<preface id="preface">
<title>Preface</title>
<indexterm id='idxpoguedavid' class='startofrange'><primary>Pogue, David</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Code (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>
<para>
<emphasis role="bold">At the end</emphasis> of his review of my first
book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David
</para>
<indexterm startref='idxinternetdevelopmentof' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm><primary>Barlow, Joel</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>culture</primary><seealso>free culture</seealso></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxculturecommercialvsnoncommercial' class='startofrange'><primary>culture</primary><secondary>commercial vs. noncommercial</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Webster, Noah</primary></indexterm>
<para>
<indexterm><primary>ASCAP</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Dreyfuss, Rochelle</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Girl Scouts</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>creative property</primary><seealso>intellectual property rights</seealso></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxcreativepropertyifvaluethenrighttheoryof' class='startofrange'><primary>creative property</primary><secondary><quote>if value, then right</quote> theory of</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxifvaluethenrighttheory' class='startofrange'><primary><quote>if value, then right</quote> theory</primary></indexterm>
<para>
</para>
<indexterm startref='idxifvaluethenrighttheory' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawonrepublishingvstransformationoforiginalwork' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>on republishing vs. transformation of original work</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>creativity</primary><seealso>innovation</seealso></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxcreativitylegalrestrictionson' class='startofrange'><primary>creativity</primary><secondary>legal restrictions on</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It
<indexterm startref='idxderivativeworkspiracyvs' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm startref='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm startref='idxcreativitybytransformingpreviousworks' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><seealso>copyright law</seealso></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxcopyrightdurationof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxpublicdomaindefined' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>defined</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxpublicdomaintraditionaltermforconversionto' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>traditional term for conversion to</secondary></indexterm>
</para>
<indexterm><primary>ABC</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>CBS</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Cyber Rights (Godwin)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Godwin, Mike</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetnewseventson' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>news events on</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September
11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different
cultures, it records private facts in a public way—it's a kind
of electronic <citetitle>Jerry Springer</citetitle>, available anywhere in the world.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetnewseventson' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm><primary>political discourse</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxinternetpublicdiscourseconductedon' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>public discourse conducted on</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
architecture that unleashes 60 percent of the brain [and] a legal
system that closes down that part of the brain.</quote>
</para>
-<indexterm startref='idxbrownjohnseely' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes
moving images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an
opportunity to spread that creativity everywhere. But we're building
the law to close down that technology.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Kahle, Brewster</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm startref='idxbrownjohnseely' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
<quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in
chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber" linkend="collectors"/>,
</para>
<section id="film">
<title>Film</title>
+<indexterm><primary>Hollywood film industry</primary><seealso>film industry</seealso></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxhollywoodfilmindustry' class='startofrange'><primary>Hollywood film industry</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpatentsonfilmtechnology' class='startofrange'><primary>patents</primary><secondary>on film technology</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<footnote><para>
<!-- f1 -->
law. And the leaders of Hollywood filmmaking, Fox most prominently,
did just that.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxhollywoodfilmindustry' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement
of federal law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the
expired. A new industry had been born, in part from the piracy of
Edison's creative property.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxpatentsonfilmtechnology' class='endofrange'/>
</section>
<section id="recordedmusic">
<title>Recorded Music</title>
its composer anything.
</para>
<indexterm startref='idxfourneauxhenri' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxkittredgealfred' class='startofrange'><primary>Kittredge, Alfred</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmusicpublishing' class='startofrange'><primary>music publishing</primary></indexterm>
<para>
The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about
<!-- PAGE BREAK 69 -->
</para></footnote>
</para>
</blockquote>
+<indexterm startref='idxkittredgealfred' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm><primary>Sousa, John Philip</primary></indexterm>
<para>
The innovators who developed the technology to record other
(statement of John Philip Sousa, composer).
</para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxmusicpublishing' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm><primary>American Graphophone Company</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>player pianos</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>sheet music</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
<indexterm><primary>Fanning, Shawn</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>innovation</primary><seealso>creativity</seealso></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>innovation</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxnapster' class='startofrange'><primary>Napster</primary></indexterm>
Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of
do—the kinds of sharing that file sharing enables, and the kinds
of harm it entails.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxpeertopeerppfilesharingfourtypesof' class='startofrange'><primary>peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing</primary><secondary>four types of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>range of content on</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 81 -->
File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these
wants to give away.
</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
+<indexterm startref='idxpeertopeerppfilesharingfourtypesof' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
How do these different types of sharing balance out?
</para>
technology, the labels fought it.</quote><footnote><para>
<!-- f10 -->
<indexterm><primary>cassette recording</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>DAT (digital audio tape)</primary></indexterm>
See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution and the
Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report
describes the music industry's effort to stigmatize the budding
sense <emphasis>to the company</emphasis> to make it available.
</para>
<indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>resales of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>used record sales</primary></indexterm>
<para>
In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple
<!-- PAGE BREAK 85 -->
<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target
just what you call type A sharing?</quote>
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitszerotolerancein' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>zero tolerance in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxnapsterinfringingmaterialblockedby' class='startofrange'><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>infringing material blocked by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpeertopeerppfilesharinginfringementprotectionsin' class='startofrange'><primary>peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing</primary><secondary>infringement protections in</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect
of the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far
York: Crown Business, 2003), 269–82.
</para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxnapsterinfringingmaterialblockedby' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpeertopeerppfilesharinginfringementprotectionsin' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing
technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to
p2p, even for the totally legal and beneficial uses they serve, simply to
assure that there are zero copyright infringements caused by p2p.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitszerotolerancein' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the
content industry that we know today. The history of American law has
price.
</para>
<indexterm startref='idxcongressusonrecordingindustry2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>two central goals of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 88 -->
<indexterm startref='idxcabletv2' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm id='idxbetamax' class='startofrange'><primary>Betamax</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxcassettevcrs1' class='startofrange'><primary>cassette recording</primary><secondary>VCRs</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsonybetamaxtechnologydevelopedby' class='startofrange'><primary>Sony</primary><secondary>Betamax technology developed by</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major
producers and distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against
</para>
<indexterm id='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws3' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on copyright laws</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on VCR technology</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxvalentijackonvcrtechnology' class='startofrange'><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>on VCR technology</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal
champion. Valenti called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are
</para></footnote>
</para>
<indexterm startref='idxbetamax' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxsonybetamaxtechnologydevelopedby' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme
Court. In the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which
</para></footnote>
<indexterm><primary>Kozinski, Alex</primary></indexterm>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxvalentijackonvcrtechnology' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit.
<para>
In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the
way content was distributed.<footnote><para>
+<indexterm><primary>DAT (digital audio tape)</primary></indexterm>
<!-- f24 -->
These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other
cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example,
what others might prefer you forget.<footnote><para>
<!-- f1 -->
<indexterm><primary>Iraq war</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Kahle, Brewster</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>White House press releases</primary></indexterm>
The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White
House changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003,
around the world, yet there is but one copy of the Internet—the
one kept by the Internet Archive.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxkahlebrewster' class='startofrange'><primary>Kahle, Brewster</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very
successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer
</para>
<blockquote>
<indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>total number of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>films</primary><secondary>total number of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>music recordings</primary><see>peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing</see></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>music recordings</primary><see>recording industry</see></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>music recordings</primary><secondary>total number of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music.
Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of
that Kahle and others would exercise.
</para>
<indexterm startref='idxarchivesdigital1' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxkahlebrewster' class='endofrange'/>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 127 -->
</chapter>
<chapter label="10" id="property-i">
<title>Chapter Ten: <quote>Property</quote></title>
<indexterm><primary>Johnson, Lyndon</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Kennedy, John F.</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxvalentijackbackgroundof' class='startofrange'><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>background of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president
of the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came
prominent and effective lobbyist in Washington.
</para>
<indexterm><primary>Disney, Inc.</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Sony Pictures Entertainment</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>MGM</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Paramount Pictures</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Twentieth Century Fox</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Sony Pictures Entertainment</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Universal Pictures</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Warner Brothers</primary></indexterm>
<para>
tradition, even if the subtle pull of his Texan charm has slowly
redefined that tradition, at least in Washington.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxvalentijackbackgroundof' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> in a nerdy and
precise sense that lawyers are trained to understand,<footnote><para>
but whether institutions designed to assure that artists get paid need
also control how culture develops.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Code (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxfreeculturefourmodalitiesofconstrainton' class='startofrange'><primary>free culture</primary><secondary>four modalities of constraint on</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxregulationfourmodalitiesof' class='startofrange'><primary>regulation</primary><secondary>four modalities of</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawasexpostregulationmodality' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>as ex post regulation modality</secondary></indexterm>
</para>
<figure id="fig-1331">
<title></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="45%"></graphic>
</figure>
<indexterm><primary>Madonna</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle> (New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90–95;
Lawrence Lessig, <quote>The New Chicago School,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Legal Studies</citetitle>,
June 1998.
+<indexterm><primary>Code (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>
</para></footnote>
The law, in other words, sometimes operates to increase or decrease
the constraint of a particular modality. Thus, the law might be used
<indexterm startref='idxspeedingconstraintson' class='endofrange'/>
<figure id="fig-1361">
<title></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1361.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1361.svg" align="center" width="45%"></graphic>
</figure>
<indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Commons, John R.</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Code (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>
</para></footnote>
</para>
<indexterm startref='idxlawasconstraintmodality2' class='endofrange'/>
</para>
<figure id="fig-1371">
<title></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="45%"></graphic>
</figure>
<indexterm id='idxarchitectureconstrainteffectedthrough' class='startofrange'><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<figure id="fig-1381">
<title></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1381.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1381.svg" align="center" width="45%"></graphic>
</figure>
<indexterm><primary>Commerce, U.S. Department of</primary></indexterm>
Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very
odd. Article I, section 8, clause 8 of our Constitution states that:
</para>
+<blockquote>
<para>
Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and
useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors
the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.
+</para>
+</blockquote>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 142 -->
+<para>
We can call this the <quote>Progress Clause,</quote> for notice what this clause
does not say. It does not say Congress has the power to grant
<quote>creative property rights.</quote> It says that Congress has the power
</para>
<figure id="fig-1441">
<title></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="45%"></graphic>
</figure>
<para>
We will end here:
</para>
<figure id="fig-1442">
<title></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1442.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1442.svg" align="center" width="45%"></graphic>
</figure>
<para>
Let me explain how.
the term increased once again. In 1909, Congress extended the renewal
term of 14 years to 28 years, setting a maximum term of 56 years.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>CTEA</primary><seealso>Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)</seealso></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxsonnybonocopyrighttermextensionactctea' class='startofrange'><primary>Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxpublicdomainfuturepatentsvsfuturecopyrightsin' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>future patents vs. future copyrights in</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
<title>— On which item have the courts ruled that manufacturers and
retailers be held responsible for having supplied the
equipment?</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/vcr-comic.png" align="center" width="65%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/vcr-comic.png" align="center" width="55%"></graphic>
</figure>
<para>
The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright
the nation's radio advertising revenues.
</para>
<indexterm><primary>cable television</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxnewspapersownershipconsolidationof' class='startofrange'><primary>newspapers</primary><secondary>ownership consolidation of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today,
there are six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than
</para></footnote>
</para>
</blockquote>
+<indexterm startref='idxnewspapersownershipconsolidationof' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm startref='idxradioownershipconsolidationin' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not
</para></footnote>
</para>
</blockquote>
+<indexterm><primary>democracy</primary><secondary>media concentration and</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such
large and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous.
wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels;
criminal and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>criminal justice system</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to
any position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound
weave together a string—a mash-up— of songs from your
favorite artists in a collage and make it available on the Net.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>democracy</primary><secondary>digital sharing within</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Kodak cameras</primary></indexterm>
<para>
This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of the
capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture,
no more than $250,000 in damages for pain and
suffering.<footnote>
<para>
-<!-- f2. --> The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the
+<!-- f2. -->
+The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the
House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For
an overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: `We'll Be Back,'
Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at
available at
<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #39</ulink>. President Bush has continued to urge tort reform in
recent months.
+<indexterm><primary>tort reform</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Bush, George W.</primary></indexterm>
</para></footnote>
Can common sense recognize the absurdity in a world where
</para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxnapsterrecordingindustrytrackingusersof' class='startofrange'><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>recording industry tracking users of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the
RIAA. A report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the
the middle of wars of prohibition. This war is no different.
Says von Lohmann,
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxnapsterrecordingindustrytrackingusersof' class='endofrange'/>
<blockquote>
<para>
So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million
<!-- f2. -->
<indexterm><primary>Bono, Mary</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Bono, Sonny</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>perpetual copyright term proposed by</secondary></indexterm>
The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright
protection to last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change
would violate the Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me to
decision in 1995 to strike down a law that banned the possession of
guns near schools.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxcommerceinterstate' class='startofrange'><primary>commerce, interstate</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressusconstitutionalpowersof2' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>constitutional powers of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinterstatecommerce' class='startofrange'><primary>interstate commerce</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted
powers very broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the
instead interpreted to impose no limit.
</para>
<indexterm><primary>Rehnquist, William H.</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxunitedstatesvlopez' class='startofrange'><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>/
<para>
The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed
that in <citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The government had
later in <citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>.<footnote><para>
<!-- f7. -->
<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 U.S. 598 (2000).
+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Morrison</primary></indexterm>
</para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcommerceinterstate' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxunitedstatesvlopez' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress
Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<footnote><para>
copyrights should entail that Congress is not allowed to extend the
term of existing copyrights.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxinterstatecommerce' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressussupremecourtrestrainton2' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>Supreme Court restraint on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>
<para>
<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>
stood for a principle. Many believed the decision in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for
devote my life to teaching constitutional law if these nine Justices
were going to be petty politicians.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusconstitutionalpowersof2' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>copyright purpose established in</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>constitutional purpose of</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>
not expired, and will not expire, so long as Congress is free to be
bought to extend them again.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcongressussupremecourtrestrainton2' class='endofrange'/>
+
<para>
<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are
responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and
</para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Kahle, Brewster</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Think practically about the consequence of this
extension—practically,
<para>
But this situation has now changed.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxkahlebrewster2' class='startofrange'><primary>Kahle, Brewster</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxarchivesdigital2' class='startofrange'><primary>archives, digital</primary></indexterm>
<para>
One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital
So won't Random House do as well as Brewster Kahle in spreading
culture widely?</quote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxkahlebrewster2' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that
publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble
mistake lost it.
</para>
<indexterm><primary>Steward, Geoffrey</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxjonesdayreavisandpoguejonesday' class='startofrange'><primary>Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)</primary></indexterm>
<para>
<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though
it became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported
speech and free culture; otherwise, they would never vote against <quote>the
most powerful media companies in the world.</quote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxjonesdayreavisandpoguejonesday' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act
was a dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still
<indexterm><primary>Morrison, Alan</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Public Citizen</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Reagan, Ronald</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)</primary></indexterm>
<para>
The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered
to write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with
was little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said,
I set the strategy.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Kennedy, Anthony</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>O'Connor, Sandra Day</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Rehnquist, William H.</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>O'Connor, Sandra Day</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Thomas, Clarence</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Morrison</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Scalia, Antonin</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>Supreme Court restraint on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>congressional actions restrained by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsupremecourtusfactionsof' class='startofrange'><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>factions of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we
called <quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the Rest.</quote> The
believed, there was a very important free speech argument against
these retrospective extensions.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxsupremecourtusfactionsof' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm startref='idxginsburg' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice
that Congress's power must be interpreted so that its enumerated
powers have limits.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>commerce, interstate</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>interstate commerce</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>in constitutional Progress Clause</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Progress Clause</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressuscopyrighttermsextendedby5' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>copyright terms extended by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>Progress Clause of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am
responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the
copyrights. So, the government argued, the Court should not now say
that practice is unconstitutional.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcongressuscopyrighttermsextendedby5' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We
certainly agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831
<indexterm><primary>Ayer, Don</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Reagan, Ronald</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Fried, Charles</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)</primary></indexterm>
<para>
One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the
skeptic. He had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor
here was the place Don Ayer's advice should have mattered. This was a
softball; my answer was a swing and a miss.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>
<para>
The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been
crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> ruling,
was the last naïve law professor, scouring the pages, looking for
reasoning.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxunitedstatesvlopez2' class='startofrange'><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>
<para>
I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would
distinguish the principle in this case from the principle in
followed from the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case: In that context, Congress's power would
be limited, but in this context it would not.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxunitedstatesvlopez2' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values
they would respect? By what right did they—the silent
<quote>limited,</quote> and the existing term was so long as to be effectively
unlimited, then it was unconstitutional.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxunitedstatesvlopez3' class='startofrange'><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>
<para>
These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But
because neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was willing to push
<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> and many other <quote>originalist</quote> rulings. Where was their
<quote>originalism</quote> now?
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxunitedstatesvlopez3' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain
what the framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they
everything else, let the content go.
</para>
<indexterm><primary>Forbes, Steve</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Democratic Party</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Republican Party</primary></indexterm>
<para>
The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed
it in an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters
close.</quote> There was a general reaction in the blog community that
something good might happen here.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>Eldred Act opposed by</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and
the MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give
role. Instead, we should be creating incentives for private parties to
serve the public, subject to standards that the government sets.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>domain names</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>domain name registration on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Web sites, domain name registration of</primary></indexterm>
<para>
In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet.
There are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world.
</para>
<indexterm startref='idxpromisestokeepfisher' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>semiotic democracy</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>democracy</primary><secondary>semiotic</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim
is not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / blobdiff