805,6 +4835,7 @@ the author the exclusive right to copy, the exclusive right to
 distribute, the exclusive right to perform, and so on.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Branagh, Kenneth</primary></indexterm>
 distribute, the exclusive right to perform, and so on.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Branagh, Kenneth</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Shakespeare, William</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were
 perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the
 <para>
 So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were
 perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the


@@ -4816,6 +4847,7 @@ allowed to make his films. The <quote>copy-right</quote> was only an exclusive
 right to print&mdash;no less, of course, but also no more.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Henry VIII, King of England</primary></indexterm>
 right to print&mdash;no less, of course, but also no more.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Henry VIII, King of England</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxmonopolycopyrightas' class='startofrange'><primary>monopoly, copyright as</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Statute of Monopolies (1656)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British.
 <indexterm><primary>Statute of Monopolies (1656)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British.


@@ -4839,7 +4871,10 @@ have it forever.</quote>) The state would protect the exclusive right, but
 only so long as it benefited society. The British saw the harms from
 specialinterest favors; they passed a law to stop them.
 </para>
 only so long as it benefited society. The British saw the harms from
 specialinterest favors; they passed a law to stop them.
 </para>

-<indexterm id='idxbooksellers' class='startofrange'><primary>booksellers, English</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Milton, John</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbooksellersenglish' class='startofrange'><primary>booksellers, English</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Conger</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightdurationof3' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a
 monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers.
 <para>
 Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a
 monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers.


@@ -4860,6 +4895,8 @@ Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary
 Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Enlightenment</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>knowledge, freedom of</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of
 knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment
 <para>
 Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of
 knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment


@@ -4868,6 +4905,7 @@ generally. The idea that knowledge should be free was a hallmark of
 the time, and these powerful commercial interests were interfering
 with that idea.
 </para>
 the time, and these powerful commercial interests were interfering
 with that idea.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxbritishparliament2' class='startofrange'><primary>British Parliament</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition
 among booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the
 <para>
 To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition
 among booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the


@@ -4880,6 +4918,9 @@ to fight the power of the booksellers. The limitation on terms was
 an indirect way to assure competition among publishers, and thus the
 construction and spread of culture.
 </para>
 an indirect way to assure competition among publishers, and thus the
 construction and spread of culture.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxstatuteofanne2' class='startofrange'><primary>Statute of Anne (1710)
+</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinperpetuity' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>in perpetuity</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were
 getting anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and
 <para>
 When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were
 getting anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and


@@ -4915,6 +4956,11 @@ al., 8, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxstatuteofanne2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinperpetuity' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>common law</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>law</primary><secondary>common vs. positive</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>positive law</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a
 series of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of
 <para>
 Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a
 series of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of


@@ -4930,7 +4976,7 @@ they had the right to ban the publication of a book, even if its
 Statute of Anne copyright had expired. This, they argued, was the only
 way to protect authors.
 </para>
 Statute of Anne copyright had expired. This, they argued, was the only
 way to protect authors.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Patterson, Raymond</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm startref='idxbritishparliament2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of
 the leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary
 <para>
 This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of
 the leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary


@@ -4947,6 +4993,9 @@ Vaidhyanathan, 37&ndash;48.
 The bookseller didn't care squat for the rights of the author.  His
 concern was the monopoly profit that the author's work gave.
 </para>
 The bookseller didn't care squat for the rights of the author.  His
 concern was the monopoly profit that the author's work gave.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxdonaldsonalexander' class='startofrange'><primary>Donaldson, Alexander</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Patterson, Raymond</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxscottishpublishers' class='startofrange'><primary>Scottish publishers</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight.
 The hero of this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander
 <para>
 The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight.
 The hero of this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander


@@ -4956,6 +5005,8 @@ For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and Copyrigh
 (London: Routledge, 1992), 62&ndash;69.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 (London: Routledge, 1992), 62&ndash;69.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxstatuteofanne3' class='startofrange'><primary>Statute of Anne (1710)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxconger' class='startofrange'><primary>Conger</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Boswell, James</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Erskine, Andrew</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>Boswell, James</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Erskine, Andrew</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -4978,6 +5029,7 @@ of contemporary Scottish poems with Donaldson.</quote><footnote><para>
 Ibid., 93.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 Ibid., 93.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcommonlaw' class='startofrange'><primary>common law</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in
 Scotland, he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold
 <para>
 When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in
 Scotland, he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold


@@ -4993,11 +5045,17 @@ His books undercut the Conger prices by 30 to 50 percent, and he
 rested his right to compete upon the ground that, under the Statute of
 Anne, the works he was selling had passed out of protection.
 </para>
 rested his right to compete upon the ground that, under the Statute of
 Anne, the works he was selling had passed out of protection.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxconger' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxmillarvtaylor' class='startofrange'><primary>Millar v. Taylor</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> like
 Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the <quote>pirates,</quote>
 the most important early victory being <citetitle>Millar</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Taylor</citetitle>.
 </para>
 <para>
 The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> like
 Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the <quote>pirates,</quote>
 the most important early victory being <citetitle>Millar</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Taylor</citetitle>.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxdonaldsonalexander' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxscottishpublishers' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxthomsonjames' class='startofrange'><primary>Thomson, James</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinperpetuity2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>in perpetuity</secondary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Seasons, The (Thomson)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Taylor, Robert</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>Seasons, The (Thomson)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Taylor, Robert</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -5025,6 +5083,10 @@ reprinting Thomson's poem without Millar's permission. That common law
 rule thus effectively gave the booksellers a perpetual right to
 control the publication of any book assigned to them.
 </para>
 rule thus effectively gave the booksellers a perpetual right to
 control the publication of any book assigned to them.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcommonlaw' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxthomsonjames' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinperpetuity2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxbritishparliament3' class='startofrange'><primary>British Parliament</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Considered as a matter of abstract justice&mdash;reasoning as if
 justice were just a matter of logical deduction from first
 <para>
 Considered as a matter of abstract justice&mdash;reasoning as if
 justice were just a matter of logical deduction from first


@@ -5040,11 +5102,16 @@ believed, Britain would mature from the controlled culture that the
 Crown coveted to the free culture that we inherited.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxmansfieldwilliammurraylord2' class='endofrange'/>
 Crown coveted to the free culture that we inherited.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxmansfieldwilliammurraylord2' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm id='idxdonaldsonalexander2' class='startofrange'><primary>Donaldson, Alexander</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxscottishpublishers2' class='startofrange'><primary>Scottish publishers</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end
 there, however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix.
 </para>
 <para>
 The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end
 there, however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Thomson, James</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Beckett, Thomas</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Beckett, Thomas</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxhouseoflords' class='startofrange'><primary>House of Lords</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsupremecourtushouseoflordsvs' class='startofrange'><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>House of Lords vs.</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His
 estate sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included
 <para>
 Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His
 estate sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included


@@ -5059,6 +5126,10 @@ the House of Lords, which functioned much like our own Supreme
 Court. In February of 1774, that body had the chance to interpret the
 meaning of Parliament's limits from sixty years before.
 </para>
 Court. In February of 1774, that body had the chance to interpret the
 meaning of Parliament's limits from sixty years before.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxmillarvtaylor' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxbritishparliament3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxdonaldsonvbeckett' class='startofrange'><primary>Donaldson v. Beckett</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcommonlaw2' class='startofrange'><primary>common law</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an
 enormous amount of attention throughout Britain. Donaldson's lawyers
 <para>
 As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an
 enormous amount of attention throughout Britain. Donaldson's lawyers


@@ -5069,6 +5140,7 @@ publication came from that statute. Thus, they argued, after the term
 specified in the Statute of Anne expired, works that had been
 protected by the statute were no longer protected.
 </para>
 specified in the Statute of Anne expired, works that had been
 protected by the statute were no longer protected.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxstatuteofanne3' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were
 presented to the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote>
 <para>
 The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were
 presented to the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote>


@@ -5076,6 +5148,9 @@ members of special legal distinction who functioned much like the
 Justices in our Supreme Court. Then, after the law lords voted, the
 House of Lords generally voted.
 </para>
 Justices in our Supreme Court. Then, after the law lords voted, the
 House of Lords generally voted.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxsupremecourtushouseoflordsvs' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinperpetuity3' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>in perpetuity</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpublicdomainenglishlegalestablishmentof' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>English legal establishment of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts,
 it looks as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity
 <para>
 The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts,
 it looks as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity


@@ -5086,6 +5161,11 @@ Whatever one's understanding of the common law, now a copyright was
 fixed for a limited time, after which the work protected by copyright
 passed into the public domain.
 </para>
 fixed for a limited time, after which the work protected by copyright
 passed into the public domain.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Bacon, Francis</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Bunyan, John</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Johnson, Samuel</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Milton, John</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Shakespeare, William</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle>
 v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there was no clear idea of a public domain in
 <para>
 <quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle>
 v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there was no clear idea of a public domain in


@@ -5095,12 +5175,13 @@ born. For the first time in Anglo-American history, the legal control
 over creative works expired, and the greatest works in English
 history&mdash;including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson,
 and Bunyan&mdash;were free of legal restraint.
 over creative works expired, and the greatest works in English
 history&mdash;including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson,
 and Bunyan&mdash;were free of legal restraint.

-<indexterm><primary>Bacon, Francis</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Bunyan, John</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Johnson, Samuel</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Milton, John</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Shakespeare, William</primary></indexterm>

 </para>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxdonaldsonalexander2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxscottishpublishers2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcommonlaw2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinperpetuity3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpublicdomainenglishlegalestablishmentof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>Scottish publishers</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords
 fueled an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland,
 <para>
 It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords
 fueled an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland,


@@ -5115,6 +5196,7 @@ and illuminations.</quote><footnote><para>
 Rose, 97.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 Rose, 97.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxhouseoflords' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was
 equally strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning Chronicle</citetitle>
 <para>
 In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was
 equally strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning Chronicle</citetitle>


@@ -5135,6 +5217,8 @@ Ibid.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm><primary>House of Lords</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>free culture</primary><secondary>English legal establishment of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 105 -->
 <quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 105 -->
 <quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to


@@ -5157,19 +5241,32 @@ context</emphasis>, not a context in which the choices about what
 culture is available to people and how they get access to it are made
 by the few despite the wishes of the many.
 </para>
 culture is available to people and how they get access to it are made
 by the few despite the wishes of the many.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxbooksellers' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxbooksellersenglish' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>British Parliament</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is
 antimonopoly, resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a
 world where the Parliament is more pliant, free culture would be less
 protected.
 </para>
 <para>
 At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is
 antimonopoly, resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a
 world where the Parliament is more pliant, free culture would be less
 protected.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxbritishparliament' class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref='idxbooksenglishlaw' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxbooksenglishcopyrightlawdevelopedfor' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawdevelopmentof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawenglish' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxenglandcopyrightlawsdevelopedin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxunitedkingdomhistoryofcopyrightlawin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightasnarrowmonopolyright' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxmonopolycopyrightas' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightdurationof3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdonaldsonvbeckett' class='endofrange'/>

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 106 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="7" id="recorders">
 <title>CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders</title>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 106 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="7" id="recorders">
 <title>CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders</title>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawfairuseand' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>fair use and</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxdocumentaryfilm' class='startofrange'><primary>documentary film</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxelsejon' class='startofrange'><primary>Else, Jon</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfairuseindocumentaryfilm' class='startofrange'><primary>fair use</primary><secondary>in documentary film</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfilmsfairuseofcopyrightedmaterialin' class='startofrange'><primary>films</primary><secondary>fair use of copyrighted material in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best
 known for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best
 known for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading


@@ -5182,6 +5279,8 @@ Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break,
 he told me a story about the freedom to create with film in America
 today.
 </para>
 he told me a story about the freedom to create with film in America
 today.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxwagnerrichard' class='startofrange'><primary>Wagner, Richard</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>San Francisco Opera</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring
 Cycle. The focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera.
 <para>
 In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring
 Cycle. The focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera.


@@ -5189,8 +5288,8 @@ Stagehands are a particularly funny and colorful element of an opera.
 During a show, they hang out below the stage in the grips' lounge and
 in the lighting loft. They make a perfect contrast to the art on the
 stage.
 During a show, they hang out below the stage in the grips' lounge and
 in the lighting loft. They make a perfect contrast to the art on the
 stage.

-<indexterm><primary>San Francisco Opera</primary></indexterm>

 </para>
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxsimpsonsthe' class='startofrange'><primary>Simpsons, The</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands
 playing checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set.
 <para>
 During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands
 playing checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set.


@@ -5200,6 +5299,8 @@ and the opera company played Wagner, was <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. As
 it, this touch of cartoon helped capture the flavor of what was special
 about the scene.
 </para>
 it, this touch of cartoon helped capture the flavor of what was special
 about the scene.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxwagnerrichard' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>films</primary><secondary>multiple copyrights associated with</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else
 attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>.
 <para>
 Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else
 attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>.


@@ -5207,7 +5308,8 @@ For of course, those few seconds are copyrighted; and of course, to use
 copyrighted material you need the permission of the copyright owner,
 unless <quote>fair use</quote> or some other privilege applies.
 </para>
 copyrighted material you need the permission of the copyright owner,
 unless <quote>fair use</quote> or some other privilege applies.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Gracie Films</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxgraciefilms' class='startofrange'><primary>Gracie Films</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxgroeningmatt' class='startofrange'><primary>Groening, Matt</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office to get permission.
 Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-halfsecond image
 <para>
 Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office to get permission.
 Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-halfsecond image


@@ -5215,7 +5317,7 @@ on a tiny television set in the corner of the room. How could it hurt?
 Groening was happy to have it in the film, but he told Else to contact
 Gracie Films, the company that produces the program.
 </para>
 Groening was happy to have it in the film, but he told Else to contact
 Gracie Films, the company that produces the program.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Gracie Films</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfoxfilmcompany' class='startofrange'><primary>Fox (film company)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted
 to be careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company.
 <para>
 Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted
 to be careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company.


@@ -5223,6 +5325,7 @@ Else called Fox and told them about the clip in the corner of the one
 room shot of the film. Matt Groening had already given permission,
 Else said. He was just confirming the permission with Fox.
 </para>
 room shot of the film. Matt Groening had already given permission,
 Else said. He was just confirming the permission with Fox.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxgraciefilms' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered
 &hellip; that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation&mdash;or at
 <para>
 Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered
 &hellip; that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation&mdash;or at


@@ -5231,7 +5334,9 @@ And second, Fox <quote>wanted ten thousand dollars as a licensing fee for us
 to use this four-point-five seconds of &hellip; entirely unsolicited
 <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.</quote>
 </para>
 to use this four-point-five seconds of &hellip; entirely unsolicited
 <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.</quote>
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Herrera, Rebecca</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm startref='idxgroeningmatt' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfoxfilmcompany' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxherrerarebecca' class='startofrange'><primary>Herrera, Rebecca</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone
 he thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera.  He
 <para>
 Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone
 he thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera.  He


@@ -5240,6 +5345,7 @@ asking for your educational rate on this.</quote> That was the educational
 rate, Herrera told Else. A day or so later, Else called again to
 confirm what he had been told.
 </para>
 rate, Herrera told Else. A day or so later, Else called again to
 confirm what he had been told.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Wagner, Richard</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told me. <quote>Yes, you
 have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the
 <para>
 <quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told me. <quote>Yes, you
 have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the


@@ -5252,6 +5358,7 @@ if you quote me, I'll turn you over to our attorneys.</quote> As an assistant
 to Herrera told Else later on, <quote>They don't give a shit. They just want
 the money.</quote>
 </para>
 to Herrera told Else later on, <quote>They don't give a shit. They just want
 the money.</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxherrerarebecca' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>San Francisco Opera</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Day After Trinity, The</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>San Francisco Opera</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Day After Trinity, The</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -5262,6 +5369,8 @@ very last minute before the film was to be released, Else digitally
 replaced the shot with a clip from another film that he had worked on,
 <citetitle>The Day After Trinity</citetitle>, from ten years before.
 </para>
 replaced the shot with a clip from another film that he had worked on,
 <citetitle>The Day After Trinity</citetitle>, from ten years before.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxfoxfilmcompany2' class='startofrange'><primary>Fox (film company)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxgroeningmatt2' class='startofrange'><primary>Groening, Matt</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the
 copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their property.  To use
 <para>
 There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the
 copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their property.  To use


@@ -5296,11 +5405,14 @@ Else's use of just 4.5 seconds of an indirect shot of a <citetitle>Simpsons</cit
 episode is clearly a fair use of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>&mdash;and fair use does
 not require the permission of anyone.
 </para>
 episode is clearly a fair use of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>&mdash;and fair use does
 not require the permission of anyone.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxfoxfilmcompany2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxgroeningmatt2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 109 -->
 So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's his reply:
 </para>
 <blockquote>
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 109 -->
 So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's his reply:
 </para>
 <blockquote>

+<indexterm id='idxfairuselegalintimidationtacticsagainst' class='startofrange'><primary>fair use</primary><secondary>legal intimidation tactics against</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the gulf between what
 lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what is crushingly
 <para>
 The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the gulf between what
 lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what is crushingly


@@ -5310,7 +5422,9 @@ fair use</quote> in an absolute legal sense. But I couldn't rely on the
 concept in any concrete way. Here's why:
 </para>
 <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
 concept in any concrete way. Here's why:
 </para>
 <orderedlist numeration="arabic">

-<listitem><para>
+<listitem>
+<indexterm><primary>Errors and Omissions insurance</primary></indexterm>
+<para>

 <!-- 1. -->
 Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy
 Errors and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed
 <!-- 1. -->
 Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy
 Errors and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed


@@ -5319,8 +5433,10 @@ shot in the film. They take a dim view of <quote>fair use,</quote> and a claim o
 <quote>fair use</quote> can grind the application process to a halt.
 </para></listitem>
 <listitem>
 <quote>fair use</quote> can grind the application process to a halt.
 </para></listitem>
 <listitem>

-<indexterm><primary><citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfoxfilmcompany3' class='startofrange'><primary>Fox (film company)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Groening, Matt</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Lucas, George</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Lucas, George</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary><citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle></primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- 2. -->
 I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first
 <para>
 <!-- 2. -->
 I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first


@@ -5342,7 +5458,9 @@ life,</quote> regardless of the merits of my claim. He made clear that it
 would boil down to who had the bigger legal department and the deeper
 pockets, me or them.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 110 -->
 would boil down to who had the bigger legal department and the deeper
 pockets, me or them.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 110 -->

-</para></listitem>
+</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxfoxfilmcompany3' class='endofrange'/>
+</listitem>

 <listitem><para>
 <!-- 4. -->
 The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the
 <listitem><para>
 <!-- 4. -->
 The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the


@@ -5351,6 +5469,7 @@ money.
 </para></listitem>
 </orderedlist>
 </blockquote>
 </para></listitem>
 </orderedlist>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxsimpsonsthe' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore
 supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture.  But
 <para>
 In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore
 supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture.  But


@@ -5366,6 +5485,12 @@ publishers' profits against the unfair competition of a pirate. It has
 matured into a sword that interferes with any use, transformative or
 not.
 </para>
 matured into a sword that interferes with any use, transformative or
 not.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawfairuseand' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdocumentaryfilm' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxelsejon' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfairuseindocumentaryfilm' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfilmsfairuseofcopyrightedmaterialin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfairuselegalintimidationtacticsagainst' class='endofrange'/>

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 111 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="8" id="transformers">
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 111 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="8" id="transformers">


@@ -6282,6 +6407,7 @@ should be accorded the same rights as every other property-right
 owner. He is effectively arguing for a change in our Constitution
 itself.
 </para>
 owner. He is effectively arguing for a change in our Constitution
 itself.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxjeffersonthomas' class='startofrange'><primary>Jefferson, Thomas</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong.
 There was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong.
 <para>
 Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong.
 There was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong.


@@ -6302,6 +6428,8 @@ creative property be given the same rights as all other property? Why
 did they require that for creative property there must be a public
 domain?
 </para>
 did they require that for creative property there must be a public
 domain?
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxjeffersonthomas' class='endofrange'/>
+

 <para>
 To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the
 history of these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they
 <para>
 To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the
 history of these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they


@@ -6315,6 +6443,10 @@ ought to be. Not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> artists should be paid,
 but whether institutions designed to assure that artists get paid need
 also control how culture develops.
 </para>
 but whether institutions designed to assure that artists get paid need
 also control how culture develops.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxfreeculturefourmodalitiesofconstrainton' class='startofrange'><primary>free culture</primary><secondary>four modalities of constraint on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxregulationfourmodalitiesof' class='startofrange'><primary>regulation</primary><secondary>four modalities of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawasexpostregulationmodality' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>as ex post regulation modality</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxlawasconstraintmodality' class='startofrange'><primary>law</primary><secondary>as constraint modality</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 132 -->
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 132 -->


@@ -6330,6 +6462,7 @@ weaken the right or regulation. I represented it with this diagram:
 <title>How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken the right or regulation.</title>
 <graphic fileref="images/1331.png"></graphic>
 </figure>
 <title>How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken the right or regulation.</title>
 <graphic fileref="images/1331.png"></graphic>
 </figure>

+<indexterm><primary>Madonna</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or
 group that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In
 <para>
 At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or
 group that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In


@@ -6359,7 +6492,7 @@ could easily be more harsh than many of the punishments imposed by the
 state. The mark of the difference is not the severity of the rule, but
 the source of the enforcement.
 </para>
 state. The mark of the difference is not the severity of the rule, but
 the source of the enforcement.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmarketconstraints' class='startofrange'><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected
 through conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you
 <para>
 The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected
 through conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you


@@ -6386,6 +6519,10 @@ blocks your way, it is the law of gravity that enforces this
 constraint. If a $500 airplane ticket stands between you and a flight
 to New York, it is the market that enforces this constraint.
 </para>
 constraint. If a $500 airplane ticket stands between you and a flight
 to New York, it is the market that enforces this constraint.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawasexpostregulationmodality' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxlawasconstraintmodality' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxmarketconstraints' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxlawasconstraintmodality2' class='startofrange'><primary>law</primary><secondary>as constraint modality</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 134 -->
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 134 -->


@@ -6403,10 +6540,11 @@ be; my claim is not about comprehensiveness), these four are among the
 most significant, and any regulator (whether controlling or freeing)
 must consider how these four in particular interact.
 </para>
 most significant, and any regulator (whether controlling or freeing)
 must consider how these four in particular interact.
 </para>

-<indexterm id="idxdrivespeed" class='startofrange'><primary>driving speed, constraints on</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>norms, regulatory influence of</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>norms, regulatory influence of</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxdrivingspeedconstraintson' class='startofrange'><primary>driving speed, constraints on</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxspeedingconstraintson' class='startofrange'><primary>speeding, constraints on</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a high
 speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that
 <para>
 So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a high
 speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that


@@ -6447,8 +6585,8 @@ strict&mdash;a federal requirement that states decrease the speed
 limit, for example&mdash;so as to decrease the attractiveness of fast
 driving.
 </para>
 limit, for example&mdash;so as to decrease the attractiveness of fast
 driving.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref="idxdrivespeed" class='endofrange'/>
-
+<indexterm startref='idxdrivingspeedconstraintson' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxspeedingconstraintson' class='endofrange'/>

 <figure id="fig-1361">
 <title>Law has a special role in affecting the three.</title>
 <graphic fileref="images/1361.png"></graphic>
 <figure id="fig-1361">
 <title>Law has a special role in affecting the three.</title>
 <graphic fileref="images/1361.png"></graphic>


@@ -6498,8 +6636,10 @@ effective liberty that each of these groups might face.
 <indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxlawasconstraintmodality2' class='endofrange'/>

 <section id="hollywood">
 <title>Why Hollywood Is Right</title>
 <section id="hollywood">
 <title>Why Hollywood Is Right</title>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightfourregulatorymodalitieson' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>four regulatory modalities on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just
 how, Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress
 <para>
 The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just
 how, Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress


@@ -6514,8 +6654,9 @@ Internet:
 <title>Copyright's regulation before the Internet.</title>
 <graphic fileref="images/1331.png"></graphic>
 </figure>
 <title>Copyright's regulation before the Internet.</title>
 <graphic fileref="images/1331.png"></graphic>
 </figure>

-<indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>norms, regulatory influence of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxarchitectureconstrainteffectedthrough' class='startofrange'><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>law</primary><secondary>as constraint modality</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxnormsregulatoryinfluenceof2' class='startofrange'><primary>norms, regulatory influence of</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 136 -->
 There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 136 -->
 There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law


@@ -6529,6 +6670,10 @@ uses of copyrighted material may well be infringement, but the norms
 of our society (before the Internet, at least) had no problem with
 this form of infringement.
 </para>
 of our society (before the Internet, at least) had no problem with
 this form of infringement.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxinternetcopyrightregulatorybalancelostwith' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>copyright regulatory balance lost with</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing</primary><secondary>regulatory balance lost in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>MP3s</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and
 p2p sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically,
 <para>
 Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and
 p2p sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically,


@@ -6537,6 +6682,9 @@ architecture relax the regulation of copyright, norms pile on. The
 happy balance (for the warriors, at least) of life before the Internet
 becomes an effective state of anarchy after the Internet.
 </para>
 happy balance (for the warriors, at least) of life before the Internet
 becomes an effective state of anarchy after the Internet.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxarchitectureconstrainteffectedthrough' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxnormsregulatoryinfluenceof2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>technology</primary><secondary>established industries threatened by changes in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response.
 Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this
 <para>
 Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response.
 Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this


@@ -6551,6 +6699,8 @@ looting that results.
 <title>effective state of anarchy after the Internet.</title>
 <graphic fileref="images/1381.png"></graphic>
 </figure>
 <title>effective state of anarchy after the Internet.</title>
 <graphic fileref="images/1381.png"></graphic>
 </figure>

+<indexterm><primary>Commerce, U.S. Department of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxregulationasestablishmentprotectionism' class='startofrange'><primary>regulation</primary><secondary>as establishment protectionism</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the
 warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce
 <para>
 Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the
 warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce


@@ -6563,6 +6713,9 @@ innovative marketing techniques, (3) technologists should push to
 develop code to protect copyrighted material, and (4) educators should
 educate kids to better protect copyright.
 </para>
 develop code to protect copyrighted material, and (4) educators should
 educate kids to better protect copyright.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxfreeculturefourmodalitiesofconstrainton' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxregulationfourmodalitiesof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>farming</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>steel industry</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed&mdash;if it was to
 <indexterm><primary>steel industry</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed&mdash;if it was to


@@ -6581,6 +6734,9 @@ to bail them out when a virus (architecture) devastates their
 crop. Unions have no hesitation appealing to the government to bail
 them out when imports (market) wipe out the U.S. steel industry.
 </para>
 crop. Unions have no hesitation appealing to the government to bail
 them out when imports (market) wipe out the U.S. steel industry.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightfourregulatorymodalitieson' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetcopyrightregulatorybalancelostwith' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>Brown, John Seely</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's
 campaign to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a
 <para>
 Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's
 campaign to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a


@@ -6589,9 +6745,14 @@ the changing technology of the Internet has not had a profound effect
 on the content industry's way of doing business, or as John Seely
 Brown describes it, its <quote>architecture of revenue.</quote>
 </para>
 on the content industry's way of doing business, or as John Seely
 Brown describes it, its <quote>architecture of revenue.</quote>
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>railroad industry</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>television</primary><secondary>advertising on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>commercials</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>camera technology</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>camera technology</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>digital cameras</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Kodak cameras</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>railroad industry</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>remote channel changers</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it
 doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because
 <para>
 But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it
 doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because


@@ -6622,8 +6783,13 @@ market. But does anyone believe we should regulate remotes to
 reinforce commercial television?  (Maybe by limiting them to function
 only once a second, or to switch to only ten channels within an hour?)
 </para>
 reinforce commercial television?  (Maybe by limiting them to function
 only once a second, or to switch to only ten channels within an hour?)
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxfreemarkettechnologicalchangesin' class='startofrange'><primary>free market, technological changes in</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Brezhnev, Leonid</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Brezhnev, Leonid</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>FM radio</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>radio</primary><secondary>FM spectrum of</secondary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Gates, Bill</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Gates, Bill</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>market competition</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>RCA</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no.
 In a free society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and
 <para>
 The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no.
 In a free society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and


@@ -6655,6 +6821,9 @@ changes they create, in response to the request of those hurt by
 changing technology, are changes that preserve the incentives and
 opportunities for innovation and change.
 </para>
 changing technology, are changes that preserve the incentives and
 opportunities for innovation and change.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>First Amendment to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>First Amendment</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>speech, freedom of</primary><secondary>constitutional guarantee of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In the context of laws regulating speech&mdash;which include,
 obviously, copyright law&mdash;that duty is even stronger. When the
 <para>
 In the context of laws regulating speech&mdash;which include,
 obviously, copyright law&mdash;that duty is even stronger. When the


@@ -6669,6 +6838,8 @@ Congress is being asked to pass laws that would <quote>abridge</quote> the freed
 of speech, it should ask&mdash; carefully&mdash;whether such
 regulation is justified.
 </para>
 of speech, it should ask&mdash; carefully&mdash;whether such
 regulation is justified.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxregulationasestablishmentprotectionism' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfreemarkettechnologicalchangesin' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 140 -->
 <para>
 My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 140 -->


@@ -6681,8 +6852,10 @@ effect of the changes the content industry wants.
 <para>
 Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow.
 </para>
 <para>
 Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow.
 </para>

-<indexterm id="idxddt" class='startofrange'><primary>DDT</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Müller, Paul Hermann</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmllerpaulhermann' class='startofrange'><primary>Müller, Paul Hermann</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxddt' class='startofrange'><primary>DDT</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinsecticideenvironmentalconsequencesof' class='startofrange'><primary>insecticide, environmental consequences of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfarming' class='startofrange'><primary>farming</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss
 chemist Paul Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work
 <para>
 In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss
 chemist Paul Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work


@@ -6696,7 +6869,8 @@ production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was
 important and valuable and probably saved lives, possibly millions.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Carson, Rachel</primary></indexterm>
 important and valuable and probably saved lives, possibly millions.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Carson, Rachel</primary></indexterm>

-<indexterm><primary>Silent Sprint (Carson)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Silent Spring (Carson)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxenvironmentalism' class='startofrange'><primary>environmentalism</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, which argued that
 DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having unintended
 <para>
 But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, which argued that
 DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having unintended


@@ -6712,7 +6886,9 @@ problems DDT caused were worse than the problems it solved, at least
 when considering the other, more environmentally friendly ways to
 solve the problems that DDT was meant to solve.
 </para>
 when considering the other, more environmentally friendly ways to
 solve the problems that DDT was meant to solve.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxmllerpaulhermann' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Boyle, James</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Boyle, James</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawinnovativefreedombalancedwithfaircompensationin2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James
 Boyle appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for
 <para>
 It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James
 Boyle appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for


@@ -6734,6 +6910,7 @@ protecting copyright not an endorsement of anarchy or an attack on
 authors.  It is an environment of creativity that we seek, and we
 should be aware of our actions' effects on the environment.
 </para>
 authors.  It is an environment of creativity that we seek, and we
 should be aware of our actions' effects on the environment.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxfarming' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly
 this effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic
 <para>
 My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly
 this effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic


@@ -6745,21 +6922,33 @@ not be only that copyrighted work is effectively protected. Also, and
 generally missed, the net effect of this massive increase in protection
 will be devastating to the environment for creativity.
 </para>
 generally missed, the net effect of this massive increase in protection
 will be devastating to the environment for creativity.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawinnovativefreedombalancedwithfaircompensationin2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences
 for free culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will
 be lost.
 </para>
 <para>
 In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences
 for free culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will
 be lost.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref="idxddt" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxddt' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinsecticideenvironmentalconsequencesof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxenvironmentalism' class='endofrange'/>

 </section>
 <section id="beginnings">
 <title>Beginnings</title>
 </section>
 <section id="beginnings">
 <title>Beginnings</title>

+<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>on creative property</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxconstitutionuscopyrightpurposeestablishedin' class='startofrange'><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>copyright purpose established in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxconstitutionusprogressclauseof' class='startofrange'><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>Progress Clause of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>constitutional purpose of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcreativepropertyconstitutionaltraditionon2' class='startofrange'><primary>creative property</primary><secondary>constitutional tradition on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxprogressclause' class='startofrange'><primary>Progress Clause</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved
 English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative
 property</quote> rights clear; its express limitations reinforce the English
 aim to avoid overly powerful publishers.
 </para>
 <para>
 America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved
 English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative
 property</quote> rights clear; its express limitations reinforce the English
 aim to avoid overly powerful publishers.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcongressusinconstitutionalprogressclause' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>in constitutional Progress Clause</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to
 Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very
 <para>
 The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to
 Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very


@@ -6778,6 +6967,9 @@ does not say. It does not say Congress has the power to grant
 purpose, and its purpose is a public one, not the purpose of enriching
 publishers, nor even primarily the purpose of rewarding authors.
 </para>
 purpose, and its purpose is a public one, not the purpose of enriching
 publishers, nor even primarily the purpose of rewarding authors.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusinconstitutionalprogressclause' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawasprotectionofcreators' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>as protection of creators</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawhistoryofamerican' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>history of American</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw
 in chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber" linkend="founders"/>,
 <para>
 The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw
 in chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber" linkend="founders"/>,


@@ -6788,6 +6980,9 @@ followed the English for a similar purpose. Indeed, unlike the
 English, the framers reinforced that objective, by requiring that
 copyrights extend <quote>to Authors</quote> only.
 </para>
 English, the framers reinforced that objective, by requiring that
 copyrights extend <quote>to Authors</quote> only.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Senate, U.S.</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>structural checks and balances of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>electoral college</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the
 Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers
 <para>
 The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the
 Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers


@@ -6803,6 +6998,8 @@ case, a <emphasis>structure</emphasis> built checks and balances into
 the constitutional frame, structured to prevent otherwise inevitable
 concentrations of power.
 </para>
 the constitutional frame, structured to prevent otherwise inevitable
 concentrations of power.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxconstitutionusprogressclauseof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxprogressclause' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call <quote>copyright</quote>
 today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever
 <para>
 I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call <quote>copyright</quote>
 today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever


@@ -6810,6 +7007,10 @@ considered. To begin to understand what they did, we need to put our
 <quote>copyright</quote> in context: We need to see how it has changed in the 210
 years since they first struck its design.
 </para>
 <quote>copyright</quote> in context: We need to see how it has changed in the 210
 years since they first struck its design.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxconstitutionuscopyrightpurposeestablishedin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcreativepropertyconstitutionaltraditionon2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawasprotectionofcreators' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>four regulatory modalities on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes
 in technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a
 <para>
 Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes
 in technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a


@@ -6835,6 +7036,11 @@ Let me explain how.
 </section>
 <section id="lawduration">
 <title>Law: Duration</title>
 </section>
 <section id="lawduration">
 <title>Law: Duration</title>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightdurationof4' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws5' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on copyright laws</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightact' class='startofrange'><primary>Copyright Act (1790)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>creative property</primary><secondary>common law protections of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpublicdomainbalanceofuscontentin' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>balance of U.S. content in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it
 faced the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that
 <para>
 When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it
 faced the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that


@@ -6859,6 +7065,8 @@ States was controlled or free. Just as in England, this lingering
 uncertainty would make it hard for publishers to rely upon a public
 domain to reprint and distribute works.
 </para>
 uncertainty would make it hard for publishers to rely upon a public
 domain to reprint and distribute works.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Statute of Anne (1710)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxlawfederalvsstate' class='startofrange'><primary>law</primary><secondary>federal vs. state</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting
 copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law,
 <para>
 That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting
 copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law,


@@ -6867,6 +7075,7 @@ protections.  Just as in England the Statute of Anne eventually meant
 that the copyrights for all English works expired, a federal statute
 meant that any state copyrights expired as well.
 </para>
 that the copyrights for all English works expired, a federal statute
 meant that any state copyrights expired as well.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightrenewabilityof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>renewability of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a
 federal copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If
 <para>
 In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a
 federal copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If


@@ -6874,6 +7083,7 @@ the author was alive at the end of that fourteen years, then he could
 opt to renew the copyright for another fourteen years. If he did not
 renew the copyright, his work passed into the public domain.
 </para>
 opt to renew the copyright for another fourteen years. If he did not
 renew the copyright, his work passed into the public domain.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws5' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 While there were many works created in the United States in the first
 ten years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually
 <para>
 While there were many works created in the United States in the first
 ten years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually


@@ -6898,6 +7108,8 @@ copyright was short. The initial term of copyright was fourteen years,
 with the option of renewal for an additional fourteen years. Copyright
 Act of May 31, 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124.  </para></footnote>
 </para>
 with the option of renewal for an additional fourteen years. Copyright
 Act of May 31, 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124.  </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightact' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxlawfederalvsstate' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system
 of copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be
 <para>
 This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system
 of copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be


@@ -6924,8 +7136,9 @@ M. Landes and Richard A.  Posner, <quote>Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,</quot
 <citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): 471, 498&ndash;501, and
 accompanying figures.  </para></footnote>
 </para>
 <citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): 471, 498&ndash;501, and
 accompanying figures.  </para></footnote>
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>out of print</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm startref='idxpublicdomainbalanceofuscontentin' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>resales of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>resales of</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>out of print</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work
 has an actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall
 <para>
 Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work
 has an actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall


@@ -6938,6 +7151,9 @@ copyright. The only practical commercial use of the books at that time
 is to sell the books as used books; that use&mdash;because it does not
 involve publication&mdash;is effectively free.
 </para>
 is to sell the books as used books; that use&mdash;because it does not
 involve publication&mdash;is effectively free.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws6' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on copyright laws</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressuscopyrighttermsextendedby' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>copyright terms extended by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawtermextensionsin' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>term extensions in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was
 changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28
 <para>
 In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was
 changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28


@@ -6946,6 +7162,8 @@ from 14 years to 28 years. In the next fifty years of the Republic,
 the term increased once again. In 1909, Congress extended the renewal
 term of 14 years to 28 years, setting a maximum term of 56 years.
 </para>
 the term increased once again. In 1909, Congress extended the renewal
 term of 14 years to 28 years, setting a maximum term of 56 years.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxsonnybonocopyrighttermextensionactctea' class='startofrange'><primary>Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpublicdomainfuturepatentsvsfuturecopyrightsin' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>future patents vs. future copyrights in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined
 copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress
 <para>
 Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined
 copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress


@@ -6956,6 +7174,7 @@ In 1976, Congress extended all existing copyrights by nineteen years.
 And in 1998, in the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, Congress
 extended the term of existing and future copyrights by twenty years.
 </para>
 And in 1998, in the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, Congress
 extended the term of existing and future copyrights by twenty years.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>patents</primary><secondary>in public domain</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing
 of works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the
 <para>
 The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing
 of works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the


@@ -6967,6 +7186,7 @@ after the Sonny Bono Act, while one million patents will pass into the
 public domain, zero copyrights will pass into the public domain by virtue
 of the expiration of a copyright term.
 </para>
 public domain, zero copyrights will pass into the public domain by virtue
 of the expiration of a copyright term.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxsonnybonocopyrighttermextensionactctea' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another,
 little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the
 <para>
 The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another,
 little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the


@@ -6977,6 +7197,9 @@ would pass more quickly into the public domain. The works remaining
 under protection would be those that had some continuing commercial
 value.
 </para>
 under protection would be those that had some continuing commercial
 value.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>of natural authors vs. corporations</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>corporations</primary><secondary>copyright terms for</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For
 all works created after 1978, there was only one copyright term&mdash;the
 <para>
 The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For
 all works created after 1978, there was only one copyright term&mdash;the


@@ -6996,6 +7219,8 @@ is orphaned by these changes in copyright law. Despite the requirement
 that terms be <quote>limited,</quote> we have no evidence that anything will limit
 them.
 </para>
 that terms be <quote>limited,</quote> we have no evidence that anything will limit
 them.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawhistoryofamerican' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpublicdomainfuturepatentsvsfuturecopyrightsin' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is
 dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to
 <para>
 The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is
 dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to


@@ -7011,16 +7236,24 @@ more than thirty-two years, and averaged thirty years. See Landes and
 Posner, <quote>Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,</quote> loc. cit.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 Posner, <quote>Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,</quote> loc. cit.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightdurationof4' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightrenewabilityof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws6' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcongressuscopyrighttermsextendedby' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawtermextensionsin' class='endofrange'/>

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 147 -->
 </section>
 <section id="lawscope">
 <title>Law: Scope</title>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 147 -->
 </section>
 <section id="lawscope">
 <title>Law: Scope</title>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightscopeof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>scope of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law.
 The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those
 changes are not necessarily bad. But we should understand the extent
 of the changes if we're to keep this debate in context.
 </para>
 <para>
 The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law.
 The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those
 changes are not necessarily bad. But we should understand the extent
 of the changes if we're to keep this debate in context.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>on republishing vs. transformation of original work</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxderivativeworkshistoricalshiftincopyrightcoverageof' class='startofrange'><primary>derivative works</primary><secondary>historical shift in copyright coverage of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps,
 charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or
 <para>
 In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps,
 charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or


@@ -7049,6 +7282,9 @@ way, the right covers more creative work, protects the creative work
 more broadly, and protects works that are based in a significant way
 on the initial creative work.
 </para>
 more broadly, and protects works that are based in a significant way
 on the initial creative work.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightmarkingof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>marking of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxformalities' class='startofrange'><primary>formalities</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawregistrationrequirementof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>registration requirement of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural
 limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the
 <para>
 At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural
 limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the


@@ -7063,6 +7299,7 @@ of the history of American copyright law, there was a requirement that
 works be deposited with the government before a copyright could be
 secured.
 </para>
 works be deposited with the government before a copyright could be
 secured.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxderivativeworkshistoricalshiftincopyrightcoverageof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible
 understanding that for most works, no copyright was required. Again,
 <para>
 The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible
 understanding that for most works, no copyright was required. Again,


@@ -7077,6 +7314,7 @@ that after the copyright expired, there would be a copy of the work
 somewhere so that it could be copied by others without locating the
 original author.
 </para>
 somewhere so that it could be copied by others without locating the
 original author.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>European</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American system when
 we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement
 <para>
 All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American system when
 we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement


@@ -7085,10 +7323,14 @@ automatic; the copyright exists whether or not you mark your work with
 a &copy;; and the copyright exists whether or not you actually make a
 copy available for others to copy.
 </para>
 a &copy;; and the copyright exists whether or not you actually make a
 copy available for others to copy.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightmarkingof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxformalities' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawregistrationrequirementof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these
 differences.
 </para>
 <para>
 Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these
 differences.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightact2' class='startofrange'><primary>Copyright Act (1790)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who
 actually copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you
 <para>
 If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who
 actually copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you


@@ -7107,6 +7349,9 @@ The Copyright Act was thus a tiny
 regulation of a tiny proportion of a tiny part of the creative market in
 the United States&mdash;publishers.
 </para>
 regulation of a tiny proportion of a tiny part of the creative market in
 the United States&mdash;publishers.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawonrepublishingvstransformationoforiginalwork2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>on republishing vs. transformation of original work</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxderivativeworkspiracyvs3' class='startofrange'><primary>derivative works</primary><secondary>piracy vs.</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs3' class='startofrange'><primary>piracy</primary><secondary>derivative work vs.</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 149 -->
 The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 149 -->
 The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem


@@ -7117,6 +7362,7 @@ those activities were regulated by the original copyright act. These
 creative activities remained free, while the activities of publishers
 were restrained.
 </para>
 creative activities remained free, while the activities of publishers
 were restrained.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightact2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is
 automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail,
 <para>
 Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is
 automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail,


@@ -7145,6 +7391,7 @@ copyright holder. The copyright, in other words, is now not just an
 right to your writings, but an exclusive right to your writings
 and a large proportion of the writings inspired by them.
 </para>
 right to your writings, but an exclusive right to your writings
 and a large proportion of the writings inspired by them.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxderivativeworkspiracyvs3' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our
 framers, though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this 
 <para>
 It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our
 framers, though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this 


@@ -7194,6 +7441,7 @@ pp. 53&ndash;59).
 </para></footnote>
 These two different uses of my creative work are treated the same.
 </para>
 </para></footnote>
 These two different uses of my creative work are treated the same.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs3' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Disney, Walt</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Mickey Mouse</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>Disney, Walt</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Mickey Mouse</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -7210,9 +7458,13 @@ derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower:
 simply to make clear that this expansion is a significant change from
 the rights originally granted.
 </para>
 simply to make clear that this expansion is a significant change from
 the rights originally granted.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightscopeof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawonrepublishingvstransformationoforiginalwork2' class='endofrange'/>

 </section>
 <section id="lawreach">
 <title>Law and Architecture: Reach</title>
 </section>
 <section id="lawreach">
 <title>Law and Architecture: Reach</title>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawcopiesascoreissueof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>copies as core issue of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawscopeof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>scope of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in
 copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users,
 <para>
 Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in
 copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users,


@@ -7229,6 +7481,8 @@ existing law (which regulates <quote>copies;</quote> 17 <citetitle>United States
 102) is that if there is a copy, there is a right.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 102) is that if there is a copy, there is a right.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>on creative property rights</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcreativepropertyotherpropertyrightsvs2' class='startofrange'><primary>creative property</primary><secondary>other property rights vs.</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 151 -->
 <quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 151 -->
 <quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for


@@ -7243,6 +7497,7 @@ copies should <emphasis>not</emphasis> be the trigger for copyright
 law. More precisely, they should not <emphasis>always</emphasis> be
 the trigger for copyright law.
 </para>
 law. More precisely, they should not <emphasis>always</emphasis> be
 the trigger for copyright law.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawcopiesascoreissueof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this
 very slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the
 <para>
 This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this
 very slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the


@@ -7259,6 +7514,8 @@ because it is clear that the
 current reach of copyright was never contemplated, much less chosen,
 by the legislators who enacted copyright law.
 </para>
 current reach of copyright was never contemplated, much less chosen,
 by the legislators who enacted copyright law.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawscopeof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcreativepropertyotherpropertyrightsvs2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely
 empty circle.
 <para>
 We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely
 empty circle.


@@ -7301,6 +7558,8 @@ diagram on next page).
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxderivativeworkspiracyvs4' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs4' class='endofrange'/>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxderivativeworkspiracyvs4' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs4' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm id='idxfairuse' class='startofrange'><primary>fair use</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawfairuseand2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>fair use and</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses
 that remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>
 <para>
 Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses
 that remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>


@@ -7310,6 +7569,8 @@ that remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote
 <title>Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a copyrighted work.</title>
 <graphic fileref="images/1541.png"></graphic>
 </figure>
 <title>Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a copyrighted work.</title>
 <graphic fileref="images/1541.png"></graphic>
 </figure>

+<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>First Amendment to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>First Amendment</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law
 treats as unregulated because public policy demands that they remain
 <para>
 These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law
 treats as unregulated because public policy demands that they remain


@@ -7329,6 +7590,7 @@ for public policy (and possibly First Amendment) reasons.
 <title>Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively regulated.</title>
 <graphic fileref="images/1551.png"></graphic>
 </figure>
 <title>Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively regulated.</title>
 <graphic fileref="images/1551.png"></graphic>
 </figure>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightusagerestrictionsattachedto' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>usage restrictions attached to</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 154 -->
 In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 154 -->
 In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three


@@ -7336,7 +7598,9 @@ sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that
 are nonetheless deemed <quote>fair</quote> regardless of the copyright owner's views.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxbooksthreetypesofusesof' class='endofrange'/>
 are nonetheless deemed <quote>fair</quote> regardless of the copyright owner's views.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxbooksthreetypesofusesof' class='endofrange'/>

-<indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbooksoninternet' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetbookson2' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>books on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>fair use</primary><secondary>Internet burdens on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Enter the Internet&mdash;a distributed, digital network where every use
 of a copyrighted work produces a copy.<footnote><para>
 <para>
 Enter the Internet&mdash;a distributed, digital network where every use
 of a copyrighted work produces a copy.<footnote><para>


@@ -7358,6 +7622,8 @@ would defend the unregulated uses of copyrighted work must look
 exclusively to category 3, fair uses, to bear the burden of this
 shift.
 </para>
 exclusively to category 3, fair uses, to bear the burden of this
 shift.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxfairuse' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawfairuseand2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the
 Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would
 <para>
 So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the
 Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would


@@ -7370,7 +7636,7 @@ night before you went to bed. None of those instances of
 use&mdash;reading&mdash; could be regulated by copyright law because
 none of those uses produced a copy.
 </para>
 use&mdash;reading&mdash; could be regulated by copyright law because
 none of those uses produced a copy.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxebooks' class='startofrange'><primary>e-books</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxderivativeworkstechnologicaldevelopmentsand' class='startofrange'><primary>derivative works</primary><secondary>technological developments and</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different
 <indexterm id='idxderivativeworkstechnologicaldevelopmentsand' class='startofrange'><primary>derivative works</primary><secondary>technological developments and</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different


@@ -7411,6 +7677,9 @@ troubling the expansion with respect to copying a particular work, it
 is extraordinarily troubling with respect to transformative uses of
 creative work.
 </para>
 is extraordinarily troubling with respect to transformative uses of
 creative work.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxfairuseinternetburdenson' class='startofrange'><primary>fair use</primary><secondary>Internet burdens on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawfairuseand3' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>fair use and</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxderivativeworksfairusevs' class='startofrange'><primary>derivative works</primary><secondary>fair use vs.</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary
 
 <para>
 Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary
 


@@ -7440,7 +7709,16 @@ grounded in fair use makes sense when the vast majority of uses are
 presumptively regulated, then the protections of fair use are not
 enough.
 </para>
 presumptively regulated, then the protections of fair use are not
 enough.
 </para>

-<indexterm id='idxadvertising2' class='startofrange'><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightusagerestrictionsattachedto' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxbooksoninternet' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetbookson2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxebooks' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfairuseinternetburdenson' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawfairuseand3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxderivativeworksfairusevs' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxvideopipeline' class='startofrange'><primary>Video Pipeline</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxadvertising' class='startofrange'><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfilmindustrytraileradvertisementsof' class='startofrange'><primary>film industry</primary><secondary>trailer advertisements of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was
 in the business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies available
 <para>
 The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was
 in the business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies available


@@ -7458,6 +7736,10 @@ technique by giving on-line stores the same ability to enable
 before you buy the book, so, too, you would be able to sample a bit
 from the movie on-line before you bought it.
 </para>
 before you buy the book, so, too, you would be able to sample a bit
 from the movie on-line before you bought it.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxdisneyinc2' class='startofrange'><primary>Disney, Inc.</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>fair use and</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawcopiesascoreissueof3' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>copies as core issue of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfairuselegalintimidationtacticsagainst2' class='startofrange'><primary>fair use</primary><secondary>legal intimidation tactics against</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors
 that it intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet
 <para>
 In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors
 that it intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet


@@ -7473,6 +7755,11 @@ distribution immediately.  Video Pipeline thought it was within their
 lawsuit to ask the court to declare that these rights were in fact
 their rights.
 </para>
 lawsuit to ask the court to declare that these rights were in fact
 their rights.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxadvertising' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfilmindustrytraileradvertisementsof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightusagerestrictionsattachedto2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>usage restrictions attached to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitswillfulinfringementfindingsin' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>willful infringement findings in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>willful infringement</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Disney countersued&mdash;for $100 million in damages. Those damages
 were predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully
 <para>
 Disney countersued&mdash;for $100 million in damages. Those damages
 were predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully


@@ -7492,7 +7779,7 @@ permitted to list the titles of the films they were selling, but they were
 not allowed to show clips of the films as a way of selling them without
 Disney's permission.
 </para>
 not allowed to show clips of the films as a way of selling them without
 Disney's permission.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxadvertising2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>first-sale doctrine</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts
 would consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change
 <para>
 Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts
 would consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change


@@ -7507,8 +7794,15 @@ copy, use on the Internet becomes subject to the copyright owner's
 control. The technology expands the scope of effective control,
 because the technology builds a copy into every transaction.
 </para>
 control. The technology expands the scope of effective control,
 because the technology builds a copy into every transaction.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxvideopipeline' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdisneyinc2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawcopiesascoreissueof3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfairuselegalintimidationtacticsagainst2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightusagerestrictionsattachedto2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitswillfulinfringementfindingsin' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Barnes &amp; Noble</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>browsing</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Barnes &amp; Noble</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>browsing</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>market competition</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 158 -->
 No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 158 -->
 No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for


@@ -7542,6 +7836,8 @@ second important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its
 significance. This second change does not affect the reach of copyright
 regulation; it affects how such regulation is enforced.
 </para>
 significance. This second change does not affect the reach of copyright
 regulation; it affects how such regulation is enforced.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>technology as automatic enforcer of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>technology</primary><secondary>copyright enforcement controlled by</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that
 controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law.
 <para>
 In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that
 controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law.


@@ -7551,8 +7847,8 @@ tradition embraced, who said whether and how the law would restrict
 your freedom.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Casablanca</primary></indexterm>
 your freedom.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Casablanca</primary></indexterm>

-<indexterm id="idxmarxbrothers" class='startofrange'><primary>Marx Brothers</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxwarnerbrothers" class='startofrange'><primary>Warner Brothers</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmarxbrothers' class='startofrange'><primary>Marx Brothers</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxwarnerbrothers' class='startofrange'><primary>Warner Brothers</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers
 and Warner Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of
 <para>
 There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers
 and Warner Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of


@@ -7586,7 +7882,7 @@ like the Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a
 silly claim. This extremism was irrelevant to the real freedoms anyone
 (including Warner Brothers) enjoyed.
 </para>
 silly claim. This extremism was irrelevant to the real freedoms anyone
 (including Warner Brothers) enjoyed.
 </para>

-<indexterm id='idxbooksoninternet' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbooksoninternet2' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on
 the Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a
 <para>
 On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on
 the Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a


@@ -7597,10 +7893,10 @@ problem with code regulations is that, unlike law, code has no
 shame. Code would not get the humor of the Marx Brothers. The
 consequence of that is not at all funny.
 </para>
 shame. Code would not get the humor of the Marx Brothers. The
 consequence of that is not at all funny.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref="idxwarnerbrothers" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxmarxbrothers" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxwarnerbrothers' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxmarxbrothers' class='endofrange'/>

 
 

-<indexterm id="idxadobeebookreader" class='startofrange'><primary>Adobe eBook Reader</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxadobeebookreader' class='startofrange'><primary>Adobe eBook Reader</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader.
 </para>
 <para>
 Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader.
 </para>


@@ -7766,7 +8062,7 @@ following report:
 Wonderland</quote>.</title>
 <graphic fileref="images/1641.png"></graphic>
 </figure>
 Wonderland</quote>.</title>
 <graphic fileref="images/1641.png"></graphic>
 </figure>

-<beginpage pagenum="164"/>
+<!-- PAGE BREAK 164-->

 <para>
 Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to
 copy, not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the
 <para>
 Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to
 copy, not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the


@@ -7803,15 +8099,15 @@ technology enables control, and Adobe has an incentive to defend this
 control.  That incentive is understandable, yet what it creates is
 often crazy.
 </para>
 control.  That incentive is understandable, yet what it creates is
 often crazy.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref="idxadobeebookreader" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref='idxbooksoninternet' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxadobeebookreader' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxbooksoninternet2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite
 story of mine that makes the same point.
 </para>
 <para>
 To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite
 story of mine that makes the same point.
 </para>

-<indexterm id="idxaibo1" class='startofrange'><primary>Aibo robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxroboticdog1" class='startofrange'><primary>robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxsonyaibo1" class='startofrange'><primary>Sony</primary><secondary>Aibo robotic dog produced by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxaibo1' class='startofrange'><primary>Aibo robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxroboticdog1' class='startofrange'><primary>robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsonyaibo1' class='startofrange'><primary>Sony</primary><secondary>Aibo robotic dog produced by</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo
 learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity
 <para>
 Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo
 learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity


@@ -7863,9 +8159,9 @@ dance jazz. The dog wasn't programmed to dance jazz. It was a clever
 bit of tinkering that turned the dog into a more talented creature
 than Sony had built.
 </para>
 bit of tinkering that turned the dog into a more talented creature
 than Sony had built.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref="idxsonyaibo1" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxroboticdog1" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxaibo1" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxsonyaibo1' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxroboticdog1' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxaibo1' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the
 United States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience,
 <para>
 I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the
 United States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience,


@@ -7953,9 +8249,9 @@ academic essay, unintelligible to most people. But it clearly showed the
 weakness in the SDMI system, and why SDMI would not, as presently
 constituted, succeed.
 </para>
 weakness in the SDMI system, and why SDMI would not, as presently
 constituted, succeed.
 </para>

-<indexterm id="idxaibo2" class='startofrange'><primary>Aibo robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxroboticdog2" class='startofrange'><primary>robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxsonyaibo2" class='startofrange'><primary>Sony</primary><secondary>Aibo robotic dog produced by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxaibo2' class='startofrange'><primary>Aibo robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxroboticdog2' class='startofrange'><primary>robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsonyaibo2' class='startofrange'><primary>Sony</primary><secondary>Aibo robotic dog produced by</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they
 then received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the
 <para>
 What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they
 then received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the


@@ -7969,9 +8265,9 @@ AIBO-ware's copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the
 anti-circumvention provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 anti-circumvention provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
 </para>
 </blockquote>

-<indexterm startref="idxsonyaibo2" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxroboticdog2" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxaibo2" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxsonyaibo2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxroboticdog2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxaibo2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system
 of encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter
 <para>
 And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system
 of encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter


@@ -8925,9 +9221,9 @@ lawyer.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 186 -->
 <chapter label="11" id="chimera">
 <title>CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera</title>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 186 -->
 <chapter label="11" id="chimera">
 <title>CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera</title>

-<indexterm id="idxchimera" class='startofrange'><primary>chimeras</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxwells" class='startofrange'><primary>Wells, H. G.</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxtcotb" class='startofrange'><primary><quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxchimera' class='startofrange'><primary>chimeras</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxwells' class='startofrange'><primary>Wells, H. G.</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxtcotb' class='startofrange'><primary><quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)</primary></indexterm>

 
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by
 
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by


@@ -9008,8 +9304,8 @@ plot for murder mysteries. <quote>But the DNA shows with 100 percent
 certainty that she was not the person whose blood was at the
 scene. &hellip;</quote>
 </para>
 certainty that she was not the person whose blood was at the
 scene. &hellip;</quote>
 </para>

-<indexterm startref="idxtcotb" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxwells" class="endofrange"/>
+<indexterm startref='idxtcotb' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxwells' class="endofrange"/>

 <para>
 Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were
 impossible.  A single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea
 <para>
 Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were
 impossible.  A single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea


@@ -9115,7 +9411,7 @@ Name Students,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 8 August 2003, D3, a
 </para></footnote>
 
 </para>
 </para></footnote>
 
 </para>

-<indexterm startref="idxchimera" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxchimera' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act
 as though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be
 <para>
 Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act
 as though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be


@@ -9291,6 +9587,10 @@ work spread across the Internet. But as the law is currently crafted, this
 work is presumptively illegal.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Worldcom</primary></indexterm>
 work is presumptively illegal.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Worldcom</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>exaggerated claims of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>in recording industry</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>doctors malpractice claims against</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Jordan, Jesse</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the
 examples of extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to
 <para>
 That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the
 examples of extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to


@@ -9448,6 +9748,9 @@ permission. That's the point at which they control it.
 </section>
 <section id="innovators">
 <title>Constraining Innovators</title>
 </section>
 <section id="innovators">
 <title>Constraining Innovators</title>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawinnovationhamperedby' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>innovation hampered by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinnovationindustryestablishmentopposedto2' class='startofrange'><primary>innovation</primary><secondary>industry establishment opposed to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxregulationasestablishmentprotectionism2' class='startofrange'><primary>regulation</primary><secondary>as establishment protectionism</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty
 story&mdash;creativity quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada
 <para>
 The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty
 story&mdash;creativity quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada


@@ -9456,16 +9759,18 @@ weird art out there, and enough expression that is critical of what
 seems to be just about everything.  And if you think that, you might
 think there's little in this story to worry you.
 </para>
 seems to be just about everything.  And if you think that, you might
 think there's little in this story to worry you.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxmarketconstraints2' class='startofrange'><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense.
 Indeed, it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme
 promarket ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special
 <para>
 But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense.
 Indeed, it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme
 promarket ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special

-one at that, 188 pages into a book like this), then you can see this
-other aspect by substituting <quote>free market</quote> every place I've spoken of
-<quote>free culture.</quote>  The point is the same, even if the interests
-affecting culture are more fundamental.
+one at that, <xref xrefstyle="select: pagenumber"
+linkend="innovators"/> pages into a book like this), then you
+can see this other aspect by substituting <quote>free market</quote>
+every place I've spoken of <quote>free culture.</quote> The point is
+the same, even if the interests affecting culture are more
+fundamental.

 </para>
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the
 same charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of
 <para>
 The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the
 same charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of


@@ -9479,7 +9784,9 @@ perspectives are constantly attuned to the ways in which regulation
 simply enables the powerful industries of today to protect themselves
 against the competitors of tomorrow.
 </para>
 simply enables the powerful industries of today to protect themselves
 against the competitors of tomorrow.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxmarketconstraints2' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Barry, Hank</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Barry, Hank</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>venture capitalists</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 198 -->
 <para>
 This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 198 -->


@@ -9493,11 +9800,15 @@ that were designed and executed to teach venture capitalists a
 lesson. That lesson&mdash;what former Napster CEO Hank Barry calls a
 <quote>nuclear pall</quote> that has fallen over the Valley&mdash;has been learned.
 </para>
 lesson. That lesson&mdash;what former Napster CEO Hank Barry calls a
 <quote>nuclear pall</quote> that has fallen over the Valley&mdash;has been learned.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning
 I told in <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way that
 even I (pessimist extraordinaire) would never have predicted.
 </para>
 <para>
 Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning
 I told in <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way that
 even I (pessimist extraordinaire) would never have predicted.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxmpcom' class='startofrange'><primary>MP3.com</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmympcom' class='startofrange'><primary>my.mp3.com</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Roberts, Michael</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com.  MP3.com
 <indexterm><primary>Roberts, Michael</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com.  MP3.com


@@ -9550,7 +9861,13 @@ had a copy of the CD they wanted to access. So while this was 50,000
 copies, it was 50,000 copies directed at giving customers something
 they had already bought.
 </para>
 copies, it was 50,000 copies directed at giving customers something
 they had already bought.
 </para>

-<indexterm id="idxvivendiuniversal" class='startofrange'><primary>Vivendi Universal</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxvivendiuniversal' class='startofrange'><primary>Vivendi Universal</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>distribution technology targeted in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>exaggerated claims of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsinrecordingindustry3' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>in recording industry</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>copyright infringement lawsuits of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</primary><secondary>copyright infringement lawsuits filed by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>regulation</primary><secondary>outsize penalties of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels,
 headed by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled
 <para>
 Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels,
 headed by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled


@@ -9574,6 +9891,7 @@ illegal; therefore, this lawsuit sought to punish any lawyer who had
 dared to suggest that the law was less restrictive than the labels
 demanded.
 </para>
 dared to suggest that the law was less restrictive than the labels
 demanded.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxvivendiuniversal' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an
 unspecified amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in
 <para>
 The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an
 unspecified amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in


@@ -9585,17 +9903,27 @@ industry directs its guns against them. It is also you. So those of
 you who believe the law should be less restrictive should realize that
 such a view of the law will cost you and your firm dearly.
 </para>
 you who believe the law should be less restrictive should realize that
 such a view of the law will cost you and your firm dearly.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref="idxvivendiuniversal" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxmpcom' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxmympcom' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsinrecordingindustry3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>Barry, Hank</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>distribution technology targeted in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbmw' class='startofrange'><primary>BMW</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcarsmpsoundsystemsin' class='startofrange'><primary>cars, MP3 sound systems in</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>EMI</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Hummer, John</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Barry, Hank</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Hummer Winblad</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Hummer, John</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Barry, Hank</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Hummer Winblad</primary></indexterm>

-<indexterm><primary>EMI</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>MP3 players</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>venture capital for</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxneedlemanrafe' class='startofrange'><primary>Needleman, Rafe</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Universal Music Group</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Universal Music Group</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>venture capitalists</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003,
 Universal and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the
 venture capital firm (VC) that had funded Napster at a certain stage of
 <para>
 This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003,
 Universal and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the
 venture capital firm (VC) that had funded Napster at a certain stage of

-its development, its cofounder ( John Hummer), and general partner
+its development, its cofounder (John Hummer), and general partner

 (Hank Barry).<footnote><para>
 <!-- f4. -->
 See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles
 (Hank Barry).<footnote><para>
 <!-- f4. -->
 See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles


@@ -9620,8 +9948,6 @@ afraid of technologies that touch content. In an article in
 discussion with BMW:
 </para>
 <blockquote>
 discussion with BMW:
 </para>
 <blockquote>

-<indexterm><primary>BMW</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>cars, MP3 sound system in</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in
 the car, there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW
 <para>
 I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in
 the car, there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW


@@ -9640,6 +9966,9 @@ to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxbmw' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcarsmpsoundsystemsin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxneedlemanrafe' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 This is the world of the mafia&mdash;filled with <quote>your money or your
 life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats
 <para>
 This is the world of the mafia&mdash;filled with <quote>your money or your
 life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats


@@ -9771,6 +10100,8 @@ wrong, it is regulation the powerful use to defeat competitors.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>cassette recording</primary><secondary>VCRs</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>VCRs</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>cassette recording</primary><secondary>VCRs</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>VCRs</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>statutory licenses</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>statutory licenses in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber"
 linkend="property-i"/>, despite this feature of copyright as
 <para>
 As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber"
 linkend="property-i"/>, despite this feature of copyright as


@@ -9780,6 +10111,7 @@ Copyright</citetitle>,<footnote><para>
 <!-- f9. -->
 Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst,
 N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001).
 <!-- f9. -->
 Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst,
 N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001).

+<indexterm><primary>Digital Copyright (Litman)</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Litman, Jessica</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 details,
 <indexterm><primary>Litman, Jessica</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 details,


@@ -9795,6 +10127,8 @@ the claims of a new technology and the legitimate rights of content
 creators, both the courts and Congress have imposed legal restrictions
 that will have the effect of smothering the new to benefit the old.
 </para>
 creators, both the courts and Congress have imposed legal restrictions
 that will have the effect of smothering the new to benefit the old.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxinternetradioon' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>radio on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxradiooninternet' class='startofrange'><primary>radio</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f10. -->
 <para>
 The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f10. -->


@@ -9937,7 +10271,15 @@ those imposed by the law. Copyright law is one such law. So the first
 question we should ask is, what copyright rules would govern Internet
 radio?
 </para>
 question we should ask is, what copyright rules would govern Internet
 radio?
 </para>

-<indexterm id='idxartistspayments2' class='startofrange'><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxartistsrecordingindustrypaymentsto3' class='startofrange'><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on copyright laws</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on radio</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on recording industry</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryartistremunerationin3' class='startofrange'><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>artist remuneration in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryradiobroadcastand2' class='startofrange'><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>radio broadcast and</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryinternetradiohamperedby' class='startofrange'><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>Internet radio hampered by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaaoninternetradiofees' class='startofrange'><primary>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</primary><secondary>on Internet radio fees</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaalobbyingpowerof' class='startofrange'><primary>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</primary><secondary>lobbying power of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a
 new industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very
 <para>
 But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a
 new industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very


@@ -9984,7 +10326,11 @@ interests, that could have been done in a media-neutral way.</quote>
 A regular radio station broadcasting the same content would pay no
 equivalent fee.
 </para>
 A regular radio station broadcasting the same content would pay no
 equivalent fee.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxartistspayments2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxartistsrecordingindustrypaymentsto3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryartistremunerationin3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryradiobroadcastand2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaaoninternetradiofees' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaalobbyingpowerof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were
 proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio
 <para>
 The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were
 proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio


@@ -10069,7 +10415,7 @@ unique user identifier;
 the country in which the user received the transmissions.
 </para></listitem>
 </orderedlist>
 the country in which the user received the transmissions.
 </para></listitem>
 </orderedlist>

-
+<indexterm><primary>Library of Congress</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting
 requirements, pending further study. And he also changed the original
 <para>
 The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting
 requirements, pending further study. And he also changed the original


@@ -10085,6 +10431,9 @@ differences? Was the motive to protect artists against piracy?
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Real Networks</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxalbenalex2' class='startofrange'><primary>Alben, Alex</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Real Networks</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxalbenalex2' class='startofrange'><primary>Alben, Alex</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaaoninternetradiofees2' class='startofrange'><primary>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</primary><secondary>on Internet radio fees</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxartistsrecordingindustrypaymentsto4' class='startofrange'><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryartistremunerationin4' class='startofrange'><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>artist remuneration in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious
 to everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public
 <para>
 In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious
 to everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public


@@ -10116,6 +10465,9 @@ added.)
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 <indexterm startref='idxalbenalex2' class='endofrange'/>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 <indexterm startref='idxalbenalex2' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaaoninternetradiofees2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxartistsrecordingindustrypaymentsto4' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryartistremunerationin4' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so
 that this platform of potentially immense competition, which would
 <para>
 Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so
 that this platform of potentially immense competition, which would


@@ -10125,6 +10477,12 @@ or the left, who should endorse this use of the law. And yet there is
 practically no one, on either the right or the left, who is doing anything
 effective to prevent it.
 </para>
 practically no one, on either the right or the left, who is doing anything
 effective to prevent it.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawinnovationhamperedby' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinnovationindustryestablishmentopposedto2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxregulationasestablishmentprotectionism2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetradioon' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxradiooninternet' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryinternetradiohamperedby' class='endofrange'/>

 </section>
 <section id="corruptingcitizens">
 <title>Corrupting Citizens</title>
 </section>
 <section id="corruptingcitizens">
 <title>Corrupting Citizens</title>


@@ -10617,7 +10975,8 @@ success will require.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 220 -->
 <chapter label="13" id="eldred">
 <title>CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred</title>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 220 -->
 <chapter label="13" id="eldred">
 <title>CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred</title>

-<indexterm id="idxhawthornenathaniel" class='startofrange'><primary>Hawthorne, Nathaniel</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxeldrederic' class='startofrange'><primary>Eldred, Eric</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxhawthornenathaniel' class='startofrange'><primary>Hawthorne, Nathaniel</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated
 that his daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated
 that his daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was


@@ -10627,6 +10986,8 @@ Hampshire, decided to put Hawthorne on the Web. An electronic version,
 Eldred thought, with links to pictures and explanatory text, would
 make this nineteenth-century author's work come alive.
 </para>
 Eldred thought, with links to pictures and explanatory text, would
 make this nineteenth-century author's work come alive.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxlibrariesofpublicdomainliterature' class='startofrange'><primary>libraries</primary><secondary>of public-domain literature</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpublicdomainlibraryofworksderivedfrom' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>library of works derived from</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 It didn't work&mdash;at least for his daughters. They didn't find
 Hawthorne any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment
 <para>
 It didn't work&mdash;at least for his daughters. They didn't find
 Hawthorne any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment


@@ -10647,6 +11008,7 @@ accessible to the twentieth century, Eldred transformed Hawthorne, and
 many others, into a form more accessible&mdash;technically
 accessible&mdash;today.
 </para>
 many others, into a form more accessible&mdash;technically
 accessible&mdash;today.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same
 source as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed into the
 <para>
 Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same
 source as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed into the


@@ -10690,6 +11052,13 @@ world before the Internet were extremely few. Yet one would think it
 at least as important to protect the Eldreds of the world as to
 protect noncommercial pornographers.</para></footnote>
 </para>
 at least as important to protect the Eldreds of the world as to
 protect noncommercial pornographers.</para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcongressuscopyrighttermsextendedby2' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>copyright terms extended by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightdurationof6' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawtermextensionsin2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>term extensions in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Frost, Robert</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>New Hampshire (Frost)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>patents</primary><secondary>in public domain</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpatentsfuturepatentsvsfuturecopyrightsin' class='startofrange'><primary>patents</primary><secondary>future patents vs. future copyrights in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's
 collection of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to
 <para>
 As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's
 collection of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to


@@ -10704,8 +11073,12 @@ would pass into the public domain until that year (and not even then,
 if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, in the same period,
 more than 1 million patents will pass into the public domain.
 </para>
 if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, in the same period,
 more than 1 million patents will pass into the public domain.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxlibrariesofpublicdomainliterature' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpublicdomainlibraryofworksderivedfrom' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Bono, Mary</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Bono, Sonny</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Bono, Mary</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Bono, Sonny</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinperpetuity4' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>in perpetuity</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsonnybonocopyrighttermextensionactctea2' class='startofrange'><primary>Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 222 -->
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 222 -->


@@ -10724,8 +11097,12 @@ you know, there is also Jack Valenti's proposal for a term to last
 forever less one day. Perhaps the Committee may look at that next
 Congress,</quote> 144 Cong. Rec. H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998).
 </para></footnote>
 forever less one day. Perhaps the Committee may look at that next
 Congress,</quote> 144 Cong. Rec. H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998).
 </para></footnote>

-

 </para>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxpatentsfuturepatentsvsfuturecopyrightsin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>felony punishment for infringement of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing</primary><secondary>felony punishments for</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through
 civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he
 <para>
 Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through
 civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he


@@ -10735,6 +11112,11 @@ of publishing would make Eldred a felon&mdash;whether or not anyone
 complained. This was a dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer
 to undertake.
 </para>
 complained. This was a dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer
 to undertake.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxsonnybonocopyrighttermextensionactctea2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressusconstitutionalpowersof' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>constitutional powers of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxconstitutionusprogressclauseof2' class='startofrange'><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>Progress Clause of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxprogressclause2' class='startofrange'><primary>Progress Clause</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxlessiglawrenceeldredcaseinvolvementof' class='startofrange'><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary><secondary>Eldred case involvement of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a 
                constitutional
 <para>
 It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a 
                constitutional


@@ -10752,6 +11134,7 @@ by securing for limited Times to Authors &hellip; exclusive Right to
 their &hellip; Writings. &hellip;
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 their &hellip; Writings. &hellip;
 </para>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxeldrederic' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting
 clause of Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause
 <para>
 As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting
 clause of Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause


@@ -10762,6 +11145,9 @@ specific&mdash;to <quote>promote &hellip; Progress</quote>&mdash;through means t
 are also specific&mdash; by <quote>securing</quote> <quote>exclusive Rights</quote> (i.e.,
 copyrights) <quote>for limited Times.</quote>
 </para>
 are also specific&mdash; by <quote>securing</quote> <quote>exclusive Rights</quote> (i.e.,
 copyrights) <quote>for limited Times.</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxconstitutionusprogressclauseof2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxprogressclause2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxlessiglawrenceeldredcaseinvolvementof' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Jaszi, Peter</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of
 <indexterm><primary>Jaszi, Peter</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of


@@ -10774,6 +11160,9 @@ Congress has the power to extend its term, then Congress can achieve
 what the Constitution plainly forbids&mdash;perpetual terms <quote>on the
 installment plan,</quote> as Professor Peter Jaszi so nicely put it.
 </para>
 what the Constitution plainly forbids&mdash;perpetual terms <quote>on the
 installment plan,</quote> as Professor Peter Jaszi so nicely put it.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinperpetuity4' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusconstitutionalpowersof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary><secondary>Eldred case involvement of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember
 sitting late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious
 <para>
 As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember
 sitting late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious


@@ -10919,6 +11308,9 @@ constitutional requirement that terms be <quote>limited.</quote> If
 they could extend it once, they would extend it again and again and
 again.
 </para>
 they could extend it once, they would extend it again and again and
 again.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcongressuscopyrighttermsextendedby2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightdurationof6' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawtermextensionsin2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court
 would not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to
 <para>
 It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court
 would not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to


@@ -11224,7 +11616,7 @@ For most of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very
 high; digital technology has lowered these costs substantially. While
 it cost more than $10,000 to restore a ninety-minute black-and-white
 film in 1993, it can now cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of
 high; digital technology has lowered these costs substantially. While
 it cost more than $10,000 to restore a ninety-minute black-and-white
 film in 1993, it can now cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of

-mm film.<footnote><para>
+8 mm film.<footnote><para>

 <!-- f12. -->
 Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae
 Supporting the Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537
 <!-- f12. -->
 Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae
 Supporting the Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537


@@ -11410,7 +11802,7 @@ market is not doing the job, then we should allow nonmarket forces the
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 235 -->
 freedom to fill the gaps. As one researcher calculated for American
 culture, 94 percent of the films, books, and music produced between
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 235 -->
 freedom to fill the gaps. As one researcher calculated for American
 culture, 94 percent of the films, books, and music produced between

-and 1946 is not commercially available. However much you love the
+1923 and 1946 is not commercially available. However much you love the

 commercial market, if access is a value, then 6 percent is a failure
 to provide that value.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f13. -->
 commercial market, if access is a value, then 6 percent is a failure
 to provide that value.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f13. -->


@@ -12715,9 +13107,12 @@ controlled by this dead (and often unfindable) hand of the past.
 </part>
 <chapter label="15" id="c-conclusion">
 <title>CONCLUSION</title>
 </part>
 <chapter label="15" id="c-conclusion">
 <title>CONCLUSION</title>

-<indexterm id="idxantiretroviraldrugs" class='startofrange'><primary>antiretroviral drugs</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxhivaidstherapies" class='startofrange'><primary>HIV/AIDS therapies</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxafricahivmed" class='startofrange'><primary>Africa, medications for HIV patients in</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxafricamedicationsforhivpatientsin' class='startofrange'><primary>Africa, medications for HIV patients in</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxaidsmedications' class='startofrange'><primary>AIDS medications</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxantiretroviraldrugs' class='startofrange'><primary>antiretroviral drugs</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxdevelopingcountriesforeignpatentcostsin2' class='startofrange'><primary>developing countries, foreign patent costs in</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxdrugspharmaceutical' class='startofrange'><primary>drugs</primary><secondary>pharmaceutical</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxhivaidstherapies' class='startofrange'><primary>HIV/AIDS therapies</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million
 people with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million
 people with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live


@@ -12750,6 +13145,8 @@ issued 9 July 2002, only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in
 the developing world receive them&mdash;and half of them are in Brazil.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 the developing world receive them&mdash;and half of them are in Brazil.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxpatentsonpharmaceuticals' class='startofrange'><primary>patents</primary><secondary>on pharmaceuticals</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpharmaceuticalpatents' class='startofrange'><primary>pharmaceutical patents</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 265 -->
 These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 265 -->
 These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are


@@ -12777,6 +13174,9 @@ African leaders began to recognize the devastation that AIDS was
 bringing, they started looking for ways to import HIV treatments at
 costs significantly below the market price.
 </para>
 bringing, they started looking for ways to import HIV treatments at
 costs significantly below the market price.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxinternationallaw2' class='startofrange'><primary>international law</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxparallelimportation' class='startofrange'><primary>parallel importation</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsouthafricarepublicofpharmaceuticalimportsby' class='startofrange'><primary>South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the
 importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in
 <para>
 In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the
 importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in


@@ -12793,6 +13193,7 @@ Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37.
 <indexterm><primary>Drahos, Peter</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Drahos, Peter</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>United States Trade Representative (USTR)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more
 than opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association
 <para>
 However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more
 than opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association


@@ -12832,6 +13233,7 @@ Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan
 Africa, a Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property
 Organization</citetitle> (Washington, D.C., 2000), 15.  </para></footnote>
 </para>
 Africa, a Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property
 Organization</citetitle> (Washington, D.C., 2000), 15.  </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxparallelimportation' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 We should place the intervention by the United States in context.  No
 doubt patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't
 <para>
 We should place the intervention by the United States in context.  No
 doubt patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't


@@ -12886,6 +13288,7 @@ drugs should not flow into Africa. It was a principle about the
 importance of <quote>intellectual property</quote> that led these government actors
 to intervene against the South African response to AIDS.
 </para>
 importance of <quote>intellectual property</quote> that led these government actors
 to intervene against the South African response to AIDS.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxsouthafricarepublicofpharmaceuticalimportsby' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years
 from now when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have
 <para>
 Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years
 from now when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have


@@ -12896,6 +13299,7 @@ idea?  What possible justification could there ever be for a policy
 that results in so many deaths? What exactly is the insanity that
 would allow so many to die for such an abstraction?
 </para>
 that results in so many deaths? What exactly is the insanity that
 would allow so many to die for such an abstraction?
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcorporationsinpharmaceuticalindustry' class='startofrange'><primary>corporations</primary><secondary>in pharmaceutical industry</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations.
 Their managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation.
 <para>
 Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations.
 Their managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation.


@@ -12912,6 +13316,7 @@ elsewhere.  There are issues they'd have to resolve to make sure the
 drugs didn't get back into the United States, but those are mere
 problems of technology.  They could be overcome.
 </para>
 drugs didn't get back into the United States, but those are mere
 problems of technology.  They could be overcome.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxintellectualpropertyrightsofdrugpatents' class='startofrange'><primary>intellectual property rights</primary><secondary>of drug patents</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the
 fear of the grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of
 <para>
 A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the
 fear of the grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of


@@ -12927,6 +13332,13 @@ unintended consequence that perhaps millions die. And that rational
 strategy thus becomes framed in terms of this ideal&mdash;the sanctity of an
 idea called <quote>intellectual property.</quote>
 </para>
 strategy thus becomes framed in terms of this ideal&mdash;the sanctity of an
 idea called <quote>intellectual property.</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxafricamedicationsforhivpatientsin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxaidsmedications' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxantiretroviraldrugs' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdevelopingcountriesforeignpatentcostsin2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdrugspharmaceutical' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxhivaidstherapies' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcorporationsinpharmaceuticalindustry' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will
 you say? When the common sense of a generation finally revolts
 <para>
 So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will
 you say? When the common sense of a generation finally revolts


@@ -12945,6 +13357,9 @@ in any case. A sensible policy, in other words, could be a balanced
 policy. For most of our history, both copyright and patent policies
 were balanced in just this sense.
 </para>
 policy. For most of our history, both copyright and patent policies
 were balanced in just this sense.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxpatentsonpharmaceuticals' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpharmaceuticalpatents' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternationallaw2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the
 critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and
 <para>
 But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the
 critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and


@@ -12953,9 +13368,7 @@ our tradition, now reigns in this culture&mdash;bizarrely, and with
 consequences more grave to the spread of ideas and culture than almost
 any other single policy decision that we as a democracy will make.
 </para>
 consequences more grave to the spread of ideas and culture than almost
 any other single policy decision that we as a democracy will make.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref="idxafricahivmed" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxhivaidstherapies" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxantiretroviraldrugs" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxintellectualpropertyrightsofdrugpatents' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under
 the cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under
 the cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if


@@ -12984,9 +13397,17 @@ hypocrisy reeks. Yet in a city like Washington, hypocrisy is not even
 noticed. Powerful lobbies, complex issues, and MTV attention spans
 produce the <quote>perfect storm</quote> for free culture.
 </para>
 noticed. Powerful lobbies, complex issues, and MTV attention spans
 produce the <quote>perfect storm</quote> for free culture.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>academic journals</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>biomedical research</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxintellectualpropertyrightsinternationalorganizationonissuesof' class='startofrange'><primary>intellectual property rights</primary><secondary>international organization on issues of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>development of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>IBM</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>PLoS (Public Library of Science)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>public projects in</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Wellcome Trust</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>public projects in</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Wellcome Trust</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxworldintellectualpropertyorganizationwipo' class='startofrange'><primary>World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>World Wide Web</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Global Positioning System</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Reagan, Ronald</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>World Wide Web</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Global Positioning System</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Reagan, Ronald</primary></indexterm>


@@ -13013,19 +13434,18 @@ intellectual property. Examples include the Internet and the World
 Wide Web, both of which were developed on the basis of protocols in
 the public domain. It included an emerging trend to support open
 academic journals, including the Public Library of Science project
 Wide Web, both of which were developed on the basis of protocols in
 the public domain. It included an emerging trend to support open
 academic journals, including the Public Library of Science project

-that I describe in the Afterword. It included a project to develop
-single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are thought to have
-great significance in biomedical research. (That nonprofit project
-comprised a consortium of the Wellcome Trust and pharmaceutical and
-technological companies, including Amersham Biosciences, AstraZeneca,
+that I describe in chapter 
+<xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber" linkend="c-afterword"/>.  It
+included a project to develop single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs),
+which are thought to have great significance in biomedical
+research. (That nonprofit project comprised a consortium of the
+Wellcome Trust and pharmaceutical and technological companies,
+including Amersham Biosciences, AstraZeneca,

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 270 -->
 Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche,
 Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It
 included the Global Positioning System, which Ronald Reagan set free
 in the early 1980s. And it included <quote>open source and free software.</quote>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 270 -->
 Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche,
 Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It
 included the Global Positioning System, which Ronald Reagan set free
 in the early 1980s. And it included <quote>open source and free software.</quote>

-<indexterm><primary>academic journals</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>IBM</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>PLoS (Public Library of Science)</primary></indexterm>

 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxbiomedicalresearch' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxbiomedicalresearch' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>


@@ -13035,6 +13455,7 @@ intellectual property extremism. Instead, in all of them, intellectual
 property was balanced by agreements to keep access open or to impose
 limitations on the way in which proprietary claims might be used.
 </para>
 property was balanced by agreements to keep access open or to impose
 limitations on the way in which proprietary claims might be used.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxlessiglawrenceininternationaldebateonintellectualproperty' class='startofrange'><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary><secondary>in international debate on intellectual property</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f7. --> I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the
 <para>
 From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f7. --> I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the


@@ -13077,8 +13498,12 @@ had thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And
 thus the meeting about <quote>open and collaborative projects to create
 public goods</quote> seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda.
 </para>
 thus the meeting about <quote>open and collaborative projects to create
 public goods</quote> seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxintellectualpropertyrightsinternationalorganizationonissuesof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxworldintellectualpropertyorganizationwipo' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm startref='idxworldsummitontheinformationsocietywsis' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxworldsummitontheinformationsocietywsis' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm id='idxfreesoftwareopensourcesoftwarefsoss' class='startofrange'><primary>free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Apple Corporation</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Apple Corporation</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxmicrosoftonfreesoftware' class='startofrange'><primary>Microsoft</primary><secondary>on free software</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But there is one project within that list that is highly
 controversial, at least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source
 <para>
 But there is one project within that list that is highly
 controversial, at least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source


@@ -13123,6 +13548,7 @@ May 2001), available at
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #63</ulink>.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #63</ulink>.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxlessiglawrenceininternationaldebateonintellectualproperty' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>General Public License (GPL)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>GPL (General Public License)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>General Public License (GPL)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>GPL (General Public License)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -13143,7 +13569,9 @@ software. If copyright did not govern software, then free software
 could not impose the same kind of requirements on its adopters. It
 thus depends upon copyright law just as Microsoft does.
 </para>
 could not impose the same kind of requirements on its adopters. It
 thus depends upon copyright law just as Microsoft does.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Krim, Jonathan</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxintellectualpropertyrightsinternationalorganizationonissuesof2' class='startofrange'><primary>intellectual property rights</primary><secondary>international organization on issues of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxworldintellectualpropertyorganizationwipo2' class='startofrange'><primary>World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxkrimjonathan' class='startofrange'><primary>Krim, Jonathan</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Microsoft</primary><secondary>WIPO meeting opposed by</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software
 <indexterm><primary>Microsoft</primary><secondary>WIPO meeting opposed by</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software


@@ -13167,6 +13595,7 @@ its lobbying here, and nothing terribly surprising about the most
 powerful software producer in the United States having succeeded in
 its lobbying efforts.
 </para>
 powerful software producer in the United States having succeeded in
 its lobbying efforts.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxmicrosoftonfreesoftware' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Boland, Lois</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 What was surprising was the United States government's reason for
 <indexterm><primary>Boland, Lois</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 What was surprising was the United States government's reason for


@@ -13178,9 +13607,11 @@ She is quoted as saying, <quote>To hold a meeting which has as its purpose
 to disclaim or waive such rights seems to us to be contrary to the
 goals of WIPO.</quote>
 </para>
 to disclaim or waive such rights seems to us to be contrary to the
 goals of WIPO.</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxkrimjonathan' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 These statements are astonishing on a number of levels.
 </para>
 <para>
 These statements are astonishing on a number of levels.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxfreesoftwareopensourcesoftwarefsoss' class='endofrange'/>

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 273 -->
 <para>
 First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 273 -->
 <para>
 First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and


@@ -13236,6 +13667,8 @@ WIPO is not just that intellectual property rights be maximized, but
 that they also should be exercised in the most extreme and restrictive
 way possible.
 </para>
 that they also should be exercised in the most extreme and restrictive
 way possible.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxfeudalsystem' class='startofrange'><primary>feudal system</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpropertyrightsfeudalsystemof' class='startofrange'><primary>property rights</primary><secondary>feudal system of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 There is a history of just such a property system that is well known
 in the Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under
 <para>
 There is a history of just such a property system that is well known
 in the Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under


@@ -13262,6 +13695,8 @@ choice now is whether that information society will be
 <emphasis>free</emphasis> or <emphasis>feudal</emphasis>. The trend is
 toward the feudal.
 </para>
 <emphasis>free</emphasis> or <emphasis>feudal</emphasis>. The trend is
 toward the feudal.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxfeudalsystem' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpropertyrightsfeudalsystemof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the
 comment section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who
 <para>
 When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the
 comment section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who


@@ -13269,6 +13704,8 @@ tried to show why her comments made sense. But there was one comment
 that was particularly depressing for me. An anonymous poster wrote,
 </para>
 <blockquote>
 that was particularly depressing for me. An anonymous poster wrote,
 </para>
 <blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxintellectualpropertyrightsinternationalorganizationonissuesof2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxworldintellectualpropertyorganizationwipo2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as
 it should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government,
 <para>
 George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as
 it should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government,


@@ -13523,6 +13960,8 @@ permission before you <quote>use</quote> a copyrighted work in any way. The <quo
 Rights Reserved</quote> sorts believe you should be able to do with content
 as you wish, regardless of whether you have permission or not.
 </para>
 Rights Reserved</quote> sorts believe you should be able to do with content
 as you wish, regardless of whether you have permission or not.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxinternetdevelopmentof2' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>development of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetinitialfreecharacterof' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>initial free character of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively
 tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be copied
 <para>
 When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively
 tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be copied


@@ -13549,6 +13988,8 @@ content requires permission.  The <quote>cut and paste</quote> world that define
 the Internet today will become a <quote>get permission to cut and paste</quote>
 world that is a creator's nightmare.
 </para>
 the Internet today will become a <quote>get permission to cut and paste</quote>
 world that is a creator's nightmare.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxinternetdevelopmentof2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetinitialfreecharacterof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 What's needed is a way to say something in the middle&mdash;neither
 <quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but <quote>some rights
 <para>
 What's needed is a way to say something in the middle&mdash;neither
 <quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but <quote>some rights


@@ -13557,10 +13998,11 @@ creators to free content as they see fit. In other words, we need a
 way to restore a set of freedoms that we could just take for granted
 before.
 </para>
 way to restore a set of freedoms that we could just take for granted
 before.
 </para>

-

 <section id="examples">
 <title>Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples</title>
 <section id="examples">
 <title>Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples</title>

-<indexterm id='browsing' class='startofrange'><primary>browsing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfreeculturerestorationeffortsonpreviousaspectsof' class='startofrange'><primary>free culture</primary><secondary>restoration efforts on previous aspects of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbrowsing' class='startofrange'><primary>browsing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxprivacyrights2' class='startofrange'><primary>privacy rights</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will
 recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about
 <para>
 If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will
 recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about


@@ -13591,8 +14033,9 @@ of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not by law
 places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead,
 by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy.
 </para>
 places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead,
 by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Amazon</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxamazon' class='startofrange'><primary>Amazon</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>cookies, Internet</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>cookies, Internet</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxinternetprivacyprotectionon' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>privacy protection on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular
 has become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you
 <para>
 Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular
 has become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you


@@ -13603,6 +14046,7 @@ and the function of cookies on the Net, it is easier to collect the
 data than not. The friction has disappeared, and hence any <quote>privacy</quote>
 protected by the friction disappears, too.
 </para>
 data than not. The friction has disappeared, and hence any <quote>privacy</quote>
 protected by the friction disappears, too.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>libraries</primary><secondary>privacy rights in use of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry
 about libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that
 <para>
 Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry
 about libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that


@@ -13613,7 +14057,8 @@ you. If it becomes simple to gather and sort who does what in
 electronic spaces, then the friction-induced privacy of yesterday
 disappears.
 </para>
 electronic spaces, then the friction-induced privacy of yesterday
 disappears.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='browsing' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxbrowsing' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxamazon' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 It is this reality that explains the push of many to define <quote>privacy</quote>
 on the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what
 <para>
 It is this reality that explains the push of many to define <quote>privacy</quote>
 on the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what


@@ -13638,6 +14083,11 @@ kind of freedom that was passively provided before. A change in
 technology now forces those who believe in privacy to affirmatively
 act where, before, privacy was given by default.
 </para>
 technology now forces those who believe in privacy to affirmatively
 act where, before, privacy was given by default.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxprivacyrights2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetprivacyprotectionon' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>Data General</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>IBM</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfreesoftwareopensourcesoftwarefsoss2' class='startofrange'><primary>free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software
 movement. When computers with software were first made available
 <para>
 A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software
 movement. When computers with software were first made available


@@ -13645,9 +14095,8 @@ commercially, the software&mdash;both the source code and the
 binaries&mdash; was free. You couldn't run a program written for a
 Data General machine on an IBM machine, so Data General and IBM didn't
 care much about controlling their software.
 binaries&mdash; was free. You couldn't run a program written for a
 Data General machine on an IBM machine, so Data General and IBM didn't
 care much about controlling their software.

-<indexterm><primary>IBM</primary></indexterm>

 </para>
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Stallman, Richard</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxstallmanrichard' class='startofrange'><primary>Stallman, Richard</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a
 researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when
 <para>
 That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a
 researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when


@@ -13668,6 +14117,7 @@ free to tinker with and improve the code that ran a machine. This,
 too, was knowledge. Why shouldn't it be open for criticism like
 anything else?
 </para>
 too, was knowledge. Why shouldn't it be open for criticism like
 anything else?
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxproprietarycode' class='startofrange'><primary>proprietary code</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue
 for computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from
 <para>
 No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue
 for computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from


@@ -13686,6 +14136,7 @@ economics of computing. And as he believed, if he did nothing about
 it, then the freedom to change and share software would be
 fundamentally weakened.
 </para>
 it, then the freedom to change and share software would be
 fundamentally weakened.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxproprietarycode' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Torvalds, Linus</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating
 <indexterm><primary>Torvalds, Linus</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating


@@ -13714,12 +14165,19 @@ that bind copyrighted code, Stallman was affirmatively reclaiming a
 space where free software would survive. He was actively protecting
 what before had been passively guaranteed.
 </para>
 space where free software would survive. He was actively protecting
 what before had been passively guaranteed.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxfreesoftwareopensourcesoftwarefsoss2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxstallmanrichard' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxacademicjournals' class='startofrange'><primary>academic journals</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxscientificjournals' class='startofrange'><primary>scientific journals</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates
 with the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and
 scientific journals are produced.
 </para>
 <para>
 Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates
 with the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and
 scientific journals are produced.
 </para>

-<indexterm id="idxacademocjournals" class='startofrange'><primary>academic journals</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxlexisandwestlaw' class='startofrange'><primary>Lexis and Westlaw</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxlawdatabasesofcasereportsin' class='startofrange'><primary>law</primary><secondary>databases of case reports in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>libraries</primary><secondary>journals in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>access to opinions of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that
 printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them
 <para>
 As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that
 printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them


@@ -13736,6 +14194,8 @@ and Westlaw are also free
 to charge users for the privilege of gaining access to that Supreme
 Court opinion through their respective services.
 </para>
 to charge users for the privilege of gaining access to that Supreme
 Court opinion through their respective services.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>access fees for material in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpublicdomainlicensesystemforrebuildingof' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>license system for rebuilding of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to
 charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive
 <para>
 There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to
 charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive


@@ -13745,11 +14205,14 @@ to flourish. And if there's nothing wrong with selling the public
 domain, then there could be nothing wrong, in principle, with selling
 access to material that is not in the public domain.
 </para>
 domain, then there could be nothing wrong, in principle, with selling
 access to material that is not in the public domain.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxlexisandwestlaw' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxlawdatabasesofcasereportsin' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data
 was through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to
 browse this data except by paying for a subscription?
 </para>
 <para>
 But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data
 was through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to
 browse this data except by paying for a subscription?
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxlibrariesjournalsin' class='startofrange'><primary>libraries</primary><secondary>journals in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with
 scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper
 <para>
 As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with
 scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper


@@ -13770,6 +14233,8 @@ public libraries begin to disappear. Thus, as with privacy and with
 software, a changing technology and market shrink a freedom taken for
 granted before.
 </para>
 software, a changing technology and market shrink a freedom taken for
 granted before.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>PLoS (Public Library of Science)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to
 restore the freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science
 <para>
 This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to
 restore the freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science


@@ -13782,8 +14247,8 @@ then deposited in a public, electronic archive and made permanently
 available for free. PLoS also sells a print version of its work, but
 the copyright for the print journal does not inhibit the right of
 anyone to redistribute the work for free.
 available for free. PLoS also sells a print version of its work, but
 the copyright for the print journal does not inhibit the right of
 anyone to redistribute the work for free.

-<indexterm><primary>PLoS (Public Library of Science)</primary></indexterm>

 </para>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxlibrariesjournalsin' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for
 granted before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets.
 <para>
 This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for
 granted before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets.


@@ -13793,12 +14258,13 @@ distribution of content. But competition in our tradition is
 presumptively a good&mdash;especially when it helps spread knowledge
 and science.
 </para>
 presumptively a good&mdash;especially when it helps spread knowledge
 and science.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref="idxacademocjournals" class='endofrange'/>
-
+<indexterm startref='idxfreeculturerestorationeffortsonpreviousaspectsof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxacademicjournals' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxscientificjournals' class='endofrange'/>

 </section>
 <section id="oneidea">
 <title>Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea</title>
 </section>
 <section id="oneidea">
 <title>Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea</title>

-<indexterm id="idxcc" class='startofrange'><primary>Creative Commons</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcreativecommons' class='startofrange'><primary>Creative Commons</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the
 increasing control effected through law and technology.
 <para>
 The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the
 increasing control effected through law and technology.


@@ -13868,6 +14334,7 @@ of content (<quote>content conducers,</quote> as attorney Mia Garlick calls them
 who help build the public domain and, by their work, demonstrate the
 importance of the public domain to other creativity.
 </para>
 who help build the public domain and, by their work, demonstrate the
 importance of the public domain to other creativity.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Jefferson, Thomas</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The aim is to
 complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture
 <para>
 The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The aim is to
 complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture


@@ -13986,8 +14453,8 @@ make it easier for authors and creators to exercise their rights more
 flexibly and cheaply. That difference, we believe, will enable
 creativity to spread more easily.
 </para>
 flexibly and cheaply. That difference, we believe, will enable
 creativity to spread more easily.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref="idxcc" class='endofrange'/>
-
+<indexterm startref='idxpublicdomainlicensesystemforrebuildingof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcreativecommons' class='endofrange'/>

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 292 -->
 </section>
 </section>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 292 -->
 </section>
 </section>


@@ -15094,4 +15561,89 @@ grateful for her perpetual patience and love.
 
 </chapter>
 <index></index>
 
 </chapter>
 <index></index>

+<colophon>
+<para>
+THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.  375 Hudson Street New
+York, New York
+</para>
+<para>
+Copyright &copy; Lawrence Lessig.  All rights reserved.
+</para>
+<para>
+Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,</quote>
+<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, 2003. Copyright
+&copy; 2003 by The New York Times Co.  Reprinted with permission.
+</para>
+<para>
+Cartoon in <xref linkend="fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright Tribune
+Media Services, Inc.  All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission.
+</para>
+<para>
+Diagram in <xref linkend="fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership"/> courtesy of the office of FCC
+Commissioner, Michael J. Copps.
+</para>
+<para>
+Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
+</para>
+<para>
+Lessig, Lawrence.
+Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law to lock down 
+culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig.
+</para>
+<para>
+p. cm.
+</para>
+<para>
+Includes index.
+</para>
+<para>
+ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)
+</para>
+
+<para>
+1. Intellectual property&mdash;United States. 2. Mass media&mdash;United States.
+</para>
+<para>
+3. Technological innovations&mdash;United States. 4. Art&mdash;United States. I. Title.
+</para>
+<para>
+KF2979.L47
+</para>
+<para>
+343.7309'9&mdash;dc22
+</para>
+<para>
+This book is printed on acid-free paper.
+</para>
+<para>
+Printed in the United States of America
+</para>
+<para>
+1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4
+</para>
+<para>
+Designed by Marysarah Quinn
+</para>
+
+<para>
+&translationblock;
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of
+this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a
+retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means
+(electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise),
+without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and
+the above publisher of this book.
+</para>
+<para>
+The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the
+Internet or via any other means without the permission of the
+publisher is illegal and punishable by law.  Please purchase only
+authorized electronic editions and do not participate in or encourage
+electronic piracy of copyrighted materials. Your support of the
+author's rights is appreciated.
+</para>
+</colophon>

 </book>
 </book>