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+"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere@hungry.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål <i18n-nb@lister.ping.uio.no>\n"
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+#. type: Content of the copy entity
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+msgstr "©"
+
#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <book>
msgid "en"
-msgstr "no"
+msgstr "nb"
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><title>
msgid "Free Culture"
"Free Culture is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license "
"permits non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is given. "
"For more information about the license, click the icon above, or visit "
-"<ulink "
-"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/</ulink> "
-"</holder> </copyright>"
+"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\">http://"
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/</ulink> </holder> </copyright>"
msgstr ""
+"<copyright> <year>2004</year> <holder> Lawrence Lessig. Denne versjonen av "
+"Fri Kultur er lisensert med en Creative Commons-lisens. Denne lisensen "
+"tillater ikke-kommersiell utnyttelse av verket, hvis opphavsinnehaveren er "
+"navngitt. For mer informasjon om lisensen, klikk på ikonet over eller besøk "
+"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\">http://"
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/</ulink> </holder> </copyright>"
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><title>
msgid "ABOUT THE AUTHOR"
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para>
msgid ""
-"LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink "
-"url=\"http://www.lessig.org/\">http://www.lessig.org</ulink>), professor of "
-"law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty Scholar at Stanford Law "
-"School, is founder of the Stanford Center for Internet and Society and is "
-"chairman of the Creative Commons (<ulink "
-"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). "
-"The author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other "
-"Laws of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of "
-"the Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and "
-"Public Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free Software Foundation's Award "
-"for the Advancement of Free Software, twice listed in BusinessWeek's \"e.biz "
-"25,\" and named one of Scientific American's \"50 visionaries.\" A graduate "
-"of the University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, and Yale Law "
-"School, Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Seventh Circuit "
-"Court of Appeals."
-msgstr ""
+"LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org/\">http://www.lessig."
+"org</ulink>), professor of law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty "
+"Scholar at Stanford Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for "
+"Internet and Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons (<ulink url="
+"\"http://creativecommons.org/\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). The "
+"author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other Laws "
+"of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of the "
+"Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and Public "
+"Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free Software Foundation's Award for the "
+"Advancement of Free Software, twice listed in BusinessWeek's \"e.biz 25,\" "
+"and named one of Scientific American's \"50 visionaries.\" A graduate of the "
+"University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, and Yale Law School, "
+"Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of "
+"Appeals."
+msgstr ""
+"Lawrense Lessig (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org/\">http://www.lessig."
+"org</ulink>), professor i juss og en John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty "
+"Scholar ved Stanford Law School, er stifteren av Stanford Center for "
+"Internet and Society og styreleder i Creative Commons (<ulink url=\"http://"
+"creativecommons.org/\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). Forfatteren har "
+"gitt ut av The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) og Code: And other Laws "
+"of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), og er medlem av styrene i Public Library "
+"of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, og Public Knowledge. Han "
+"har vunnet Free Software Foundation's Award for the Advancement of Free "
+"Software, to ganger vært oppført i BusinessWeek's \"e.biz 25,\" og omtalt "
+"som en av Scientific American's \"50 visjonærer\". Etter utdanning ved "
+"University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, og Yale Law School, "
+"assisterteLessig dommer Richard Posner ved U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of "
+"Appeals."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "Info"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid "You can buy a copy of this book by clicking on one of the links below:"
msgstr ""
-"Du kan kjøpe en kopi av denne boken ved å klikke på en av koblingene "
-"nedenfor:"
+"Du kan kjøpe en kopi av denne boken ved å klikke på en av lenkene nedenfor:"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.amazon.com/\">Amazon</ulink>"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.amazon.com/\">Amazon</ulink>"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/\">B&N</ulink>"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/\">B&N</ulink>"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.penguin.com/\">Penguin</ulink>"
+msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.penguin.com/\">Penguin</ulink>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG"
+msgstr "Andre bøker av Lawrence Lessig"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World"
+msgstr "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace"
+msgstr "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "THE PENGUIN PRESS"
+msgstr "The Penguin Press"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "NEW YORK"
+msgstr "New York"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "FREE CULTURE"
+msgstr "Fri Kultur"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL "
+"CREATIVITY"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "LAWRENCE LESSIG"
+msgstr "Lawrence Lessig"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a "
-"Connected World Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace"
+"a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street New York, New York"
msgstr ""
-"også av lawrence lessig fremtidens ideer: skjebnen av commons i en tilkoblet "
-"verden-kode: og andre lover av cyberspace"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-msgid "THE PENGUIN PRESS NEW YORK"
-msgstr "penguin trykk new york"
+msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig,"
+msgstr "Opphavsrett © Lawrence Lessig,"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "All rights reserved"
+msgstr "Alle rettigheter reservert"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"FREE CULTURE HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE HOW BIG MEDIA USES "
-"TECHNOLOGY AND LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN "
-"CULTURE CREATIVITY AND CONTROL CREATIVITY LAWRENCE LESSIG"
+"Excerpt from an editorial titled \"The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,\" The "
+"New York Times, January 16, 2003. Copyright © 2003 by The New York "
+"Times Co. Reprinted with permission."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"Cartoon by Paul Conrad on page 159. Copyright Tribune Media Services, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"Diagram on page 164 courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, Michael J. "
+"Copps."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data"
msgstr ""
-"fri kultur hvor store media bruker teknologi og hvor stor media bruker "
-"teknologi og lov til å låse kultur og kontrollere lov å låse ned kultur "
-"kreativitet og kontroll kreativitet lawrence lessig"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"THE PENGUIN PRESS a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street "
-"New York, New York Copyright © Lawrence Lessig, All rights reserved Excerpt "
-"from an editorial titled \"The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,\" The New "
-"York Times, January 16, 2003. Copyright © 2003 by The New York Times Co. "
-"Reprinted with permission. Cartoon by Paul Conrad on page 159. Copyright "
-"Tribune Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with "
-"permission. Diagram on page 164 courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, "
-"Michael J. Copps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data "
"Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law "
-"to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig. p. cm. "
-"Includes index. ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover) 1. Intellectual "
-"property--United States. 2. Mass media--United States. 3. Technological "
-"innovations--United States. 4. Art--United States. I. Title. KF2979.L47 "
-"343.7309'9--dc22 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Printed in the "
-"United States of America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 Designed by Marysarah Quinn "
+"to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "p. cm."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "Includes index."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United "
+"States."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
+"3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United "
+"States. I. Title."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "KF2979.L47"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "343.7309'9—dc22"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "This book is printed on acid-free paper."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "Printed in the United States of America"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "Designed by Marysarah Quinn"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid "&translationblock;"
+msgstr "Oversatt til bokmål av Petter Reinholdtsen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+msgid ""
"Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this "
"publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval "
"system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, "
"of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. The "
"scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or via "
"any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and "
-"punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and "
+"punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and "
"do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted "
"materials. Your support of the author's rights is appreciated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"To Eric Eldred--whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it "
+"To Eric Eldred—whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it "
"continues still."
msgstr ""
-"til eric eldred--hvis arbeid først trakk meg til denne saken, og for hvem "
-"den fortsetter fremdeles."
+"Til Eric Eldred — hvis arbeid først trakk meg til denne saken, og for "
+"hvem saken fortsetter."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><figure><title>
msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved"
-msgstr "Creative commons, noen rettigheter"
+msgstr "Creative Commons, noen rettigheter reservert"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>"
-msgstr ""
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><lot><title>
msgid "List of figures"
-msgstr "figurliste"
+msgstr "Figurliste"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "PREFACE"
"Cyberspace, David Pogue, a brilliant writer and author of countless "
"technical and computer-related texts, wrote this:"
msgstr ""
-"på slutten av sin gjennomgang av min første bok, kode: og andre lover av "
-"cyberspace, david pogue, en glimrende skribent og forfatter av utallige "
-"tekniske og -relaterte tekster, skrev dette:"
+"David Pogue, en glimrende skribent og forfatter av utallige tekniske "
+"datamaskinrelaterte tekster, skrev dette på slutten av hans gjennomgang av "
+"min første bok, Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace:"
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" New York Times, 30 January "
"2000."
-msgstr "David pogue, \"ikke bare chat, gjøre noe,\" new york times, 30 januar 2000."
+msgstr ""
+"David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" New York Times, 30. januar "
+"2000"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"flip off the modem.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book--that software, or "
-"\"code,\" functioned as a kind of law--and his review suggested the happy "
-"thought that if life in cyberspace got bad, we could always \"drizzle, "
+"Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or "
+"\"code,\" functioned as a kind of law—and his review suggested the "
+"happy thought that if life in cyberspace got bad, we could always \"drizzle, "
"drazzle, druzzle, drome\"-like simply flip a switch and be back home. Turn "
"off the modem, unplug the computer, and any troubles that exist in that "
"space wouldn't \"affect\" us anymore."
msgstr ""
-"Pogue var skeptisk til argumentet kjernen av boken--denne programvaren, "
-"eller \"kode\", som fungerte som et slags lov-- og sin anmeldelse foreslo "
-"lykkelig tanken at hvis livet i cyberspace fikk dårlig, vi kan alltid "
-"\"duskregn, drazzle, druzzle, drome\"-som bare snu en bryter og være "
-"hjem. Slå av modemet, koble fra datamaskinen, og eventuelle problemer som "
-"finnes i at plass ikke ville \"påvirke\" oss lenger."
+"Pogue var skeptisk til argumentet som er kjernen av boken — denne "
+"programvaren, eller \"koden\", som fungerte som et slags lov — og sin "
+"anmeldelse foreslo lykkelig tanken at hvis livet i cyberspace fikk dårlig, "
+"vi kan alltid \"duskregn, drazzle, druzzle, drome\"-som bare snu en bryter "
+"og være hjem. Slå av modemet, koble fra datamaskinen, og eventuelle "
+"problemer som finnes i at plass ikke ville \"påvirke\" oss lenger."
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#. PAGE BREAK 12
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"Pogue might have been right in 1999--I'm skeptical, but maybe. But even if "
-"he was right then, the point is not right now: Free Culture is about the "
-"troubles the Internet causes even after the modem is turned off. It is an "
-"argument about how the battles that now rage regarding life on-line have "
+"Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But "
+"even if he was right then, the point is not right now: Free Culture is about "
+"the troubles the Internet causes even after the modem is turned off. It is "
+"an argument about how the battles that now rage regarding life on-line have "
"fundamentally affected \"people who aren't online.\" There is no switch that "
"will insulate us from the Internet's effect."
msgstr ""
-"Pogue kan ha vært rett i 1999--jeg er skeptisk, men kanskje. men selv om han "
-"var høyre da, poenget er ikke akkurat nå: fri kultur er om trengsler "
-"Internett årsakene selv etter at modemet er slått av. den er et argument om "
-"hvordan slagene at nå rage om livet on-line har fundamentalt påvirket \"folk "
-"som er ikke pålogget.\" det er ingen bryter som vil isolere oss fra "
-"Internetts effekt."
+"Pogue kan ha hatt rett i 1999 — jeg er skeptisk, men den kan hende. "
+"Men selv om han hadde rett da, så er ikke argumentet gyldig nå. Fri Kultur "
+"er om problemene Internet forårsaker selv etter at modemet er slått av. Den "
+"er et argument om hvordan slagene at nå brer om seg om livet on-line har "
+"fundamentalt påvirket \"folk som er ikke pålogget.\" Det finnes ingen "
+"bryter som kan isolere oss fra Internetts effekt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"that is much more fundamental, and, as hard as this is for a geek-wanna-be "
"to admit, much more important."
msgstr ""
-"men i motsetning til koden, argumentet her er ikke mye om Internett selv. i "
-"stedet er det om konsekvens av Internett til en del av vår tradisjon som er "
-"mye mer grunnleggende, og så hardt som dette er for en geek-wanna-be "
-"innrømme, mye viktigere."
+"Men i motsetning til i Code, er argumentet her ikke så mye om Internett i "
+"seg selv. Istedet er det om konsekvensen av Internett for en del av vår "
+"tradisjon som er mye mer grunnleggende, og uansett hvor hardt dette er for "
+"en geek-wanna-be å innrømme, mye viktigere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
-"Richard M. Stallman, Free Software, Free Societies 57 ( Joshua Gay, ed. "
-"2002)."
+"Richard M. Stallman, Free Software, Free Societies 57 (Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)."
msgstr ""
-"Richard m stallman, fri programvare, gratis samfunn 57 (joshua homofil, "
-"ed. 2002)."
+"Richard M. Stallman, Fri programvare, Frie samfunn 57 (Joshua Gay, red. "
+"2002)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages "
-"that follow, we come from a tradition of \"free culture\"--not \"free\" as "
-"in \"free beer\" (to borrow a phrase from the founder of the freesoftware "
+"that follow, we come from a tradition of \"free culture\"—not \"free\" "
+"as in \"free beer\" (to borrow a phrase from the founder of the freesoftware "
"movement<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), but \"free\" as in "
"\"free speech,\" \"free markets,\" \"free trade,\" \"free enterprise,\" "
"\"free will,\" and \"free elections.\" A free culture supports and protects "
"rights, to guarantee that follow-on creators and innovators remain as free "
"as possible from the control of the past. A free culture is not a culture "
"without property, just as a free market is not a market in which everything "
-"is free. The opposite of a free culture is a \"permission culture\"--a "
+"is free. The opposite of a free culture is a \"permission culture\"—a "
"culture in which creators get to create only with the permission of the "
"powerful, or of creators from the past."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not \"we\" on "
"story I tell here will trouble you. For the changes I describe affect values "
"that both sides of our political culture deem fundamental."
msgstr ""
-"Hvis vi forstått denne endringen, tror jeg vi ville motstå det. ikke \"vi\" "
-"til venstre eller \"du\" til høyre, men vi som har ingen eierandel i bestemt "
-"industri av kultur som definert av det tjuende århundre. enten du er på "
-"venstre eller høyre, hvis du er i denne forstand disinterested, vil "
-"historien jeg fortelle her problemer du. for at endringene beskrive jeg "
-"påvirker verdier som begge sider av vår politiske kultur anser "
+"Hvis vi forsto denne endringen, tror jeg vi ville motstå den. Ikke \"vi\" "
+"på venstresiden eller \"du\" på høyresiden, men vi som ikke har investert i "
+"bestemt kulturindustri som har definert det tjuende århundre. Enten du er "
+"på venstre eller høyresiden, hvis du er i denne forstand er uinteressert, "
+"vil historien jeg forteller her gi deg problemer. For endringene jeg "
+"beskriver påvirker verdier som begge sider av vår politiske kultur anser som "
"grunnleggende."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As "
"stevens\", han formulerte kanskje mest bare rettferdig hva som var på spill: "
"konsentrasjonen strøm. og så han spurte:"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" New York Times, 22 May 2003."
msgstr "William safire, \"stor media svelge,\" mai new york times, 22 2003."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
-"Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of "
-"power--political, corporate, media, cultural--should be anathema to "
+"Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of power—"
+"political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema to "
"conservatives. The diffusion of power through local control, thereby "
"encouraging individual participation, is the essence of federalism and the "
"greatest expression of democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This idea is an element of the argument of Free Culture, though my focus is "
"ownership, but more importantly, if because less visibly, on the "
"concentration of power produced by a radical change in the effective scope "
"of the law. The law is changing; that change is altering the way our culture "
-"gets made; that change should worry you--whether or not you care about the "
-"Internet, and whether you're on Safire's left or on his right. The "
+"gets made; that change should worry you—whether or not you care about "
+"the Internet, and whether you're on Safire's left or on his right. The "
"inspiration for the title and for much of the argument of this book comes "
"from the work of Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation. Indeed, "
"as I reread Stallman's own work, especially the essays in Free Software, "
"innsikt jeg utvikler her er innsikt stallman beskrevet tiår siden. man kan "
"dermed godt argumentere at dette arbeidet er \"bare\" avledede produkter."
-#. PAGE BREAK 14
+#. PAGE BREAK 14
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer "
"is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to "
"Jeg godtar at kritikk, hvis det er faktisk en kritikk. arbeidet med en "
"advokat er alltid avledede produkter, og jeg mener å gjøre ingenting mer i "
"denne boken enn å minne en kultur om en tradisjon som har alltid vært sin "
-"egen. som stallman forsvare jeg denne tradisjonen på grunnlag av "
-"verdiene. som stallman tror jeg det er verdiene av frihet. og som stallman, "
-"jeg tror de er verdiene for vår fortid som må forsvares i vår fremtid. en "
-"fri kultur har vært vår fortid, men det vil bare være vår fremtid hvis vi "
-"endrer banen vi er på akkurat nå. XV som Stallmans argumenter gratis "
-"programvare, et argument for fri kultur stumbles på en forvirring som er "
-"vanskelig å unngå, og enda vanskeligere å forstå. en fri kultur er ikke en "
-"kultur uten egenskapen; Det er ikke en kultur der kunstnere ikke får "
-"betalt. en kultur uten egenskapen eller i hvilke skaperne kan ikke få "
-"betalt, er anarki, ikke frihet. Anarki er ikke hva jeg forhånd her."
+"egen. som stallman forsvare jeg denne tradisjonen på grunnlag av verdiene. "
+"som stallman tror jeg det er verdiene av frihet. og som stallman, jeg tror "
+"de er verdiene for vår fortid som må forsvares i vår fremtid. en fri kultur "
+"har vært vår fortid, men det vil bare være vår fremtid hvis vi endrer banen "
+"vi er på akkurat nå. XV som Stallmans argumenter gratis programvare, et "
+"argument for fri kultur stumbles på en forvirring som er vanskelig å unngå, "
+"og enda vanskeligere å forstå. en fri kultur er ikke en kultur uten "
+"egenskapen; Det er ikke en kultur der kunstnere ikke får betalt. en kultur "
+"uten egenskapen eller i hvilke skaperne kan ikke få betalt, er anarki, ikke "
+"frihet. Anarki er ikke hva jeg forhånd her."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between "
"anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with "
"this newfound technology of manned flight, and a gaggle of innovators began "
"to build upon it."
msgstr ""
-"på 17 desember 1903 viste på en vind Nord carolina strand for bare sjenert "
-"av hundre sekunder, wright-brødrene at en tyngre enn luft, selvdrevne "
-"kjøretøy kan fly. øyeblikket var elektrisk, og dens betydning forstått "
-"allment. nesten umiddelbart, det var en eksplosjon av interesse i denne ny "
-"teknologien av bemannede fly, og en gaggle av innovators begynte å bygge "
-"videre på den."
+"17. desember 1903, på en vindfylt strand i Nord carolina i såvidt under "
+"hundre sekunder, demonstrerte Wright-brødrene at et selvdrevet fartøy tyngre "
+"enn luft kunne fly. Øyeblikket var elektrisk, og dens betydning ble alment "
+"forstått Nesten umiddelbart, eksploderte interssen for denne nye teknologien "
+"som muliggjorde bemannet luftfart og en hærskare av oppfinnere begynte å "
+"bygge videre på den."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"St. George Tucker, Blackstone's Commentaries 3 (South Hackensack, N.J.: "
"Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18."
msgstr ""
-"St. george tucker, blackstone's kommentarer 3 (south hackensack, NJ: rothman "
-"opptrykk, 1969), 18."
+"St. George Tucker, Blackstone's Commentaries 3 (South Hackensack, N.J.: "
+"rothman Reprints, 1969), 18."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American "
-"law--deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by the "
-"most important legal thinkers of our past--mattered. If my land reaches to "
-"the heavens, what happens when United flies over my field? Do I have the "
-"right to banish it from my property? Am I allowed to enter into an exclusive "
-"license with Delta Airlines? Could we set up an auction to decide how much "
-"these rights are worth?"
+"law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by "
+"the most important legal thinkers of our past—mattered. If my land "
+"reaches to the heavens, what happens when United flies over my field? Do I "
+"have the right to banish it from my property? Am I allowed to enter into an "
+"exclusive license with Delta Airlines? Could we set up an auction to decide "
+"how much these rights are worth?"
msgstr ""
"så kom fly, og for første gang, dette prinsippet av amerikansk lov--dypt i "
"grunnlaget for vår tradisjon og anerkjent av de viktigste juridiske tenkerne "
"kan jeg til å inngå en eksklusiv lisens med delta airlines? kan vi sette opp "
"en auksjon til å bestemme hvor mye disse rettighetene er verdt?"
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers "
"Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying "
"government was trespassing on their property, and the Causbys wanted it to "
"stop."
msgstr ""
-"i 1945 ble disse spørsmålene en federal sak. Når Nord carolina bønder thomas "
-"lee og tinie causby begynte å miste kyllinger på grunn av lav-flying "
-"militære fly (vettskremt kyllinger tilsynelatende fløy i låven vegger og "
-"døde), causbys anlagt en sak som sier at regjeringen var adgang på deres "
-"land. fly, selvfølgelig, rørt aldri overflaten av causbys' land. men hvis "
-"som blackstone, kent, og cola hadde sagt, deres land nådd \"ubestemt grad, "
-"oppover,\" deretter regjeringen var adgang på deres eiendom, og causbys "
-"ønsket å stoppe."
+"I 1945 ble disse spørsmålene en føderal sak. Da bøndene Thomas Lee og Tinie "
+"Causby i Nord Carolina begynte å miste kyllinger på grunn av "
+"lavflygendemilitære fly (vettskremte kyllinger fløy tilsynelatende i "
+"låveveggene og døde), saksøkte Causbyene regjerningen for å trenge seg inn "
+"på deres eiendom. Flyene rørte selvfølgelig aldri overflaten på Causbys' "
+"eiendom. Men hvis det stemte som Blackstone, Kent, og Cola hadde sagt, at "
+"deres eiendom strakk seg \"i ubestemt grad, oppover,\" så hadde regjeringen "
+"trengt seg inn på deres eiendom, og Causbys ønsket å sette en stopper for "
+"dette."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared "
"the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, "
-"then Congress's declaration could well have been an unconstitutional "
-"\"taking\" of property without compensation. The Court acknowledged that "
-"\"it is ancient doctrine that common law ownership of the land extended to "
-"the periphery of the universe.\" But Justice Douglas had no patience for "
-"ancient doctrine. In a single paragraph, hundreds of years of property law "
-"were erased. As he wrote for the Court,"
-msgstr ""
-"Høyesterett enige om å høre causbys' tilfelle. Kongressen hadde erklært "
-"luftveiene offentlige, men hvis ens egenskapen virkelig utvidet til "
-"himmelen, deretter congress's erklæring kunne godt ha vært en "
-"unconstitutional \"tar\" av eiendom uten kompensasjon. hoffet erkjente at "
-"\"det er gamle doktrine som sedvanerett eierskap av landet utvidet til "
-"utkanten av universet.\", men rettferdighet douglas hadde ingen tålmodighet "
-"for gamle doktrine. i et enkelt avsnitt, ble hundrevis av år av "
-"opphavsrettslovgivningen slettet. som han skrev for hoffet,"
+"then Congress's declaration could well have been an unconstitutional \"taking"
+"\" of property without compensation. The Court acknowledged that \"it is "
+"ancient doctrine that common law ownership of the land extended to the "
+"periphery of the universe.\" But Justice Douglas had no patience for ancient "
+"doctrine. In a single paragraph, hundreds of years of property law were "
+"erased. As he wrote for the Court,"
+msgstr ""
+"Høyesterett gikk med på å drøfte Causbys sak. Kongressen hadde erklært "
+"luftfartsveiene offentlige, men hvis ens eiendom virkelig rakk til himmelen, "
+"da kunne kongressens erklæring kunne godt ha vært en unconstitutional \"tar"
+"\" av eiendom uten kompensasjon. hoffet erkjente at \"det er gamle doktrine "
+"som sedvanerett eierskap av landet utvidet til utkanten av universet.\", men "
+"rettferdighet douglas hadde ingen tålmodighet for gamle doktrine. i et "
+"enkelt avsnitt, ble hundrevis av år av opphavsrettslovgivningen slettet. som "
+"han skrev for hoffet,"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"by Keith Aoki's wonderful piece, \"(Intellectual) Property and Sovereignty: "
"Notes Toward a Cultural Geography of Authorship,\" Stanford Law Review 48 "
"(1996): 1293, 1333. See also Paul Goldstein, Real Property (Mineola, N.Y.: "
-"Foundation Press, 1984), 111213."
+"Foundation Press, 1984), 1112–13."
msgstr ""
"USA v. causby, amerikanske 328 (1946): 256, 261. domstolen fant at det kan "
"bli en \"tar\" Hvis regjeringens bruken av sine land ødelagt effektivt "
"verdien av causbys' land. i dette eksemplet ble foreslått for meg av keith "
"aoki flott stykke, \"(immaterielle) og suverenitet: notater mot en "
-"kulturelle geografi forfatterskap,\" stanford law gå gjennom 48 (1996): "
-"året etter, 1333. Se også paul goldstein, fast eiendom (mineola, n.y.: "
-"foundation press (1984)), 111213."
+"kulturelle geografi forfatterskap,\" stanford law gå gjennom 48 (1996): året "
+"etter, 1333. Se også paul goldstein, fast eiendom (mineola, n.y.: foundation "
+"press (1984)), 111213."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"suits. Common sense revolts at the idea. To recognize such private claims to "
"the airspace would clog these highways, seriously interfere with their "
"control and development in the public interest, and transfer into private "
-"ownership that to which only the public has a just claim.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
-msgstr ""
+"ownership that to which only the public has a just claim.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"[Denne] doktrinen har ingen plass i den moderne verden. Luften er en "
+"offentlig motorvei, slik kongressen har erklært. Hvis det ikke var "
+"tilfelle, ville hver eneste transkontinentale flyrute utsette operatørene "
+"for utallige søksmål om inntrenging på annen manns eiendom. Ideen er i "
+"strid med sunn fornuft. Å anerkjenne slike private krav til luftrommet "
+"ville blokkere disse motorveiene, seriøst forstyrre muligheten til kontroll "
+"og utvikling av dem i fellesskapets interesse og overføre til privat "
+"eierskap det som kun fellesskapet har et rimelig krav til.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid "\"Common sense revolts at the idea.\""
-msgstr "sunn fornuft opprør på ideen."
+msgstr "\"Ideen er i strid med sunn fornuft.\""
+#. PAGE BREAK 18
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, "
-"but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to "
-"dither. Other justices would have blathered on for pages to reach the "
-"conclusion that Douglas holds in a single line: \"Common sense revolts at "
-"the idea.\" But whether it takes pages or a few words, it is the special "
-"genius of a common law system, as ours is, that the law adjusts to the "
-"technologies of the time. And as it adjusts, it changes. Ideas that were as "
-"solid as rock in one age crumble in another."
+"but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to dither. "
+"Other justices would have blathered on for pages to reach the conclusion "
+"that Douglas holds in a single line: \"Common sense revolts at the idea.\" "
+"But whether it takes pages or a few words, it is the special genius of a "
+"common law system, as ours is, that the law adjusts to the technologies of "
+"the time. And as it adjusts, it changes. Ideas that were as solid as rock in "
+"one age crumble in another."
msgstr ""
"Dette er hvordan loven fungerer vanligvis. ikke ofte dette brått eller "
"impatiently, men til slutt, er dette hvordan det fungerer. Det var douglas's "
"tiden. og når den er justert, endres den. ideer som var så solid som rock i "
"en alder crumble i et annet."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the "
"Wrights had produced. They could stand on their farms, dead chickens in "
"hand, and shake their fists at these newfangled technologies all they "
"wanted. They could call their representatives or even file a lawsuit. But "
-"in the end, the force of what seems \"obvious\" to everyone else--the power "
-"of \"common sense\"--would prevail. Their \"private interest\" would not be "
-"allowed to defeat an obvious public gain."
+"in the end, the force of what seems \"obvious\" to everyone else—the "
+"power of \"common sense\"—would prevail. Their \"private interest\" "
+"would not be allowed to defeat an obvious public gain."
msgstr ""
"eller minst, dette er hvordan ting skje når det finnes ikke en kraftig på "
"den andre siden av endringen. causbys var bare bønder. og selv om det var "
"ingen tvil om mange som dem som var lei av den voksende trafikk i luften "
"(selv om en ikke håper mange høner fløy seg i vegger), causbys av verden vil "
-"være svært vanskelig å samle og stoppe ideen, og teknologien, "
-"wright-brødrene hadde birthed. wright-brødrene spyttet fly i teknologiske "
-"meme bassenget; ideen deretter spre seg som et virus i en kylling coop; "
-"bønder som causbys funnet seg selv omringet av \"hva syntes rimelig\" gitt "
+"være svært vanskelig å samle og stoppe ideen, og teknologien, wright-"
+"brødrene hadde birthed. wright-brødrene spyttet fly i teknologiske meme "
+"bassenget; ideen deretter spre seg som et virus i en kylling coop; bønder "
+"som causbys funnet seg selv omringet av \"hva syntes rimelig\" gitt "
"teknologien som wrights hadde produsert. de kunne stå på sine gårder, dead "
"kyllinger i hånden og riste deres fists på disse newfangled teknologiene "
"alle de ønsket. de kunne ringe sine representanter eller selv fil en "
"\"sunn fornuft\"--ville råde. deres \"privat interesse\" ville ikke tillatt "
"å beseire en klar offentlige fremgang."
-#. PAGE BREAK 19
+#. PAGE BREAK 19
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Edwin Howard Armstrong is one of America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He "
"came to the great American inventor scene just after the titans Thomas "
"radio."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for "
-"his most significant invention--FM radio. Until then, consumer radio had "
-"been amplitude-modulated (AM) radio. The theorists of the day had said that "
-"frequency-modulated (FM) radio could never work. They were right about FM "
-"radio in a narrow band of spectrum. But Armstrong discovered that "
+"his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio "
+"had been amplitude-modulated (AM) radio. The theorists of the day had said "
+"that frequency-modulated (FM) radio could never work. They were right about "
+"FM radio in a narrow band of spectrum. But Armstrong discovered that "
"frequency-modulated radio in a wide band of spectrum would deliver an "
"astonishing fidelity of sound, with much less transmitter power and static."
msgstr ""
"på dagen etter jul, var 1933, fire patenter utstedt til armstrong for hans "
"viktigste oppfinnelse--fm-radio. inntil da, hadde forbruker radio vært "
-"amplitude modulated (am)-radio. teoretikere av dagen hadde sagt at "
-"frekvens-modulated (fm)-radio kan aldri fungere. de var rett om fm-radio i "
-"et smale band av spekteret. men armstrong oppdaget at frekvens-modulated "
-"radio i et bredt spektrum-band ville levere en forbløffende gjengivelse av "
-"lyd, med mye mindre transmitter strøm og statisk."
+"amplitude modulated (am)-radio. teoretikere av dagen hadde sagt at frekvens-"
+"modulated (fm)-radio kan aldri fungere. de var rett om fm-radio i et smale "
+"band av spekteret. men armstrong oppdaget at frekvens-modulated radio i et "
+"bredt spektrum-band ville levere en forbløffende gjengivelse av lyd, med mye "
+"mindre transmitter strøm og statisk."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the "
-"Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York "
-"City. He tuned his radio dial across a range of AM stations, until the radio "
+"Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York City. "
+"He tuned his radio dial across a range of AM stations, until the radio "
"locked on a broadcast that he had arranged from seventeen miles away. The "
"radio fell totally silent, as if dead, and then with a clarity no one else "
"in that room had ever heard from an electrical device, it produced the sound "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:"
-msgstr "publikum var høre noe ingen trodde mulig:"
+msgstr "Publikum hørte noe ingen hadde trodd var mulig:"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessing, Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong "
"(Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209."
msgstr ""
-"Lawrence lessing, mann av Hi-Fi: edwin howard armstrong (philadelphia: "
-"j. b. lipincott selskap, 1956), 209."
+"Lawrence lessing, mann av Hi-Fi: edwin howard armstrong (philadelphia: j. b. "
+"lipincott selskap, 1956), 209."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"sounded like paper and not like a crackling forest fire. . . . Sousa marches "
"were played from records and a piano solo and guitar number were "
"performed. . . . The music was projected with a live-ness rarely if ever "
-"heard before from a radio \"music box.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"heard before from a radio \"music box.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 20
+#. PAGE BREAK 20
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior "
"radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working "
-"for RCA. RCA was the dominant player in the then dominant AM radio "
-"market. By 1935, there were a thousand radio stations across the United "
-"States, but the stations in large cities were all owned by a handful of "
-"networks."
+"for RCA. RCA was the dominant player in the then dominant AM radio market. "
+"By 1935, there were a thousand radio stations across the United States, but "
+"the stations in large cities were all owned by a handful of networks."
msgstr ""
"som vår egen sunn fornuft forteller oss, hadde armstrong oppdaget en "
"telefonsamtale radioteknologi. men på tidspunktet for hans oppfinnelse, "
"dominerende am radiomarkedet. som 1935, var det tusen radiostasjoner over "
"hele USA, men stasjonene i store byer var eid av en håndfull av nettverk."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static "
+#| "from our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution-- start up a "
+#| "whole damn new industry to compete with RCA.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+#| "\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgid ""
"I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from "
-"our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution-- start up a whole damn "
-"new industry to compete with RCA.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole "
+"damn new industry to compete with RCA.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+"Jeg trodde Armstrong ville finne opp et slags filter for å fjerne skurring "
+"fra vår AM-radio. Jeg trodde ikke han skulle starte en revolusjon -- starte "
+"en hel forbannet ny industri i konkurranse med RCA.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched "
+#| "a campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior "
+#| "technology, Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described,"
msgid ""
"Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a "
"campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, "
-"Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described,"
+"Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described,"
msgstr ""
-"Armstrongs oppfinnelse truet rca's am imperium, slik at selskapet lansert en "
-"kampanje for å smother fm-radio. mens fm kan ha vært en overlegen teknologi, "
-"var sarnoff en overlegen taktiker. som en forfatter som beskrevet,"
+"Armstrongs oppfinnelse truet RCAs AM-herredømme, så selskapet lanserte en "
+"kampanje for å knuse FM-radio. FM kan ha vært en overlegen teknologi, var "
+"Sarnoff en overlegen taktiker. En forfatter beskrev det slik,"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Lessing, 226."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were "
"needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA "
"began to use its power with the government to stall FM radio's deployment "
"generally. In 1936, RCA hired the former head of the FCC and assigned him "
"the task of assuring that the FCC assign spectrum in a way that would "
-"castrate FM--principally by moving FM radio to a different band of "
+"castrate FM—principally by moving FM radio to a different band of "
"spectrum. At first, these efforts failed. But when Armstrong and the nation "
-"were distracted by World War II, RCA's work began to be more "
-"successful. Soon after the war ended, the FCC announced a set of policies "
-"that would have one clear effect: FM radio would be crippled. As Lawrence "
-"Lessing described it,"
+"were distracted by World War II, RCA's work began to be more successful. "
+"Soon after the war ended, the FCC announced a set of policies that would "
+"have one clear effect: FM radio would be crippled. As Lawrence Lessing "
+"described it,"
msgstr ""
"RCA først holdt teknologien i huset, insistere på at ytterligere tester var "
"nødvendig. Når, etter to år med testing, armstrong vokste utålmodige, "
msgid ""
"The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a "
"series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, "
-"were almost incredible in their force and deviousness.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"were almost incredible in their force and deviousness.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "AT&T"
+msgstr "AT&T"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio "
"users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio "
"FM radio was thus choked, at least temporarily."
msgstr ""
"Hvis du vil lage plass i spekteret for de nyeste gamble, TV, fm radio "
-"brukere var å bli flyttet til et helt nytt spektrum band. kraften til "
-"fm-radiostasjoner ble også kuttet, betydning fm kan ikke lenger brukes til å "
+"brukere var å bli flyttet til et helt nytt spektrum band. kraften til fm-"
+"radiostasjoner ble også kuttet, betydning fm kan ikke lenger brukes til å "
"overføre trådløst programmer fra én del av landet til en annen. (denne "
"endringen var sterkt støttes av at&t, fordi tapet av fm relésending "
"stasjoner ville bety radiostasjoner må kjøpe kablet koblinger fra at&t.) "
"spredningen av fm-radio ble dermed choked, minst midlertidig."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's "
"patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for "
-"television, RCA declared the patents invalid--baselessly, and almost fifteen "
-"years after they were issued. It thus refused to pay him royalties. For six "
-"years, Armstrong fought an expensive war of litigation to defend the "
+"television, RCA declared the patents invalid—baselessly, and almost "
+"fifteen years after they were issued. It thus refused to pay him royalties. "
+"For six years, Armstrong fought an expensive war of litigation to defend the "
"patents. Finally, just as the patents expired, RCA offered a settlement so "
"low that it would not even cover Armstrong's lawyers' fees. Defeated, "
"broken, and now broke, in 1954 Armstrong wrote a short note to his wife and "
"then stepped out of a thirteenth-story window to his death."
msgstr ""
-"Armstrong motstått rca's innsats. svar motstått rca Armstrongs "
-"patenter. etter innlemme fm-teknologien i den nye standarden for TV, rca "
-"erklærte patentene ugyldig--baselessly og nesten femten år etter at de ble "
-"utstedt. det dermed nektet å betale royalties til ham. i seks år kjempet "
-"armstrong en kostbar krig til søksmål for å forsvare patentene. til slutt, "
-"akkurat som patentene utløpt, rca tilbudt en utligning som er så lav at det "
-"ikke ville selv dekke Armstrongs lawyers avgifter. beseiret, ødelagte og nå "
-"blakk, i 1954 armstrong skrev en kort notat til kona og deretter gikk ut av "
-"et trettende-etasjers vindu til hans død."
-
-#. PAGE BREAK 22
+"Armstrong motstått rca's innsats. svar motstått rca Armstrongs patenter. "
+"etter innlemme fm-teknologien i den nye standarden for TV, rca erklærte "
+"patentene ugyldig--baselessly og nesten femten år etter at de ble utstedt. "
+"det dermed nektet å betale royalties til ham. i seks år kjempet armstrong en "
+"kostbar krig til søksmål for å forsvare patentene. til slutt, akkurat som "
+"patentene utløpt, rca tilbudt en utligning som er så lav at det ikke ville "
+"selv dekke Armstrongs lawyers avgifter. beseiret, ødelagte og nå blakk, i "
+"1954 armstrong skrev en kort notat til kona og deretter gikk ut av et "
+"trettende-etasjers vindu til hans død."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 22
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely "
"with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, "
msgid ""
"Amanda Lenhart, \"The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at "
"Internet Access and the Digital Divide,\" Pew Internet and American Life "
-"Project, 15 April 2003: 6, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #2</ulink>."
+"Project, 15 April 2003: 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #2</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed "
-"things. Some of these changes are technical--the Internet has made "
-"communication faster, it has lowered the cost of gathering data, and so "
-"on. These technical changes are not the focus of this book. They are "
-"important. They are not well understood. But they are the sort of thing that "
-"would simply go away if we all just switched the Internet off. They don't "
-"affect people who don't use the Internet, or at least they don't affect them "
+"things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made "
+"communication faster, it has lowered the cost of gathering data, and so on. "
+"These technical changes are not the focus of this book. They are important. "
+"They are not well understood. But they are the sort of thing that would "
+"simply go away if we all just switched the Internet off. They don't affect "
+"people who don't use the Internet, or at least they don't affect them "
"directly. They are the proper subject of a book about the Internet. But this "
"is not a book about the Internet."
msgstr ""
"Internett. men dette er ikke en bok om Internett."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet "
"itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet "
"selv. mest, hvis de gjenkjent denne endringen, vil avvise det. de fleste ser "
"ikke ennå endringen som Internett har introdusert."
+#. PAGE BREAK 23
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial "
"Vi kan skimtes en følelse av denne endringen ved å skille mellom "
"kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell kultur, og ved å tilordne lovens regulering "
"av hver. \"kommersielle kultur\" mener jeg at en del av vår kultur som er "
-"produsert og solgt eller produsert for å bli solgt. \"ikke-kommersiell "
-"kultur\" mener jeg alle resten. Når gamle menn lørdag rundt parker eller på "
-"et gatehjørne fortelle historier som barn og andre forbrukes, som var "
-"ikke-kommersiell kultur. Når noah webster publisert sin \"reader\", eller "
-"joel barlow hans poesi, som var kommersielle kultur."
+"produsert og solgt eller produsert for å bli solgt. \"ikke-kommersiell kultur"
+"\" mener jeg alle resten. Når gamle menn lørdag rundt parker eller på et "
+"gatehjørne fortelle historier som barn og andre forbrukes, som var ikke-"
+"kommersiell kultur. Når noah webster publisert sin \"reader\", eller joel "
+"barlow hans poesi, som var kommersielle kultur."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our "
"might intervene. But the law was never directly concerned with the creation "
"or spread of this form of culture, and it left this culture \"free.\" The "
"ordinary ways in which ordinary individuals shared and transformed their "
-"culture--telling stories, reenacting scenes from plays or TV, participating "
-"in fan clubs, sharing music, making tapes--were left alone by the law."
+"culture—telling stories, reenacting scenes from plays or TV, "
+"participating in fan clubs, sharing music, making tapes—were left "
+"alone by the law."
msgstr ""
-"i begynnelsen av vår historie, og omtrent hele vår tradisjon ble "
-"ikke-kommersiell kultur i hovedsak unregulated. Selvfølgelig, kan hvis din "
+"i begynnelsen av vår historie, og omtrent hele vår tradisjon ble ikke-"
+"kommersiell kultur i hovedsak unregulated. Selvfølgelig, kan hvis din "
"historiene var utuktig, eller hvis din sang forstyrret freden, deretter "
"loven gripe. men loven var aldri direkte opptatt med opprettelse eller "
-"spredning av denne formen for kultur, og det igjen denne kulturen "
-"\"gratis.\" det vanlige måter som vanlige enkeltpersoner delt og "
-"transformert deres kultur--fortelle historier, reenacting scener fra spiller "
-"eller tv, delta i fan klubber, deling av musikk, slik at kassetter--var "
-"igjen alene ved loven."
+"spredning av denne formen for kultur, og det igjen denne kulturen \"gratis."
+"\" det vanlige måter som vanlige enkeltpersoner delt og transformert deres "
+"kultur--fortelle historier, reenacting scener fra spiller eller tv, delta i "
+"fan klubber, deling av musikk, slik at kassetter--var igjen alene ved loven."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Brandeis, Louis D."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote>
+msgid "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"exclusive right to first publication, state copyright law gave authors the "
"power to control the spread of facts about them. See Samuel D. Warren and "
"Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" Harvard Law Review 4 (1890): "
-"193, 198200."
+"193, 198–200."
msgstr ""
"Dette er ikke det eneste formålet med opphavsrett, men det er overveldende "
"Hovedformålet med opphavsretten etablert i federal grunnlov. copyright "
"publikasjonen, men også en interesse for personvern. ved å gi forfattere "
"eneretten til første publikasjon, ga copyright lovene i delstaten forfattere "
"makt til å kontrollere spredningen av fakta om dem. se d. samuel d. warren "
-"og louis brandeis, \"rett til personvern,\" harvard law gå gjennom 4 "
-"(1890): 193, 198200."
+"og louis brandeis, \"rett til personvern,\" harvard law gå gjennom 4 (1890): "
+"193, 198200."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"See Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: Prometheus Books, 2001), "
"ch. 13."
msgstr ""
-"se jessica litman, digitale copyright (new york: prometheus bøker, 2001), "
-"ch. 13."
+"Se Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: Prometheus bøker, 2001), "
+"kap. 13."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been "
-"erased.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the "
-"stage for this erasure and, pushed by big media, the law has now affected "
-"it. For the first time in our tradition, the ordinary ways in which "
-"individuals create and share culture fall within the reach of the regulation "
-"of the law, which has expanded to draw within its control a vast amount of "
-"culture and creativity that it never reached before. The technology that "
-"preserved the balance of our history--between uses of our culture that were "
-"free and uses of our culture that were only upon permission--has been "
-"undone. The consequence is that we are less and less a free culture, more "
-"and more a permission culture."
+"This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been erased."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the stage for "
+"this erasure and, pushed by big media, the law has now affected it. For the "
+"first time in our tradition, the ordinary ways in which individuals create "
+"and share culture fall within the reach of the regulation of the law, which "
+"has expanded to draw within its control a vast amount of culture and "
+"creativity that it never reached before. The technology that preserved the "
+"balance of our history—between uses of our culture that were free and "
+"uses of our culture that were only upon permission—has been undone. "
+"The consequence is that we are less and less a free culture, more and more a "
+"permission culture."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. "
"And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism "
"motivasjon. men proteksjonistisk som rettferdiggjør endringene som jeg vil "
"beskrive nedenfor er ikke begrenset og balansert Sorter som har definert "
"loven i siste. Dette er ikke en proteksjonistisk å beskytte kunstnere. i "
-"stedet er det en proteksjonistisk å beskytte visse former for "
-"virksomheten. selskaper truet av potensial av Internett til å endre måten "
-"både kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell kultur er laget og delt har forent å "
+"stedet er det en proteksjonistisk å beskytte visse former for virksomheten. "
+"selskaper truet av potensial av Internett til å endre måten både "
+"kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell kultur er laget og delt har forent å "
"indusere lovgivere til å bruke loven til å beskytte dem. Det er historien om "
"rca og armstrong; Det er drømmen av causbys."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to "
"participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that "
"creators; those creators could produce and distribute a much more vibrant "
"range of creativity; and depending upon a few important factors, those "
"creators could earn more on average from this system than creators do "
-"today--all so long as the RCAs of our day don't use the law to protect "
+"today—all so long as the RCAs of our day don't use the law to protect "
"themselves against this competition."
msgstr ""
"for Internett har utløste en ekstraordinære mulighet for mange til å delta i "
"ferd med å bygge og pleie en kultur som går langt ut over lokale grenser. at "
"strøm er endret markedet for å lage og dyrke kultur Generelt, og at "
"endringen i sin tur truer etablert innhold bransjer. Internett er dermed til "
-"bransjer som bygget og distribuerte innholdet i det tjuende århundret hva "
-"fm-radio var på am-radio, eller hva bilen var til jernbane industrien av det "
+"bransjer som bygget og distribuerte innholdet i det tjuende århundret hva fm-"
+"radio var på am-radio, eller hva bilen var til jernbane industrien av det "
"nittende århundre: begynnelsen av slutten, eller minst en betydelig "
"transformasjon. Digital teknologi, knyttet til Internett, kunne produsere en "
"langt mer konkurransedyktig og vibrerende markedet for å bygge og pleie "
"konkurransen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is "
"happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early "
"to remake the Internet before the Internet remakes them."
msgstr ""
"Likevel, som jeg hevder på sidene som følger, som er nøyaktig hva som skjer "
-"i vår kultur i dag. Disse moderne-dag-ekvivalenter av tidlig "
-"1900-tallet-radio eller av 1800-tallet jernbaner bruker deres makt for å få "
-"lov til å beskytte dem mot dette nye, mer effektive, mer levende teknologi "
-"for bygging av kultur. de lykkes i sin plan å remake Internett før Internett "
-"remakes dem."
+"i vår kultur i dag. Disse moderne-dag-ekvivalenter av tidlig 1900-tallet-"
+"radio eller av 1800-tallet jernbaner bruker deres makt for å få lov til å "
+"beskytte dem mot dette nye, mer effektive, mer levende teknologi for bygging "
+"av kultur. de lykkes i sin plan å remake Internett før Internett remakes dem."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Amy Harmon, \"Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New "
msgid ""
"It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the "
"Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly "
-"about a much simpler brace of questions--whether \"piracy\" will be "
+"about a much simpler brace of questions—whether \"piracy\" will be "
"permitted, and whether \"property\" will be protected. The \"war\" that has "
-"been waged against the technologies of the Internet--what Motion Picture "
-"Association of America (MPAA) president Jack Valenti calls his \"own "
-"terrorist war\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>--has been framed as "
-"a battle about the rule of law and respect for property. To know which side "
-"to take in this war, most think that we need only decide whether we're for "
-"property or against it."
+"been waged against the technologies of the Internet—what Motion "
+"Picture Association of America (MPAA) president Jack Valenti calls his \"own "
+"terrorist war\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—has been "
+"framed as a battle about the rule of law and respect for property. To know "
+"which side to take in this war, most think that we need only decide whether "
+"we're for property or against it."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the "
"that \"piracy\" is wrong, and that the law, properly tuned, should punish "
"\"piracy,\" whether on or off the Internet."
msgstr ""
-"Hvis de var virkelig valgene, ville jeg være med jack valenti og innhold "
-"industrien. Jeg, også, er en troende i egenskapen, og særlig i betydningen "
-"av hva mr. valenti samtaler \"kreative egenskapen.\" Jeg tror at "
+"Hvis dette virkelig var alternativene, så ville jeg være enig med Jack "
+"Valenti og innholdsindustrien. Jeg, også, er en troende i eiendom, og særlig "
+"i betydningen av hva mr. Valenti samtaler \"kreativ eiendom.\" Jeg tror at "
"\"piratkopiering\" er galt, og at loven, riktig innstilt, skal straffe pent "
"\"piratkopiering\", enten av eller på Internett."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much "
"men de enkle trosoppfatninger maskere et mye mer grunnleggende spørsmål og "
"en mye mer dramatisk endring. min frykt er at med mindre vi kommer til å se "
"denne endringen, krig for å befri verden av Internett \"pirater\" også "
-"kvitte vår kultur med verdier som er integrert til vår tradisjon fra "
-"starten."
+"kvitte vår kultur med verdier som er integrert til vår tradisjon fra starten."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" Yale Law "
"First Amendment protected creators against state control. And as Professor "
"Neil Netanel powerfully argues,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
"copyright law, properly balanced, protected creators against private "
-"control. Our tradition was thus neither Soviet nor the tradition of "
-"patrons. It instead carved out a wide berth within which creators could "
-"cultivate and extend our culture."
+"control. Our tradition was thus neither Soviet nor the tradition of patrons. "
+"It instead carved out a wide berth within which creators could cultivate and "
+"extend our culture."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the "
"technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective "
"regulation of creativity in America. To build upon or critique the culture "
-"around us one must ask, Oliver Twistlike, for permission first. Permission "
-"is, of course, often granted--but it is not often granted to the critical or "
-"the independent. We have built a kind of cultural nobility; those within the "
-"noble class live easily; those outside it don't. But it is nobility of any "
-"form that is alien to our tradition."
+"around us one must ask, Oliver Twist–like, for permission first. "
+"Permission is, of course, often granted—but it is not often granted to "
+"the critical or the independent. We have built a kind of cultural nobility; "
+"those within the noble class live easily; those outside it don't. But it is "
+"nobility of any form that is alien to our tradition."
msgstr ""
"lovens svar på Internett, når knyttet til endringer i teknologi for "
"Internett selv, øket ennå svært effektiv regulering av kreativitet i "
"bygd opp en slags kulturelle adel; de i edle klassen leve enkelt; dem "
"utenfor ikke. men det er adel noen form som er fremmed for vår tradisjon."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the \"centrality "
"ikke en moral-tale. heller ikke er det et kall til jihad mot en bransje."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired "
"by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by "
"understanding this battle, it is an effort to map peace. There is no good "
-"reason for the current struggle around Internet technologies to "
-"continue. There will be great harm to our tradition and culture if it is "
-"allowed to continue unchecked. We must come to understand the source of this "
-"war. We must resolve it soon."
+"reason for the current struggle around Internet technologies to continue. "
+"There will be great harm to our tradition and culture if it is allowed to "
+"continue unchecked. We must come to understand the source of this war. We "
+"must resolve it soon."
msgstr ""
"i stedet er det et forsøk på å forstå en håpløst ødeleggende krig som er "
"inspirert av teknologien av Internett, men nå langt utenfor koden. og ved å "
"fortsette ukontrollert. Vi må komme til å forstå kilden til denne krigen. Vi "
"må løse det snart."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Like the Causbys' battle, this war is, in part, about \"property.\" The "
"property of this war is not as tangible as the Causbys', and no innocent "
-"chicken has yet to lose its life. Yet the ideas surrounding this "
-"\"property\" are as obvious to most as the Causbys' claim about the "
-"sacredness of their farm was to them. We are the Causbys. Most of us take "
-"for granted the extraordinarily powerful claims that the owners of "
-"\"intellectual property\" now assert. Most of us, like the Causbys, treat "
-"these claims as obvious. And hence we, like the Causbys, object when a new "
-"technology interferes with this property. It is as plain to us as it was to "
-"them that the new technologies of the Internet are \"trespassing\" upon "
-"legitimate claims of \"property.\" It is as plain to us as it was to them "
-"that the law should intervene to stop this trespass."
+"chicken has yet to lose its life. Yet the ideas surrounding this \"property"
+"\" are as obvious to most as the Causbys' claim about the sacredness of "
+"their farm was to them. We are the Causbys. Most of us take for granted the "
+"extraordinarily powerful claims that the owners of \"intellectual property\" "
+"now assert. Most of us, like the Causbys, treat these claims as obvious. And "
+"hence we, like the Causbys, object when a new technology interferes with "
+"this property. It is as plain to us as it was to them that the new "
+"technologies of the Internet are \"trespassing\" upon legitimate claims of "
+"\"property.\" It is as plain to us as it was to them that the law should "
+"intervene to stop this trespass."
msgstr ""
"som causbys' kamp, denne krigen er delvis, om \"egenskapen.\" egenskapen av "
"denne krigen er ikke så konkrete som causbys', og ingen uskyldige kylling "
"legitime påstander om \"egenskapen.\" det er så vanlig for oss som det var "
"til dem at loven bør intervenere for å stoppe denne trespass."
-#. PAGE BREAK 27
+#. PAGE BREAK 27
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright "
"brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does "
"brothers, the Internet has not inspired a revolution on its side."
msgstr ""
"og dermed når geeks og Teknologorganisasjon forsvare sin armstrong eller "
-"wright brødre teknologi, de fleste av oss er bare usympatiske. sunn fornuft "
+"Wright brødre teknologi, de fleste av oss er bare usympatiske. sunn fornuft "
"opprør ikke. i motsetning til når det gjelder uheldig causbys er sunn "
-"fornuft på siden av bolig i denne krigen. i motsetning til heldig wright "
+"fornuft på siden av bolig i denne krigen. i motsetning til heldig Wright-"
"brødrene, har Internett ikke inspirert en revolusjon på høykant."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly "
"å kontrollere bruk av kultur er så unquestioningly godtatt som det er nå."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about "
"the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it "
"krav var galt?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture "
"benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?"
"fordeler rcas i vår tid og passer vår egen virke ureflekterende intuisjoner?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of "
"America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war "
"system som fanges opp av noen kraftige spesielle interesser?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense "
"actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in "
"ansiktet av disse ytterpunktene fordi, som med armstrong versus rca, "
"kraftigere siden har sikret at det har kraftigere visningen?"
+#. PAGE BREAK 28
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was "
"krever i dag er stadig like dumt som en sheriff arrestere et fly for "
"trespass. men konsekvensene av dette dumhet vil være mye mer dyptgripende."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The struggle that rages just now centers on two ideas: \"piracy\" and "
"ideer."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you "
"into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French "
-"theorists--however natural that is for the weird sort we academics have "
+"theorists—however natural that is for the weird sort we academics have "
"become. Instead I begin in each part with a collection of stories that set a "
"context within which these apparently simple ideas can be more fully "
"understood."
"angir en kontekst som er innenfor disse tilsynelatende enkle ideer kan være "
"mer fullt forstått."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet "
"old. Rather than understanding the changes the Internet might permit, and "
"rather than taking time to let \"common sense\" resolve how best to respond, "
"we are allowing those most threatened by the changes to use their power to "
-"change the law--and more importantly, to use their power to change something "
-"fundamental about who we have always been."
+"change the law—and more importantly, to use their power to change "
+"something fundamental about who we have always been."
msgstr ""
"de to delene satt opp kjernen krav i denne boken: som mens Internett har "
"faktisk produsert noe fantastisk og nye, vår regjering, presset av store "
"har alltid vært."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of "
"us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most "
"threatened are among the most powerful players in our depressingly "
"compromised process of making law. This book is the story of one more "
-"consequence of this form of corruption--a consequence to which most of us "
-"remain oblivious."
+"consequence of this form of corruption—a consequence to which most of "
+"us remain oblivious."
msgstr ""
"Vi tillater dette, jeg tror, ikke fordi det er riktig, og ikke fordi de "
"fleste av oss virkelig tror på disse endringene. Vi tillater det fordi "
"historien om en mer konsekvens av denne formen for korrupsjon--en konsekvens "
"som de fleste av oss fortsatt oblivious."
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "\"PIRACY\""
-msgstr "piratkopiering"
+msgstr "\"Piratvirksomhet\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Since the inception of the law regulating creative property, there has been "
"lett å fange. som Herren mansfield skrev i en sak som utvidet rekkevidden av "
"engelsk lov om opphavsrett til å inkludere sheet music,"
-#. f1
+#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)."
msgstr "Bach v. longman, 98 eng. rep 1274 (1777) (mansfield)."
"own use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 31
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Today we are in the middle of another \"war\" against \"piracy.\" The "
"in a way unimagined a generation ago."
msgstr ""
"i dag er vi midt i en annen \"krig\" mot \"piratkopiering.\" Internett har "
-"provosert denne krigen. Internett gjør mulig effektiv spredning av "
-"innhold. Peer-to-peer (p2p) fildeling er blant den mest effektive av "
-"effektiv teknologi gjør det mulig for Internett. ved hjelp av distributed "
+"provosert denne krigen. Internett gjør mulig effektiv spredning av innhold. "
+"Peer-to-peer (p2p) fildeling er blant den mest effektive av effektiv "
+"teknologi gjør det mulig for Internett. ved hjelp av distributed "
"intelligence, p2p systemer forenkle enkel spredning av innhold på en måte "
"som unimagined en generasjon siden."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The "
"copyrighted content. That sharing in turn has excited the war, as copyright "
"owners fear the sharing will \"rob the author of the profit.\""
msgstr ""
-"Denne effektivitet respekterer ikke tradisjonelle linjene av "
-"opphavsrett. nettverket diskriminerer ikke mellom deling av "
-"opphavsrettsbeskyttet og uncopyrighted innhold. Dermed har det vært en enorm "
-"mengde deling av opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold. at deling har i sin tur "
-"glade krigen som eiere av opphavsretter frykter deling vil \"rob forfatteren "
-"av overskuddet.\""
+"Denne effektivitet respekterer ikke tradisjonelle linjene av opphavsrett. "
+"nettverket diskriminerer ikke mellom deling av opphavsrettsbeskyttet og "
+"uncopyrighted innhold. Dermed har det vært en enorm mengde deling av "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold. at deling har i sin tur glade krigen som "
+"eiere av opphavsretter frykter deling vil \"rob forfatteren av overskuddet.\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and "
"increasingly to technology to defend their \"property\" against this "
"\"piracy.\" A generation of Americans, the warriors warn, is being raised to "
"believe that \"property\" should be \"free.\" Forget tattoos, never mind "
-"body piercing--our kids are becoming thieves!"
+"body piercing—our kids are becoming thieves!"
msgstr ""
"krigerne har slått til domstolene, til legislatures, og stadig til teknologi "
"til å forsvare sine \"property\" mot denne \"piratkopiering.\" en generasjon "
"være \"gratis\" glem tatoveringer, never mind kroppspiercing--våre barn blir "
"tyver!"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There's no doubt that \"piracy\" is wrong, and that pirates should be "
"Det er ingen tvil om at \"piratkopiering\" er galt, og at pirates bør bli "
"straffet. men før vi gå til executioners, vi bør sette denne oppfatningen av "
"\"piratkopiering\" i noen sammenheng. for som konseptet blir stadig mer "
-"brukt, er i sin kjerne en ekstraordinære idé som er nesten helt sikkert "
-"galt."
+"brukt, er i sin kjerne en ekstraordinære idé som er nesten helt sikkert galt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "The idea goes something like this:"
msgstr "ideen går omtrent slik:"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative "
"work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take "
"something of value from someone else, I should have their permission. The "
-"taking of something of value from someone else without permission is "
-"wrong. It is a form of piracy."
+"taking of something of value from someone else without permission is wrong. "
+"It is a form of piracy."
msgstr ""
"skapende arbeid har verdi; Når jeg bruker, eller ta eller bygge på kreative "
"arbeidet til andre, tar jeg fra dem noe av verdi. Når jeg tar noe av verdi "
"fra noen andre, skulle jeg ha deres tillatelse. å ta av noe av verdi fra "
"noen andre uten tillatelse er galt. Det er en form for piratkopiering."
+#. f2
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See Rochelle Dreyfuss, \"Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in "
"se rochelle dreyfuss, \"uttrykksfulle genericity: varemerker som språk i "
"pepsi-generasjon\" notre dame lov gå gjennom 65 (1990): 397."
-#. f3
+#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Lisa Bannon, \"The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,\" "
-"Wall Street Journal, 21 August 1996, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</ulink>; Jonathan Zittrain, "
-"\"Calling Off the Copyright War: In Battle of Property vs. Free Speech, No "
-"One Wins,\" Boston Globe, 24 November 2002."
+"Wall Street Journal, 21 August 1996, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</ulink>; Jonathan Zittrain, \"Calling Off the "
+"Copyright War: In Battle of Property vs. Free Speech, No One Wins,\" Boston "
+"Globe, 24 November 2002."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor "
"Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the \"if value, then right\" theory of "
-"creative property<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> --if there is "
-"value, then someone must have a right to that value. It is the perspective "
-"that led a composers' rights organization, ASCAP, to sue the Girl Scouts for "
-"failing to pay for the songs that girls sang around Girl Scout "
-"campfires.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> There was \"value\" (the "
-"songs) so there must have been a \"right\"--even against the Girl Scouts."
+"creative property<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> —if there "
+"is value, then someone must have a right to that value. It is the "
+"perspective that led a composers' rights organization, ASCAP, to sue the "
+"Girl Scouts for failing to pay for the songs that girls sang around Girl "
+"Scout campfires.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> There was \"value"
+"\" (the songs) so there must have been a \"right\"—even against the "
+"Girl Scouts."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "ASCAP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 32
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property "
"Denne ideen er absolutt en mulig forståelse av hvordan kreative egenskapen "
"skal fungere. Det kan godt være en mulig design for et system av loven "
"beskytte creative-egenskapen. men den \"Hvis verdien, deretter høyre\" teori "
-"av creative-egenskapen har aldri vært america's teori om "
-"kreative-egenskapen. Det har aldri tatt tak i vår lov."
+"av creative-egenskapen har aldri vært america's teori om kreative-"
+"egenskapen. Det har aldri tatt tak i vår lov."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets "
"the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the "
"opptatt av å beskytte instrumentet at vi mister synet av verdien."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes "
-"care to draw--the distinction between republishing someone's work on the one "
-"hand and building upon or transforming that work on the other. Copyright law "
-"at its birth had only publishing as its concern; copyright law today "
-"regulates both."
+"care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on "
+"the one hand and building upon or transforming that work on the other. "
+"Copyright law at its birth had only publishing as its concern; copyright law "
+"today regulates both."
msgstr ""
"kilden til denne forvirring er en utmerkelse som loven ikke lenger tar seg "
"til å tegne--skillet mellom republishing noens arbeid på den ene siden og "
"regulerer i dag begge."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all "
"that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the "
"vast majority of publishing was commercial. Commercial entities could bear "
-"the burden of the law--even the burden of the Byzantine complexity that "
+"the burden of the law—even the burden of the Byzantine complexity that "
"copyright law has become. It was just one more expense of doing business."
msgstr ""
"før teknologien av Internett, gjorde ikke denne conflation saken alle så "
"loven--selv byrden av den bysantinske kompleksiteten som copyright lov har "
"blitt. Det var bare en mer utgifter ved å gjøre forretninger."
-#. f4
+#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In The Rise of the Creative Class (New York: Basic Books, 2002), Richard "
"Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor toward a labor of "
"law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial "
"creators but effectively that of anyone. Although that expansion would not "
"matter much if copyright law regulated only \"copying,\" when the law "
-"regulates as broadly and obscurely as it does, the extension matters a "
-"lot. The burden of this law now vastly outweighs any original "
-"benefit--certainly as it affects noncommercial creativity, and increasingly "
-"as it affects commercial creativity as well. Thus, as we'll see more clearly "
-"in the chapters below, the law's role is less and less to support "
-"creativity, and more and more to protect certain industries against "
-"competition. Just at the time digital technology could unleash an "
-"extraordinary range of commercial and noncommercial creativity, the law "
-"burdens this creativity with insanely complex and vague rules and with the "
-"threat of obscenely severe penalties. We may be seeing, as Richard Florida "
-"writes, the \"Rise of the Creative Class.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> Unfortunately, we are also seeing an extraordinary rise of "
-"regulation of this creative class."
+"regulates as broadly and obscurely as it does, the extension matters a lot. "
+"The burden of this law now vastly outweighs any original benefit—"
+"certainly as it affects noncommercial creativity, and increasingly as it "
+"affects commercial creativity as well. Thus, as we'll see more clearly in "
+"the chapters below, the law's role is less and less to support creativity, "
+"and more and more to protect certain industries against competition. Just at "
+"the time digital technology could unleash an extraordinary range of "
+"commercial and noncommercial creativity, the law burdens this creativity "
+"with insanely complex and vague rules and with the threat of obscenely "
+"severe penalties. We may be seeing, as Richard Florida writes, the \"Rise of "
+"the Creative Class.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Unfortunately, we are also seeing an extraordinary rise of regulation of "
+"this creative class."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "CHAPTER ONE: Creators"
-msgstr "Kapittel en: skaperne"
+msgstr "Kapittel en: Skaperne"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In 1928, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut "
"in May of that year, in a silent flop called Plane Crazy. In November, in "
"steamboat willie brakt til liv tegnet som skulle bli Mikke Mus."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie "
"The Jazz Singer. That success led Walt Disney to copy the technique and mix "
"om det ville vinne et publikum. men når disney kjørte en test sommeren 1928, "
"resultatene var entydig. som disney beskriver det første eksperimentet"
-#. PAGE BREAK 35
+#. PAGE BREAK 35
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth "
"organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and "
"å se bildet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false "
"starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the "
msgstr ""
"gutter jobbet fra en musikk og lydeffekter score. etter flere falske starter "
"kom lyd og handling av med pistolen. munn-organisten spilte melodien, resten "
-"av oss i lyd avdeling bammed tin pans og blåste lysbilde plystre på "
-"beat. synkroniseringen var ganske nær."
+"av oss i lyd avdeling bammed tin pans og blåste lysbilde plystre på beat. "
+"synkroniseringen var ganske nær."
-#. f1
+#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Leonard Maltin, Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons "
-"(New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 3435."
+"(New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35."
msgstr ""
"Leonard maltin, mus og magic: a history of american animerte-tegneserier "
"(new york: penguin books, 1987), 3435."
"The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They "
"responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought "
"they were kidding me. So they put me in the audience and ran the action "
-"again. It was terrible, but it was wonderful! And it was something "
-"
new!<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"again. It was terrible, but it was wonderful! And it was something new!"
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub "
-"Iwerks, put it more strongly: \"I have never been so thrilled in my "
-"life. Nothing since has ever equaled it.\""
+"Iwerks, put it more strongly: \"I have never been so thrilled in my life. "
+"Nothing since has ever equaled it.\""
msgstr ""
"Disney's deretter partner, og en av animasjons mest ekstraordinære talenter, "
"ub iwerks, sette det mer sterkt: \"Jeg har aldri vært så begeistret i mitt "
"liv. ingenting siden har noensinne equaled den.\""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively "
-"new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had "
-"rarely--except in Disney's hands--been anything more than filler for other "
-"films. Throughout animation's early history, it was Disney's invention that "
-"set the standard that others struggled to match. And quite often, Disney's "
-"great genius, his spark of creativity, was built upon the work of others."
+"Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively new. "
+"Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had "
+"rarely—except in Disney's hands—been anything more than filler "
+"for other films. Throughout animation's early history, it was Disney's "
+"invention that set the standard that others struggled to match. And quite "
+"often, Disney's great genius, his spark of creativity, was built upon the "
+"work of others."
msgstr ""
-"Disney hadde opprettet noe veldig nytt, basert på noe relativt "
-"nytt. synkronisert lyd brakt livet til en form av kreativitet som hadde "
-"sjelden--unntatt i disney's hender--blitt noe mer enn filler for andre "
-"filmer. gjennom animasjons tidlig historien var det disney's oppfinnelse som "
-"satte standarden som andre kjempet for å matche. og ganske ofte disney's "
-"stor geni, hans gnist av kreativitet, ble bygd på arbeidet til andre."
+"Disney hadde opprettet noe veldig nytt, basert på noe relativt nytt. "
+"synkronisert lyd brakt livet til en form av kreativitet som hadde sjelden--"
+"unntatt i disney's hender--blitt noe mer enn filler for andre filmer. "
+"gjennom animasjons tidlig historien var det disney's oppfinnelse som satte "
+"standarden som andre kjempet for å matche. og ganske ofte disney's stor "
+"geni, hans gnist av kreativitet, ble bygd på arbeidet til andre."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks "
"another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) "
"keaton. filmen var steamboat bill, jr."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, "
"he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable "
"laughter from his audience. Steamboat Bill, Jr. was a classic of this form, "
"famous among film buffs for its incredible stunts. The film was classic "
-"Keaton--wildly popular and among the best of its genre."
+"Keaton—wildly popular and among the best of its genre."
msgstr ""
"Keaton ble født inn i en vaudeville familie i 1895. i æra av stumfilm, hadde "
"han mestret med bred fysiske komedie som en måte å gnist lyste latter fra "
"blant film buffs for sin utrolige stunts. filmen var klassisk keaton--vill "
"populær og blant beste i sin sjanger."
-#. f2
+#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave "
"Smith of the Disney Archives, Disney paid royalties to use the music for "
-"five songs in Steamboat Willie: \"Steamboat Bill,\" \"The Simpleton\" "
-"(Delille), \"Mischief Makers\" (Carbonara), \"Joyful Hurry No. 1\" (Baron), "
-"and \"Gawky Rube\" (Lakay). A sixth song, \"The Turkey in the Straw,\" was "
-"already in the public domain. Letter from David Smith to Harry Surden, 10 "
-"July 2003, on file with author."
+"five songs in Steamboat Willie: \"Steamboat Bill,\" \"The Simpleton"
+"\" (Delille), \"Mischief Makers\" (Carbonara), \"Joyful Hurry No. "
+"1\" (Baron), and \"Gawky Rube\" (Lakay). A sixth song, \"The Turkey in the "
+"Straw,\" was already in the public domain. Letter from David Smith to Harry "
+"Surden, 10 July 2003, on file with author."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"Willie, and then from Steamboat Willie, Mickey Mouse."
msgstr ""
-#. f3
+#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, \"The Mouse that "
-"Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>."
+"Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"This \"borrowing\" was nothing unique, either for Disney or for the "
"industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream films of "
"his day.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> So did many others. Early "
-"cartoons are filled with knockoffs--slight variations on winning themes; "
-"retellings of ancient stories. The key to success was the brilliance of the "
-"differences. With Disney, it was sound that gave his animation its "
+"cartoons are filled with knockoffs—slight variations on winning "
+"themes; retellings of ancient stories. The key to success was the brilliance "
+"of the differences. With Disney, it was sound that gave his animation its "
"spark. Later, it was the quality of his work relative to the production-line "
"cartoons with which he competed. Yet these additions were built upon a base "
"that was borrowed. Disney added to the work of others before him, creating "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think "
"about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I "
"noen ganger var denne lån liten. noen ganger var det betydelig. Tenk på "
"eventyr av the Sunday. Hvis du er så oblivious som jeg var, er du "
"sannsynligvis tror at disse fortellingene er glade, søte historier, passer "
-"for alle barn ved sengetid. faktisk grimm eventyr er, vel, for oss, "
-"dystre. Det er en sjelden og kanskje altfor ambisiøse forelder som ville "
-"våge å lese disse blodig, moralistiske fortellingene til hans eller hennes "
-"barn, ved sengetid eller når som helst."
+"for alle barn ved sengetid. faktisk grimm eventyr er, vel, for oss, dystre. "
+"Det er en sjelden og kanskje altfor ambisiøse forelder som ville våge å lese "
+"disse blodig, moralistiske fortellingene til hans eller hennes barn, ved "
+"sengetid eller når som helst."
-#. PAGE BREAK 37
+#. PAGE BREAK 37
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a "
"new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without "
"(1941), Bambi (1942), Song of the South (1946), Cinderella (1950), Alice in "
"Wonderland (1951), Robin Hood (1952), Peter Pan (1953), Lady and the Tramp "
"(1955), Mulan (1998), Sleeping Beauty (1959), 101 Dalmatians (1961), The "
-"Sword in the Stone (1963), and The Jungle Book (1967)--not to mention a "
+"Sword in the Stone (1963), and The Jungle Book (1967)—not to mention a "
"recent example that we should perhaps quickly forget, Treasure Planet "
"(2003). In all of these cases, Disney (or Disney, Inc.) ripped creativity "
"from the culture around him, mixed that creativity with his own "
-"extraordinary talent, and then burned that mix into the soul of his "
-"culture. Rip, mix, and burn."
+"extraordinary talent, and then burned that mix into the soul of his culture. "
+"Rip, mix, and burn."
msgstr ""
"Disney tok disse historiene og retold dem på en måte som førte dem inn i en "
"ny tidsalder. Han animert historiene, med både tegn og lys. uten å fjerne "
"egen ekstraordinære talent, og deretter brent blanding inn i sjelen til sin "
"kultur. rippe blande og brenne."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and "
"celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except "
"this kind. We don't need to go that far to recognize its importance. We "
"could call this \"Disney creativity,\" though that would be a bit "
-"misleading. It is, more precisely, \"Walt Disney creativity\"--a form of "
-"expression and genius that builds upon the culture around us and makes it "
+"misleading. It is, more precisely, \"Walt Disney creativity\"—a form "
+"of expression and genius that builds upon the culture around us and makes it "
"something different."
msgstr ""
"Dette er en slags kreativitet. Det er en kreativitet som vi bør huske og "
"feire. Det er noen som vil si at det er ingen kreativitet bortsett fra denne "
"typen. Vi trenger ikke å gå så langt å anerkjenne sin betydning. Vi kan "
-"kalle denne \"disney kreativitet,\" selv om det ville være litt "
-"misvisende. Det er mer presist, \"walt disney kreativitet\"--en form for "
-"uttrykk og geni som bygger på kultur rundt oss, og som gjør det noe annet."
+"kalle denne \"disney kreativitet,\" selv om det ville være litt misvisende. "
+"Det er mer presist, \"walt disney kreativitet\"--en form for uttrykk og geni "
+"som bygger på kultur rundt oss, og som gjør det noe annet."
-#. f4
+#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an "
"year, and the proportion renewing. Thus, if 100 copyrights are registered in "
"year 1, and only 15 are renewed, and the renewal term is 28 years, then the "
"average term is 32.2 years. For the renewal data and other relevant data, "
-"see the Web site associated with this book, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>."
+"see the Web site associated with this book, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively "
-"fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite "
-"vibrant. The average term of copyright was just around thirty years--for "
-"that minority of creative work that was in fact copyrighted.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That means that for thirty years, on average, "
-"the authors or copyright holders of a creative work had an \"exclusive "
-"right\" to control certain uses of the work. To use this copyrighted work in "
-"limited ways required the permission of the copyright owner."
+"In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively fresh. "
+"The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite vibrant. "
+"The average term of copyright was just around thirty years—for that "
+"minority of creative work that was in fact copyrighted.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That means that for thirty years, on average, the "
+"authors or copyright holders of a creative work had an \"exclusive right\" "
+"to control certain uses of the work. To use this copyrighted work in limited "
+"ways required the permission of the copyright owner."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No "
"permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, "
"hence, no lawyers. The public domain is a \"lawyer-free zone.\" Thus, most "
"of the content from the nineteenth century was free for Disney to use and "
-"build upon in 1928. It was free for anyone-- whether connected or not, "
-"whether rich or not, whether approved or not--to use and build upon."
+"build upon in 1928. It was free for anyone— whether connected or not, "
+"whether rich or not, whether approved or not—to use and build upon."
msgstr ""
"på slutten av en opphavsrett sikt sender et arbeid i public domain. Ingen "
"tillatelse kreves for deretter å trekke på, eller bruke som fungerer. Ingen "
-"tillatelse og derfor ingen jurister. public domain er en \"advokat-free "
-"zone.\" dermed, det meste av innholdet fra det nittende århundre var gratis "
-"for disney du bruker, og bygger på i 1928. Det var gratis for alle--enten "
-"tilkoblet eller ikke, om det er rik eller ikke, om godkjente eller "
-"ikke--hvis du vil bruke, og bygge på."
+"tillatelse og derfor ingen jurister. public domain er en \"advokat-free zone."
+"\" dermed, det meste av innholdet fra det nittende århundre var gratis for "
+"disney du bruker, og bygger på i 1928. Det var gratis for alle--enten "
+"tilkoblet eller ikke, om det er rik eller ikke, om godkjente eller ikke--"
+"hvis du vil bruke, og bygge på."
-#. PAGE BREAK 38
+#. PAGE BREAK 38
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"This is the ways things always were--until quite recently. For most of our "
-"history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, the "
-"average copyright term was never more than thirty-two years, meaning that "
-"most culture just a generation and a half old was free for anyone to build "
-"upon without the permission of anyone else. Today's equivalent would be for "
-"creative work from the 1960s and 1970s to now be free for the next Walt "
-"Disney to build upon without permission. Yet today, the public domain is "
-"presumptive only for content from before the Great Depression."
+"This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of "
+"our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, "
+"the average copyright term was never more than thirty-two years, meaning "
+"that most culture just a generation and a half old was free for anyone to "
+"build upon without the permission of anyone else. Today's equivalent would "
+"be for creative work from the 1960s and 1970s to now be free for the next "
+"Walt Disney to build upon without permission. Yet today, the public domain "
+"is presumptive only for content from before the Great Depression."
msgstr ""
"Dette er hvordan ting var alltid--inntil ganske nylig. for de fleste av vår "
"historie var public domain litt over horisonten. fra 1978 var "
"neste walt disney å bygge på uten tillatelse. ennå i dag, er den offentlige "
"sfæren presumptive bare for innhold fra før den store depresjonen."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Of course, Walt Disney had no monopoly on \"Walt Disney creativity.\" Nor "
"does America. The norm of free culture has, until recently, and except "
"within totalitarian nations, been broadly exploited and quite universal."
msgstr ""
-"Selvfølgelig, walt disney hadde ingen monopol på \"walt disney "
-"kreativitet.\" heller ikke Amerika. norm for fri kultur har, inntil nylig, "
-"og unntatt i totalitære nasjoner, vært forstand utnyttede og ganske "
-"universell."
+"Selvfølgelig, walt disney hadde ingen monopol på \"walt disney kreativitet."
+"\" heller ikke Amerika. norm for fri kultur har, inntil nylig, og unntatt i "
+"totalitære nasjoner, vært forstand utnyttede og ganske universell."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many "
-"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: manga, or "
-"comics. The Japanese are fanatics about comics. Some 40 percent of "
-"publications are comics, and 30 percent of publication revenue derives from "
-"comics. They are everywhere in Japanese society, at every magazine stand, "
-"carried by a large proportion of commuters on Japan's extraordinary system "
-"of public transportation."
+"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: manga, or comics. "
+"The Japanese are fanatics about comics. Some 40 percent of publications are "
+"comics, and 30 percent of publication revenue derives from comics. They are "
+"everywhere in Japanese society, at every magazine stand, carried by a large "
+"proportion of commuters on Japan's extraordinary system of public "
+"transportation."
msgstr ""
"Tenk deg for eksempel en form av kreativitet som synes underlig for mange "
"amerikanere, men det er uunngåelig i japansk kultur: manga, eller "
"magasinet stå båret av en stor andel av pendlere på Japans ekstraordinære "
"systemet av offentlig transport."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an "
"Amerikanerne har en tendens til å se på denne formen for kultur. Det er en "
"unattractive kjennetegnet av våre. vi sannsynligvis misforstå mye om manga, "
"fordi få av oss noensinne har lest noe nær historiene som disse \"grafiske "
-"romaner\" fortelle. for japansk, manga dekker alle aspekter av sosiale "
-"liv. tegneserier er \"menn i strømpebukse.\" for oss, og likevel, det er "
-"ikke som hvis new york-bane er fylt med leserne av joyce eller selv "
-"hemingway. mennesker av ulike kulturer distrahere seg på forskjellige måter, "
-"japanske på dette interessant annen måte."
+"romaner\" fortelle. for japansk, manga dekker alle aspekter av sosiale liv. "
+"tegneserier er \"menn i strømpebukse.\" for oss, og likevel, det er ikke som "
+"hvis new york-bane er fylt med leserne av joyce eller selv hemingway. "
+"mennesker av ulike kulturer distrahere seg på forskjellige måter, japanske "
+"på dette interessant annen måte."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant "
"on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney "
"manga som fra en advokat perspektiv er ganske rart, men fra en disney "
"perspektiv er ganske godt kjent."
+#. PAGE BREAK 39
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is the phenomenon of doujinshi. Doujinshi are also comics, but they are "
"is not doujinshi if it is just a copy; the artist must make a contribution "
"to the art he copies, by transforming it either subtly or significantly. A "
"doujinshi comic can thus take a mainstream comic and develop it "
-"differently--with a different story line. Or the comic can keep the "
+"differently—with a different story line. Or the comic can keep the "
"character in character but change its look slightly. There is no formula for "
"what makes the doujinshi sufficiently \"different.\" But they must be "
"different if they are to be considered true doujinshi. Indeed, there are "
"slags copycat tegneserie. en rik ethic styrer opprettingen av doujinshi. Det "
"er ikke doujinshi Hvis det er bare en kopi; kunstneren må gi et bidrag til "
"kunst som han overfører, gjøre det subtly eller betydelig. en doujinshi "
-"tegneserie kan dermed ta en mainstream tegneserie og utvikle den "
-"annerledes--med en annen historie-linje. eller tegneserier kan holde tegnet "
-"i karakter, men endre sitt utseende litt. Det er ingen formel for det som "
-"gjør doujinshi tilstrekkelig \"annerledes.\", men de må være forskjellige "
-"hvis de skal anses som sann doujinshi. Det er faktisk komiteer som gjennomgå "
-"doujinshi for inkludering i viser og avvise enhver copycat tegneserie som er "
-"bare en kopi."
-
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
-msgid ""
-"These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are "
-"huge. More than 33,000 \"circles\" of creators from across Japan produce "
-"these bits of Walt Disney creativity. More than 450,000 Japanese come "
-"together twice a year, in the largest public gathering in the country, to "
-"exchange and sell them. This market exists in parallel to the mainstream "
-"commercial manga market. In some ways, it obviously competes with that "
-"market, but there is no sustained effort by those who control the commercial "
-"manga market to shut the doujinshi market down. It flourishes, despite the "
+"tegneserie kan dermed ta en mainstream tegneserie og utvikle den annerledes--"
+"med en annen historie-linje. eller tegneserier kan holde tegnet i karakter, "
+"men endre sitt utseende litt. Det er ingen formel for det som gjør doujinshi "
+"tilstrekkelig \"annerledes.\", men de må være forskjellige hvis de skal "
+"anses som sann doujinshi. Det er faktisk komiteer som gjennomgå doujinshi "
+"for inkludering i viser og avvise enhver copycat tegneserie som er bare en "
+"kopi."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are huge. "
+"More than 33,000 \"circles\" of creators from across Japan produce these "
+"bits of Walt Disney creativity. More than 450,000 Japanese come together "
+"twice a year, in the largest public gathering in the country, to exchange "
+"and sell them. This market exists in parallel to the mainstream commercial "
+"manga market. In some ways, it obviously competes with that market, but "
+"there is no sustained effort by those who control the commercial manga "
+"market to shut the doujinshi market down. It flourishes, despite the "
"competition and despite the law."
msgstr ""
"disse copycat tegneseriene er ikke en liten del av manga-markedet. de er "
"to ganger i året, i den største offentlig sammenkomst i landet, å bytte og "
"selge dem. Dette markedet finnes i parallell til det mainstream kommersielle "
"manga-markedet. det åpenbart konkurrerer med dette markedet på noen måter, "
-"men det er ingen vedvarende innsats av de som styrer kommersielle "
-"manga-markedet for å stenge doujinshi markedet. den blomstrer, til tross for "
+"men det er ingen vedvarende innsats av de som styrer kommersielle manga-"
+"markedet for å stenge doujinshi markedet. den blomstrer, til tross for "
"konkurransen og til tross for loven."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the "
"en krenkelse av opprinnelige opphavsretten til å lage en kopi eller et "
"avledet arbeid uten den opphavspersonens tillatelse."
-#. f5
+#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, Reinventing Comics (New York: "
"Perennial, 2000)."
msgstr ""
-"Hvis en utmerket historie, kan du se scott mccloud, reinventing tegneserier "
-"(new york: staude, 2000)."
+"For en utmerket historie, se Scott McCloud, Reinventing Comics (New York: "
+"Perennial, 2000)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"flourish. As American graphic novelist Judd Winick said to me, \"The early "
"days of comics in America are very much like what's going on in Japan "
"now. . . . American comics were born out of copying each other. . . . That's "
-"how [the artists] learn to draw--by going into comic books and not tracing "
-"them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from "
-"
them.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"how [the artists] learn to draw—by going into comic books and not "
+"tracing them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from them."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of "
-"the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are "
-"allowed. Speaking of Superman, Winick told me, \"there are these rules and "
-"you have to stick to them.\" There are things Superman \"cannot\" do. \"As a "
-"creator, it's frustrating having to stick to some parameters which are fifty "
-"years old.\""
+"the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are allowed. "
+"Speaking of Superman, Winick told me, \"there are these rules and you have "
+"to stick to them.\" There are things Superman \"cannot\" do. \"As a creator, "
+"it's frustrating having to stick to some parameters which are fifty years "
+"old.\""
msgstr ""
"amerikanske tegneserier nå er helt forskjellige, winick forklarer, delvis på "
"grunn av juridiske vanskelighetene med å tilpasse tegneserier måte doujinshi "
"er tillatt. Speaking of superman, winick fortalte meg, \"det er disse "
-"reglene og du har å holde oss til dem\" det er ting superman \"ikke\" "
-"gjøre. \"som en creator, det er frustrerende måtte holde oss til noen "
-"parametere som er femti år.\""
+"reglene og du har å holde oss til dem\" det er ting superman \"ikke\" gjøre. "
+"\"som en creator, det er frustrerende måtte holde oss til noen parametere "
+"som er femti år.\""
+#. f6
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See Salil K. Mehra, \"Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why "
"would lead manga and anime artists to forgo bringing legal actions for "
"infringement. One hypothesis is that all manga artists may be better off "
"collectively if they set aside their individual self-interest and decide not "
-"to press their legal rights. This is essentially a prisoner's dilemma "
-"solved.\""
+"to press their legal rights. This is essentially a prisoner's dilemma solved."
+"\""
msgstr ""
"se salil k. mehra, \"copyright og tegneserier i japan: gjør loven forklare "
"hvorfor alle tegneseriene min gutt klokker er japanske import?\" rutgers lov "
"the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the "
"mitigation. Temple University law professor Salil Mehra, for example, "
"hypothesizes that the manga market accepts these technical violations "
-"because they spur the manga market to be more wealthy and "
-"productive. Everyone would be worse off if doujinshi were banned, so the law "
-"
does not ban doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"because they spur the manga market to be more wealthy and productive. "
+"Everyone would be worse off if doujinshi were banned, so the law does not "
+"ban doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that "
"artister, hvorfor er det ikke en mer generell mønster av blokkerer denne "
"\"gratis tar\" av doujinshi kultur?"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often "
"as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from "
"a major Japanese law firm. \"We don't have enough lawyers,\" he told me one "
-"afternoon. There \"just aren't enough resources to prosecute cases like "
-"this.\""
+"afternoon. There \"just aren't enough resources to prosecute cases like this."
+"\""
msgstr ""
"Jeg tilbrakte fire fantastiske måneder i japan, og jeg spurt dette "
"spørsmålet så ofte som jeg kunne. kanskje ble den beste kontoen til slutt "
"advokater,\" han fortalte meg en ettermiddag. det \"bare ikke er nok "
"ressurser til å tiltale tilfeller som dette.\""
-#. PAGE BREAK 41
+#. PAGE BREAK 41
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a "
"function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words "
"en pause for et øyeblikk."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first "
"start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled "
"begynne å tenke disse problemene, bør så bare om nå du være rådvill om noe "
"du ikke hadde tenkt gjennom før."
+#. f7
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The term intellectual property is of relatively recent origin. See Siva "
"Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 11 (New York: New York University "
"Press, 2001). See also Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: "
"Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. The term accurately describes a set of "
-"\"property\" rights--copyright, patents, trademark, and trade-secret--but "
-"the nature of those rights is very different."
+"\"property\" rights—copyright, patents, trademark, and trade-"
+"secret—but the nature of those rights is very different."
msgstr ""
"begrepet immaterielle er relativt nylige opprinnelsesland. se siva "
"vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 11 (new york: new york university "
"can't buy you love,\" but rather, value that is plainly part of a process of "
"production, including commercial as well as noncommercial production. If "
"Disney animators had stolen a set of pencils to draw Steamboat Willie, we'd "
-"have no hesitation in condemning that taking as wrong-- even though trivial, "
-"even if unnoticed. Yet there was nothing wrong, at least under the law of "
-"the day, with Disney's taking from Buster Keaton or from the Brothers "
+"have no hesitation in condemning that taking as wrong— even though "
+"trivial, even if unnoticed. Yet there was nothing wrong, at least under the "
+"law of the day, with Disney's taking from Buster Keaton or from the Brothers "
"Grimm. There was nothing wrong with the taking from Keaton because Disney's "
"use would have been considered \"fair.\" There was nothing wrong with the "
"taking from the Grimms because the Grimms' work was in the public domain."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 42
+#. PAGE BREAK 42
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Thus, even though the things that Disney took--or more generally, the things "
-"taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity--are valuable, our "
-"tradition does not treat those takings as wrong. Some things remain free for "
-"the taking within a free culture, and that freedom is good."
+"Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the "
+"things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, "
+"our tradition does not treat those takings as wrong. Some things remain free "
+"for the taking within a free culture, and that freedom is good."
msgstr ""
"Således, selv om tingene som disney tok-- eller mer generelt, tingene som er "
"tatt av noen utøve walt disney kreativitet--er verdifull, vår tradisjon ikke "
"innenfor en fri kultur, og at frihet er bra."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a "
-"publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest work--or "
-"even one copy--without paying, we'd have no hesitation in saying the artist "
-"was wrong. In addition to having trespassed, he would have stolen something "
-"of value. The law bans that stealing in whatever form, whether large or "
-"small."
+"publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest "
+"work—or even one copy—without paying, we'd have no hesitation in "
+"saying the artist was wrong. In addition to having trespassed, he would have "
+"stolen something of value. The law bans that stealing in whatever form, "
+"whether large or small."
msgstr ""
"det samme med doujinshi kultur. Hvis en doujinshi artist brøt inn i en "
"publisher office og kjørte med tusen eksemplarer av hans siste verk-- eller "
"galt. i tillegg til å ha begått, ville han har stjålet noe av verdi. lov "
"forbud at stjele i enhver form, enten store eller små."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that "
"kreativitet er sett på som rettferdig og høyre, selv om advokater spesielt "
"finner det vanskelig å si hvorfor."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin "
"of movie: five asteroid films in the late 1990s; two volcano disaster films "
"in 1997."
msgstr ""
-"Det er det samme med tusen eksempler som vises overalt når du begynner å "
-"se. forskere bygge på arbeidet til andre forskere uten å be om eller betale "
-"for privilegiet. (\"Unnskyld meg, professor einstein, men kanskje jeg har "
+"Det er det samme med tusen eksempler som vises overalt når du begynner å se. "
+"forskere bygge på arbeidet til andre forskere uten å be om eller betale for "
+"privilegiet. (\"Unnskyld meg, professor einstein, men kanskje jeg har "
"tillatelse til å bruke ditt Relativitetsteorien for å vise at du var galt om "
"quantum fysikk?\") fungerende virksomheter utfører bearbeidelser av verk av "
"shakespeare uten sikring tillatelse fra noen. (mener noen shakespeare ville "
"første?) og hollywood går gjennom sykluser med en bestemt type film: fem "
"asteroider filmer inne det sen 1990s; to vulkanen katastrofe filmer i 1997."
-#. PAGE BREAK 43
+#. PAGE BREAK 43
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the "
"creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is "
"compensating the original creator. No society, free or controlled, has ever "
"demanded that every use be paid for or that permission for Walt Disney "
"creativity must always be sought. Instead, every society has left a certain "
-"bit of its culture free for the taking--free societies more fully than "
+"bit of its culture free for the taking—free societies more fully than "
"unfree, perhaps, but all societies to some degree."
msgstr ""
"skaperne er her og overalt alltid og på alle ganger bygge på kreativitet som "
"kultur som er gratis for å ta--gratis samfunn nærmere enn fri, kanskje, men "
"alle samfunn til en viss grad."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The hard question is therefore not whether a culture is free. All cultures "
"studio eller ikke?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build "
"upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free "
"eller tillatelse, kulturer la mye mindre. våre var en fri kultur. det blir "
"mye mindre."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "CHAPTER TWO: \"Mere Copyists\""
msgstr "Kapittel to: \"kun copyists\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for "
"i 1839, louis daguerre oppfant den første praktiske teknologien for å "
"produsere det vi vil kalle \"fotografier.\" riktig nok, de ble kalt "
"\"daguerreotypes.\" prosessen var komplisert og kostbart, og feltet var "
-"dermed begrenset til profesjonelle og noen ivrige og velstående "
-"amatører. (det var enda en amerikansk daguerre tilknytning som hjalp "
-"regulere bransjen, som gjør alle slike tilknytninger, ved å holde "
-"konkurranse å holde prisene.)"
+"dermed begrenset til profesjonelle og noen ivrige og velstående amatører. "
+"(det var enda en amerikansk daguerre tilknytning som hjalp regulere "
+"bransjen, som gjør alle slike tilknytninger, ved å holde konkurranse å holde "
+"prisene.)"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This "
"pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make \"automatic "
-"pictures.\" William Talbot soon discovered a process for making "
-"\"negatives.\" But because the negatives were glass, and had to be kept wet, "
-"the process still remained expensive and cumbersome. In the 1870s, dry "
-"plates were developed, making it easier to separate the taking of a picture "
-"from its developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it was still "
-"not a process within reach of most amateurs."
+"pictures.\" William Talbot soon discovered a process for making \"negatives."
+"\" But because the negatives were glass, and had to be kept wet, the process "
+"still remained expensive and cumbersome. In the 1870s, dry plates were "
+"developed, making it easier to separate the taking of a picture from its "
+"developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it was still not a "
+"process within reach of most amateurs."
msgstr ""
"likevel til tross for høye priser var etterspørselen etter daguerreotypes "
"sterk. Dette presset oppfinnere å finne enklere og billigere måter å gjøre "
"plater av glass, og dermed det var likevel ikke en prosess innenfor "
"rekkevidde de fleste amatører."
-#. PAGE BREAK 45
+#. PAGE BREAK 45
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen "
"until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an "
"amateur photographer, was frustrated by the technology of photographs made "
"with plates. In a flash of insight (so to speak), Eastman saw that if the "
-"film could be made to be flexible, it could be held on a single "
-"spindle. That roll could then be sent to a developer, driving the costs of "
+"film could be made to be flexible, it could be held on a single spindle. "
+"That roll could then be sent to a developer, driving the costs of "
"photography down substantially. By lowering the costs, Eastman expected he "
"could dramatically broaden the population of photographers."
msgstr ""
"teknologiske endringen som gjorde det mulig masse fotografering skje ikke "
"før 1888, og var etableringen av en enkelt mann. George eastman, selv en "
-"amatør fotograf, var frustrert av fotografier som er laget med "
-"plater-teknologi. i en flash av innsikt (så å si), så eastman at hvis filmen "
-"kan gjøres for å være fleksibel, kunne det bli avholdt på en enkelt "
-"spindel. at roll kunne deretter sendes til en utvikler, senke kostnadene for "
+"amatør fotograf, var frustrert av fotografier som er laget med plater-"
+"teknologi. i en flash av innsikt (så å si), så eastman at hvis filmen kan "
+"gjøres for å være fleksibel, kunne det bli avholdt på en enkelt spindel. at "
+"roll kunne deretter sendes til en utvikler, senke kostnadene for "
"fotografering vesentlig. ved å senke kostnadene, forventet eastman han kan "
"dramatisk utvide befolkningen av fotografer."
-#. f1
+#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Reese V. Jenkins, Images and Enterprise (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University "
"Press, 1975), 112."
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As he described in The Kodak Primer:"
msgstr ""
-#. f2
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Coe, Brian"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Brian Coe, The Birth of Photography (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), "
"53."
"and without chemicals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. f3
+#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Jenkins, 177."
msgstr "Jenkins, 177."
-#. f4
+#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178."
-msgstr "basert på et diagram i jenkins, s. 178."
+msgstr "Basert på et diagram i Jenkins, s. 178."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"of over 17 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. f5
+#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Coe, 58."
msgstr "Coe, 58."
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The "
"av kreativitet som kodak aktivert. demokratiske verktøy ga vanlige folk en "
"måte å uttrykke seg lettere enn noen verktøy kan har før."
-#. f6
+#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For illustrative cases, see, for example, Pavesich v. N.E. Life Ins. Co., 50 "
"S.E."
"photography, there was a series of judicial decisions that could well have "
"changed the course of photography substantially. Courts were asked whether "
"the photographer, amateur or professional, required permission before he "
-"could capture and print whatever image he wanted. Their answer was "
-"
no.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"could capture and print whatever image he wanted. Their answer was no."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 47
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly "
"familiar. The photographer was \"taking\" something from the person or "
-"building whose photograph he shot--pirating something of value. Some even "
-"thought he was taking the target's soul. Just as Disney was not free to take "
-"the pencils that his animators used to draw Mickey, so, too, should these "
-"photographers not be free to take images that they thought valuable."
+"building whose photograph he shot—pirating something of value. Some "
+"even thought he was taking the target's soul. Just as Disney was not free to "
+"take the pencils that his animators used to draw Mickey, so, too, should "
+"these photographers not be free to take images that they thought valuable."
msgstr ""
"argumenter for å trenge tillatelse vil lyde overraskende kjent. fotografen "
"ble \"tar\" noe fra personen eller bygge med fotografi han skjøt--pirating "
"så bør også, disse fotografer ikke være fritt til å ta bilder som de trodde "
"verdifull."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Warren, Samuel D."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote>
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f7
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" Harvard "
"Brandeis, who would become a Supreme Court Justice, thought the rule should "
"be different for images from private spaces.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"id=\"0\"/>) It may be that this means that the photographer gets something "
-"for nothing. Just as Disney could take inspiration from Steamboat Bill, "
-"Jr. or the Brothers Grimm, the photographer should be free to capture an "
-"image without compensating the source."
+"for nothing. Just as Disney could take inspiration from Steamboat Bill, Jr. "
+"or the Brothers Grimm, the photographer should be free to capture an image "
+"without compensating the source."
msgstr ""
-#. f8
+#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" Law and Contemporary "
"Problems 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, \"Privacy,\" California Law "
-"Review 48 (1960) 398407; White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc., 971 "
-"F. 2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)."
+"Review 48 (1960) 398–407; White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc., "
+"971 F. 2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)."
msgstr ""
"se melville b. nimmer, \"rett publisitet,\" lov og moderne problemer 19 "
-"(1954): 203; William l. prosser, \"personvern\", california lov gå "
-"gjennom 48 (1960) 398407; hvite v. samsung electronics america, inc., 971 "
-"f. 2D 1395 (9 cir. 1992), cert. nektet, 508 amerikansk 951 (1993)."
+"(1954): 203; William l. prosser, \"personvern\", california lov gå gjennom "
+"48 (1960) 398407; hvite v. samsung electronics america, inc., 971 f. 2D 1395 "
+"(9 cir. 1992), cert. nektet, 508 amerikansk 951 (1993)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"craft an exception for famous people: commercial photographers who snap "
"pictures of famous people for commercial purposes have more restrictions "
"than the rest of us. But in the ordinary case, the image can be captured "
-"without clearing the rights to do the capturing.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>)"
+"without clearing the rights to do the capturing.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>)"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law "
"bli vist før et selskap utviklet bilder. Vi kunne forestille seg et system å "
"utvikle for å demonstrere tillatelsen."
+#. PAGE BREAK 48
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard "
"to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement "
"for permission had been built into the rules that govern it. Photography "
-"would have existed. It would have grown in importance over "
-"time. Professionals would have continued to use the technology as they "
-"did--since professionals could have more easily borne the burdens of the "
+"would have existed. It would have grown in importance over time. "
+"Professionals would have continued to use the technology as they did—"
+"since professionals could have more easily borne the burdens of the "
"permission system. But the spread of photography to ordinary people would "
"not have occurred. Nothing like that growth would have been realized. And "
"certainly, nothing like that growth in a democratic technology of expression "
msgstr ""
"men selv om vi kunne tenke seg dette systemet av tillatelse, det ville være "
"svært vanskelig å se hvordan fotografering kunne ha blomstret som det gjorde "
-"Hvis kravet om tillatelse hadde blitt bygget inn i reglene som styrer "
-"det. fotografering ville har eksistert. det ville ha vokst betydning over "
-"tid. profesjonelle ville har fortsatt å bruke teknologi som de gjorde--siden "
+"Hvis kravet om tillatelse hadde blitt bygget inn i reglene som styrer det. "
+"fotografering ville har eksistert. det ville ha vokst betydning over tid. "
+"profesjonelle ville har fortsatt å bruke teknologi som de gjorde--siden "
"fagfolk kan lettere båret byrdene av tillatelse-systemet. Men spredning av "
"fotografering til vanlige folk ville ikke ha skjedd. ingenting som at "
"veksten ville har blitt realisert. og Ja, ingenting som at veksten i en "
"til å lære noe om medier ved å gjøre noe med media. ved å gjøre tror de. ved "
"fiksing og triksing lærer de."
-#. f9
+#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"H. Edward Goldberg, \"Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software "
"You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,\" cadalyst, February "
-"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#7</ulink>."
+"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #7</"
+"ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly "
-"so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen "
-"dramatically. As one analyst puts it, \"Five years ago, a good real-time "
-"digital video editing system cost $25,000. Today you can get professional "
-"quality for $595.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These buses are "
-"filled with technology that would have cost hundreds of thousands just ten "
-"years ago. And it is now feasible to imagine not just buses like this, but "
-"classrooms across the country where kids are learning more and more of "
-"something teachers call \"media literacy.\""
+"These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly so. "
+"The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen dramatically. As "
+"one analyst puts it, \"Five years ago, a good real-time digital video "
+"editing system cost $25,000. Today you can get professional quality for $595."
+"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These buses are filled with "
+"technology that would have cost hundreds of thousands just ten years ago. "
+"And it is now feasible to imagine not just buses like this, but classrooms "
+"across the country where kids are learning more and more of something "
+"teachers call \"media literacy.\""
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 49
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"Media literacy,\" as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of Just Think!, "
"bilder. Målet er å gjøre [barn] literate om måten mediet fungerer, hvordan "
"den er konstruert, slik den er levert, og måten å få tilgang til den.\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This may seem like an odd way to think about \"literacy.\" For most people, "
"flest, leseferdighet handler om lesing og skriving. Faulkner og hemingway og "
"merke delte infinitiv er det ting som \"literate\" folk vet om."
+#. f10
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Judith Van Evra, Television and Child Development (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television "
-"commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials "
-"generally,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> it is increasingly "
-"important to understand the \"grammar\" of media. For just as there is a "
-"grammar for the written word, so, too, is there one for media. And just as "
-"kids learn how to write by writing lots of terrible prose, kids learn how to "
-"write media by constructing lots of (at least at first) terrible media."
+"commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials generally,"
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> it is increasingly important to "
+"understand the \"grammar\" of media. For just as there is a grammar for the "
+"written word, so, too, is there one for media. And just as kids learn how to "
+"write by writing lots of terrible prose, kids learn how to write media by "
+"constructing lots of (at least at first) terrible media."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as "
"crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written "
-"understands how difficult writing is--how difficult it is to sequence the "
-"story, to keep a reader's attention, to craft language to be "
-"understandable--few of us have any real sense of how difficult media is. Or "
-"more fundamentally, few of us have a sense of how media works, how it holds "
-"an audience or leads it through a story, how it triggers emotion or builds "
-"suspense."
+"understands how difficult writing is—how difficult it is to sequence "
+"the story, to keep a reader's attention, to craft language to be "
+"understandable—few of us have any real sense of how difficult media "
+"is. Or more fundamentally, few of us have a sense of how media works, how it "
+"holds an audience or leads it through a story, how it triggers emotion or "
+"builds suspense."
msgstr ""
"et voksende felt av akademikere og aktivister ser denne formen for "
"leseferdighet som avgjørende for den neste generasjonen av kultur. for om "
"noen som har skrevet forstår hvor vanskelig skriving er--hvor vanskelig det "
"er å sekvens historien, å holde leserens oppmerksomhet, håndverket språk å "
-"være forståelig--få av oss har en reell følelse av hvor vanskelig media "
-"er. eller mer fundamentalt, få av oss har en følelse av hvordan media "
-"fungerer, hvordan det holder et publikum eller fører det gjennom en "
-"artikkel, hvordan det utløser følelser eller bygger spenning."
+"være forståelig--få av oss har en reell følelse av hvor vanskelig media er. "
+"eller mer fundamentalt, få av oss har en følelse av hvordan media fungerer, "
+"hvordan det holder et publikum eller fører det gjennom en artikkel, hvordan "
+"det utløser følelser eller bygger spenning."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But "
-"even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the "
-"film. The skill came from experiencing the making of a film, not from "
-"reading a book about it. One learns to write by writing and then reflecting "
-"upon what one has written. One learns to write with images by making them "
-"and then reflecting upon what one has created."
-msgstr ""
-"Det tok filmskapning en generasjon før det kunne gjøre disse tingene "
-"godt. men selv da kunnskap var av filming, ikke skriftlig om "
-"filmen. ferdigheten kom fra opplever inngåelse av en film, ikke fra å lese "
-"en bok om den. en lærer å skrive ved å skrive og deretter gjenspeiler på hva "
-"man har skrevet. en lærer å skrive med bilder ved å gjøre dem og deretter "
-"reflektere over hva man har opprettet."
-
-#. f11
+"even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the film. "
+"The skill came from experiencing the making of a film, not from reading a "
+"book about it. One learns to write by writing and then reflecting upon what "
+"one has written. One learns to write with images by making them and then "
+"reflecting upon what one has created."
+msgstr ""
+"Det tok filmskapning en generasjon før det kunne gjøre disse tingene godt. "
+"men selv da kunnskap var av filming, ikke skriftlig om filmen. ferdigheten "
+"kom fra opplever inngåelse av en film, ikke fra å lese en bok om den. en "
+"lærer å skrive ved å skrive og deretter gjenspeiler på hva man har skrevet. "
+"en lærer å skrive med bilder ved å gjøre dem og deretter reflektere over hva "
+"man har opprettet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Barish, Stephanie"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002."
-msgstr "Intervju med elizabeth daley og stephanie barish, 13 desember 2002."
+msgstr "Intervju med Elizabeth Daley og Stephanie Barish, 13. desember 2002."
-#. f12
+#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 November "
-"2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#8</ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22 November 2000, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>."
+"2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #8</"
+"ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22 November 2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern "
"California's Annenberg Center for Communication and dean of the USC School "
"of Cinema-Television, explained to me, the grammar was about \"the placement "
-"of objects, color, . . . rhythm, pacing, and texture.\"<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But as computers open up an interactive space "
-"where a story is \"played\" as well as experienced, that grammar "
-"changes. The simple control of narrative is lost, and so other techniques "
-"are necessary. Author Michael Crichton had mastered the narrative of "
-"science fiction. But when he tried to design a computer game based on one "
-"of his works, it was a new craft he had to learn. How to lead people through "
-"a game without their feeling they have been led was not obvious, even to a "
-"wildly successful author.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"of objects, color, . . . rhythm, pacing, and texture.\"<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But as computers open up an interactive space where "
+"a story is \"played\" as well as experienced, that grammar changes. The "
+"simple control of narrative is lost, and so other techniques are necessary. "
+"Author Michael Crichton had mastered the narrative of science fiction. But "
+"when he tried to design a computer game based on one of his works, it was a "
+"new craft he had to learn. How to lead people through a game without their "
+"feeling they have been led was not obvious, even to a wildly successful "
+"author.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "computer games"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, "
"denne ferdigheten er nøyaktig håndverket filmskaper lærer. som daley "
"beskriver, er\"folk veldig overrasket om hvordan de er ledet gjennom en "
"film. [i] t er perfekt konstruert for å hindre at du ser det, så du har "
-"ingen anelse om. Hvis en filmskaper lykkes du ikke vet hvordan du ble "
-"ledet.\"Hvis du vet at du ble ledet gjennom en film, filmen mislyktes."
+"ingen anelse om. Hvis en filmskaper lykkes du ikke vet hvordan du ble ledet."
+"\"Hvis du vet at du ble ledet gjennom en film, filmen mislyktes."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Yet the push for an expanded literacy--one that goes beyond text to include "
-"audio and visual elements--is not about making better film directors. The "
-"aim is not to improve the profession of filmmaking at all. Instead, as "
-"Daley explained,"
+"Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to "
+"include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film "
+"directors. The aim is not to improve the profession of filmmaking at all. "
+"Instead, as Daley explained,"
msgstr ""
"men Skyv for en utvidet leseferdighet--en som går utover tekst til å "
"inkludere lyd og visuelle elementer--ikke handler om å gjøre bedre film "
"stedet, som daley forklart,"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not "
"access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that "
"at boksen fungerer i. ellers bare en svært få mennesker kan skrive med dette "
"språket, og resten av oss er redusert til å være skrivebeskyttet."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"Read-only.\" Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. Couch "
"\"lese-bare.\" passiv mottakerne av kultur produsert andre steder. Couch "
"Poteter. forbrukere. Dette er verden av medier fra det tjuende århundre."
-#. f13
+#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish."
-msgstr "Intervju med daley og barish."
+msgstr "Intervju med Daley og Barish."
-#. f31
+#. f31
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Ibid."
msgstr "ibid."
"the craft of writing. Or best, reading and understanding the tools that "
"enable the writing to lead or mislead. The aim of any literacy, and this "
"literacy in particular, is to \"empower people to choose the appropriate "
-"language for what they need to create or express.\"<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It is to enable students \"to communicate in "
-"the language of the twenty-first century.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"1\"/>"
+"language for what they need to create or express.\"<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It is to enable students \"to communicate in the "
+"language of the twenty-first century.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to "
"others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in "
"was a very poor inner-city Los Angeles school. In all the traditional "
"measures of success, this school was a failure. But Daley and Barish ran a "
"program that gave kids an opportunity to use film to express meaning about "
-"something the students know something about--gun violence."
+"something the students know something about—gun violence."
msgstr ""
"som med alle språk, kommer dette språket lettere til noen enn for andre. det "
"kommer ikke nødvendigvis mer lett til de som excel i skriftlig språk. Daley "
"fiasko. men daley og barish kjørte et program som ga barn en mulighet til å "
"bruke filmen til å uttrykke mening om noe elevene vet noe om--pistol vold."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new "
"kids to come, the challenge in this class was keeping them away. The \"kids "
"were showing up at 6 A.M. and leaving at 5 at night,\" said Barish. They "
"were working harder than in any other class to do what education should be "
-"about--learning how to express themselves."
+"about—learning how to express themselves."
msgstr ""
"klassen ble avholdt fredag ettermiddagen, og det opprettes et relativt nytt "
"problem for skolen. mens utfordringen i de fleste klasser fikk barna "
"enn i noen annen klasse å gjøre hva utdanning bør være omtrent--lære å "
"uttrykke seg."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Using whatever \"free web stuff they could find,\" and relatively simple "
"that few would otherwise understand. This was an issue close to the lives of "
"these students. The project \"gave them a tool and empowered them to be able "
"to both understand it and talk about it,\" Barish explained. That tool "
-"succeeded in creating expression--far more successfully and powerfully than "
-"could have been created using only text. \"If you had said to these "
+"succeeded in creating expression—far more successfully and powerfully "
+"than could have been created using only text. \"If you had said to these "
"students, `you have to do it in text,' they would've just thrown their hands "
"up and gone and done something else,\" Barish described, in part, no doubt, "
"because expressing themselves in text is not something these students can do "
-"well. Yet neither is text a form in which these ideas can be expressed "
-"well. The power of this message depended upon its connection to this form of "
+"well. Yet neither is text a form in which these ideas can be expressed well. "
+"The power of this message depended upon its connection to this form of "
"expression."
msgstr ""
"bruker noe \"gratis web ting de kunne finne\", og relativt enkle verktøy til "
"å aktivere barna å blande \"bilde, lyd og tekst\", sa barish denne klassen "
"produsert en rekke prosjekter som viste noe om pistol vold som noen ellers "
-"ville forstå. Dette var et problem nær livene til disse "
-"studentene. prosjektet \"ga dem et verktøy og myndighet dem å være i stand "
-"til å både forstå det og snakke om det,\" barish forklart. som verktøyet "
-"lyktes i lage uttrykk--langt mer vellykket og kraftfullt enn kunne ha blitt "
-"skapt med bare teksten. \"Hvis du hadde sagt til disse studenter, 'du har å "
-"gjøre det i tekst', de ville har bare kastet sine hender opp og borte og "
-"gjort noe annet,\" er barish beskrevet i del, ingen tvil, fordi uttrykker "
-"seg i tekst ikke noe disse studentene kan gjøre godt. likevel verken er "
-"tekst et skjema i som disse ideene kan uttrykkes godt. kraften i denne "
-"meldingen depended upon dens forbindelse til denne formen for uttrykk."
+"ville forstå. Dette var et problem nær livene til disse studentene. "
+"prosjektet \"ga dem et verktøy og myndighet dem å være i stand til å både "
+"forstå det og snakke om det,\" barish forklart. som verktøyet lyktes i lage "
+"uttrykk--langt mer vellykket og kraftfullt enn kunne ha blitt skapt med bare "
+"teksten. \"Hvis du hadde sagt til disse studenter, 'du har å gjøre det i "
+"tekst', de ville har bare kastet sine hender opp og borte og gjort noe annet,"
+"\" er barish beskrevet i del, ingen tvil, fordi uttrykker seg i tekst ikke "
+"noe disse studentene kan gjøre godt. likevel verken er tekst et skjema i som "
+"disse ideene kan uttrykkes godt. kraften i denne meldingen depended upon "
+"dens forbindelse til denne formen for uttrykk."
+#. PAGE BREAK 52
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"But isn't education about teaching kids to write?\" I asked. In part, of "
"course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, Daley "
"explained, is about giving students a way of \"constructing meaning.\" To "
"say that that means just writing is like saying teaching writing is only "
-"about teaching kids how to spell. Text is one part--and increasingly, not "
-"the most powerful part--of constructing meaning. As Daley explained in the "
-"most moving part of our interview,"
+"about teaching kids how to spell. Text is one part—and increasingly, "
+"not the most powerful part—of constructing meaning. As Daley explained "
+"in the most moving part of our interview,"
msgstr ""
"\"men ikke opplæring om undervise barna å skrive?\" spurte jeg. delvis, "
"selvfølgelig, er det. men hvorfor er vi lærer barna å skrive? utdanning, "
"økende grad, ikke den mektigste delen--for å bygge betydning. som daley "
"forklart i den mest flyttende del av vårt intervju"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all "
"can do all sorts of other things. He just can't read your text. So Johnny "
"comes to school and you say, \"Johnny, you're illiterate. Nothing you can do "
"matters.\" Well, Johnny then has two choices: He can dismiss you or he [can] "
-"dismiss himself. If his ego is healthy at all, he's going to dismiss "
-"you. [But i]nstead, if you say, \"Well, with all these things that you can "
-"do, let's talk about this issue. Play for me music that you think reflects "
-"that, or show me images that you think reflect that, or draw for me "
-"something that reflects that.\" Not by giving a kid a video camera and "
-". . . saying, \"Let's go have fun with the video camera and make a little "
-"movie.\" But instead, really help you take these elements that you "
-"understand, that are your language, and construct meaning about the "
-"topic. . . ."
+"dismiss himself. If his ego is healthy at all, he's going to dismiss you. "
+"[But i]nstead, if you say, \"Well, with all these things that you can do, "
+"let's talk about this issue. Play for me music that you think reflects that, "
+"or show me images that you think reflect that, or draw for me something that "
+"reflects that.\" Not by giving a kid a video camera and . . . saying, "
+"\"Let's go have fun with the video camera and make a little movie.\" But "
+"instead, really help you take these elements that you understand, that are "
+"your language, and construct meaning about the topic. . . ."
msgstr ""
"Hva du ønsker er å gi disse elevene måter for å bygge betydning. Hvis alt du "
"gi dem er tekst, er de ikke til å gjøre det på. fordi de ikke kan. du vet, "
"alle slags andre ting. han kan bare lese teksten. så johnny kommer til "
"skolen, og du sier, \"johnny, du er analfabeter. ingenting du kan gjøre "
"saker.\"Vel, johnny deretter har du to valg: han kan ignorere du eller han "
-"[kan] avvise selv. Hvis hans ego er sunn overhodet, skal han ignorere "
-"du. [men jeg] nstead, hvis du sier, \"Vel, med alle disse tingene du kan "
-"gjøre, la oss snakke om dette problemet. spille for meg musikk som du tror "
+"[kan] avvise selv. Hvis hans ego er sunn overhodet, skal han ignorere du. "
+"[men jeg] nstead, hvis du sier, \"Vel, med alle disse tingene du kan gjøre, "
+"la oss snakke om dette problemet. spille for meg musikk som du tror "
"gjenspeiler som, eller vise meg bilder som du tror gjenspeile som, eller "
"tegne for meg noe som gjenspeiler som.\"ikke ved å gi en gutt et videokamera "
"og... sa:\"La oss gå har moro med videokameraet og gjøre en liten film.\", "
"men i stedet, virkelig hjelpe deg med å ta disse elementene du forstår, som "
"er ditt språk, og konstruere mening om emnet...."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, "
"lærerne fortalte stephanie, ville de omskrive et avsnitt 5, 6, 7, 8 ganger, "
"till de fått det riktig."
+#. PAGE BREAK 53
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say "
"hadde mye kraft med dette språket."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When two planes crashed into the World Trade Center, another into the "
"Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania field, all media around the world "
"terrorisme var at forsinkede andre angrepet var perfekt timet for å sikre at "
"hele verden ville være å se."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored "
-"for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the "
-"screen. There was a formula to interviews. There was \"balance,\" and "
-"seriousness. This was news choreographed in the way we have increasingly "
-"come to expect it, \"news as entertainment,\" even if the entertainment is "
-"tragedy."
+"for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the screen. "
+"There was a formula to interviews. There was \"balance,\" and seriousness. "
+"This was news choreographed in the way we have increasingly come to expect "
+"it, \"news as entertainment,\" even if the entertainment is tragedy."
msgstr ""
"disse retellings hadde en stadig familiær stemning. Det var musikk scoret "
"for intermissions og fancy grafikk som flashed hele skjermen. Det var en "
"koreograferte i måten vi er stadig mer vant til det, \"nyheter som "
"underholdning,\" selv om underholdning er tragedie."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "ABC"
+msgstr "ABC"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "CBS"
+msgstr "CBS"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But in addition to this produced news about the \"tragedy of September 11,\" "
"well. The Internet was filled with accounts of the same events. Yet these "
"Internet accounts had a very different flavor. Some people constructed photo "
"pages that captured images from around the world and presented them as slide "
-"shows with text. Some offered open letters. There were sound "
-"recordings. There was anger and frustration. There were attempts to provide "
-"context. There was, in short, an extraordinary worldwide barn raising, in "
-"the sense Mike Godwin uses the term in his book Cyber Rights, around a news "
-"event that had captured the attention of the world. There was ABC and CBS, "
-"but there was also the Internet."
+"shows with text. Some offered open letters. There were sound recordings. "
+"There was anger and frustration. There were attempts to provide context. "
+"There was, in short, an extraordinary worldwide barn raising, in the sense "
+"Mike Godwin uses the term in his book Cyber Rights, around a news event that "
+"had captured the attention of the world. There was ABC and CBS, but there "
+"was also the Internet."
msgstr ""
"men i tillegg til denne produsert nyheter om \"tragedie av 11 september\", "
"de av oss knyttet til Internett kom å se en svært forskjellige produksjon "
-"samt. Internett var fylt med kontoene til samme hendelsene. disse "
-"Internett-kontoer hadde ennå en helt annen smaken. noen mennesker konstruert "
-"foto sider som tatt bilder fra rundt om i verden og presenterte seg som "
+"samt. Internett var fylt med kontoene til samme hendelsene. disse Internett-"
+"kontoer hadde ennå en helt annen smaken. noen mennesker konstruert foto "
+"sider som tatt bilder fra rundt om i verden og presenterte seg som "
"lysbildefremvisninger med tekst. noen tilbudt åpne bokstaver. Det var "
-"lydopptak. Det var sinne og frustrasjon. var det forsøk på å gi "
-"kontekst. Det var, kort sagt, en ekstraordinære verdensomspennende låven "
-"heve, i den forstand mike godwin bruker termen i hans bok cyber rettigheter, "
-"rundt et aktuelt arrangement som hadde fanget oppmerksomheten av verden. Det "
-"var abc og cbs, men det var også Internett."
+"lydopptak. Det var sinne og frustrasjon. var det forsøk på å gi kontekst. "
+"Det var, kort sagt, en ekstraordinære verdensomspennende låven heve, i den "
+"forstand mike godwin bruker termen i hans bok cyber rettigheter, rundt et "
+"aktuelt arrangement som hadde fanget oppmerksomheten av verden. Det var abc "
+"og cbs, men det var også Internett."
+#. PAGE BREAK 54
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"I don't mean simply to praise the Internet--though I do think the people who "
-"supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead to point to "
-"a significance in this form of speech. For like a Kodak, the Internet "
-"enables people to capture images. And like in a movie by a student on the "
-"\"Just Think!\" bus, the visual images could be mixed with sound or text."
+"I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the "
+"people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead "
+"to point to a significance in this form of speech. For like a Kodak, the "
+"Internet enables people to capture images. And like in a movie by a student "
+"on the \"Just Think!\" bus, the visual images could be mixed with sound or "
+"text."
msgstr ""
"Jeg trenger ikke bety bare å prise Internett - selv om jeg tror de som "
"støttes av denne formen for tale skal rost. Jeg mener i stedet til å peke "
"tror!\"-bussen visuelle bilder kan blandes med lyd eller tekst."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows "
"these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, "
-"practically instantaneously. This is something new in our tradition--not "
-"just that culture can be captured mechanically, and obviously not just that "
-"events are commented upon critically, but that this mix of captured images, "
-"sound, and commentary can be widely spread practically instantaneously."
+"practically instantaneously. This is something new in our tradition—"
+"not just that culture can be captured mechanically, and obviously not just "
+"that events are commented upon critically, but that this mix of captured "
+"images, sound, and commentary can be widely spread practically "
+"instantaneously."
msgstr ""
"men i motsetning til noen teknologi for bare skjermbilder, Internett kan "
"disse kreasjoner som skal deles med en ekstraordinære antall mennesker, "
"være vidt spredt nesten umiddelbart."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same "
"time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning "
"to come into public consciousness: the Web-log, or blog. The blog is a kind "
"of public diary, and within some cultures, such as in Japan, it functions "
"very much like a diary. In those cultures, it records private facts in a "
-"public way--it's a kind of electronic Jerry Springer, available anywhere in "
-"the world."
+"public way—it's a kind of electronic Jerry Springer, available "
+"anywhere in the world."
msgstr ""
"11 september var ikke en villfarelse. Det var en begynnelse. rundt samme "
"tid, en form for kommunikasjon som har vokst dramatisk var bare begynnelsen "
"overalt i verden."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. "
-"There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private "
-"life. But there are many who use the space to engage in public "
-"discourse. Discussing matters of public import, criticizing others who are "
-"mistaken in their views, criticizing politicians about the decisions they "
-"make, offering solutions to problems we all see: blogs create the sense of a "
-"virtual public meeting, but one in which we don't all hope to be there at "
-"the same time and in which conversations are not necessarily linked. The "
-"best of the blog entries are relatively short; they point directly to words "
-"used by others, criticizing with or adding to them. They are arguably the "
-"most important form of unchoreographed public discourse that we have."
+"There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private life. "
+"But there are many who use the space to engage in public discourse. "
+"Discussing matters of public import, criticizing others who are mistaken in "
+"their views, criticizing politicians about the decisions they make, offering "
+"solutions to problems we all see: blogs create the sense of a virtual public "
+"meeting, but one in which we don't all hope to be there at the same time and "
+"in which conversations are not necessarily linked. The best of the blog "
+"entries are relatively short; they point directly to words used by others, "
+"criticizing with or adding to them. They are arguably the most important "
+"form of unchoreographed public discourse that we have."
msgstr ""
"men i USA, blogger har tatt på en svært forskjellig karakter. Det er noen "
"som bruker området bare for å snakke om deres private liv. men det er mange "
"som vi alle ser: blogger skape følelse av et virtuelt offentlige møte, men "
"en i som vi ikke alle håper å være der på samme tid, og der samtaler ikke "
"nødvendigvis er koblet. best av bloggoppføringene er relativt kort; de peker "
-"direkte til ord som brukes av andre, kritiserer med eller legge til i "
-"dem. de er uten tvil den viktigste formen for unchoreographed offentlige "
+"direkte til ord som brukes av andre, kritiserer med eller legge til i dem. "
+"de er uten tvil den viktigste formen for unchoreographed offentlige "
"diskusjon som vi har."
-#. PAGE BREAK 55
+#. PAGE BREAK 55
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it "
"does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for "
msgstr ""
"Det er en sterk uttalelse. Likevel står det så mye om vårt demokrati som det "
"gjør om blogger. Dette er delen av Amerika som er mest vanskelig for de av "
-"oss som elsker Amerika for å godta: vårt demokrati har "
-"atrofier. selvfølgelig vi har valg, og mesteparten av tiden domstolene "
-"tillate disse valgene til å telle. et relativt lite antall folk stemme i "
-"disse valgene. syklusen av disse valgene blir helt professionalized og "
-"routinized. de fleste av oss tror dette er demokrati."
+"oss som elsker Amerika for å godta: vårt demokrati har atrofier. "
+"selvfølgelig vi har valg, og mesteparten av tiden domstolene tillate disse "
+"valgene til å telle. et relativt lite antall folk stemme i disse valgene. "
+"syklusen av disse valgene blir helt professionalized og routinized. de "
+"fleste av oss tror dette er demokrati."
-#. f15
+#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, bk. 1, "
"trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), ch. 16."
msgstr ""
-"Se for eksempel alexis de tocqueville, demokrati i Amerika, bk. 1, "
-"trans. Henry reeve (new york: bantam books, 2000), ch. 16."
+"Se for eksempel alexis de tocqueville, demokrati i Amerika, bk. 1, trans. "
+"Henry reeve (new york: bantam books, 2000), ch. 16."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by "
"the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our "
"tradition, it also means control through reasoned discourse. This was the "
-"idea that captured the imagination of Alexis de Tocqueville, the "
-"nineteenth-century French lawyer who wrote the most important account of "
-"early \"Democracy in America.\" It wasn't popular elections that fascinated "
-"him--it was the jury, an institution that gave ordinary people the right to "
-"choose life or death for other citizens. And most fascinating for him was "
-"that the jury didn't just vote about the outcome they would impose. They "
-"deliberated. Members argued about the \"right\" result; they tried to "
+"idea that captured the imagination of Alexis de Tocqueville, the nineteenth-"
+"century French lawyer who wrote the most important account of early "
+"\"Democracy in America.\" It wasn't popular elections that fascinated "
+"him—it was the jury, an institution that gave ordinary people the "
+"right to choose life or death for other citizens. And most fascinating for "
+"him was that the jury didn't just vote about the outcome they would impose. "
+"They deliberated. Members argued about the \"right\" result; they tried to "
"persuade each other of the \"right\" result, and in criminal cases at least, "
-"they had to agree upon a unanimous result for the process to come to an "
-"
end.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"they had to agree upon a unanimous result for the process to come to an end."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. f16
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" Journal of Political "
msgid ""
"Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, "
"there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are "
-"pushing to create just such an institution.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> And in some towns in New England, something close to deliberation "
+"pushing to create just such an institution.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> And in some towns in New England, something close to deliberation "
"remains. But for most of us for most of the time, there is no time or place "
"for \"democratic deliberation\" to occur."
msgstr ""
-#. f17
+#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Cass Sunstein, Republic.com (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), "
-"6580, 175, 182, 183, 192."
+"65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192."
msgstr ""
-"Cass sunstein, republic.com (princeton: princeton university press, 2001), "
-"6580, 175, 182, 183, 192."
+"Cass sunstein, republic.com (princeton: princeton university press, 2001), 65"
+"80, 175, 182, 183, 192."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"our friends want to hear, and hear very little beyond what our friends say."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 56
+#. PAGE BREAK 56
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this "
"problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want "
"for communication. Blogs allow for public discourse without the public ever "
"needing to gather in a single public place."
msgstr ""
-"gå inn i bloggen. bloggens svært arkitektur løser en del av dette "
-"problemet. folk innlegg når de vil bokføre, og folk lese når de ønsker å "
-"lese. det mest vanskelig tid er synkron tid. teknologier som gjør asynkron "
-"kommunikasjon, for eksempel e-post, øke muligheten for "
-"kommunikasjon. blogger tillate public discourse uten publikum noensinne "
-"trenger å samles i en enkelt offentlig sted."
+"gå inn i bloggen. bloggens svært arkitektur løser en del av dette problemet. "
+"folk innlegg når de vil bokføre, og folk lese når de ønsker å lese. det mest "
+"vanskelig tid er synkron tid. teknologier som gjør asynkron kommunikasjon, "
+"for eksempel e-post, øke muligheten for kommunikasjon. blogger tillate "
+"public discourse uten publikum noensinne trenger å samles i en enkelt "
+"offentlig sted."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of "
-"norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. "
-"Indeed, the space is filled with political speech, on both the right and the "
-"left. Some of the most popular sites are conservative or libertarian, but "
-"there are many of all political stripes. And even blogs that are not "
-"political cover political issues when the occasion merits."
+"But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of norms. "
+"There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. Indeed, the "
+"space is filled with political speech, on both the right and the left. Some "
+"of the most popular sites are conservative or libertarian, but there are "
+"many of all political stripes. And even blogs that are not political cover "
+"political issues when the occasion merits."
msgstr ""
"Men utover arkitektur, blogger også har løst problemet med normer. Det er "
"ingen normen (ennå) i bloggen plass for ikke å snakke om politikk. faktisk, "
"dekker politiske spørsmål når anledningen fortjener."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name "
"Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for "
"effect."
msgstr ""
"betydningen av disse bloggene er liten nå, men ikke så små. navnet howard "
-"dean kan godt har bleknet fra 2004 presidentvalget rase men for "
-"blogger. Selv om antall lesere er liten, er ennå lesing har en effekt."
+"dean kan godt har bleknet fra 2004 presidentvalget rase men for blogger. "
+"Selv om antall lesere er liten, er ennå lesing har en effekt."
+#. f18
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Noah Shachtman, \"With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,\" New "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the "
-"mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott "
-"\"misspoke\" at a party for Senator Strom Thurmond, essentially praising "
-"Thurmond's segregationist policies, he calculated correctly that this story "
-"would disappear from the mainstream press within forty-eight hours. It "
-"did. But he didn't calculate its life cycle in blog space. The bloggers kept "
-"researching the story. Over time, more and more instances of the same "
-"\"misspeaking\" emerged. Finally, the story broke back into the mainstream "
-"press. In the end, Lott was forced to resign as senate majority "
-"leader.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott \"misspoke"
+"\" at a party for Senator Strom Thurmond, essentially praising Thurmond's "
+"segregationist policies, he calculated correctly that this story would "
+"disappear from the mainstream press within forty-eight hours. It did. But he "
+"didn't calculate its life cycle in blog space. The bloggers kept researching "
+"the story. Over time, more and more instances of the same \"misspeaking\" "
+"emerged. Finally, the story broke back into the mainstream press. In the "
+"end, Lott was forced to resign as senate majority leader.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't "
"exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are "
"mister de inntekt. som haier, må de flytte."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can "
"focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly "
"historier. folk lese hva som er populært; Hva er populære har blitt valgt av "
"en veldig demokratisk prosess med node-generert rangeringer."
+#. PAGE BREAK 57
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from "
"journalist simpelthen har ikke en konflikt av interesse, eller konflikt av "
"interesse er så lett avslørt at du vet du kan liksom få det ut av veien.\""
-#. f19
+#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003."
msgstr "telefon intervju med david vin, 16 april 2003."
msgid ""
"These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated "
"(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public "
-"than an unconcentrated media can--as CNN admitted it did after the Iraq war "
-"because it was afraid of the consequences to its own employees.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also needs to sustain a more coherent "
-"account. (In the middle of the Iraq war, I read a post on the Internet from "
-"someone who was at that time listening to a satellite uplink with a reporter "
-"in Iraq. The New York headquarters was telling the reporter over and over "
-"that her account of the war was too bleak: She needed to offer a more "
-"optimistic story. When she told New York that wasn't warranted, they told "
-"her that they were writing \"the story.\")"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. f20
+"than an unconcentrated media can—as CNN admitted it did after the Iraq "
+"war because it was afraid of the consequences to its own employees."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also needs to sustain a more "
+"coherent account. (In the middle of the Iraq war, I read a post on the "
+"Internet from someone who was at that time listening to a satellite uplink "
+"with a reporter in Iraq. The New York headquarters was telling the reporter "
+"over and over that her account of the war was too bleak: She needed to offer "
+"a more optimistic story. When she told New York that wasn't warranted, they "
+"told her that they were writing \"the story.\")"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information "
"Online,\" New York Times, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci D. Kramer, \"Shuttle "
"Disaster Coverage Mixed, but Strong Overall,\" Online Journalism Review, 2 "
-"February 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</ulink>."
+"February 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #10</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate--\"amateur\" not in the "
-"sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning not "
-"paid by anyone to give their reports. It allows for a much broader range of "
-"input into a story, as reporting on the Columbia disaster revealed, when "
+"Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate—\"amateur\" not in "
+"the sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning "
+"not paid by anyone to give their reports. It allows for a much broader range "
+"of input into a story, as reporting on the Columbia disaster revealed, when "
"hundreds from across the southwest United States turned to the Internet to "
"retell what they had seen.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And it "
"drives readers to read across the range of accounts and \"triangulate,\" as "
"Winer puts it, the truth. Blogs, Winer says, are \"communicating directly "
-"with our constituency, and the middle man is out of it\"--with all the "
+"with our constituency, and the middle man is out of it\"—with all the "
"benefits, and costs, that might entail."
msgstr ""
+#. f21
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" New York "
"personlig weblogg, utgitt under psevdonym, som jobbet med noen av de "
"problemer og folk som han var dekket.\")"
-#. PAGE BREAK 58
+#. PAGE BREAK 58
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with "
-"blogs. \"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for "
-"public figures and increasingly for private figures as well. It's not clear "
-"that \"journalism\" is happy about this--some journalists have been told to "
+"Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with blogs. "
+"\"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for public "
+"figures and increasingly for private figures as well. It's not clear that "
+"\"journalism\" is happy about this—some journalists have been told to "
"curtail their blogging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it is "
"clear that we are still in transition. \"A lot of what we are doing now is "
"warm-up exercises,\" Winer told me. There is a lot that must mature before "
"copyright), Winer said, \"we will be the last thing that gets shut down.\""
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because \"you don't "
-"have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.\" That is "
-"true. But it affects democracy in another way as well. As more and more "
-"citizens express what they think, and defend it in writing, that will change "
-"the way people understand public issues. It is easy to be wrong and "
-"misguided in your head. It is harder when the product of your mind can be "
-"criticized by others. Of course, it is a rare human who admits that he has "
-"been persuaded that he is wrong. But it is even rarer for a human to ignore "
-"when he has been proven wrong. The writing of ideas, arguments, and "
-"criticism improves democracy. Today there are probably a couple of million "
-"blogs where such writing happens. When there are ten million, there will be "
-"something extraordinary to report."
+"have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.\" That is true. "
+"But it affects democracy in another way as well. As more and more citizens "
+"express what they think, and defend it in writing, that will change the way "
+"people understand public issues. It is easy to be wrong and misguided in "
+"your head. It is harder when the product of your mind can be criticized by "
+"others. Of course, it is a rare human who admits that he has been persuaded "
+"that he is wrong. But it is even rarer for a human to ignore when he has "
+"been proven wrong. The writing of ideas, arguments, and criticism improves "
+"democracy. Today there are probably a couple of million blogs where such "
+"writing happens. When there are ten million, there will be something "
+"extraordinary to report."
msgstr ""
"denne talen påvirker demokrati. vin mener at skjer fordi \"du trenger ikke å "
"arbeide for noen som styrer, [for] en gatekeeper.\" det er sant. men det har "
"blogger der skrive slike skjer. Når det er ti millioner, vil det være noe "
"ekstraordinære til rapporten."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, "
"knowledge ecologies for creating . . . innovation.\""
msgstr ""
"John seely brown er den ledende vitenskapsmannen for xerox corporation. hans "
-"arbeid, som hans webområdet beskriver det, er \"menneskelige læring "
-"og... etableringen av kunnskap dagsykluser for å opprette... innovasjon.\""
+"arbeid, som hans webområdet beskriver det, er \"menneskelige læring og... "
+"etableringen av kunnskap dagsykluser for å opprette... innovasjon.\""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit "
"differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be "
msgstr ""
"brun dermed ser på disse teknologiene av digitale kreativitet litt "
"annerledes fra perspektiver jeg har skisserte så langt. Jeg er sikker på at "
-"han ville bli begeistret for enhver teknologi som kan forbedre "
-"demokrati. men hans håv kommer fra hvordan disse teknologiene berører "
-"læring."
+"han ville bli begeistret for enhver teknologi som kan forbedre demokrati. "
+"men hans håv kommer fra hvordan disse teknologiene berører læring."
+#. PAGE BREAK 59
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When \"a lot of us grew up,\" he "
"explains, that tinkering was done \"on motorcycle engines, lawnmower "
"engines, automobiles, radios, and so on.\" But digital technologies enable a "
-"different kind of tinkering--with abstract ideas though in concrete "
+"different kind of tinkering—with abstract ideas though in concrete "
"form. The kids at Just Think! not only think about how a commercial portrays "
"a politician; using digital technology, they can take the commercial apart "
"and manipulate it, tinker with it to see how it does what it does. Digital "
"technology works can tinker with the code."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This opportunity creates a \"completely new kind of learning platform,\" as "
"Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you . . . unleash a "
"free collage on the community, so that other people can start looking at "
-"your code, tinkering with it, trying it out, seeing if they can improve "
-"it.\" Each effort is a kind of apprenticeship. \"Open source becomes a major "
+"your code, tinkering with it, trying it out, seeing if they can improve it."
+"\" Each effort is a kind of apprenticeship. \"Open source becomes a major "
"apprenticeship platform.\""
msgstr ""
"anledningen oppretter en \"helt ny type læring plattform,\" som brown "
"hver innsats er en slags læretid. \"åpen kildekode blir en større læretid "
"plattform.\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In this process, \"the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. They "
"tinkering with other people's stuff. The more you tinker the more you "
"improve.\" The more you improve, the more you learn."
msgstr ""
-"i denne prosessen, \"konkrete ting du tinker med er abstrakt. de er "
-"koden.\"barn er\"skiftende til muligheten til å tinker i abstrakt og denne "
-"fiksing og triksing er ikke lenger en isolert aktivitet som du gjør i "
-"garasjen. du er fiksing og triksing med en fellesskapet plattform.... du er "
-"fiksing og triksing med andres ting. Jo mer du tinker jo mer du "
-"forbedre.\"jo mer du forbedre, jo mer du lærer."
+"i denne prosessen, \"konkrete ting du tinker med er abstrakt. de er koden."
+"\"barn er\"skiftende til muligheten til å tinker i abstrakt og denne fiksing "
+"og triksing er ikke lenger en isolert aktivitet som du gjør i garasjen. du "
+"er fiksing og triksing med en fellesskapet plattform.... du er fiksing og "
+"triksing med andres ting. Jo mer du tinker jo mer du forbedre.\"jo mer du "
+"forbedre, jo mer du lærer."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same "
"collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, "
"\"the Web [is] the first medium that truly honors multiple forms of "
"intelligence.\" Earlier technologies, such as the typewriter or word "
-"processors, helped amplify text. But the Web amplifies much more than "
-"text. \"The Web . . . says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if you "
-"are visual, if you are interested in film . . . [then] there is a lot you "
-"can start to do on this medium. [It] can now amplify and honor these "
-"multiple forms of intelligence.\""
+"processors, helped amplify text. But the Web amplifies much more than text. "
+"\"The Web . . . says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if you are "
+"visual, if you are interested in film . . . [then] there is a lot you can "
+"start to do on this medium. [It] can now amplify and honor these multiple "
+"forms of intelligence.\""
msgstr ""
"Denne samme ting skjer med innhold, også. og det skjer på samme måte som "
"samarbeid når innholdet er en del av nettet. som brown sier det, \"web [er] "
"er det mye du kan begynne å gjøre på dette mediet. [det] kan nå forsterke og "
"respektere disse flere former for intelligens.\""
-#. PAGE BREAK 60
+#. PAGE BREAK 60
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just "
-"Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as "
-"creates. It develops talents differently, and it builds a different kind of "
+"Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as creates. "
+"It develops talents differently, and it builds a different kind of "
"recognition."
msgstr ""
"Brown snakker om hva elizabeth daley, stephanie barish og tror bare! lære: "
"talenter annerledes, og det bygger en annen type gjenkjenning."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as "
"we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly "
"curiosity, would otherwise ensure."
msgstr ""
"frihet til å tinker med disse objektene er ennå ikke garantert. som vi ser "
-"gjennom i løpet av denne boken, er faktisk at freedom stadig svært "
-"omstridt. mens det er ingen tvil om at din far hadde rett til å tinker med "
-"motor, er det stor tvil om at barnet ditt vil ha rett til å tinker med "
-"bilder hun finner rundt. lov og, i økende grad teknologi forstyrre en frihet "
-"som teknologi, og nysgjerrighet, ellers ville sikre."
+"gjennom i løpet av denne boken, er faktisk at freedom stadig svært omstridt. "
+"mens det er ingen tvil om at din far hadde rett til å tinker med motor, er "
+"det stor tvil om at barnet ditt vil ha rett til å tinker med bilder hun "
+"finner rundt. lov og, i økende grad teknologi forstyrre en frihet som "
+"teknologi, og nysgjerrighet, ellers ville sikre."
+#. f22
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, \"Technological Access "
"These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. "
"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter 10) has "
"developed a powerful argument in favor of the \"right to tinker\" as it "
-"applies to computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or "
-"more fundamental. It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, "
-"because of the law."
+"applies to computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or more "
+"fundamental. It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, because "
+"of the law."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,\" Brown "
"forklarer. Vi trenger å \"forstå hvordan barn som vokser opp digital tror og "
"vil lære.\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"Yet,\" as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will evince, "
"hjernen [og] en juridisk system stenger ned som en del av hjernen.\""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving "
"images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to "
"og legger til et mellomrom for kommentarer og en mulighet til å spre at "
"kreativiteten overalt. men bygger vi lov til å lukke den teknologien."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs"
-msgstr "Kapittel 3: kataloger"
+msgstr "Kapittel tre: Kataloger"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a "
"freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in Troy, New York. His major "
"tilgjengelig på rpi-nettverket."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It "
"offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to "
"information sciences. More than 65 percent of its five thousand "
-"undergraduates finished in the top 10 percent of their high school "
-"class. The school is thus a perfect mix of talent and experience to imagine "
-"and then build, a generation for the network age."
+"undergraduates finished in the top 10 percent of their high school class. "
+"The school is thus a perfect mix of talent and experience to imagine and "
+"then build, a generation for the network age."
msgstr ""
"RPI er en av Amerikas fremst teknologiske forskningsinstitusjoner. Det "
"tilbyr grader i feltene fra arkitektur og konstruksjon til information "
"for nettverk-alder."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one "
"another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the "
"enable students to get access to the Internet, as well as more intimate "
"access to other members of the RPI community."
msgstr ""
-"rpi's datanettverk kobler studenter, lærere og administrasjon til "
-"hverandre. den har også koblinger rpi til Internett. ikke alt som er "
-"tilgjengelig på nettverket rpi er tilgjengelig på Internett. men nettverket "
-"er utformet for å aktivere studenter å få tilgang til Internett, så vel som "
-"mer intimt tilgang til andre medlemmer av samfunnet rpi."
+"rpi's datanettverk kobler studenter, lærere og administrasjon til hverandre. "
+"den har også koblinger rpi til Internett. ikke alt som er tilgjengelig på "
+"nettverket rpi er tilgjengelig på Internett. men nettverket er utformet for "
+"å aktivere studenter å få tilgang til Internett, så vel som mer intimt "
+"tilgang til andre medlemmer av samfunnet rpi."
+#. PAGE BREAK 62
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the "
"outside the business can't get. Universities do it as well."
msgstr ""
"søkemotorer er et mål på et nettverk intimitet. Google brakt Internett mye "
-"nærmere for oss alle av utrolig å forbedre kvaliteten på Søk på "
-"nettverket. spesialitet søkemotorer kan gjøre dette enda bedre. ideen om "
-"\"intranett\" søkemotorer, søkemotorer som søke innenfor nettverket av en "
-"bestemt institusjon, er å gi brukere av at institusjonen bedre tilgang til "
-"materiale fra som institusjon. bedrifter gjøre dette hele tiden, slik at "
-"ansatte skal ha tilgang til materiale som ikke kan få personer utenfor "
-"bedriften. universiteter gjøre det også."
+"nærmere for oss alle av utrolig å forbedre kvaliteten på Søk på nettverket. "
+"spesialitet søkemotorer kan gjøre dette enda bedre. ideen om \"intranett\" "
+"søkemotorer, søkemotorer som søke innenfor nettverket av en bestemt "
+"institusjon, er å gi brukere av at institusjonen bedre tilgang til materiale "
+"fra som institusjon. bedrifter gjøre dette hele tiden, slik at ansatte skal "
+"ha tilgang til materiale som ikke kan få personer utenfor bedriften. "
+"universiteter gjøre det også."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for "
"example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search "
"innenfor rpi-nettverket."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, "
"his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His "
"by adding a button that a user could click to see if the machine holding the "
"file was still on-line."
msgstr ""
-"jesse's var ikke den første søkemotoren som er bygd for "
-"rpi-nettverket. motoren hans var faktisk en enkel endring av motorer som "
-"andre hadde bygget. hans enkelt høyst betydelig forbedring i forhold til "
-"disse motorene var å fikse en feil i microsoft-fildeling systemet som kan "
-"føre til en brukers datamaskin til å krasje. med motorer som fantes før Hvis "
-"du prøvde å få tilgang til en fil via en windows-leser som var på en "
-"datamaskin som var frakoblet, datamaskinen kan krasje. Jesse endret systemet "
-"litt for å løse det problemet, ved å legge til en knapp som en bruker kan "
-"klikke for å se om maskinen holde filen var fortsatt on-line."
+"jesse's var ikke den første søkemotoren som er bygd for rpi-nettverket. "
+"motoren hans var faktisk en enkel endring av motorer som andre hadde bygget. "
+"hans enkelt høyst betydelig forbedring i forhold til disse motorene var å "
+"fikse en feil i microsoft-fildeling systemet som kan føre til en brukers "
+"datamaskin til å krasje. med motorer som fantes før Hvis du prøvde å få "
+"tilgang til en fil via en windows-leser som var på en datamaskin som var "
+"frakoblet, datamaskinen kan krasje. Jesse endret systemet litt for å løse "
+"det problemet, ved å legge til en knapp som en bruker kan klikke for å se om "
+"maskinen holde filen var fortsatt on-line."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, "
"he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system "
"was functioning quite well. Jesse had more than one million files in his "
-"directory, including every type of content that might be on users' "
-"computers."
+"directory, including every type of content that might be on users' computers."
msgstr ""
"jesse's motor gikk on-line i slutten av oktober. de følgende seks måneder "
"fortsatte han å tweak det for å forbedre funksjonaliteten. av mars, var "
"systemet fungerer ganske bra. Jesse hatt mer enn én million filer i hans "
"mappen, inkludert alle typer innhold som kan være på brukernes datamaskiner."
-#. PAGE BREAK 63
+#. PAGE BREAK 63
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students "
"could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies "
"of information pamphlets; movie clips that students might have created; "
-"university brochures--basically anything that users of the RPI network made "
-"available in a public folder of their computer."
+"university brochures—basically anything that users of the RPI network "
+"made available in a public folder of their computer."
msgstr ""
"dermed the index sin søkemotor produsert inkludert bilder, som elevene kan "
"bruke til å sette på sine egne webområder; Kopier av notater eller "
"gjøres tilgjengelig i en fellesmappe på datamaskinen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files "
"that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of "
-"course, that three quarters were not, and--so that this point is absolutely "
-"clear--Jesse did nothing to induce people to put music files in their public "
-"folders. He did nothing to target the search engine to these files. He was a "
-"kid tinkering with a Google-like technology at a university where he was "
-"studying information science, and hence, tinkering was the aim. Unlike "
-"Google, or Microsoft, for that matter, he made no money from this tinkering; "
-"he was not connected to any business that would make any money from this "
-"experiment. He was a kid tinkering with technology in an environment where "
-"tinkering with technology was precisely what he was supposed to do."
+"course, that three quarters were not, and—so that this point is "
+"absolutely clear—Jesse did nothing to induce people to put music files "
+"in their public folders. He did nothing to target the search engine to these "
+"files. He was a kid tinkering with a Google-like technology at a university "
+"where he was studying information science, and hence, tinkering was the aim. "
+"Unlike Google, or Microsoft, for that matter, he made no money from this "
+"tinkering; he was not connected to any business that would make any money "
+"from this experiment. He was a kid tinkering with technology in an "
+"environment where tinkering with technology was precisely what he was "
+"supposed to do."
msgstr ""
"men the index også inkludert musikkfiler. faktisk en fjerdedel av filene som "
"jesse søkemotor oppført var musikkfiler. men det betyr, selvfølgelig, at tre "
"teknologi var nøyaktig hva han skulle gjøre."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The "
"dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the "
"servert med avhandlinger fra dressen. som han lese disse papirene og så "
"nyhetsrapporter om dem, ble han stadig mer forbauset."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. . . . "
-"I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran or "
-". . . what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it in any way that "
+"I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran "
+"or . . . what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it in any way that "
"promoted or enhanced the work of pirates. I just modified the search engine "
-"in a way that would make it easier to use\"--again, a search engine, which "
-"Jesse had not himself built, using the Windows filesharing system, which "
-"Jesse had not himself built, to enable members of the RPI community to get "
-"access to content, which Jesse had not himself created or posted, and the "
-"vast majority of which had nothing to do with music."
-msgstr ""
-"\"det var absurd,\" sa han til meg. \"Jeg tror ikke jeg gjorde noe "
-"galt.... Jeg tror ikke det er noe galt med søkemotoren som jeg kjørte "
-"eller... hva jeg hadde gjort til den. Jeg mener, jeg ikke hadde endret det "
-"på noen måte som forfremmet eller utvidet arbeidet av pirater. Jeg bare "
-"endret søkemotoren på en måte som ville gjøre det enklere å bruke \"--igjen, "
-"en søkemotor, som jesse hadde ikke selv bygget, ved hjelp av windows "
+"in a way that would make it easier to use\"—again, a search engine, "
+"which Jesse had not himself built, using the Windows filesharing system, "
+"which Jesse had not himself built, to enable members of the RPI community to "
+"get access to content, which Jesse had not himself created or posted, and "
+"the vast majority of which had nothing to do with music."
+msgstr ""
+"\"det var absurd,\" sa han til meg. \"Jeg tror ikke jeg gjorde noe galt.... "
+"Jeg tror ikke det er noe galt med søkemotoren som jeg kjørte eller... hva "
+"jeg hadde gjort til den. Jeg mener, jeg ikke hadde endret det på noen måte "
+"som forfremmet eller utvidet arbeidet av pirater. Jeg bare endret "
+"søkemotoren på en måte som ville gjøre det enklere å bruke \"--igjen, en "
+"søkemotor, som jesse hadde ikke selv bygget, ved hjelp av windows "
"filesharing systemet, som jesse hadde ikke selv bygget, for å la medlemmer "
"av rpi-fellesskapet for å få tilgang til innhold, som jesse hadde ikke selv "
"opprettet eller lagt ut, og det store flertallet av som hadde ingenting å "
"gjøre med musikk."
+#. PAGE BREAK 64
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and "
"had therefore \"willfully\" violated copyright laws. They demanded that he "
"pay them the damages for his wrong. For cases of \"willful infringement,\" "
"the Copyright Act specifies something lawyers call \"statutory damages.\" "
-"These damages permit a copyright owner to claim $150,000 per "
-"infringement. As the RIAA alleged more than one hundred specific copyright "
-"infringements, they therefore demanded that Jesse pay them at least "
-"$15,000,000."
+"These damages permit a copyright owner to claim $150,000 per infringement. "
+"As the RIAA alleged more than one hundred specific copyright infringements, "
+"they therefore demanded that Jesse pay them at least $15,000,000."
msgstr ""
"men riaa branded jesse en pirat. de hevdet han opererte et nettverk og "
"derfor \"willfully\" hadde brutt lover om opphavsrett. de krevde at han "
"riaa påståtte mer enn hundre bestemt opphavsrett infringements, krevde de "
"derfor at jesse betale dem minst $15,000,000."
+#. f1
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other "
-"student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at "
-"Princeton. Their situations were similar to Jesse's. Though each case was "
-"different in detail, the bottom line in each was exactly the same: huge "
-"demands for \"damages\" that the RIAA claimed it was entitled to. If you "
-"added up the claims, these four lawsuits were asking courts in the United "
-"States to award the plaintiffs close to $100 billion--six times the total "
-"profit of the film industry in 2001.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at Princeton. "
+"Their situations were similar to Jesse's. Though each case was different in "
+"detail, the bottom line in each was exactly the same: huge demands for "
+"\"damages\" that the RIAA claimed it was entitled to. If you added up the "
+"claims, these four lawsuits were asking courts in the United States to award "
+"the plaintiffs close to $100 billion—six times the total profit of the "
+"film industry in 2001.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An "
"uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to "
"penger jesse hatt. Jesse hadde lagret $12.000 fra sommerjobber og andre "
"sysselsetting. de krevde $12000 for å avvise saken."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They "
"mange felt av teknologi for resten av sitt liv. han nektet. de gjorde ham "
"forstå at denne prosessen av å sued ikke var til å være hyggelig. (som "
"jesse's far recounted til meg, sjef advokaten på saken, matt oppenheimer, "
-"fortalte jesse, \"du ikke ønsker å betale et besøk til en tannlege som "
-"meg.\") og hele riaa insisterte den ikke ville avgjøre saken før det tok "
-"hver krone jesse hadde lagret."
+"fortalte jesse, \"du ikke ønsker å betale et besøk til en tannlege som meg."
+"\") og hele riaa insisterte den ikke ville avgjøre saken før det tok hver "
+"krone jesse hadde lagret."
-#. PAGE BREAK 65
+#. PAGE BREAK 65
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But "
"Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American "
msgstr ""
"jesse's familie ble irritert på disse påstandene. de ønsket å kjempe. men "
"jesse's onkel arbeidet for å utdanne familien om natur av den amerikanske "
-"juridiske systemet. Jesse kunne bekjempe riaa. han kan selv vinne. men "
+"juridiske systemet. Jesse kunne bekjempe RIAA. han kan selv vinne. men "
"kostnaden for kjemper en sak som dette, jesse ble fortalt, ville være minst "
"$250,000. Hvis han vunnet, ville han ikke gjenopprette de pengene. Hvis han "
"vunnet, ville han ha et stykke papir som sa han hadde vunnet, og et stykke "
"So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or "
"$12,000 and a settlement."
msgstr ""
-"Slik jesse møtt et mafia-lignende valg: $250,000 og en sjanse til å vinne, "
-"eller $12.000 og en bosetning."
+"Så Jesse hadde et mafia-lignende valg: $250,000 og en sjanse til å vinne, "
+"eller $12.000 og et forlik."
-#. f2
+#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) "
-"(272042--Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for the Arts, "
-"More Than One in a Blue Moon (2000)."
+"(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for "
+"the Arts, More Than One in a Blue Moon (2000)."
msgstr ""
-"yrkesmessig sysselsetting undersøkelse, US dept. of labor (2001) "
-"(272042--musikere og vokalister). Se også nasjonale legat for arts, mer enn "
-"en i en blå månen (2000)."
+"yrkesmessig sysselsetting undersøkelse, US dept. of labor (2001) (272042--"
+"musikere og vokalister). Se også nasjonale legat for arts, mer enn en i en "
+"blå månen (2000)."
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#. f3
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" Wall "
"Street Journal, 10 September 2003, A24."
msgstr ""
-"Douglas lichtman gjør et relaterte poeng i \"kazaa og straff,\" wall street "
-"journal, 10 september 2003, a24."
+"Douglas Lichtman kommer med et relatert poeng i \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" "
+"Wall Street Journal, 10. september 2003, A24."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The "
"case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had "
"hadde endret noe en datamaskin til en $15 millioner rettssak en aktivist:"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an "
"activist. . . . [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever "
"jeg noensinne forutsi noe lignende, men jeg tror det er bare helt absurd det "
"riaa har gjort."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his "
"pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the wrong "
"message. And he wants to correct the record.\""
msgstr ""
-"jesse's foreldre forråde en bestemt stolthet i deres motvillige "
-"aktivist. som sin far fortalte meg, jesse \"anser seg selv svært "
-"konservativ, og så gjøre jeg.... Han er ikke en tree hugger.... Jeg tror det "
-"er bisarre at de ville plukke på ham. men han ønsker å la folk få vite at de "
-"sender feil budskap. og han ønsker å korrigere posten."
+"Jesses foreldre viser en viss stolthet i deres motvillige aktivist. Som hans "
+"far fortalte meg, Jesse \"anser seg selv svært konservativ, og det samme "
+"gjør jeg.... Han er ikke en treklemmer.... Jeg synes det er sært at de "
+"plukket ut ham. Men han ønsker å la folk få vite at de sender feil "
+"budskap, Og han ønsker å korrigere posten."
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: \"Pirates\""
-msgstr "Kapittel fire: \"pirater\""
+msgstr "Kapittel fire: \"Pirater\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If \"piracy\" means using the creative property of others without their "
-"permission--if \"if value, then right\" is true--then the history of the "
-"content industry is a history of piracy. Every important sector of \"big "
-"media\" today--film, records, radio, and cable TV--was born of a kind of "
-"piracy so defined. The consistent story is how last generation's pirates "
-"join this generation's country club--until now."
+"permission—if \"if value, then right\" is true—then the history "
+"of the content industry is a history of piracy. Every important sector of "
+"\"big media\" today—film, records, radio, and cable TV—was born "
+"of a kind of piracy so defined. The consistent story is how last "
+"generation's pirates join this generation's country club—until now."
msgstr ""
"Hvis \"piratkopiering\" betyr ved hjelp av kreative egenskapen til andre "
"uten deres tillatelse--Hvis \"Hvis verdien, deretter høyre\" er sant-- "
-"deretter historien av innhold industrien er en historie om "
-"piratkopiering. viktig sektor av \"store media\" i dag - filmen, poster, "
-"radio og kabel-tv--ble født av en form for piratkopiering derfor "
-"definert. konsekvent historien er hvordan siste generasjon pirater bli med "
-"denne generasjon country club--før nå."
+"deretter historien av innhold industrien er en historie om piratkopiering. "
+"viktig sektor av \"store media\" i dag - filmen, poster, radio og kabel-tv--"
+"ble født av en form for piratkopiering derfor definert. konsekvent historien "
+"er hvordan siste generasjon pirater bli med denne generasjon country club--"
+"før nå."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Film"
msgstr "filmen"
-#. f1
+#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary "
-"history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 8793, "
-"which details Edison's \"adventures\" with copyright and patent."
+"history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, "
+"87–93, which details Edison's \"adventures\" with copyright and patent."
msgstr ""
"Jeg er takknemlig til peter dimauro for å sette meg til dette ekstraordinære "
"historie. Se også siva vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 8793, som "
-"inneholder informasjon om edison's \"opplevelser\" med opphavsrett og "
-"patent."
+"inneholder informasjon om edison's \"opplevelser\" med opphavsrett og patent."
-#. PAGE BREAK 67
+#. PAGE BREAK 67
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East "
"Coast to California in the early twentieth century in part to escape "
-"controls that patents granted the inventor of filmmaking, Thomas "
-"Edison. These controls were exercised through a monopoly \"trust,\" the "
-"Motion Pictures Patents Company, and were based on Thomas Edison's creative "
-"property--patents. Edison formed the MPPC to exercise the rights this "
+"controls that patents granted the inventor of filmmaking, Thomas Edison. "
+"These controls were exercised through a monopoly \"trust,\" the Motion "
+"Pictures Patents Company, and were based on Thomas Edison's creative "
+"property—patents. Edison formed the MPPC to exercise the rights this "
"creative property gave him, and the MPPC was serious about the control it "
"demanded."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story,"
msgstr "som en kommentator forteller en del av historien,"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the "
"license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as "
"en tidsfrist for januar 1909 ble angitt for alle selskaper i samsvar med "
"lisens. februar, ulisensiert outlaws, som henviste til seg selv som "
"independents protesterte tillit og videreførte virksomhet uten å sende til "
-"edison-monopol. i løpet av 1909 sommeren var uavhengige bevegelsen i "
-"full-swing, med produsenter og teater eiere bruker ulovlig utstyr og "
-"importerte film lager til å lage sine egne underjordisk marked."
+"edison-monopol. i løpet av 1909 sommeren var uavhengige bevegelsen i full-"
+"swing, med produsenter og teater eiere bruker ulovlig utstyr og importerte "
+"film lager til å lage sine egne underjordisk marked."
-#. f2
+#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"J. A. Aberdeen, Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent Motion "
"Picture Producers (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and expanded texts "
"posted at \"The Edison Movie Monopoly: The Motion Picture Patents Company "
-"vs. the Independent Outlaws,\" available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #11</ulink>. For a discussion of "
-"the economic motive behind both these limits and the limits imposed by "
-"Victor on phonographs, see Randal C. Picker, \"From Edison to the Broadcast "
-"Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the Propertization of "
-"Copyright\" (September 2002), University of Chicago Law School, James "
-"M. Olin Program in Law and Economics, Working Paper No. 159."
+"vs. the Independent Outlaws,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #11</ulink>. For a discussion of the economic motive behind "
+"both these limits and the limits imposed by Victor on phonographs, see "
+"Randal C. Picker, \"From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent "
+"and Refusal and the Propertization of Copyright\" (September 2002), "
+"University of Chicago Law School, James M. Olin Program in Law and "
+"Economics, Working Paper No. 159."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
"discontinued product supply to theaters which showed unlicensed films, and "
"effectively monopolized distribution with the acquisition of all U.S. film "
"exchanges, except for the one owned by the independent William Fox who "
-"defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. f3
+#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" The Silents Majority, archived at "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like "
-"Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted. "
+"The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like Fox. "
+"And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted. "
"\"Shooting was disrupted by machinery stolen, and `accidents' resulting in "
"loss of negatives, equipment, buildings and sometimes life and limb "
"frequently occurred.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That led the "
"prominently, did just that."
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 68
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal "
"delvis fra piratkopiering av Edisons kreative eiendom."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Recorded Music"
msgstr "innspilt musikk"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how "
"requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music."
"rullebladet industri ble født av en annen type piratkopiering, om å se "
"hvordan krever en bit av detaljer om hvordan loven regulerer musikk."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for "
"på tiden at edison og henri fourneaux oppfunnet maskiner for å gjengi musikk "
"(edison fonograf, fourneaux spiller piano), ga loven komponister den "
"eksklusive retten til å kontrollere eksemplarer av deres musikk og den "
-"eksklusive retten til å kontrollere offentlig fremføring av musikken "
-"deres. med andre ord, i 1900, hvis jeg ønsket en kopi av phil russel's 1899 "
-"hit \"happy mose,\" loven sa jeg måtte betale for rett til å få en kopi av "
-"den musikalske poeng, og jeg vil også måtte betale for retten til å utføre "
-"det offentlig."
+"eksklusive retten til å kontrollere offentlig fremføring av musikken deres. "
+"med andre ord, i 1900, hvis jeg ønsket en kopi av phil russel's 1899 hit "
+"\"happy mose,\" loven sa jeg måtte betale for rett til å få en kopi av den "
+"musikalske poeng, og jeg vil også måtte betale for retten til å utføre det "
+"offentlig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Beatles"
+msgstr "Beatles"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But what if I wanted to record \"Happy Mose,\" using Edison's phonograph or "
"that I would have to pay for a \"public performance\" if I recorded the song "
"in my own house (even today, you don't owe the Beatles anything if you sing "
"their songs in the shower), or if I recorded the song from memory (copies in "
-"your brain are not--yet-- regulated by copyright law). So if I simply sang "
-"the song into a recording device in the privacy of my own home, it wasn't "
-"clear that I owed the composer anything. And more importantly, it wasn't "
-"clear whether I owed the composer anything if I then made copies of those "
-"recordings. Because of this gap in the law, then, I could effectively "
+"your brain are not—yet— regulated by copyright law). So if I "
+"simply sang the song into a recording device in the privacy of my own home, "
+"it wasn't clear that I owed the composer anything. And more importantly, it "
+"wasn't clear whether I owed the composer anything if I then made copies of "
+"those recordings. Because of this gap in the law, then, I could effectively "
"pirate someone else's song without paying its composer anything."
msgstr ""
"men hva om jeg ønsket å spille inn \"happy mose,\" ved hjelp av Edisons "
"Kopier av disse innspillinger. på grunn av dette hullet i loven, så kunne "
"jeg effektivt pirat andres sang uten å betale sin komponist noe."
-#. PAGE BREAK 69
+#. PAGE BREAK 69
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to "
"pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it,"
msgstr ""
-"komponister (og utgivere) var ingen så glade om denne kapasiteten til "
-"pirat. som i Sør-dakota senator alfred sa kittredge,"
+"komponister (og utgivere) var ingen så glade om denne kapasiteten til pirat. "
+"som i Sør-dakota senator alfred sa kittredge,"
-#. f4
+#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 "
"and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st "
"Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, "
"1976)."
msgstr ""
-"endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer copyright: hearings på "
-"s. 6330 og hr 19853 før (felles) komiteer på patenter, 59th cong. 59, 1 "
-"sess. (1906) (setning av senator alfred b. kittredge av Sør-dakota, "
-"formann), reprinted i lovgivningens bakgrunn av copyright act, e. brylawski "
-"for fulton og abe goldman, Red. (south hackensack, NJ: rothman opptrykk, "
-"1976)."
+"endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer copyright: hearings på s. "
+"6330 og hr 19853 før (felles) komiteer på patenter, 59th cong. 59, 1 sess. "
+"(1906) (setning av senator alfred b. kittredge av Sør-dakota, formann), "
+"reprinted i lovgivningens bakgrunn av copyright act, e. brylawski for fulton "
+"og abe goldman, Red. (south hackensack, NJ: rothman opptrykk, 1976)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A "
-"publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights "
-"it. Along come the phonographic companies and companies who cut music rolls "
-"and deliberately steal the work of the brain of the composer and publisher "
-"without any regard for [their] rights.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights it. "
+"Along come the phonographic companies and companies who cut music rolls and "
+"deliberately steal the work of the brain of the composer and publisher "
+"without any regard for [their] rights.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. f5
+#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of "
"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
"endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer opphavsrett, 223 (setning av "
"nathan burkan, advokat for musikk publishers association)."
-#. f6
+#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of "
"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
"endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer opphavsrett, 226 (setning av "
"nathan burkan, advokat for musikk publishers association)."
-#. f7
+#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of "
"John Philip Sousa, composer)."
"The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works "
"were \"sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of American "
"composers,\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> and the \"music "
-"publishing industry\" was thereby \"at the complete mercy of this one "
-"pirate.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As John Philip Sousa put "
-"it, in as direct a way as possible, \"When they make money out of my pieces, "
-"
I want a share of it.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
+"publishing industry\" was thereby \"at the complete mercy of this one pirate."
+"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As John Philip Sousa put it, in "
+"as direct a way as possible, \"When they make money out of my pieces, I want "
+"a share of it.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. f8
+#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 28384 (statement of "
-"Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating Company of New "
-"York)."
+"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 "
+"(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating "
+"Company of New York)."
msgstr ""
"endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer opphavsrett, 28384 (setning "
"av albert walker, er representative for auto-musikk perforating selskapet i "
"new york)."
-#. f9
+#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared "
"memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American "
"of [the public], whom they represent, and whose servants they are.\" \"All "
"talk about `theft,'\" the general counsel of the American Graphophone "
"Company wrote, \"is the merest claptrap, for there exists no property in "
-"ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by "
-"
statute.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by statute."
+"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 70
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer and the recording "
"granting the composer complete control over the right to make mechanical "
"reproductions, Congress gave recording artists a right to record the music, "
"at a price set by Congress, once the composer allowed it to be recorded "
-"once. This is the part of copyright law that makes cover songs "
-"possible. Once a composer authorizes a recording of his song, others are "
-"free to record the same song, so long as they pay the original composer a "
-"fee set by the law."
+"once. This is the part of copyright law that makes cover songs possible. "
+"Once a composer authorizes a recording of his song, others are free to "
+"record the same song, so long as they pay the original composer a fee set by "
+"the law."
msgstr ""
"loven løst snart denne kampen til fordel for komponisten og opptak "
"kunstneren. kongressen endret loven å sørge for at komponister ville bli "
"andre gratis å registrere samme sang, så lenge de betaler den opprinnelige "
"komponisten et gebyr som er angitt av loven."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"American law ordinarily calls this a \"compulsory license,\" but I will "
"Vedtektene."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a "
"novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the "
"satt av grisham og lov om opphavsrett sier vanligvis du har ikke tillatelse "
"til å bruke grisham's arbeide bortsett med tillatelse fra grisham."
-#. f10
+#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and "
-"H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., "
-"217 (1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted in "
-"Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe "
-"Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976)."
+"Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and H.R. "
+"11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., 217 "
+"(1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted in Legislative "
+"History of the 1909 Copyright Act, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. "
+"(South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976)."
msgstr ""
"Copyright lov revision: hearings på s. 2499, s. 2900, hr 243 og hr 11794 før "
"(felles) komiteen på patenter, 60 cong., 1 sess., 217 (1908) (setning av "
msgid ""
"But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in "
"effect, the law subsidizes the recording industry through a kind of "
-"piracy--by giving recording artists a weaker right than it otherwise gives "
-"creative authors. The Beatles have less control over their creative work "
-"than Grisham does. And the beneficiaries of this less control are the "
+"piracy—by giving recording artists a weaker right than it otherwise "
+"gives creative authors. The Beatles have less control over their creative "
+"work than Grisham does. And the beneficiaries of this less control are the "
"recording industry and the public. The recording industry gets something of "
"value for less than it otherwise would pay; the public gets access to a much "
"wider range of musical creativity. Indeed, Congress was quite explicit about "
"its reasons for granting this right. Its fear was the monopoly power of "
-"rights holders, and that that power would stifle follow-on "
-"
creativity.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"rights holders, and that that power would stifle follow-on creativity."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, "
"historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for "
"det vært ganske en tilhenger av lovbestemte lisensen for poster. som en 1967 "
"relaterer rapport fra house committee på rettsvesenet,"
-#. f11
+#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on "
-"the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March "
-"1967). I am grateful to Glenn Brown for drawing my attention to this report."
+"the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March 1967). "
+"I am grateful to Glenn Brown for drawing my attention to this report."
msgstr ""
"Copyright lov revision: rapporten skal følge med HR 2512, huset committee on "
"rettsvesenet, 90th cong., 1 sess., huset dokument nr. 83, (8 mars 1967). Jeg "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system "
-"must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a "
-"half-billion-dollar business of great economic importance in the United "
-"States and throughout the world; records today are the principal means of "
-"disseminating music, and this creates special problems, since performers "
-"need unhampered access to musical material on nondiscriminatory "
-"terms. Historically, the record producers pointed out, there were no "
-"recording rights before 1909 and the 1909 statute adopted the compulsory "
-"license as a deliberate anti-monopoly condition on the grant of these "
-"rights. They argue that the result has been an outpouring of recorded music, "
-"with the public being given lower prices, improved quality, and a greater "
-"choice.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a half-billion-"
+"dollar business of great economic importance in the United States and "
+"throughout the world; records today are the principal means of disseminating "
+"music, and this creates special problems, since performers need unhampered "
+"access to musical material on nondiscriminatory terms. Historically, the "
+"record producers pointed out, there were no recording rights before 1909 and "
+"the 1909 statute adopted the compulsory license as a deliberate anti-"
+"monopoly condition on the grant of these rights. They argue that the result "
+"has been an outpouring of recorded music, with the public being given lower "
+"prices, improved quality, and a greater choice.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative "
"work, the record producers, and the public, benefit."
"skapende arbeid, registrere produsentene og offentligheten."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Radio"
msgstr "Radio"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Radio was also born of piracy."
msgstr "Radio ble også født av piratkopiering."
+#. f12
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See 17 United States Code, sections 106 and 110. At the beginning, record "
"companies printed \"Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast\" and other messages "
"purporting to restrict the ability to play a record on a radio station. "
"Judge Learned Hand rejected the argument that a warning attached to a record "
-"might restrict the rights of the radio station. See RCA Manufacturing "
-"Co. v. Whiteman, 114 F. 2d 86 (2nd Cir. 1940). See also Randal C. Picker, "
-"\"From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and "
-"the Propertization of Copyright,\" University of Chicago Law Review 70 "
-"(2003): 281."
+"might restrict the rights of the radio station. See RCA Manufacturing Co. v. "
+"Whiteman, 114 F. 2d 86 (2nd Cir. 1940). See also Randal C. Picker, \"From "
+"Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the "
+"Propertization of Copyright,\" University of Chicago Law Review 70 (2003): "
+"281."
msgstr ""
"se 17, united states code, inndelinger 106 og 110. på begynnelsen av, spille "
"inn selskapene skrives ut \"ikke lisensiert for radiosendingen\" og andre "
"meldinger purporting å begrense muligheten til å spille en post på en "
"radiostasjon. dommer lært hånd avvist argumentet at en advarsel som er "
"knyttet til en post kan begrense rettighetene til radiostasjonen. se rca "
-"produksjon co v. whiteman, 114 f. 2d 86 (2nd cir. 1940). Se også randal "
-"c. datovelger, \"fra edison til kringkasting flagg: mekanismer av samtykke "
-"og nektet og propertization av opphavsrett,\" university of chicago lov gå "
+"produksjon co v. whiteman, 114 f. 2d 86 (2nd cir. 1940). Se også randal c. "
+"datovelger, \"fra edison til kringkasting flagg: mekanismer av samtykke og "
+"nektet og propertization av opphavsrett,\" university of chicago lov gå "
"gjennom 70 (2003): 281."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a \"public "
-"performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> As I described above, the law gives the composer (or copyright "
-"holder) an exclusive right to public performances of his work. The radio "
-"station thus owes the composer money for that performance."
+"performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> As I described above, the law gives the composer (or copyright holder) an "
+"exclusive right to public performances of his work. The radio station thus "
+"owes the composer money for that performance."
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 72
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy "
"arbeid, akkurat som det lønner seg komponist av musikken for sitt arbeid."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio "
"station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need "
"noe for privilegiet av å spille sangen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine "
"it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public "
"teateroppsetninger av at musikk. så hvis madonna ønsker å synge sangen i det "
"offentlige, hun har å bli din tillatelse."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then "
"verdien av madonna's arbeid uten å betale henne noe."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists "
-"benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the "
-"performance rights they give up. Maybe. But even if so, the law ordinarily "
-"gives the creator the right to make this choice. By making the choice for "
-"him or her, the law gives the radio station the right to take something for "
-"nothing."
+"No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists benefit. "
+"On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the performance rights "
+"they give up. Maybe. But even if so, the law ordinarily gives the creator "
+"the right to make this choice. By making the choice for him or her, the law "
+"gives the radio station the right to take something for nothing."
msgstr ""
"ingen tvil, kan man argumentere at, på saldo, artistene nytte. i "
"gjennomsnitt er kampanjen de får verdt mer enn ytelse rettigheter de gir "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
msgid "Cable TV"
-msgstr "kabel-tv"
+msgstr "Kabel-TV"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy."
msgstr "kabel-tv ble også født av en form for piratkopiering."
-#. PAGE BREAK 73
+#. PAGE BREAK 73
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable "
"television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that "
"they echoed to their customers. Even when the cable companies started "
"selling access to television broadcasts, they refused to pay for what they "
"sold. Cable companies were thus Napsterizing broadcasters' content, but more "
-"egregiously than anything Napster ever did-- Napster never charged for the "
-"content it enabled others to give away."
+"egregiously than anything Napster ever did— Napster never charged for "
+"the content it enabled others to give away."
msgstr ""
"da kabel gründere startet ledningsnett fellesskap med kabel-TV i 1948, mest "
"nektet å betale broadcasters for innhold som de echoed til sine kunder. selv "
"når kabelselskaper begynte å selge tilgang til TV-sendinger, nektet de å "
"betale for hva de solgte. kabelselskaper var dermed napsterizing "
-"broadcasters' innhold, men mer egregiously enn noe napster gjorde "
-"noensinne--napster belastet aldri for innholdet det aktivert andre til å gi "
-"bort."
+"broadcasters' innhold, men mer egregiously enn noe napster gjorde noensinne--"
+"napster belastet aldri for innholdet det aktivert andre til å gi bort."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Anello, Douglas"
+msgstr ""
-#. f13
+#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Copyright Law Revision--CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the Subcommittee on "
-"Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee on the "
-"Judiciary, 89th Cong., 2nd sess., 78 (1966) (statement of Rosel H. Hyde, "
-"chairman of the Federal Communications Commission)."
+"Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the "
+"Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee "
+"on the Judiciary, 89th Cong., 2nd sess., 78 (1966) (statement of Rosel H. "
+"Hyde, chairman of the Federal Communications Commission)."
msgstr ""
"Copyright lov revision--catv: høre s. 1006 før subcommittee on patenter, "
"varemerker og opphavsrett for senatets komité på rettsvesenet, 89nde cong., "
"2nd sess., 78 (1966) (setning av rosel h. hyde, formann i federal "
"communications commission)."
-#. f14
+#. f14
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Copyright Law Revision--CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, general "
-"counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)."
+"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, "
+"general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)."
msgstr ""
"Copyright lov revision--catv, 116 (setning av douglas a. anello, sjefsjurist "
"av national association of broadcasters)."
msgid ""
"Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel "
"Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of \"unfair and "
-"potentially destructive competition.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> There may have been a \"public interest\" in spreading the reach "
-"of cable TV, but as Douglas Anello, general counsel to the National "
-"Association of Broadcasters, asked Senator Quentin Burdick during testimony, "
-"\"Does public interest dictate that you use somebody else's "
-"property?\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As another broadcaster "
-"put it,"
+"potentially destructive competition.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> There may have been a \"public interest\" in spreading the reach of "
+"cable TV, but as Douglas Anello, general counsel to the National Association "
+"of Broadcasters, asked Senator Quentin Burdick during testimony, \"Does "
+"public interest dictate that you use somebody else's property?\"<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As another broadcaster put it,"
msgstr ""
-#. f15
+#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Copyright Law Revision--CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, general "
-"counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)."
+"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, "
+"general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)."
msgstr ""
"Copyright lov revision--catv, 126 (setning av ernest w. jennes, sjefsjurist "
"av tilknytningen for maksimal service telecasters, inc.)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only "
-"business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid "
-"
for.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid for."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:"
msgstr "igjen, etterspørselen av rettighetshavere virket fornuftig nok:"
-#. f16
+#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Copyright Law Revision--CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, "
+"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, "
"president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United "
"Artists Television, Inc.)."
msgstr ""
"words which would fit it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. f17
+#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Copyright Law Revision--CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, president "
-"of the Screen Actors Guild)."
+"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, "
+"president of the Screen Actors Guild)."
msgstr ""
"Copyright lov revision--catv, 209 (charlton heston-setningen, president i "
"screen actors guild)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"These were \"free-ride[rs],\" Screen Actor's Guild president Charlton Heston "
-"said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney "
"General Edwin Zimmerman put it,"
"men igjen, det var en annen side i debatten. som assistent justisministeren "
"sa edwin zimmerman,"
-#. f18
+#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Copyright Law Revision--CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, acting "
-"assistant attorney general)."
+"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, "
+"acting assistant attorney general)."
msgstr ""
"Copyright lov revision--catv, 216 (setning av edwin m. Zimmerman fungerende "
"assistent justisministeren)."
"protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are "
"already compensated, who already have a monopoly, should be permitted to "
"extend that monopoly. . . . The question here is how much compensation they "
-"should have and how far back they should carry their right to "
-"
compensation.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"should have and how far back they should carry their right to compensation."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court "
"held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing."
"opphavsrett eiere tok kabelselskaper til retten. Høyesterett holdt to ganger "
"at kabelselskaper skyldte opphavsrett eierne ingenting."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of "
"posten spillere og spilleren pianoer. Ja, kabelselskaper 'd have to pay for "
"innholdet som de kringkaster; men prisen de vil måtte betale ble ikke angitt "
"av eieren av opphavsretten. Prisen ble satt ved lov, slik at broadcasters "
-"ikke kunne utøve vetorett over de nye teknologiene "
-"av-kabelen. kabelselskaper dermed bygde sitt imperium delvis på en "
-"\"piratkopiering\" av verdiene som skapes av broadcasters' innhold."
+"ikke kunne utøve vetorett over de nye teknologiene av-kabelen. "
+"kabelselskaper dermed bygde sitt imperium delvis på en \"piratkopiering\" av "
+"verdiene som skapes av broadcasters' innhold."
-#. f19
+#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, The Engine of Free "
-"Expression: Copyright on the Internet--The Myth of Free Information, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#13</ulink>. \"The threat of piracy--the use of someone else's creative work "
-"without permission or compensation--has grown with the Internet.\""
+"Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free Information, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #13</ulink>. "
+"\"The threat of piracy—the use of someone else's creative work without "
+"permission or compensation—has grown with the Internet.\""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"These separate stories sing a common theme. If \"piracy\" means using value "
"from someone else's creative property without permission from that "
-"creator--as it is increasingly described today<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> -- then every industry affected by copyright today is the product "
-"and beneficiary of a certain kind of piracy. Film, records, radio, cable "
-"TV. . . . The list is long and could well be expanded. Every generation "
-"welcomes the pirates from the last. Every generation--until now."
+"creator—as it is increasingly described today<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> — then every industry affected by copyright "
+"today is the product and beneficiary of a certain kind of piracy. Film, "
+"records, radio, cable TV. . . . The list is long and could well be expanded. "
+"Every generation welcomes the pirates from the last. Every generation—"
+"until now."
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: \"Piracy\""
-msgstr "Kapittel fem: \"piratkopiering\""
+msgstr "Kapittel fem: \"Piratvirksomhet\""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in "
"many forms. The most significant is commercial piracy, the unauthorized "
"taking of other people's content within a commercial context. Despite the "
-"many justifications that are offered in its defense, this taking is "
-"wrong. No one should condone it, and the law should stop it."
+"many justifications that are offered in its defense, this taking is wrong. "
+"No one should condone it, and the law should stop it."
msgstr ""
"Det er piratkopiering av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. mye av det. Denne "
"sjørøver kommer i mange former. den mest betydningsfulle er kommersielle "
"kontekst. til tross for mange justifications som tilbys i sitt forsvar, er "
"dette tar galt. ingen bør condone det, og loven skal slutte det."
+#. PAGE BREAK 76
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of \"taking\" that is "
"more directly related to the Internet. That taking, too, seems wrong to "
-"many, and it is wrong much of the time. Before we paint this taking "
-"\"piracy,\" however, we should understand its nature a bit more. For the "
-"harm of this taking is significantly more ambiguous than outright copying, "
-"and the law should account for that ambiguity, as it has so often done in "
-"the past."
+"many, and it is wrong much of the time. Before we paint this taking \"piracy,"
+"\" however, we should understand its nature a bit more. For the harm of "
+"this taking is significantly more ambiguous than outright copying, and the "
+"law should account for that ambiguity, as it has so often done in the past."
msgstr ""
"men samt kopieringsfirma piratkopiering, det er en annen type \"tar\" som er "
"mer direkte relatert til Internett. det tar også, synes galt å mange, og det "
"det så ofte har gjort i fortiden."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Piracy I"
msgstr "piratkopiering jeg"
-#. f1
+#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), The "
msgid ""
"All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are "
"businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, "
-"copy it, and sell it--all without the permission of a copyright owner. The "
-"recording industry estimates that it loses about $4.6 billion every year to "
-"physical piracy<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> (that works out to "
-"one in three CDs sold worldwide). The MPAA estimates that it loses $3 "
+"copy it, and sell it—all without the permission of a copyright owner. "
+"The recording industry estimates that it loses about $4.6 billion every year "
+"to physical piracy<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> (that works out "
+"to one in three CDs sold worldwide). The MPAA estimates that it loses $3 "
"billion annually worldwide to piracy."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor "
"in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this "
"galt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for "
-"it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred "
-"years of the American Republic, America did not honor foreign copyrights. We "
-"were born, in this sense, a pirate nation. It might therefore seem "
-"hypocritical for us to insist so strongly that other developing nations "
-"treat as wrong what we, for the first hundred years of our existence, "
-"treated as right."
+"Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for it. "
+"We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred years "
+"of the American Republic, America did not honor foreign copyrights. We were "
+"born, in this sense, a pirate nation. It might therefore seem hypocritical "
+"for us to insist so strongly that other developing nations treat as wrong "
+"what we, for the first hundred years of our existence, treated as right."
msgstr ""
"som er ikke å si at unnskyldninger og justifications ikke kunne laget for "
"den. Vi kan, for eksempel minne oss at for de første hundre år av den "
"feil hva vi, for de første hundre år av vår eksistens, behandlet som høyre."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the "
-"taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American "
-"works. Thus the American publishers who published foreign works without the "
+"taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American works. "
+"Thus the American publishers who published foreign works without the "
"permission of foreign authors were not violating any rule. The copy shops "
"in Asia, by contrast, are violating Asian law. Asian law does protect "
"foreign copyrights, and the actions of the copy shops violate that law. So "
"legal wrong as well."
msgstr ""
"den unnskyldning er ikke veldig sterk. teknisk, vår lov ikke Ben å ta av "
-"utenlandske fungerer. det begrenset eksplisitt seg til amerikanske "
-"works. Dermed ble er amerikansk utgivere som publisert utenlandske fungerer "
-"uten tillatelse fra utenlandske forfattere ikke bryter "
-"reglementet. kopieringsfirmaer i asia, derimot, er krenkjer asiatiske "
-"lov. asiatiske lov beskytter utenlandske opphavsrettigheter, og handlingene "
-"til kopieringsfirmaer bryter den lov. så feil for piratvirksomhet som de "
-"delta i er ikke bare en moralsk galt, men en juridisk galt, og ikke bare et "
+"utenlandske fungerer. det begrenset eksplisitt seg til amerikanske works. "
+"Dermed ble er amerikansk utgivere som publisert utenlandske fungerer uten "
+"tillatelse fra utenlandske forfattere ikke bryter reglementet. "
+"kopieringsfirmaer i asia, derimot, er krenkjer asiatiske lov. asiatiske lov "
+"beskytter utenlandske opphavsrettigheter, og handlingene til "
+"kopieringsfirmaer bryter den lov. så feil for piratvirksomhet som de delta i "
+"er ikke bare en moralsk galt, men en juridisk galt, og ikke bare et "
"internasjonalt juridiske galt, men en lokalt juridiske galt også."
-#. PAGE BREAK 77
+#. PAGE BREAK 77
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these "
-"countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to "
-"protect copyright internationally. We may have been born a pirate nation, "
-"but we will not allow any other nation to have a similar childhood."
+"True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these countries. "
+"No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to protect "
+"copyright internationally. We may have been born a pirate nation, but we "
+"will not allow any other nation to have a similar childhood."
msgstr ""
"sant, disse lokale regler har, i kraft, blitt påtvunget disse landene. ikke "
"noe land kan være en del av verdensøkonomien og velge ikke å beskytte "
"opphavsretten internasjonalt. Vi kan ha vært født en pirat nasjon, men vi "
"tillater ikke noen annen nasjon til å ha en lignende barndom."
-#. f2
+#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the "
-"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 1013, 209. The "
-"Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement "
+"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 10–13, 209. The "
+"Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement "
"obligates member nations to create administrative and enforcement mechanisms "
"for intellectual property rights, a costly proposition for developing "
"countries. Additionally, patent rights may lead to higher prices for staple "
"these nations, this piracy is wrong."
msgstr ""
-#. f3
+#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan "
"Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy (New York: Amacom, 2002), "
-"14490. \"In some instances . . . the impact of piracy on the copyright "
-"holder's ability to appropriate the value of the work will be "
+"144–90. \"In some instances . . . the impact of piracy on the "
+"copyright holder's ability to appropriate the value of the work will be "
"negligible. One obvious instance is the case where the individual engaging "
"in pirating would not have purchased an original even if pirating were not "
"an option.\" Ibid., 149."
msgstr ""
"for en analyse av økonomiske virkningen av kopiering teknologi, kan du se "
-"stan liebowitz, rethinking nettverk økonomien (new york: amacom, 2002), "
-"14490. \"i noen tilfeller... virkningen av piratkopiering på "
+"stan liebowitz, rethinking nettverk økonomien (new york: amacom, 2002), 144"
+"90. \"i noen tilfeller... virkningen av piratkopiering på "
"opphavsrettsinnehavers evne til å tilegne verdien av arbeidet vil være "
"ubetydelig. en opplagt forekomsten er tilfelle der individuelle engasjerende "
"i pirating ikke ville ha kjøpt en original selv om pirating var ikke en "
"otherwise would have had.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands "
"taking. Extremists in this debate love to say, \"You wouldn't go into Barnes "
"& Noble and take a book off of the shelf without paying; why should it "
"be any different with on-line music?\" The difference is, of course, that "
-"when you take a book from Barnes & Noble, it has one less book to "
-"sell. By contrast, when you take an MP3 from a computer network, there is "
-"not one less CD that can be sold. The physics of piracy of the intangible "
-"are different from the physics of piracy of the tangible."
+"when you take a book from Barnes & Noble, it has one less book to sell. "
+"By contrast, when you take an MP3 from a computer network, there is not one "
+"less CD that can be sold. The physics of piracy of the intangible are "
+"different from the physics of piracy of the tangible."
msgstr ""
"Dette er ofte til stede (skjønt jeg har venner som har kjøpt mange tusenvis "
"av piratkopiert DVD som absolutt har nok penger til å betale for innholdet "
"barnes & noble og ta en bok på sokkelen uten å betale; Hvorfor bør det "
"være annerledes med on-line musikk?\"forskjellen er, selvfølgelig, at når du "
"tar en bok fra barnes & noble, den har en mindre bok å selge. Når du tar "
-"en mp3 fra et datanettverk, er det derimot ikke en mindre cd som kan "
-"selges. fysikk av piratkopiering av immaterielle er forskjellige fra fysikk "
-"av piratkopiering av en konkret."
+"en mp3 fra et datanettverk, er det derimot ikke en mindre cd som kan selges. "
+"fysikk av piratkopiering av immaterielle er forskjellige fra fysikk av "
+"piratkopiering av en konkret."
+#. PAGE BREAK 78
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property "
"rights, the copyright gives the owner the right to decide the terms under "
"which content is shared. If the copyright owner doesn't want to sell, she "
"doesn't have to. There are exceptions: important statutory licenses that "
-"apply to copyrighted content regardless of the wish of the copyright "
-"owner. Those licenses give people the right to \"take\" copyrighted content "
-"whether or not the copyright owner wants to sell. But where the law does not "
-"give people the right to take content, it is wrong to take that content even "
-"if the wrong does no harm. If we have a property system, and that system is "
+"apply to copyrighted content regardless of the wish of the copyright owner. "
+"Those licenses give people the right to \"take\" copyrighted content whether "
+"or not the copyright owner wants to sell. But where the law does not give "
+"people the right to take content, it is wrong to take that content even if "
+"the wrong does no harm. If we have a property system, and that system is "
"properly balanced to the technology of a time, then it is wrong to take "
"property without the permission of a property owner. That is exactly what "
"\"property\" means."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good "
-"one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, "
-"for example, are given free access to the two largest legal databases. The "
+"This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good one. "
+"Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, for "
+"example, are given free access to the two largest legal databases. The "
"companies marketing both hope the students will become so used to their "
"service that they will want to use it and not the other when they become "
"lawyers (and must pay high subscription fees)."
msgstr ""
"Dette argumentet er også, noe sant. avhengighet-strategi er en god en. mange "
"virksomheter praktisere det.. noen trives på grunn av den. Law studenter, "
-"for eksempel får du gratis tilgang til de to største juridiske "
-"databasene. selskapene markedsføring håper begge elevene vil så bli brukt "
-"til deres tjeneste som de vil bruke det, og ikke den andre når de blir "
-"jurister (og må betale høy abonnementsavgift)."
+"for eksempel får du gratis tilgang til de to største juridiske databasene. "
+"selskapene markedsføring håper begge elevene vil så bli brukt til deres "
+"tjeneste som de vil bruke det, og ikke den andre når de blir jurister (og må "
+"betale høy abonnementsavgift)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"away. If Microsoft fears the competition of GNU/Linux, then Microsoft can "
"give its product away, as it did, for example, with Internet Explorer to "
"fight Netscape. A property right means giving the property owner the right "
-"to say who gets access to what--at least ordinarily. And if the law properly "
-"balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of access, then "
-"violating the law is still wrong."
+"to say who gets access to what—at least ordinarily. And if the law "
+"properly balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of "
+"access, then violating the law is still wrong."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 79
+#. PAGE BREAK 79
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I "
"certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at "
msgstr ""
"dermed mens jeg forstår drar av disse justifications for piratkopiering, og "
"jeg absolutt se motivasjon, etter min mening, til slutt, kuttes disse "
-"innsats på rettferdiggjørende kommersielle piratkopiering bare ikke "
-"det. Denne typen piratkopiering er frodig og bare ren galt. det forandre "
-"ikke innholdet det stjeler; det ikke forandre markedet den konkurrerer "
-"i. den bare gir noen tilgang til noe som loven sier han ikke skal "
-"ha. ingenting er endret for å tegne den lov i tvil. denne formen for "
-"piratkopiering er flat ut feil."
+"innsats på rettferdiggjørende kommersielle piratkopiering bare ikke det. "
+"Denne typen piratkopiering er frodig og bare ren galt. det forandre ikke "
+"innholdet det stjeler; det ikke forandre markedet den konkurrerer i. den "
+"bare gir noen tilgang til noe som loven sier han ikke skal ha. ingenting er "
+"endret for å tegne den lov i tvil. denne formen for piratkopiering er flat "
+"ut feil."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part "
"begrepet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy "
"concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to "
"piratkopiering."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly "
"controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it "
"til kabel-tv, ingen selger innholdet som er delt på p2p tjenester."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push "
"us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive."
"overleve."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Piracy II"
msgstr "piratkopiering ii"
-#. f4
+#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)."
msgstr "Bach v. longman, 98 eng. rep 1274 (1777)."
-#. PAGE BREAK 80
+#. PAGE BREAK 80
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The key to the \"piracy\" that the law aims to quash is a use that \"rob[s] "
"alternative to assure the author of his profit."
msgstr ""
-#. f5
+#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"with the most creative, paradigm-shifting uses for their own products. This "
"job usually falls to outside innovators, who reassemble existing technology "
"in inventive ways. For a discussion of Christensen's ideas, see Lawrence "
-"Lessig, Future, 8992, 139."
+"Lessig, Future, 89–92, 139."
msgstr ""
"se clayton m christensen, nyskapers dilemma: revolusjonerende nasjonale "
"bestselgeren som endret måten vi gjør forretninger (new york: "
"independently."
msgstr ""
+#. f6
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" San "
"Francisco Chronicle, 24 September 2002, A1; \"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide,\" New "
"Scientist, 6 July 2002, 42; Benny Evangelista, \"Napster Names CEO, Secures "
-"New Financing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 23 May 2003, C1; \"Napster's "
-"Wake-Up Call,\" Economist, 24 June 2000, 23; John Naughton, \"Hollywood at "
-"War with the Internet\" (London) Times, 26 July 2002, 18."
+"New Financing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 23 May 2003, C1; \"Napster's Wake-"
+"Up Call,\" Economist, 24 June 2000, 23; John Naughton, \"Hollywood at War "
+"with the Internet\" (London) Times, 26 July 2002, 18."
msgstr ""
"se carolyn lochhead, \"silicon valley dream, hollywood mareritt\" san "
"francisco chronicle, 24 september 2002, a1; \"rock 'n' roll suicide,\" new "
"service. It boasts over 100 million members.) These services' systems are "
"different architecturally, though not very different in function: Each "
"enables users to make content available to any number of other users. With a "
-"p2p system, you can share your favorite songs with your best friend-- or "
-"your 20,000 best friends."
+"p2p system, you can share your favorite songs with your best friend— "
+"or your 20,000 best friends."
msgstr ""
-#. f7
+#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See Ipsos-Insight, TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music Distribution "
"(September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of Americans aged twelve and "
"og eldre har lastet ned musikk fra Internett og 30 prosent har lyttet til "
"digitale musikkfiler som er lagret på datamaskinene sine."
+#. f8
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" New York "
msgid ""
"According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have "
"tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 "
-"estimated that 60 million Americans had downloaded music--28 percent of "
+"estimated that 60 million Americans had downloaded music—28 percent of "
"Americans older than 12.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A survey "
"by the NPD group quoted in The New York Times estimated that 43 million "
-"citizens used file-sharing networks to exchange content in May "
-"2003.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The vast majority of these "
-"are not kids. Whatever the actual figure, a massive quantity of content is "
-"being \"taken\" on these networks. The ease and inexpensiveness of "
-"file-sharing networks have inspired millions to enjoy music in a way that "
-"they hadn't before."
+"citizens used file-sharing networks to exchange content in May 2003."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The vast majority of these are not "
+"kids. Whatever the actual figure, a massive quantity of content is being "
+"\"taken\" on these networks. The ease and inexpensiveness of file-sharing "
+"networks have inspired millions to enjoy music in a way that they hadn't "
+"before."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does "
-"not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, "
+"Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does not. "
+"And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, "
"calculating the actual harm to copyright owners is more complicated than one "
-"might think. So consider--a bit more carefully than the polarized voices "
-"around this debate usually do--the kinds of sharing that file sharing "
-"enables, and the kinds of harm it entails."
+"might think. So consider—a bit more carefully than the polarized "
+"voices around this debate usually do—the kinds of sharing that file "
+"sharing enables, and the kinds of harm it entails."
msgstr ""
-"noen av denne nyter innebærer brudd på opphavsrettigheter. noen av det "
-"ikke. og selv blant delen som er teknisk brudd på opphavsrettigheter, "
-"beregne faktiske skade til opphavsrett eiere er mer komplisert enn man "
-"skulle tro. så vurdere--litt mer forsiktig enn polarisert stemmene rundt "
-"denne debatten vanligvis gjør--hvilke deler som gir mulighet for fildeling, "
-"og hva slags skade det innebærer."
+"noen av denne nyter innebærer brudd på opphavsrettigheter. noen av det ikke. "
+"og selv blant delen som er teknisk brudd på opphavsrettigheter, beregne "
+"faktiske skade til opphavsrett eiere er mer komplisert enn man skulle tro. "
+"så vurdere--litt mer forsiktig enn polarisert stemmene rundt denne debatten "
+"vanligvis gjør--hvilke deler som gir mulighet for fildeling, og hva slags "
+"skade det innebærer."
-#. PAGE BREAK 81
+#. PAGE BREAK 81
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different "
"kinds into four types."
"fil sharers dele ulike typer innhold. Vi kan dele disse ulike slag i fire "
"typer."
-#. A.
+#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, "
"would. The latter are the target of category A: users who download instead "
"of purchasing."
msgstr ""
-"Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for å kjøpe "
-"innhold. Derfor, når en ny madonna cd frigis, i stedet for å kjøpe cd, disse "
-"brukerne bare ta det. Vi kan liten uenighet om om alle som tar det ville "
-"faktisk ha kjøpt den hvis deling ikke gjøre den tilgjengelig gratis. mest "
-"trolig ikke ville ha, men klart det er noen som ville. sistnevnte er målet "
-"for kategori a: brukere som laster ned i stedet for å kjøpe."
+"Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for å kjøpe innhold. "
+"Derfor, når en ny madonna cd frigis, i stedet for å kjøpe cd, disse brukerne "
+"bare ta det. Vi kan liten uenighet om om alle som tar det ville faktisk ha "
+"kjøpt den hvis deling ikke gjøre den tilgjengelig gratis. mest trolig ikke "
+"ville ha, men klart det er noen som ville. sistnevnte er målet for kategori "
+"a: brukere som laster ned i stedet for å kjøpe."
-#. B.
+#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing "
"it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard "
"vil faktisk være ganske god. netto effekt av en slik deling kan øke antallet "
"av musikk som er kjøpt."
+#. C.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content "
"solid weekend \"recalling\" old songs. She was astonished at the range and "
"mix of content that was available.) For content not sold, this is still "
"technically a violation of copyright, though because the copyright owner is "
-"not selling the content anymore, the economic harm is zero--the same harm "
-"that occurs when I sell my collection of 1960s 45-rpm records to a local "
-"collector."
+"not selling the content anymore, the economic harm is zero—the same "
+"harm that occurs when I sell my collection of 1960s 45-rpm records to a "
+"local collector."
msgstr ""
"Det er mange som bruk deling av nettverk for å få tilgang til "
"opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold som selges ikke lenger, eller at de ikke ville "
"skade er null--den samme skaden som oppstår når jeg selger min samling av "
"1960-tallet 45 rpm poster til en lokal solfangeren."
-#. PAGE BREAK 82
-#. D.
+#. PAGE BREAK 82
+#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away."
"opphavsretten ønsker å gi bort."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?"
msgstr "hvordan disse ulike typer deling balanse?"
-#. f9
+#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
-msgid "See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,14849."
+msgid "See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148–49."
msgstr "se liebowitz, rethinking nettverk økonomien, 14849."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of "
"the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of "
-"economics, only type A sharing is clearly harmful.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Type B sharing is illegal but plainly "
-"beneficial. Type C sharing is illegal, yet good for society (since more "
-"exposure to music is good) and harmless to the artist (since the work is not "
-"otherwise available). So how sharing matters on balance is a hard question "
-"to answer--and certainly much more difficult than the current rhetoric "
+"economics, only type A sharing is clearly harmful.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Type B sharing is illegal but plainly beneficial. "
+"Type C sharing is illegal, yet good for society (since more exposure to "
+"music is good) and harmless to the artist (since the work is not otherwise "
+"available). So how sharing matters on balance is a hard question to "
+"answer—and certainly much more difficult than the current rhetoric "
"around the issue suggests."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful "
"over kabel-tv, musikkbransjen complains at typen en deling er en slags "
"\"tyveri\", som er \"ødeleggende\" industrien."
-#. f10
+#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"audio tape became a threat, the Office of Technical Assessment conducted a "
"survey of consumer behavior. In 1988, 40 percent of consumers older than ten "
"had taped music to a cassette format. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology "
-"Assessment, Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the Law, "
-"OTA-CIT-422 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, October "
-"1989), 14556."
+"Assessment, Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the Law, OTA-"
+"CIT-422 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, October 1989), "
+"145–56."
msgstr ""
"se cap gemini ernst og unge, teknologiutviklingen og music industriens "
"business modell krisen (2003), 3. Denne rapporten beskriver musikkbransjens "
-"innsats for å stigmatiserer spirende praksisen med kassett taping på "
-"1970-tallet, inkludert en reklamekampanje med en kassett-figur skull og "
-"bildeteksten \"hjem taping er å drepe musikk.\" på tiden digital audio "
-"tape ble en trussel, office of tekniske vurdering gjennomført en "
-"undersøkelse av forbrukernes adferd. i 1988 hadde 40 prosent av forbrukere "
-"som er eldre enn ti tapet musikk til en kassett-format. USA Kongressen, "
-"office of technology vurdering, copyright og hjem kopiering: teknologi "
-"utfordringer loven, ota-cit-422 (washington, DC: USA Government printing "
-"office, oktober 1989), 14556."
+"innsats for å stigmatiserer spirende praksisen med kassett taping på 1970-"
+"tallet, inkludert en reklamekampanje med en kassett-figur skull og "
+"bildeteksten \"hjem taping er å drepe musikk.\" på tiden digital audio tape "
+"ble en trussel, office of tekniske vurdering gjennomført en undersøkelse av "
+"forbrukernes adferd. i 1988 hadde 40 prosent av forbrukere som er eldre enn "
+"ti tapet musikk til en kassett-format. USA Kongressen, office of technology "
+"vurdering, copyright og hjem kopiering: teknologi utfordringer loven, ota-"
+"cit-422 (washington, DC: USA Government printing office, oktober 1989), 145"
+"56."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame "
"technology for any drop in sales. The history of cassette recording is a "
"good example. As a study by Cap Gemini Ernst & Young put it, \"Rather "
-"than exploiting this new, popular technology, the labels fought "
-"
it.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The labels claimed that every "
+"than exploiting this new, popular technology, the labels fought it."
+"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The labels claimed that every "
"album taped was an album unsold, and when record sales fell by 11.4 percent "
"in 1981, the industry claimed that its point was proved. Technology was the "
"problem, and banning or regulating technology was the answer."
msgstr ""
-#. f11
+#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "U.S. Congress, Copyright and Home Copying, 4."
msgstr "amerikanske Kongressen, copyright og hjem kopiering, 4."
"Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact "
"regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In "
"the end,\" Cap Gemini concludes, \"the `crisis' . . . was not the fault of "
-"the tapers--who did not [stop after MTV came into being]--but had to a large "
-"extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the major "
-"labels.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"the tapers—who did not [stop after MTV came into being]—but had "
+"to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the "
+"
major labels.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong "
"today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry "
-"in particular, and society in general--or at least the society that inherits "
-"the tradition that gave us the film industry, the record industry, the radio "
-"industry, cable TV, and the VCR--the question is not simply whether type A "
-"sharing is harmful. The question is also how harmful type A sharing is, and "
-"how beneficial the other types of sharing are."
+"in particular, and society in general—or at least the society that "
+"inherits the tradition that gave us the film industry, the record industry, "
+"the radio industry, cable TV, and the VCR—the question is not simply "
+"whether type A sharing is harmful. The question is also how harmful type A "
+"sharing is, and how beneficial the other types of sharing are."
msgstr ""
"men nettopp fordi industrien var galt før betyr ikke det er galt i dag. Hvis "
"du vil evaluere den virkelige trusselen at p2p fildeling presenterer til "
"skadelig. spørsmålet er hvordan skadelige type er også en deling, og hvor "
"nyttig de andre typene deling er."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the "
"little static reason to resist them."
msgstr ""
"Vi begynner å svare på dette spørsmålet ved å fokusere på netto skade, fra "
-"standpunktet av industrien som helhet, at deling nettverk. den \"net "
-"skaden\" til industrien som helhet er beløpet etter hvilken type en deling "
+"standpunktet av industrien som helhet, at deling nettverk. den \"net skaden"
+"\" til industrien som helhet er beløpet etter hvilken type en deling "
"overskrider type b. Hvis plateselskapene solgte flere poster gjennom "
"prøvetaking enn de mistet gjennom substitusjonsbehandling, og deretter dele "
"nettverk ville faktisk fordel musikk bedriftene på balanse. de ville derfor "
"ha liten statisk grunn til å motstå dem."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file "
"sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest "
"fildeling? rart som det kan høres, data om cd-salg faktisk tyder det kanskje "
"Lukk."
-#. f12
+#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Recording Industry Association of America, 2002 Yearend Statistics, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#15</ulink>. A later report indicates even greater losses. See Recording "
-"Industry Association of America, Some Facts About Music Piracy, 25 June "
-"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#16</ulink>: \"In the past four years, unit shipments of recorded music have "
-"fallen by 26 percent from 1.16 billion units in to 860 million units in 2002 "
-"in the United States (based on units shipped). In terms of sales, revenues "
-"are down 14 percent, from $14.6 billion in to $12.6 billion last year (based "
-"on U.S. dollar value of shipments). The music industry worldwide has gone "
-"from a $39 billion industry in 2000 down to a $32 billion industry in 2002 "
-"(based on U.S. dollar value of shipments).\""
-msgstr ""
-
-#. f13
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #15</ulink>. "
+"A later report indicates even greater losses. See Recording Industry "
+"Association of America, Some Facts About Music Piracy, 25 June 2003, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #16</ulink>: "
+"\"In the past four years, unit shipments of recorded music have fallen by 26 "
+"percent from 1.16 billion units in to 860 million units in 2002 in the "
+"United States (based on units shipped). In terms of sales, revenues are "
+"down 14 percent, from $14.6 billion in to $12.6 billion last year (based on "
+"U.S. dollar value of shipments). The music industry worldwide has gone from "
+"a $39 billion industry in 2000 down to a $32 billion industry in 2002 (based "
+"on U.S. dollar value of shipments).\""
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February "
-"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#17</ulink>."
+"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #17</"
+"ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 "
-"million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This confirms a trend over the past few "
-"years. The RIAA blames Internet piracy for the trend, though there are many "
-"other causes that could account for this drop. SoundScan, for example, "
-"reports a more than 20 percent drop in the number of CDs released since "
-"1999. That no doubt accounts for some of the decrease in sales. Rising "
-"prices could account for at least some of the loss. \"From 1999 to 2001, the "
-"average price of a CD rose 7.2 percent, from $13.04 to $14.19.\"<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Competition from other forms of media could "
-"also account for some of the decline. As Jane Black of BusinessWeek notes, "
-"\"The soundtrack to the film High Fidelity has a list price of $18.98. You "
-"could get the whole movie [on DVD] for $19.99.\"<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
+"million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This confirms a trend over the past few years. The "
+"RIAA blames Internet piracy for the trend, though there are many other "
+"causes that could account for this drop. SoundScan, for example, reports a "
+"more than 20 percent drop in the number of CDs released since 1999. That no "
+"doubt accounts for some of the decrease in sales. Rising prices could "
+"account for at least some of the loss. \"From 1999 to 2001, the average "
+"price of a CD rose 7.2 percent, from $13.04 to $14.19.\"<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Competition from other forms of media could also "
+"account for some of the decline. As Jane Black of BusinessWeek notes, \"The "
+"soundtrack to the film High Fidelity has a list price of $18.98. You could "
+"get the whole movie [on DVD] for $19.99.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 84
+#. PAGE BREAK 84
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is "
"because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the "
"gratis. Således, selv om 2,6 ganger det totale antallet CDer som selges ble "
"lastet ned gratis, salgsinntekter falt med bare 6.7 prosent."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain "
"these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording "
"industry constantly asks, \"What's the difference between downloading a song "
-"and stealing a CD?\"--but their own numbers reveal the difference. If I "
-"steal a CD, then there is one less CD to sell. Every taking is a lost "
-"sale. But on the basis of the numbers the RIAA provides, it is absolutely "
-"clear that the same is not true of downloads. If every download were a lost "
-"sale--if every use of Kazaa \"rob[bed] the author of [his] profit\"--then "
-"the industry would have suffered a 100 percent drop in sales last year, not "
-"a 7 percent drop. If 2.6 times the number of CDs sold were downloaded for "
-"free, and yet sales revenue dropped by just 6.7 percent, then there is a "
-"huge difference between \"downloading a song and stealing a CD.\""
+"and stealing a CD?\"—but their own numbers reveal the difference. If I "
+"steal a CD, then there is one less CD to sell. Every taking is a lost sale. "
+"But on the basis of the numbers the RIAA provides, it is absolutely clear "
+"that the same is not true of downloads. If every download were a lost "
+"sale—if every use of Kazaa \"rob[bed] the author of [his] profit"
+"\"—then the industry would have suffered a 100 percent drop in sales "
+"last year, not a 7 percent drop. If 2.6 times the number of CDs sold were "
+"downloaded for free, and yet sales revenue dropped by just 6.7 percent, then "
+"there is a huge difference between \"downloading a song and stealing a CD.\""
msgstr ""
"Det er for mange forskjellige ting skjer samtidig å forklare disse tallene "
"definitively, men en konklusjon er uunngåelig: recording industry stadig "
"og stjele en cd."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"These are the harms--alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, "
+"These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, "
"real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording "
"industry. What value does it produce in addition to these costs?"
msgstr ""
"fordelene? fildeling kan pålegge kostnader på musikkindustrien. hva verdien "
"produserer det i tillegg til disse kostnadene?"
-#. f15
+#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no "
-"longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law--Coming Soon to "
-"a Digital Device Near You: Hearing Before the Senate Committee on the "
-"Judiciary, 107th Cong., 1st sess. (3 April 2001) (prepared statement of the "
-"Future of Music Coalition), available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #18</ulink>."
+"longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming "
+"Soon to a Digital Device Near You: Hearing Before the Senate Committee on "
+"the Judiciary, 107th Cong., 1st sess. (3 April 2001) (prepared statement of "
+"the Future of Music Coalition), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #18</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"One benefit is type C sharing--making available content that is technically "
-"still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. This is not "
-"a small category of content. There are millions of tracks that are no longer "
-"commercially available.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And while "
-"it's conceivable that some of this content is not available because the "
-"artist producing the content doesn't want it to be made available, the vast "
-"majority of it is unavailable solely because the publisher or the "
-"distributor has decided it no longer makes economic sense to the company to "
-"make it available."
+"One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is "
+"technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. "
+"This is not a small category of content. There are millions of tracks that "
+"are no longer commercially available.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> And while it's conceivable that some of this content is not available "
+"because the artist producing the content doesn't want it to be made "
+"available, the vast majority of it is unavailable solely because the "
+"publisher or the distributor has decided it no longer makes economic sense "
+"to the company to make it available."
msgstr ""
-#. f16
+#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"In real space--long before the Internet--the market had a simple response to "
-"this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands of used book "
-"and used record stores in America today.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> These stores buy content from owners, then sell the content they "
-"buy. And under American copyright law, when they buy and sell this content, "
-"even if the content is still under copyright, the copyright owner doesn't "
-"get a dime. Used book and record stores are commercial entities; their "
-"owners make money from the content they sell; but as with cable companies "
-"before statutory licensing, they don't have to pay the copyright owner for "
-"the content they sell."
+"In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple "
+"response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands "
+"of used book and used record stores in America today.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These stores buy content from owners, then sell the "
+"content they buy. And under American copyright law, when they buy and sell "
+"this content, even if the content is still under copyright, the copyright "
+"owner doesn't get a dime. Used book and record stores are commercial "
+"entities; their owners make money from the content they sell; but as with "
+"cable companies before statutory licensing, they don't have to pay the "
+"copyright owner for the content they sell."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Bernstein, Leonard"
+msgstr "Bernstein, Leonard"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record "
"tilgjengelig, gjennom felles deling, uten konkurrerer med markedet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the "
"copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well "
-"be better, it doesn't follow that it would be good to ban used book "
-"stores. Or put differently, if you think that type C sharing should be "
-"stopped, do you think that libraries and used book stores should be shut as "
-"well?"
+"be better, it doesn't follow that it would be good to ban used book stores. "
+"Or put differently, if you think that type C sharing should be stopped, do "
+"you think that libraries and used book stores should be shut as well?"
msgstr ""
"Det kan godt være, alle ting betraktes, at det ville være bedre hvis eieren "
"av opphavsretten fikk noe fra denne handelen. men bare fordi det kan godt "
"bokhandlere. eller sagt på en annen måte, hvis du tror at typen c deling bør "
"stoppes, tror du at biblioteker og brukte bokhandlere bør være stengt også?"
+#. PAGE BREAK 86
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D "
-"sharing to occur--the sharing of content that copyright owners want to have "
-"shared or for which there is no continuing copyright. This sharing clearly "
-"benefits authors and society. Science fiction author Cory Doctorow, for "
-"example, released his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, both "
-"free on-line and in bookstores on the same day. His (and his publisher's) "
-"thinking was that the on-line distribution would be a great advertisement "
-"for the \"real\" book. People would read part on-line, and then decide "
-"whether they liked the book or not. If they liked it, they would be more "
-"likely to buy it. Doctorow's content is type D content. If sharing networks "
-"enable his work to be spread, then both he and society are better "
+"sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to "
+"have shared or for which there is no continuing copyright. This sharing "
+"clearly benefits authors and society. Science fiction author Cory Doctorow, "
+"for example, released his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, "
+"both free on-line and in bookstores on the same day. His (and his "
+"publisher's) thinking was that the on-line distribution would be a great "
+"advertisement for the \"real\" book. People would read part on-line, and "
+"then decide whether they liked the book or not. If they liked it, they would "
+"be more likely to buy it. Doctorow's content is type D content. If sharing "
+"networks enable his work to be spread, then both he and society are better "
"off. (Actually, much better off: It is a great book!)"
msgstr ""
"til slutt, og kanskje viktigst, tillater fildelings-nettverk typen d deling "
"eksempel utgitt sin første roman, ned og ut i magiske riket, begge to ledig "
"online og i bokhandlere på samme dag. hans (og hans publisher) tenker var at "
"on-line distribusjonen vil være en stor annonse for \"ekte\" boken. folk vil "
-"lese delen on-line, og deretter bestemmer deg om de likte boken eller "
-"ikke. Hvis de likte det, ville de være mer sannsynlig å kjøpe den. Doctorow "
-"er innholdet er typen d innhold. Hvis deling nettverk aktiverer sitt arbeid "
-"til å bli spredt, er både han og samfunnet bedre. (faktisk, mye bedre av: "
-"det er en stor bok!)"
+"lese delen on-line, og deretter bestemmer deg om de likte boken eller ikke. "
+"Hvis de likte det, ville de være mer sannsynlig å kjøpe den. Doctorow er "
+"innholdet er typen d innhold. Hvis deling nettverk aktiverer sitt arbeid til "
+"å bli spredt, er både han og samfunnet bedre. (faktisk, mye bedre av: det er "
+"en stor bok!)"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with "
"no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A "
"løse problemet med skriver du inn en deling ødelegge muligheten for typen d "
"deling, så vi mister noe viktig for å beskytte type en innhold."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably "
"fildeling? Hva er effektiviteten? Hva er innholdet som ellers ville være "
"utilgjengelig?\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much "
"kunstnere. spørsmålet er en av balanse. loven bør søke denne balansen, og "
"denne balansen blir funnet bare med tid."
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target "
"just what you call type A sharing?\""
msgstr ""
-"men er ikke krigen bare en krig mot ulovlig deling? er ikke målet bare det "
-"du skriver inn en deling?"
+"Men er ikke krigen bare en krig mot ulovlig deling? Er ikke angrepsmålet "
+"bare det du kaller type A-deling?"
-#. f17
+#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 "
"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #21</ulink>. For an "
"account of the litigation and its toll on Napster, see Joseph Menn, All the "
"Rave: The Rise and Fall of Shawn Fanning's Napster (New York: Crown "
-"Business, 2003), 26982."
+"Business, 2003), 269–82."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of "
"the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that "
-"one class of sharing. That much is obvious from the Napster case "
-"itself. When Napster told the district court that it had developed a "
-"technology to block the transfer of 99.4 percent of identified infringing "
-"material, the district court told counsel for Napster 99.4 percent was not "
-"good enough. Napster had to push the infringements \"down to "
-"zero.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"one class of sharing. That much is obvious from the Napster case itself. "
+"When Napster told the district court that it had developed a technology to "
+"block the transfer of 99.4 percent of identified infringing material, the "
+"district court told counsel for Napster 99.4 percent was not good enough. "
+"Napster had to push the infringements \"down to zero.\"<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing "
"technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure "
"and beneficial uses they serve, simply to assure that there are zero "
"copyright infringements caused by p2p."
msgstr ""
-"Hvis 99.4 prosent er ikke god nok, så dette er en krig mot "
-"fildelings-teknologier, ikke en krig mot brudd på opphavsrettigheter. Det er "
-"ingen måte å sikre at en p2p-systemet er brukt 100 prosent av tiden i "
-"samsvar med loven, noe mer enn det er en måte å sikre at 100 prosent av "
-"videospillere eller 100 prosent av xerox maskiner eller 100 prosent av "
-"håndvåpen brukes i overensstemmelse med loven. nulltoleranse betyr null "
-"p2p. EFTA-domstolens avgjørelse betyr at vi som et samfunn må miste "
-"fordelene med p2p, selv for den helt lovlig og fordelaktig bruker de tjener "
-"bare for å sikre at det er null opphavsrett infringements forårsaket av p2p."
+"Hvis 99.4 prosent er ikke god nok, så dette er en krig mot fildelings-"
+"teknologier, ikke en krig mot brudd på opphavsrettigheter. Det er ingen måte "
+"å sikre at en p2p-systemet er brukt 100 prosent av tiden i samsvar med "
+"loven, noe mer enn det er en måte å sikre at 100 prosent av videospillere "
+"eller 100 prosent av xerox maskiner eller 100 prosent av håndvåpen brukes i "
+"overensstemmelse med loven. nulltoleranse betyr null p2p. EFTA-domstolens "
+"avgjørelse betyr at vi som et samfunn må miste fordelene med p2p, selv for "
+"den helt lovlig og fordelaktig bruker de tjener bare for å sikre at det er "
+"null opphavsrett infringements forårsaket av p2p."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content "
"industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process "
"sikre legitime rettighetene til skapere samtidig beskytte innovasjon. noen "
"ganger har dette betydde mer rettigheter for skapere. noen ganger mindre."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"So, as we've seen, when \"mechanical reproduction\" threatened the interests "
"så, som vi har sett, når \"mekaniske reproduksjon\" truet interessene til "
"komponister, Kongressen balansert rettigheter mot interessene til "
"musikkindustrien. det tildelt rights composers, men også artistene: "
-"komponister var å bli betalt, men til en pris som er fastsatt av "
-"Kongressen. men når radioen begynte kringkasting innspillingene er gjort av "
-"disse artister og de klaget til Kongressen at deres \"kreative eiendom\" "
-"ikke var blir respektert (siden radiostasjonen ikke har å betale dem for "
-"kreativitet det kringkaste), Kongressen avvist deres krav. en indirekte "
-"fordel var nok."
+"komponister var å bli betalt, men til en pris som er fastsatt av Kongressen. "
+"men når radioen begynte kringkasting innspillingene er gjort av disse "
+"artister og de klaget til Kongressen at deres \"kreative eiendom\" ikke var "
+"blir respektert (siden radiostasjonen ikke har å betale dem for kreativitet "
+"det kringkaste), Kongressen avvist deres krav. en indirekte fordel var nok."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the "
"claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, "
"av loven. den likeledes ga kabelselskaper rettigheten til innholdet, så "
"lenge de betalte lovbestemte pris."
-#. PAGE BREAK 88
+#. PAGE BREAK 88
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, "
-"served two important goals--indeed, the two central goals of any copyright "
-"legislation. First, the law assured that new innovators would have the "
-"freedom to develop new ways to deliver content. Second, the law assured "
-"that copyright holders would be paid for the content that was "
-"distributed. One fear was that if Congress simply required cable TV to pay "
-"copyright holders whatever they demanded for their content, then copyright "
-"holders associated with broadcasters would use their power to stifle this "
-"new technology, cable. But if Congress had permitted cable to use "
-"broadcasters' content for free, then it would have unfairly subsidized "
-"cable. Thus Congress chose a path that would assure compensation without "
-"giving the past (broadcasters) control over the future (cable)."
+"served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any "
+"copyright legislation. First, the law assured that new innovators would have "
+"the freedom to develop new ways to deliver content. Second, the law assured "
+"that copyright holders would be paid for the content that was distributed. "
+"One fear was that if Congress simply required cable TV to pay copyright "
+"holders whatever they demanded for their content, then copyright holders "
+"associated with broadcasters would use their power to stifle this new "
+"technology, cable. But if Congress had permitted cable to use broadcasters' "
+"content for free, then it would have unfairly subsidized cable. Thus "
+"Congress chose a path that would assure compensation without giving the past "
+"(broadcasters) control over the future (cable)."
msgstr ""
"denne sårbarheten, som kompromiss som påvirker poster og spilleren pianoer, "
"servert to viktige mål--faktisk to sentrale målene noen opphavsrett "
"opphavsrett hva de krevde for innholdet, og deretter rettighetshavere som er "
"tilknyttet broadcasters ville bruke sin makt for å undertrykke denne nye "
"teknologien, kabel. men hvis Kongressen hadde tillatt kabelen til bruk "
-"broadcasters' innhold gratis, ville det ha urettferdig subsidierte "
-"kabel. Dermed Kongressen valgte en bane som ville forsikre kompensasjon uten "
-"å gi siste (broadcasters) kontroll over fremtiden (kabel)."
+"broadcasters' innhold gratis, ville det ha urettferdig subsidierte kabel. "
+"Dermed Kongressen valgte en bane som ville forsikre kompensasjon uten å gi "
+"siste (broadcasters) kontroll over fremtiden (kabel)."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and "
"drar nytte av opphavsretten til sine kunder. Det bør derfor disney og "
"universal hevdet, være delvis ansvarlig for at krenkelse."
+#. PAGE BREAK 89
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to "
"wanted to hold it responsible for the architecture it chose."
msgstr ""
"Det var noe til disney's og universal's krav. Sony bestemmer deg for å "
-"utforme sin maskin for å gjøre det svært enkelt å spille inn "
-"TV-programmer. Det kan ha bygget maskinen hvis du vil blokkere, eller hindre "
-"enhver direkte kopiere fra en TV kringkasting. eller muligens den kunne har "
-"bygget maskinen for å kopiere bare hvis det var en spesiell \"Kopier meg\" "
-"signal på linjen. Det var klart at det var mange TV-programmer som ikke gi "
-"noen tillatelse til å kopiere. faktisk, hvis noen hadde spurt, ingen tvil "
-"flertallet av viser ville ikke har autorisert kopiering. og i møte med denne "
-"åpenbare preferanse, sony kan har utformet sitt system å minimere muligheten "
-"for brudd på opphavsrettigheter. det gjorde ikke, og for det, disney og "
+"utforme sin maskin for å gjøre det svært enkelt å spille inn TV-programmer. "
+"Det kan ha bygget maskinen hvis du vil blokkere, eller hindre enhver direkte "
+"kopiere fra en TV kringkasting. eller muligens den kunne har bygget maskinen "
+"for å kopiere bare hvis det var en spesiell \"Kopier meg\" signal på linjen. "
+"Det var klart at det var mange TV-programmer som ikke gi noen tillatelse til "
+"å kopiere. faktisk, hvis noen hadde spurt, ingen tvil flertallet av viser "
+"ville ikke har autorisert kopiering. og i møte med denne åpenbare "
+"preferanse, sony kan har utformet sitt system å minimere muligheten for "
+"brudd på opphavsrettigheter. det gjorde ikke, og for det, disney og "
"universal ønsket å holde den ansvarlig for arkitektur som er valgt."
-#. f18
+#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 "
"Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., "
"(vitnesbyrd om jack valenti, president, motion picture association of "
"america, inc.)."
-#. f19
+#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475."
msgstr "opphavsrett infringements (lyd og video-opptakere), 475."
-#. f20
+#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 480 F. Supp. 429, "
-"(C.D. Cal., 1979)."
+"Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C."
+"D. Cal., 1979)."
msgstr ""
-"Universal city studios, inc. v. sony Corporation of america, 480 "
-"f. supp. 429, (klientadgangslisens CAL (CD), 1979)."
+"Universal city studios, inc. v. sony Corporation of america, 480 f. supp. "
+"429, (klientadgangslisens CAL (CD), 1979)."
-#. f21
+#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack "
"Valenti)."
"called VCRs \"tapeworms.\" He warned, \"When there are 20, 30, 40 million of "
"these VCRs in the land, we will be invaded by millions of `tapeworms,' "
"eating away at the very heart and essence of the most precious asset the "
-"copyright owner has, his copyright.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> \"One does not have to be trained in sophisticated marketing and "
-"creative judgment,\" he told Congress, \"to understand the devastation on "
-"the after-theater marketplace caused by the hundreds of millions of tapings "
-"that will adversely impact on the future of the creative community in this "
-"country. It is simply a question of basic economics and plain common "
-"sense.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would "
-"later show, percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or "
-"more<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> --a use the Court would later "
-"hold was not \"fair.\" By \"allowing VCR owners to copy freely by the means "
-"of an exemption from copyright infringement without creating a mechanism to "
-"compensate copyright owners,\" Valenti testified, Congress would \"take from "
-"the owners the very essence of their property: the exclusive right to "
-"control who may use their work, that is, who may copy it and thereby profit "
-"from its reproduction.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. f22
+"copyright owner has, his copyright.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> \"One does not have to be trained in sophisticated marketing and creative "
+"judgment,\" he told Congress, \"to understand the devastation on the after-"
+"theater marketplace caused by the hundreds of millions of tapings that will "
+"adversely impact on the future of the creative community in this country. It "
+"is simply a question of basic economics and plain common sense."
+"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would later "
+"show, percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or "
+"more<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> — a use the Court would "
+"later hold was not \"fair.\" By \"allowing VCR owners to copy freely by the "
+"means of an exemption from copyright infringementwithout creating a "
+"mechanism to compensate copyrightowners,\" Valenti testified, Congress would "
+"\"take from the owners the very essence of their property: the exclusive "
+"right to control who may use their work, that is, who may copy it and "
+"thereby profit from its reproduction.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"3\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f22
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th "
"Cir. 1981)."
msgid ""
"It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In "
"the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in "
-"its jurisdiction--leading Judge Alex Kozinski, who sits on that court, "
-"refers to it as the \"Hollywood Circuit\"--held that Sony would be liable "
-"for the copyright infringement made possible by its machines. Under the "
-"Ninth Circuit's rule, this totally familiar technology--which Jack Valenti "
-"had called \"the Boston Strangler of the American film industry\" (worse "
-"yet, it was a Japanese Boston Strangler of the American film industry)--was "
-"an illegal technology.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"its jurisdiction—leading Judge Alex Kozinski, who sits on that court, "
+"refers to it as the \"Hollywood Circuit\"—held that Sony would be "
+"liable for the copyright infringement made possible by its machines. Under "
+"the Ninth Circuit's rule, this totally familiar technology—which Jack "
+"Valenti had called \"the Boston Strangler of the American film industry"
+"\" (worse yet, it was a Japanese Boston Strangler of the American film "
+"industry)—was an illegal technology.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 90
+#. PAGE BREAK 90
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in "
"its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and "
"domstolen klart uttrykte sin forståelse av når og om domstoler bør "
"intervenere i slike konflikter. som domstol skrev,"
-#. f23
+#. f23
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 431 "
"(1984)."
"Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for "
"copyrighted materials. Congress has the constitutional authority and the "
"institutional ability to accommodate fully the varied permutations of "
-"competing interests that are inevitably implicated by such new "
-"
technology.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"competing interests that are inevitably implicated by such new technology."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with "
"the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the "
-"request. Congress was convinced that American film got enough, this "
-"\"taking\" notwithstanding. If we put these cases together, a pattern is "
-"clear:"
+"request. Congress was convinced that American film got enough, this \"taking"
+"\" notwithstanding. If we put these cases together, a pattern is clear:"
msgstr ""
"Kongressen ble bedt om å svare på den Høyesterett beslutningen. men som med "
-"appell av artister om radiosendinger, Kongressen ignorert "
-"forespørselen. Kongressen var overbevist om at amerikanske film fikk nok, "
-"denne \"tar\" til tross for. Hvis vi setter disse tilfellene sammen, et "
-"mønster er klart:"
+"appell av artister om radiosendinger, Kongressen ignorert forespørselen. "
+"Kongressen var overbevist om at amerikanske film fikk nok, denne \"tar\" til "
+"tross for. Hvis vi setter disse tilfellene sammen, et mønster er klart:"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Table"
msgstr "tabell"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "CASE"
msgstr "tilfelle"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\""
msgstr "verdien var \"piratkopiert\""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS"
msgstr "Svar til domstolene"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS"
msgstr "Responsen til Kongressen"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Recordings"
msgstr "innspillinger"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Composers"
msgstr "komponister"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "No protection"
msgstr "ingen beskyttelse"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Statutory license"
msgstr "lovbestemte lisens"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Recording artists"
msgstr "artister"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Nothing"
msgstr "ingenting"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Broadcasters"
msgstr "TV-stasjoner"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "VCR"
msgstr "VCR"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Film creators"
msgstr "filmen skaperne"
-#. f24
+#. f24
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"regulated by Congress to minimize the risk of piracy. The remedy Congress "
"imposed did burden DAT producers, by taxing tape sales and controlling the "
"technology of DAT. See Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 (Title 17 of the "
-"United States Code), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237, codified at 17 "
-"U.S.C. §1001. Again, however, this regulation did not eliminate the "
+"United States Code), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237, codified at 17 U."
+"S.C. §1001. Again, however, this regulation did not eliminate the "
"opportunity for free riding in the sense I've described. See Lessig, Future, "
"71. See also Picker, \"From Edison to the Broadcast Flag,\" University of "
-"Chicago Law Review 70 (2003): 29396."
+"Chicago Law Review 70 (2003): 293–96."
msgstr ""
"disse er de viktigste forekomstene i vår historie, men det finnes andre "
"tilfeller også. teknologi for digital audio tape (dat), for eksempel var "
-"regulert av Kongressen for å minimere risikoen for "
-"piratkopiering. rettsmiddel Kongressen pålagt belaster dat produsenter, "
-"taxing bånd salg og kontrollere teknologien for dat. ser lyd Hjem "
-"innspillingen act av 1992 (tittel 17 av USA-koden), pub. l. nr. 102-563, 106 "
-"stat. 4237, kodifisert på 17 USC §1001. igjen, men denne forskriften ikke "
-"eliminere muligheten gratis ridning i den forstand jeg har beskrevet. se "
-"lessig, fremtidige, 71. Se også datovelger, \"fra edison til flagget "
-"kringkasting,\" university of chicago lov gjennomgå 70 (2003): 29396."
+"regulert av Kongressen for å minimere risikoen for piratkopiering. "
+"rettsmiddel Kongressen pålagt belaster dat produsenter, taxing bånd salg og "
+"kontrollere teknologien for dat. ser lyd Hjem innspillingen act av 1992 "
+"(tittel 17 av USA-koden), pub. l. nr. 102-563, 106 stat. 4237, kodifisert på "
+"17 USC §1001. igjen, men denne forskriften ikke eliminere muligheten gratis "
+"ridning i den forstand jeg har beskrevet. se lessig, fremtidige, 71. Se også "
+"datovelger, \"fra edison til flagget kringkasting,\" university of chicago "
+"lov gjennomgå 70 (2003): 29396."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"ride\" on someone else's work."
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 91
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In none of these cases did either the courts or Congress eliminate all free "
"hans copyright opprettet. i alle tilfeller klaget opphavsrett eierne av "
"\"piratkopiering.\" i alle tilfeller, Kongressen handlet for å gjenkjenne "
"noen av legitimitet i virkemåten til den \"pirater.\" i hvert tilfelle "
-"Kongressen tillatt noen ny teknologi for å dra nytte av innhold gjort "
-"før. det balansert interesser på spill."
+"Kongressen tillatt noen ny teknologi for å dra nytte av innhold gjort før. "
+"det balansert interesser på spill."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up "
"the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt "
"hver cover band som har til å ansette en advokat for å få tillatelse til å "
"registrere en sang?"
-#. f25
+#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-msgid "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)."
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)."
msgstr ""
"Sony Corporation of america v. universal city studios, inc., 464 amerikanske "
"417, (1984)."
"facilitate the distribution of content."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is "
-"changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires "
-"vs. wireless) is changing very quickly. No doubt the network should not "
-"become a tool for \"stealing\" from artists. But neither should the law "
-"become a tool to entrench one particular way in which artists (or more "
-"accurately, distributors) get paid. As I describe in some detail in the last "
-"chapter of this book, we should be securing income to artists while we allow "
-"the market to secure the most efficient way to promote and distribute "
-"content. This will require changes in the law, at least in the "
-"interim. These changes should be designed to balance the protection of the "
-"law against the strong public interest that innovation continue."
+"changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires vs. "
+"wireless) is changing very quickly. No doubt the network should not become a "
+"tool for \"stealing\" from artists. But neither should the law become a tool "
+"to entrench one particular way in which artists (or more accurately, "
+"distributors) get paid. As I describe in some detail in the last chapter of "
+"this book, we should be securing income to artists while we allow the market "
+"to secure the most efficient way to promote and distribute content. This "
+"will require changes in the law, at least in the interim. These changes "
+"should be designed to balance the protection of the law against the strong "
+"public interest that innovation continue."
msgstr ""
"Vi bør gjøre samme i dag. teknologien for Internett endrer seg raskt. endrer "
-"måten brukere koble seg til Internett (ledninger vs. trådløs) svært "
-"raskt. ingen tvil om bør nettverket ikke bli et verktøy for \"stjele\" fra "
+"måten brukere koble seg til Internett (ledninger vs. trådløs) svært raskt. "
+"ingen tvil om bør nettverket ikke bli et verktøy for \"stjele\" fra "
"artister. men heller ikke bør loven bli et verktøy for å innarbeide en "
"bestemte måten hvilke artister (eller mer nøyaktig, distributører) får "
"betalt. som jeg beskriver i noen detalj i det siste kapitlet i denne boken, "
"utformet for å balansere beskyttelsen av loven mot sterk offentlig interesse "
"at innovasjon fortsette."
+#. f26
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes "
"good use for the car before we arrest him?\""
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"It is our property,\" the warriors insist. \"And it should be protected "
"\"det er vår eiendom,\" insisterer warriors. \"og det bør være beskyttet på "
"samme måte som en annen egenskap er beskyttet."
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "\"PROPERTY\""
-msgstr "egenskapen"
+msgstr "\"Eiendom\""
-#. PAGE BREAK 94
+#. PAGE BREAK 94
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The copyright warriors are right: A copyright is a kind of property. It can "
"be owned and sold, and the law protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the "
"opphavsretten til å holde for noen pris som han ønsker. markeder regner "
"tilbud og etterspørsel som delvis bestemmer prisen hun kan få."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a bit "
"misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of property. "
-"Indeed, the very idea of property in any idea or any expression is very "
-"odd. I understand what I am taking when I take the picnic table you put in "
-"your backyard. I am taking a thing, the picnic table, and after I take it, "
-"you don't have it. But what am I taking when I take the good idea you had to "
-"put a picnic table in the backyard--by, for example, going to Sears, buying "
+"Indeed, the very idea of property in any idea or any expression is very odd. "
+"I understand what I am taking when I take the picnic table you put in your "
+"backyard. I am taking a thing, the picnic table, and after I take it, you "
+"don't have it. But what am I taking when I take the good idea you had to put "
+"a picnic table in the backyard—by, for example, going to Sears, buying "
"a table, and putting it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?"
msgstr ""
"men i vanlig språk, å ringe en copyright \"property\" høyre er litt "
"eksempel skal sears, kjøpe en tabell, og sette det i min bakgård? Hva er det "
"jeg tar deretter?"
-#. f1
+#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in The "
"Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 6 (Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery "
-"Bergh, eds., 1903), 330, 33334."
+"Bergh, eds., 1903), 330, 333–34."
msgstr ""
"brev fra thomas jefferson til isaac mcpherson (13 august 1813) i skrifter av "
"thomas jefferson, vol. 6 (andrew a. lipscomb og albert ellery bergh, Red., "
msgid ""
"The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, "
"though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the "
-"ordinary case--indeed, in practically every case except for a narrow range "
-"of exceptions--ideas released to the world are free. I don't take anything "
-"from you when I copy the way you dress--though I might seem weird if I did "
-"it every day, and especially weird if you are a woman. Instead, as Thomas "
-"Jefferson said (and as is especially true when I copy the way someone else "
-"dresses), \"He who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself "
-"without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine, receives light "
-"without darkening me.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"ordinary case—indeed, in practically every case except for a narrow "
+"range of exceptions—ideas released to the world are free. I don't take "
+"anything from you when I copy the way you dress—though I might seem "
+"weird if I did it every day, and especially weird if you are a woman. "
+"Instead, as Thomas Jefferson said (and as is especially true when I copy the "
+"way someone else dresses), \"He who receives an idea from me, receives "
+"instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at "
+"mine, receives light without darkening me.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the "
"law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss "
"loven sier du ikke kan ta min ide eller uttrykk uten min tillatelse: loven "
"blir immaterielle eiendom."
+#. f2
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are "
"eiendomsrettigheter immaterielle. egenskapen rett er ganske enkelt en "
"rettighet som en person har mot verden å gjøre eller ikke gjøre visse ting "
"som kan eller ikke kan koble til et fysisk objekt. høyre selv er "
-"immaterielle, selv om objektet som det er (metaforisk) tilknyttet er "
-"varige. se adam mossoff, \"Hva er egenskapen? å sette dem tilbake "
-"sammen,\"-arizona lov, se 45 (2003): 373, 429 n. 241."
+"immaterielle, selv om objektet som det er (metaforisk) tilknyttet er varige. "
+"se adam mossoff, \"Hva er egenskapen? å sette dem tilbake sammen,\"-arizona "
+"lov, se 45 (2003): 373, 429 n. 241."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"But how, and to what extent, and in what form--the details, in other "
-"words--matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the "
+"But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other "
+"words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the "
"intangible into property emerged, we need to place this \"property\" in its "
"proper context.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding "
"part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of \"copyright material is "
"property\" in context. Where did the idea come from? What are its limits? "
"How does it function in practice? After these stories, the significance of "
-"this true statement--\"copyright material is property\"-- will be a bit more "
-"clear, and its implications will be revealed as quite different from the "
-"implications that the copyright warriors would have us draw."
+"this true statement—\"copyright material is property\"— will be "
+"a bit more clear, and its implications will be revealed as quite different "
+"from the implications that the copyright warriors would have us draw."
msgstr ""
"min strategi for å gjøre dette vil være det samme som min strategi i den "
"foregående delen. Jeg tilbyr fire historier å hjelpe sette ideen om "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders"
-msgstr "kapittel seks: grunnleggerne"
+msgstr "Kapittel seks: Grunnleggerne"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"kilden. Jeg overheard en gang noen kommentere kenneth branagh tilpasning av "
"henry v: \"Jeg likte det, men shakespeare er så full av clichés.\""
-#. f1
+#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Juliet, he published an astonishing array of works that still remain at the "
"heart of the English canon, including collected works of Shakespeare, Ben "
"Jonson, John Milton, and John Dryden. See Keith Walker, \"Jacob Tonson, "
-"Bookseller,\" American Scholar 61:3 (1992): 42431."
+"Bookseller,\" American Scholar 61:3 (1992): 424–31."
msgstr ""
"Jacob tonson er vanligvis husket for hans assosiasjoner med fremtredende "
"1700-tallet litterære figurer, spesielt john dryden, og for hans kjekk "
-"\"endelige versjoner\" av klassiske verk. i tillegg til romeo og Julie, "
-"utga en utrolig rekke fungerer som fortsatt er igjen i hjertet av den "
-"engelske canon, inkludert collected works Shakespeare, ben jonson, john "
-"milton, og john dryden. se Pioquinto Bernal Pioquinto Bernal, \"jacob "
-"tonson, bokhandel,\" amerikansk forsker-61:3 (1992): 42431."
+"\"endelige versjoner\" av klassiske verk. i tillegg til romeo og Julie, utga "
+"en utrolig rekke fungerer som fortsatt er igjen i hjertet av den engelske "
+"canon, inkludert collected works Shakespeare, ben jonson, john milton, og "
+"john dryden. se Pioquinto Bernal Pioquinto Bernal, \"jacob tonson, bokhandel,"
+"\" amerikansk forsker-61:3 (1992): 42431."
-#. f2
+#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective (Nashville: "
-"Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 15152."
+"Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52."
msgstr ""
"Lyman rokke patterson, copyright i historisk perspektiv (nashville: "
"vanderbilt university press, 1968), 15152."
-#. PAGE BREAK 97
+#. PAGE BREAK 97
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet was written, the "
-"\"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive "
-"right of a single London publisher, Jacob Tonson.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tonson was the most prominent of a small group "
-"of publishers called the Conger<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> who "
-"controlled bookselling in England during the eighteenth century. The Conger "
-"claimed a perpetual right to control the \"copy\" of books that they had "
-"acquired from authors. That perpetual right meant that no one else could "
-"publish copies of a book to which they held the copyright. Prices of the "
-"classics were thus kept high; competition to produce better or cheaper "
-"editions was eliminated."
+"In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet was written, the \"copy-"
+"right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive right of "
+"a single London publisher, Jacob Tonson.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> Tonson was the most prominent of a small group of publishers called "
+"the Conger<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> who controlled "
+"bookselling in England during the eighteenth century. The Conger claimed a "
+"perpetual right to control the \"copy\" of books that they had acquired from "
+"authors. That perpetual right meant that no one else could publish copies of "
+"a book to which they held the copyright. Prices of the classics were thus "
+"kept high; competition to produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated."
msgstr ""
+#. f3
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a "
"\"copyright\" act. Known as the Statute of Anne, the act stated that all "
"published works would get a copyright term of fourteen years, renewable once "
"if the author was alive, and that all works already published by 1710 would "
-"get a single term of twenty-one additional years.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Under this law, Romeo and Juliet should have "
-"been free in 1731. So why was there any issue about it still being under "
-"Tonson's control in 1774?"
+"get a single term of twenty-one additional years.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/> Under this law, Romeo and Juliet should have been free in "
+"1731. So why was there any issue about it still being under Tonson's control "
+"in 1774?"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" "
-"was--indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of Anne, "
-"there was no other legislation governing copyrights. The last law "
+"was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of "
+"Anne, there was no other legislation governing copyrights. The last law "
"regulating publishers, the Licensing Act of 1662, had expired in 1695. That "
"law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as a way to make it easier "
"for the Crown to control what was published. But after it expired, there "
"positiv lov som sa at det hadde en eksklusiv rett til å skrive ut bøker i "
"utgivere, eller \"stationers\"."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There was no positive law, but that didn't mean that there was no law. The "
"etter lisensiering lover hadde utløpt om felles lov beskyttet opphavsretten, "
"uavhengig av lovverket positiv."
+#. PAGE BREAK 98
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they "
-"were called, because there was growing competition from foreign "
-"publishers. The Scottish, in particular, were increasingly publishing and "
-"exporting books to England. That competition reduced the profits of the "
-"Conger, which reacted by demanding that Parliament pass a law to again give "
-"them exclusive control over publishing. That demand ultimately resulted in "
-"the Statute of Anne."
+"were called, because there was growing competition from foreign publishers. "
+"The Scottish, in particular, were increasingly publishing and exporting "
+"books to England. That competition reduced the profits of the Conger, which "
+"reacted by demanding that Parliament pass a law to again give them exclusive "
+"control over publishing. That demand ultimately resulted in the Statute of "
+"Anne."
msgstr ""
"Dette spørsmålet var viktig til utgivere eller \"bokhandlere,\" som de ble "
"kalt, fordi det var økende konkurransen fra utenlandske utgivere. Skottland, "
"parlamentet pass en lov til å igjen gi dem eksklusiv kontroll over "
"publisering. som krever til slutt resulterte i Vedtektene for anne."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an "
"av alle. eller så legislature antas å ha trodd."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament "
"limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular "
"begrense eneretten? ikke hvorfor ville de begrenser den til den bestemte "
"limit de satt, men hvorfor ville begrense retten til alle?"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very "
"uten hans, eller hans eiendom, tillatelse? Hva grunn er der for å tillate at "
"noen andre \"stjele\" Shakespeares arbeid?"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about "
-"the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of "
-"Anne. Second, we have to see something important about \"booksellers.\""
+"the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of Anne. "
+"Second, we have to see something important about \"booksellers.\""
msgstr ""
"svaret kommer i to deler. Først må vi se noe spesielt med oppfatningen av "
"\"copyright\" som fantes på tidspunktet for Vedtektene for anne. andre, har "
"vi å se noe viktig om \"bokhandlere.\""
+#. PAGE BREAK 99
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to "
"til eksklusiv rett til å kopiere, eksklusiv rett til å distribuere, "
"eksklusiv rett til å utføre, og så videre."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were "
"was that no one could reprint Shakespeare's work without the permission of "
"the Shakespeare estate. It would not have controlled anything, for example, "
"about how the work could be performed, whether the work could be translated, "
-"or whether Kenneth Branagh would be allowed to make his films. The "
-"\"copy-right\" was only an exclusive right to print--no less, of course, but "
+"or whether Kenneth Branagh would be allowed to make his films. The \"copy-"
+"right\" was only an exclusive right to print—no less, of course, but "
"also no more."
msgstr ""
"så, for eksempel, selv om opphavsretten til Shakespeares verker var "
"eksklusiv rett til å skrive ut--ikke desto mindre, selvfølgelig, men også "
"ikke mer."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had "
"had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially "
"\"exclusive rights\" granted by the Crown. The English had fought a civil "
-"war in part about the Crown's practice of handing out monopolies--especially "
-"monopolies for works that already existed. King Henry VIII granted a patent "
-"to print the Bible and a monopoly to Darcy to print playing cards. The "
-"English Parliament began to fight back against this power of the Crown. In "
-"1656, it passed the Statute of Monopolies, limiting monopolies to patents "
-"for new inventions. And by 1710, Parliament was eager to deal with the "
-"growing monopoly in publishing."
+"war in part about the Crown's practice of handing out monopolies—"
+"especially monopolies for works that already existed. King Henry VIII "
+"granted a patent to print the Bible and a monopoly to Darcy to print playing "
+"cards. The English Parliament began to fight back against this power of the "
+"Crown. In 1656, it passed the Statute of Monopolies, limiting monopolies to "
+"patents for new inventions. And by 1710, Parliament was eager to deal with "
+"the growing monopoly in publishing."
msgstr ""
"selv det begrensede riktig ble sett med skepsis av britene. de hadde hatt en "
"lang og stygg erfaring med \"eksklusive rettigheter,\" spesielt \"enerett\" "
"1710, parlamentet var ivrig etter å håndtere det voksende monopolet i "
"publisering."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally "
"sett på som en rettighet som bør være begrenset. (men overbevisende "
"påstanden om at \"det er min eiendom, og jeg skulle ha det evig,\" prøve lød "
"overbevisende når ytre, \"det er min monopol, og jeg skulle ha det evig.\") "
-"staten ville beskytte eneretten, men bare så lenge det dratt av "
-"samfunnet. britene så skadene fra specialinterest favoriserer; de har "
-"vedtatt en lov for å stoppe dem."
+"staten ville beskytte eneretten, men bare så lenge det dratt av samfunnet. "
+"britene så skadene fra specialinterest favoriserer; de har vedtatt en lov "
+"for å stoppe dem."
-#. f4
+#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Philip Wittenberg, The Protection and Marketing of Literary Property (New "
"York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a "
-"monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. "
-"Booksellers sound quaint and harmless to us. They were not viewed as "
-"harmless in seventeenth-century England. Members of the Conger were "
-"increasingly seen as monopolists of the worst kind--tools of the Crown's "
-"repression, selling the liberty of England to guarantee themselves a "
-"monopoly profit. The attacks against these monopolists were harsh: Milton "
-"described them as \"old patentees and monopolizers in the trade of "
-"book-selling\"; they were \"men who do not therefore labour in an honest "
-"profession to which learning is indetted.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a monopoly. "
+"It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. Booksellers "
+"sound quaint and harmless to us. They were not viewed as harmless in "
+"seventeenth-century England. Members of the Conger were increasingly seen as "
+"monopolists of the worst kind—tools of the Crown's repression, selling "
+"the liberty of England to guarantee themselves a monopoly profit. The "
+"attacks against these monopolists were harsh: Milton described them as \"old "
+"patentees and monopolizers in the trade of book-selling\"; they were \"men "
+"who do not therefore labour in an honest profession to which learning is "
+"indetted.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of "
"knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was "
"forstyrrer at ideen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among "
"booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of "
"konkurranse mellom utgivere, og dermed konstruksjon og spredning av kultur."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting "
"anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every "
"var ikke nok, de sa; de trengte mer tid."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that "
"echo today,"
"parlamentet avviste forespørsler. som en pamphleteer sa, i ord som echo i "
"dag,"
-#. f5
+#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the "
"House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the "
"private Gain of the Booksellers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series "
"selv om sine Vedtektene for anne copyright hadde gått ut. Dette, de hevdet, "
"var den eneste måten å beskytte forfattere."
-#. f6
+#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" Vanderbilt "
"Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For a wonderfully compelling account, see "
-"Vaidhyanathan, 3748."
+"Vaidhyanathan, 37–48."
msgstr ""
-"Lyman rokke patterson, \"ytringsfriheten, opphavsrett, og rettferdig "
-"bruk\" vanderbilt lov gå gjennom 40 (1987): 28. for en fantastisk "
-"overbevisende-konto, kan du se vaidhyanathan, 3748."
+"Lyman rokke patterson, \"ytringsfriheten, opphavsrett, og rettferdig bruk\" "
+"vanderbilt lov gå gjennom 40 (1987): 28. for en fantastisk overbevisende-"
+"konto, kan du se vaidhyanathan, 3748."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the "
"leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until "
-"then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, \"The publishers "
-". . . had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for "
-"cattle.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The bookseller didn't "
-"care squat for the rights of the author. His concern was the monopoly "
-"profit that the author's work gave."
+"then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, \"The publishers . . . "
+"had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for cattle."
+"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The bookseller didn't care squat "
+"for the rights of the author. His concern was the monopoly profit that the "
+"author's work gave."
msgstr ""
-#. f7
+#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For a compelling account, see David Saunders, Authorship and Copyright "
-"(London: Routledge, 1992), 6269."
+"(London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69."
msgstr ""
"Hvis en overbevisende-konto, kan du se david saunders, forfatterskap og "
"opphavsrett (london: routledge, 1992), 6269."
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. f8
+#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Mark Rose, Authors and Owners (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), "
"92."
"merke rose, forfattere og eiere (cambridge: harvard university press, 1993), "
"92."
-#. f9
+#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Ibid., 93."
msgstr "ibid., 93."
"publishing house prospered and became \"something of a center for literary "
"Scotsmen.\" \"[A]mong them,\" Professor Mark Rose writes, was \"the young "
"James Boswell who, together with his friend Andrew Erskine, published an "
-"anthology of contemporary Scottish poems with Donaldson.\"<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"anthology of contemporary Scottish poems with Donaldson.\"<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. f10
+#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective, 167 (quoting "
"Borwell)."
"When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, "
"he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive "
"editions \"of the most popular English books, in defiance of the supposed "
-"common law right of Literary Property.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> His books undercut the Conger prices by 30 to 50 percent, and he "
+"common law right of Literary Property.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> His books undercut the Conger prices by 30 to 50 percent, and he "
"rested his right to compete upon the ground that, under the Statute of Anne, "
"the works he was selling had passed out of protection."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like "
"donaldson's. en rekke handlinger var vellykket mot \"pirates,\" den "
"viktigste tidlige seieren blir millar v. taylor."
+#. f11
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
msgid ""
"Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James "
"Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of the "
-"Statute of Anne, and therefore received the full protection of the "
-"statute. After the term of copyright ended, Robert Taylor began printing a "
-"competing volume. Millar sued, claiming a perpetual common law right, the "
-"
Statute of Anne notwithstanding.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Statute of Anne, and therefore received the full protection of the statute. "
+"After the term of copyright ended, Robert Taylor began printing a competing "
+"volume. Millar sued, claiming a perpetual common law right, the Statute of "
+"Anne notwithstanding.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English "
"sedvanerett dermed ga effektivt bokhandlerne evigvarende rett til å "
"kontrollere publiseringen av noen bok som er tilordnet."
-#. PAGE BREAK 103
+#. PAGE BREAK 103
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Considered as a matter of abstract justice--reasoning as if justice were "
-"just a matter of logical deduction from first principles--Mansfield's "
-"conclusion might make some sense. But what it ignored was the larger issue "
-"that Parliament had struggled with in 1710: How best to limit the monopoly "
-"power of publishers? Parliament's strategy was to offer a term for existing "
-"works that was long enough to buy peace in 1710, but short enough to assure "
-"that culture would pass into competition within a reasonable period of "
-"time. Within twenty-one years, Parliament believed, Britain would mature "
-"from the controlled culture that the Crown coveted to the free culture that "
-"we inherited."
+"Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice "
+"were just a matter of logical deduction from first principles—"
+"Mansfield's conclusion might make some sense. But what it ignored was the "
+"larger issue that Parliament had struggled with in 1710: How best to limit "
+"the monopoly power of publishers? Parliament's strategy was to offer a term "
+"for existing works that was long enough to buy peace in 1710, but short "
+"enough to assure that culture would pass into competition within a "
+"reasonable period of time. Within twenty-one years, Parliament believed, "
+"Britain would mature from the controlled culture that the Crown coveted to "
+"the free culture that we inherited."
msgstr ""
"regnet som et spørsmål om abstrakt rettferdighet--resonnement som om "
-"rettferdighet var bare et spørsmål om logiske fradrag fra første "
-"prinsipper--mansfield's konklusjon kan gjøre noen følelse. men hva den "
-"ignorert var større problemet parlamentet hadde slitt med i 1710: hvordan "
-"man best kan begrense monopol makt utgivere? parlamentets strategi var å "
-"tilby en frist for eksisterende verk som var lang nok til å kjøpe fred i "
-"1710, men kort nok til å sikre at kultur ville passere inn i konkurransen "
-"innen en rimelig tidsperiode. innen tjueen år, parlamentet trodd, "
-"Storbritannia ville modne fra den kontrollerte kulturen som kronen tatt til "
-"gratis kultur som vi har arvet."
+"rettferdighet var bare et spørsmål om logiske fradrag fra første prinsipper--"
+"mansfield's konklusjon kan gjøre noen følelse. men hva den ignorert var "
+"større problemet parlamentet hadde slitt med i 1710: hvordan man best kan "
+"begrense monopol makt utgivere? parlamentets strategi var å tilby en frist "
+"for eksisterende verk som var lang nok til å kjøpe fred i 1710, men kort nok "
+"til å sikre at kultur ville passere inn i konkurransen innen en rimelig "
+"tidsperiode. innen tjueen år, parlamentet trodd, Storbritannia ville modne "
+"fra den kontrollerte kulturen som kronen tatt til gratis kultur som vi har "
+"arvet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, "
"however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix."
"kampen for å forsvare grensene for Vedtektene for anne var ikke å avslutte "
"der, og det er her at donaldson går inn i mix."
-#. f12
+#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Ibid., 1156."
msgstr "ibid., 1156."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate "
-"sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas "
-"
Beckett.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldson then released an "
+"sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas Beckett."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldson then released an "
"unauthorized edition of Thomson's works. Beckett, on the strength of the "
"decision in Millar, got an injunction against Donaldson. Donaldson appealed "
"the case to the House of Lords, which functioned much like our own Supreme "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As few legal cases ever do, Donaldson v. Beckett drew an enormous amount of "
"attention throughout Britain. Donaldson's lawyers argued that whatever "
"Vedtektene for anne utløpt, fungerer som hadde vært beskyttet av Vedtektene "
"var ikke lenger beskyttet."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to "
"Høyesterett. deretter, etter at loven lords stemte, house of lords vanligvis "
"stemte."
-#. PAGE BREAK 104
+#. PAGE BREAK 104
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks "
"as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the "
"forståelse av sedvanerett, nå en copyright ble løst i en begrenset periode, "
"hvoretter arbeidet beskyttet av opphavsrett sendes til public domain."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Bacon, Francis"
+msgstr "Bacon, Francis"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"The public domain.\" Before the case of Donaldson v. Beckett, there was no "
"argument that common law copyrights were perpetual. After 1774, the public "
"domain was born. For the first time in Anglo-American history, the legal "
"control over creative works expired, and the greatest works in English "
-"history--including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and "
-"Bunyan--were free of legal restraint."
+"history—including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and "
+"Bunyan—were free of legal restraint."
msgstr ""
"\"i public domain.\" før saken av donaldson v. beckett, det var ingen klar "
"idé av et offentlig-domene i england. før 1774 var det en sterk argumentet "
"inkludert de av shakespeare, bacon, milton, johnson og bunyan--var fri for "
"juridiske selvbeherskelse."
-#. f13
+#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Rose, 97."
msgstr "Rose, 97."
"so much engrossed the attention of the public, and none has been tried "
"before the House of Lords in the decision of which so many individuals were "
"interested.\" \"Great rejoicing in Edinburgh upon victory over literary "
-"property: bonfires and illuminations.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"property: bonfires and illuminations.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally "
"strong in the opposite direction. The Morning Chronicle reported:"
"devise to their successors.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 105
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say "
"longer be controlled by a small group of publishers. As every free market "
"does, this free market of free culture would grow as the consumers and "
"producers chose. English culture would develop as the many English readers "
-"chose to let it develop-- chose in the books they bought and wrote; chose in "
-"the memes they repeated and endorsed. Chose in a competitive context, not a "
-"context in which the choices about what culture is available to people and "
-"how they get access to it are made by the few despite the wishes of the "
-"many."
+"chose to let it develop— chose in the books they bought and wrote; "
+"chose in the memes they repeated and endorsed. Chose in a competitive "
+"context, not a context in which the choices about what culture is available "
+"to people and how they get access to it are made by the few despite the "
+"wishes of the many."
msgstr ""
"\"ødela\" er litt av en overdrivelse. men det er ingen overdrivelse å si at "
"endringen var dyp. vedtaket av house of lords betydde at bokhandlerne ikke "
"får tilgang til den er laget av få til tross for ønskene til mange."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, "
"resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders"
-msgstr "Kapittel 7: opptakere"
+msgstr "Kapittel sju: Opptakere"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been "
"very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher "
"Jon annet er en filmskaper. Han er best kjent for sin dokumentarer og har "
"vært svært vellykket i å spre sin kunst. Han er også en lærer, og som lærer "
"meg selv, jeg misunner lojalitet og beundring at hans elever føler seg for "
-"ham. (jeg møtte, ved et uhell, to av hans studenter ved et "
-"middagsselskap. Han var deres Gud)."
+"ham. (jeg møtte, ved et uhell, to av hans studenter ved et middagsselskap. "
+"Han var deres Gud)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me "
"a story about the freedom to create with film in America today."
"fortalte meg en historie om frihet å opprette med film i Amerika i dag."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The "
"focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a "
"i fatt lounge og i loft belysning. de gjør en perfekt kontrast til kunst på "
"scenen."
-#. PAGE BREAK 107
+#. PAGE BREAK 107
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing "
"checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the "
"simpsons. som andre dømt det denne touch tegneserie hjalp fangst smaken av "
"det som var spesielt med scenen."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else "
"privilegium gjelder."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Else called Simpsons creator Matt Groening's office to get permission. "
"Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-halfsecond image on a "
"was happy to have it in the film, but he told Else to contact Gracie Films, "
"the company that produces the program."
msgstr ""
-"annet kalt simpsons skaperen matt groening's kontor for å få "
-"tillatelse. Groening godkjent skutt. skjøt var en fire og en "
-"halfsecond-bilde på en liten TV satt i hjørnet av rommet. Hvordan kan det "
-"vondt? Groening var glade for å ha det i filmen, men han fortalt annet for å "
-"kontakte gracie films, firmaet som lager programmet."
+"annet kalt simpsons skaperen matt groening's kontor for å få tillatelse. "
+"Groening godkjent skutt. skjøt var en fire og en halfsecond-bilde på en "
+"liten TV satt i hjørnet av rommet. Hvordan kan det vondt? Groening var glade "
+"for å ha det i filmen, men han fortalt annet for å kontakte gracie films, "
+"firmaet som lager programmet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be "
"careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else "
"just confirming the permission with Fox."
msgstr ""
"Gracie films var bra med den, også, men de, som groening, ønsket å være "
-"forsiktig. så de fortalte andre for å kontakte fox, gracie's "
-"morselskapet. annet kalt fox og fortalte dem om klippet i hjørnet av ett rom "
-"skutt av filmen. Matt groening hadde allerede gitt tillatelse, andre "
-"sier. Han var bare bekrefte tillatelsen med fox."
+"forsiktig. så de fortalte andre for å kontakte fox, gracie's morselskapet. "
+"annet kalt fox og fortalte dem om klippet i hjørnet av ett rom skutt av "
+"filmen. Matt groening hadde allerede gitt tillatelse, andre sier. Han var "
+"bare bekrefte tillatelsen med fox."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered . . . that "
-"Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation--or at least that someone [at "
-"Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.\" And second, Fox \"wanted "
-"ten thousand dollars as a licensing fee for us to use this four-point-five "
-"seconds of . . . entirely unsolicited Simpsons which was in the corner of "
-"the shot.\""
+"Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that someone "
+"[at Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.\" And second, Fox "
+"\"wanted ten thousand dollars as a licensing fee for us to use this four-"
+"point-five seconds of . . . entirely unsolicited Simpsons which was in the "
+"corner of the shot.\""
msgstr ""
"deretter, som ellers fortalte meg, \"to ting har skjedd. første vi "
"oppdaget... at matt groening ikke eier sin egen etablering-- eller i det "
"bruke denne fire-punkt-fem sekunder... helt uønsket simpsons som var i "
"hjørnet av skutt.\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he "
"var pedagogisk ofte, herrera fortalte ellers. en dag eller så senere, ellers "
"kalles på nytt for å bekrefte hva han hadde blitt fortalt."
+#. PAGE BREAK 108
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you "
"fortalte andre senere, \"de ikke gir faen. de vil bare penger.\""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on "
"the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this "
"en annen film som han hadde jobbet på, dagen etter trinity, fra ti år før."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the "
"copyright to The Simpsons. That copyright is their property. To use that "
"copyrighted material thus sometimes requires the permission of the copyright "
"owner. If the use that Else wanted to make of the Simpsons copyright were "
"one of the uses restricted by the law, then he would need to get the "
-"permission of the copyright owner before he could use the work in that "
-"way. And in a free market, it is the owner of the copyright who gets to set "
-"the price for any use that the law says the owner gets to control."
+"permission of the copyright owner before he could use the work in that way. "
+"And in a free market, it is the owner of the copyright who gets to set the "
+"price for any use that the law says the owner gets to control."
msgstr ""
"Det er ingen tvil om at noen om matt groening eller fox, eier opphavsretten "
"til simpsons. at opphavsretten er deres eiendom. for å bruke at "
"måten. og i et fritt marked, det er eieren av opphavsretten hvem som kan "
"angi pris for bruk som loven sier eieren får kontroll."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For example, \"public performance\" is a use of The Simpsons that the "
"episodes, rent a movie theater, and charge for tickets to come see \"My "
"Favorite Simpsons,\" then you need to get permission from the copyright "
"owner. And the copyright owner (rightly, in my view) can charge whatever she "
-"wants--$10 or $1,000,000. That's her right, as set by the law."
+"wants—$10 or $1,000,000. That's her right, as set by the law."
msgstr ""
"\"offentlig fremføring\" er for eksempel en bruk av simpsons blir eieren av "
"opphavsretten til kontrollen. Hvis du tar et utvalg av favoritt episoder, "
-"leie en kino, og betalt for billetter til å komme se \"min favoritt "
-"simpsons\", må du få tillatelse fra eieren av opphavsretten. og "
+"leie en kino, og betalt for billetter til å komme se \"min favoritt simpsons"
+"\", må du få tillatelse fra eieren av opphavsretten. og "
"rettighetsinnehaveren (med rette, i min mening) kan lade hva hun ønsker--$ "
"10 eller $1,000,000. Det er hennes høyre, som er angitt av loven."
+#. f1
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers "
"don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with "
-"William F. Patry, \"Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of Eldred \" "
-"(draft on file with author), University of Chicago Law School, 5 August "
+"William F. Patry, \"Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of Eldred "
+"\" (draft on file with author), University of Chicago Law School, 5 August "
"2003."
msgstr ""
"Hvis et utmerket argument at slik bruk er \"rettferdig bruk\", men at "
"But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought "
"is \"fair use.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's use of just "
"4.5 seconds of an indirect shot of a Simpsons episode is clearly a fair use "
-"of The Simpsons--and fair use does not require the permission of anyone."
+"of The Simpsons—and fair use does not require the permission of anyone."
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 109
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
-msgid "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:"
+msgid ""
+"So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:"
msgstr ""
"så jeg spurte er hvorfor han ikke bare stole på \"rettferdig bruk.\" her "
"annet hans svar:"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Simpsons fiasco was for me a great lesson in the gulf between what "
"i en absolutt juridisk forstand. men jeg kunne ikke stole på konseptet på "
"noen konkret måte. Her er hvorfor:"
+#. 1.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors "
-"and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue "
-"sheet\" listing the source and licensing status of each shot in the "
-"film. They take a dim view of \"fair use,\" and a claim of \"fair use\" can "
-"grind the application process to a halt."
+"and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue sheet"
+"\" listing the source and licensing status of each shot in the film. They "
+"take a dim view of \"fair use,\" and a claim of \"fair use\" can grind the "
+"application process to a halt."
msgstr ""
"før vår filmer som kan sendes, krever nettverket at vi kjøper feil og "
"utelatelser forsikring. operatører krever en detaljert \"visual cue ark\" "
"dim visning av \"fair use\", og et krav om \"fair use\" kan slipe "
"søknadsprosessen til å stoppe."
-#. 2.
+#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I "
"knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and "
"selv ordensforstyrrelser juridiske problemer, og selv for å forsvare et "
"prinsipp."
+#. 3.
+#. PAGE BREAK 110
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School "
-". . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox would "
-"\"depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life,\" regardless of "
-"the merits of my claim. He made clear that it would boil down to who had the "
-"bigger legal department and the deeper pockets, me or them."
+"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law "
+"School . . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox "
+"would \"depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life,\" regardless "
+"of the merits of my claim. He made clear that it would boil down to who had "
+"the bigger legal department and the deeper pockets, me or them."
msgstr ""
"Jeg gjorde, faktisk snakke med en av dine kolleger ved stanford law "
"school... som bekreftet at det var rimelig bruk. han bekreftet også at fox "
"hvem som hadde større juridiske avdelingen og dypere lommebøker, meg eller "
"dem."
-#. 4.
+#. 4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we "
"are up against a release deadline and out of money."
"vi er opp mot en release frist og tom for penger."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore "
"supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in "
"praksis har beseiret målet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"This practice shows just how far the law has come from its "
-"eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect "
-"publishers' profits against the unfair competition of a pirate. It has "
-"matured into a sword that interferes with any use, transformative or not."
+"This practice shows just how far the law has come from its eighteenth-"
+"century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect publishers' profits "
+"against the unfair competition of a pirate. It has matured into a sword that "
+"interferes with any use, transformative or not."
msgstr ""
"denne øvelsen viser bare hvor langt loven har kommet fra sine 1700-tallet "
"røtter. loven ble født som et skjold for å beskytte utgivere fortjeneste mot "
"forstyrrer bruke transformative eller ikke."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers"
msgstr "Kapittel åtte: transformatorer"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Allen, Paul"
+msgstr "Allen, Paul"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In 1993, Alex Alben was a lawyer working at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an "
"innovative company founded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen to develop "
"of networks."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the "
-"emerging market for CD-ROM technology--not to distribute film, but to do "
-"things with film that otherwise would be very difficult. In 1993, he "
+"emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to "
+"do things with film that otherwise would be very difficult. In 1993, he "
"launched an initiative to develop a product to build retrospectives on the "
"work of particular actors. The first actor chosen was Clint Eastwood. The "
"idea was to showcase all of the work of Eastwood, with clips from his films "
"voksende markedet for CD-ROM-teknologi--ikke å distribuere film, men å gjøre "
"ting med film som ellers ville være svært vanskelig. i 1993 lanserte han et "
"initiativ for å utvikle et produkt for å bygge retrospectives på arbeidet "
-"til bestemt aktører. den første skuespilleren valgt var clint "
-"eastwood. ideen var å presentere alt arbeidet av eastwood, med klipp fra "
-"hans filmer og intervjuer med tallene viktig til sin karriere."
+"til bestemt aktører. den første skuespilleren valgt var clint eastwood. "
+"ideen var å presentere alt arbeidet av eastwood, med klipp fra hans filmer "
+"og intervjuer med tallene viktig til sin karriere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a "
"director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him "
"om hans karriere. fordi starwave produsert de intervjuene, var det gratis å "
"inkludere dem på CD-ROMen."
-#. PAGE BREAK 112
+#. PAGE BREAK 112
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave "
"wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, "
"sin karriere ble brukt på warner brothers, og så var det relativt lett å få "
"tillatelse for innholdet."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. \"Our goal was "
"done this before,\" Alben explained. \"No one had ever tried to do this in "
"the context of an artistic look at an actor's career.\""
msgstr ""
-"deretter alben og hans team besluttet å inkludere faktiske film "
-"klipp. \"vårt mål var at vi skulle ha et klipp fra hver og en av Eastwoods "
-"film,\" fortalte alben meg. Det var her at problemet oppsto. \"ingen hadde "
-"noensinne virkelig gjort dette før,\" forklarte alben. \"ingen hadde noen "
-"gang prøvd å gjøre dette i sammenheng med en kunstnerisk titt på en "
-"skuespiller-karriere.\""
+"deretter alben og hans team besluttet å inkludere faktiske film klipp. "
+"\"vårt mål var at vi skulle ha et klipp fra hver og en av Eastwoods film,\" "
+"fortalte alben meg. Det var her at problemet oppsto. \"ingen hadde noensinne "
+"virkelig gjort dette før,\" forklarte alben. \"ingen hadde noen gang prøvd å "
+"gjøre dette i sammenheng med en kunstnerisk titt på en skuespiller-karriere."
+"\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, "
"Alben brakt ideen til michael slade, ceo i starwave. Slade som ble spurt, "
"\"Vel, hva vil det ta?\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "artists"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><indexterm><secondary>
+msgid "publicity rights on images of"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f1
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of "
-"publicity--rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation of "
-"his image. But these rights, too, burden \"Rip, Mix, Burn\" creativity, as "
-"this chapter evinces."
+"publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation "
+"of his image. But these rights, too, burden \"Rip, Mix, Burn\" creativity, "
+"as this chapter evinces."
msgstr ""
"teknisk, rettighetene som alben hadde å fjerne var hovedsakelig de "
"publisitet--rettigheter kunstner har til å kontrollere kommersiell "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing "
"those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim "
"gjøre."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his "
"resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben "
"hans resourcefulness som skjult åpenbare bizarreness av hans tale, recounted "
"alben bare hva de gjorde:"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some "
-"artistic decisions about what film clips to include--of course we were going "
-"to use the \"Make my day\" clip from Dirty Harry. But you then need to get "
-"the guy on the ground who's wiggling under the gun and you need to get his "
-"permission. And then you have to decide what you are going to pay him."
+"artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were "
+"going to use the \"Make my day\" clip from Dirty Harry. But you then need to "
+"get the guy on the ground who's wiggling under the gun and you need to get "
+"his permission. And then you have to decide what you are going to pay him."
msgstr ""
"så vi gikk veldig mekanisk about looking up film klipp. Vi har gjort noen "
"kunstneriske beslutninger om hva film klipp for å inkludere--selvfølgelig vi "
"fyren på bakken som er vrir under pistol og du trenger for å få sin "
"tillatelse. og deretter må du bestemme hva du skal betale ham."
-#. PAGE BREAK 113
+#. PAGE BREAK 113
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for "
"the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than "
"a minute, but to reuse that performance in the CD-ROM the rate at the time "
-"was about $600. So we had to identify the people--some of them were hard to "
-"identify because in Eastwood movies you can't tell who's the guy crashing "
-"through the glass--is it the actor or is it the stuntman? And then we just, "
-"we put together a team, my assistant and some others, and we just started "
-"calling people."
+"was about $600. So we had to identify the people—some of them were "
+"hard to identify because in Eastwood movies you can't tell who's the guy "
+"crashing through the glass—is it the actor or is it the stuntman? And "
+"then we just, we put together a team, my assistant and some others, and we "
+"just started calling people."
msgstr ""
"vi besluttet at det ville være rettferdig hvis vi tilbudt dem dayplayer-rate "
"for retten til å gjenbruke denne prestasjonen. Vi snakker om et klipp av "
-"mindre enn et minutt, men hvis du vil bruke denne prestasjonen på "
-"CD-ROM-hastigheten på tiden var ca $600. så vi hadde å identifisere "
-"menneskene – noen av dem var vanskelig å identifisere fordi i eastwood "
-"filmer du ikke kan fortelle som fyren krasjer gjennom glass – er det "
-"skuespiller eller er det stuntman? og så begynte vi bare, vi satt sammen et "
-"team, min assistent og noen andre, og vi bare ringe personer."
+"mindre enn et minutt, men hvis du vil bruke denne prestasjonen på CD-ROM-"
+"hastigheten på tiden var ca $600. så vi hadde å identifisere menneskene – "
+"noen av dem var vanskelig å identifisere fordi i eastwood filmer du ikke kan "
+"fortelle som fyren krasjer gjennom glass – er det skuespiller eller er det "
+"stuntman? og så begynte vi bare, vi satt sammen et team, min assistent og "
+"noen andre, og vi bare ringe personer."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Some actors were glad to help--Donald Sutherland, for example, followed up "
-"himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were "
+"Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed "
+"up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were "
"dumbfounded at their good fortune. Alben would ask, \"Hey, can I pay you "
"$600 or maybe if you were in two films, you know, $1,200?\" And they would "
"say, \"Are you for real? Hey, I'd love to get $1,200.\" And some of course "
"hans hadde klarert rettighetene til denne retrospektiv CD-ROMen på clint "
"eastwood karriere."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"It was one year later--\"and even then we weren't sure whether we were "
+"It was one year later—\"and even then we weren't sure whether we were "
"totally in the clear.\""
msgstr ""
"Det var ett år senere, \"og selv da vi var ikke sikker på om vi var helt i "
"klartekst.\""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the "
"only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for "
"eneste gangen han visste av som et lag hadde påtatt seg et kjempestort "
"prosjekt for å slippe en retrospektiv."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands "
"det er så mange aktører, så mange styremedlemmer... så mange musikere,\" og "
"vi bare gikk på den svært systematisk og fjernet rettighetene."
-#. PAGE BREAK 114
+#. PAGE BREAK 114
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, "
"and it sold very well."
"og ingen tvil, selve produktet var usedvanlig god. Eastwood elsket det, og "
"det selges godt."
-#. f2
+#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, Seven Steps to "
-"Performance-Based Services Acquisition, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #22</ulink>."
+"Performance-Based Services Acquisition, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #22</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a "
"year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this "
"efficiently, but as Peter Drucker has famously quipped, \"There is nothing "
-"so useless as doing efficiently that which should not be done at "
-"
all.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Did it make sense, I asked "
+"so useless as doing efficiently that which should not be done at all."
+"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Did it make sense, I asked "
"Alben, that this is the way a new work has to be made?"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For, as he acknowledged, \"very few . . . have the time and resources, and "
-"the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be "
-"made. Does it make sense, I asked him, from the standpoint of what anybody "
-"really thought they were ever giving rights for originally, that you would "
-"have to go clear rights for these kinds of clips?"
+"the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be made. "
+"Does it make sense, I asked him, from the standpoint of what anybody really "
+"thought they were ever giving rights for originally, that you would have to "
+"go clear rights for these kinds of clips?"
msgstr ""
"for, som han erkjente, \"svært få... har tid og ressurser og viljen til å "
-"gjøre dette,\" og dermed svært få slike arbeider noensinne vil bli "
-"gjort. betyr det fornuftig, jeg spurte ham, fra standpunktet av hva noen "
-"trodde de var noensinne å gi rettigheter for opprinnelig, som du må gå klart "
+"gjøre dette,\" og dermed svært få slike arbeider noensinne vil bli gjort. "
+"betyr det fornuftig, jeg spurte ham, fra standpunktet av hva noen trodde de "
+"var noensinne å gi rettigheter for opprinnelig, som du må gå klart "
"rettigheter for disse typer utklipp?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she "
"gets paid very well. . . . And then when 30 seconds of that performance is "
"karriere, jeg tror ikke at vedkommende... skal kompenseres for som."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Or at least, is this how the artist should be compensated? Would it make "
"sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of statutory license that someone "
"hver? ville ikke mye mer opprettes hvis den juridiske delen av den kreative "
"prosessen kan gjøres for å være mer ren?"
+#. PAGE BREAK 115
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing mechanism--where "
-"you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't subject to estranged former "
-"spouses--you'd see a lot more of this work, because it wouldn't be so "
-"daunting to try to put together a retrospective of someone's career and "
-"meaningfully illustrate it with lots of media from that person's "
-"career. You'd build in a cost as the producer of one of these things. You'd "
-"build in a cost of paying X dollars to the talent that performed. But it "
-"would be a known cost. That's the thing that trips everybody up and makes "
-"this kind of product hard to get off the ground. If you knew I have a "
-"hundred minutes of film in this product and it's going to cost me X, then "
-"you build your budget around it, and you can get investments and everything "
-"else that you need to produce it. But if you say, \"Oh, I want a hundred "
-"minutes of something and I have no idea what it's going to cost me, and a "
-"certain number of people are going to hold me up for money,\" then it "
-"becomes difficult to put one of these things together."
+"Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing mechanism—"
+"where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't subject to estranged "
+"former spouses—you'd see a lot more of this work, because it wouldn't "
+"be so daunting to try to put together a retrospective of someone's career "
+"and meaningfully illustrate it with lots of media from that person's career. "
+"You'd build in a cost as the producer of one of these things. You'd build in "
+"a cost of paying X dollars to the talent that performed. But it would be a "
+"known cost. That's the thing that trips everybody up and makes this kind of "
+"product hard to get off the ground. If you knew I have a hundred minutes of "
+"film in this product and it's going to cost me X, then you build your budget "
+"around it, and you can get investments and everything else that you need to "
+"produce it. But if you say, \"Oh, I want a hundred minutes of something and "
+"I have no idea what it's going to cost me, and a certain number of people "
+"are going to hold me up for money,\" then it becomes difficult to put one of "
+"these things together."
msgstr ""
"absolutt. Jeg tror at hvis det var noen fair-lisensiering mekanisme--der du "
"ikke var underlagt hold-ups, og du ikke var underlagt fraseparerte tidligere "
"mennesker kommer til å holde meg opp for penger\", og det blir vanskeligere "
"å sette en av disse tingene sammen."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the "
"because the costs of clearing the rights are so high? These costs are the "
"burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat for a moment, and "
"get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of these rights, and "
-"the scope defined determines how much it's going to cost to negotiate "
-"them. (Remember the idea that land runs to the heavens, and imagine the "
-"pilot purchasing flythrough rights as he negotiates to fly from Los Angeles "
-"to San Francisco.) These rights might well have once made sense; but as "
-"circumstances change, they make no sense at all. Or at least, a "
-"well-trained, regulationminimizing Republican should look at the rights and "
-"ask, \"Does this still make sense?\""
+"the scope defined determines how much it's going to cost to negotiate them. "
+"(Remember the idea that land runs to the heavens, and imagine the pilot "
+"purchasing flythrough rights as he negotiates to fly from Los Angeles to San "
+"Francisco.) These rights might well have once made sense; but as "
+"circumstances change, they make no sense at all. Or at least, a well-"
+"trained, regulationminimizing Republican should look at the rights and ask, "
+"\"Does this still make sense?\""
msgstr ""
"Alben jobbet for et stort selskap. hans selskap var støttet av noen av de "
"rikeste investorene i verden. derfor hadde han myndighet og pålogging som "
"tatt. eller på minst, en frisk-utdannet, regulationminimizing republikanske "
"bør se på rettighetene og spør, \"betyr dette fortsatt fornuftig?\""
-#. PAGE BREAK 116
+#. PAGE BREAK 116
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a "
"few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. "
"Fairbank, had produced."
msgstr ""
"Jeg har sett flash av anerkjennelse når folk får dette punktet, men bare et "
-"par ganger. Først var på en konferanse av føderale dommere i "
-"california. dommernes var samlet for å diskutere nye temaet cyber-loven. Jeg "
-"ble bedt om å være på panelet. Harvey saferstein, et godt respektert advokat "
-"fra en l.a. firmaet, introdusert i panelet med en video som han og en venn, "
-"robert fairbank, hadde produsert."
+"par ganger. Først var på en konferanse av føderale dommere i california. "
+"dommernes var samlet for å diskutere nye temaet cyber-loven. Jeg ble bedt om "
+"å være på panelet. Harvey saferstein, et godt respektert advokat fra en l.a. "
+"firmaet, introdusert i panelet med en video som han og en venn, robert "
+"fairbank, hadde produsert."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth "
"century, all framed around the idea of a 60 Minutes episode. The execution "
"var perfekt, ned til seksti minutter stoppeklokken. dommernes elsket enhver "
"minutt av den."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, "
"i dette rommet?\""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film "
"hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to "
msgstr ""
"for selvfølgelig to briljant talentfulle skaperne som laget denne filmen "
"ikke hadde gjort hva alben gjorde. de hadde ikke tilbrakte et år å fjerne "
-"rettighetene til disse klippene; teknisk, hva de hadde gjort brudd på "
-"loven. Selvfølgelig, det var ikke som om de eller noen skulle prosecuted for "
-"dette krenkelse (tilstedeværelse av 250 dommere) og en gaggle av føderale "
-"marshals til tross for. men nimmer var å gjøre et viktig poeng: et år før "
-"noen hadde hørt om word-napster, og to år før et annet medlem av panelet, "
-"david boies, ville forsvare napster før niende circuit court of appeals, "
-"nimmer prøvde å få dommere å se at loven ikke skulle vennlig til "
-"kapasitetene som gir denne teknologien. teknologi betyr at du kan nå gjøre "
-"fantastiske ting enkelt; men du ikke kunne enkelt gjøre dem lovlig."
+"rettighetene til disse klippene; teknisk, hva de hadde gjort brudd på loven. "
+"Selvfølgelig, det var ikke som om de eller noen skulle prosecuted for dette "
+"krenkelse (tilstedeværelse av 250 dommere) og en gaggle av føderale marshals "
+"til tross for. men nimmer var å gjøre et viktig poeng: et år før noen hadde "
+"hørt om word-napster, og to år før et annet medlem av panelet, david boies, "
+"ville forsvare napster før niende circuit court of appeals, nimmer prøvde å "
+"få dommere å se at loven ikke skulle vennlig til kapasitetene som gir denne "
+"teknologien. teknologi betyr at du kan nå gjøre fantastiske ting enkelt; men "
+"du ikke kunne enkelt gjøre dem lovlig."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We live in a \"cut and paste\" culture enabled by technology. Anyone "
"building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom that the cut and "
-"paste architecture of the Internet created--in a second you can find just "
-"about any image you want; in another second, you can have it planted in your "
-"presentation."
+"paste architecture of the Internet created—in a second you can find "
+"just about any image you want; in another second, you can have it planted in "
+"your presentation."
msgstr ""
"Vi lever i en \"klippe og lime\" kultur aktiveres av teknologi. alle bygge "
"en presentasjon vet ekstraordinære friheten som klippe- og limefunksjon "
"alle bildet du ønsker; i en annen andre, kan du ha det plantet i "
"presentasjonen."
-#. PAGE BREAK 117
+#. PAGE BREAK 117
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its "
"archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before "
"kritikken av rullebladet industri som det er gjennom blanding av flash! og "
"musikk."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted "
-"to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly "
-"high. Therefore, for the law-abiding sorts, a wealth of creativity is never "
-"made. And for that part that is made, if it doesn't follow the clearance "
-"rules, it doesn't get released."
+"to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly high. "
+"Therefore, for the law-abiding sorts, a wealth of creativity is never made. "
+"And for that part that is made, if it doesn't follow the clearance rules, it "
+"doesn't get released."
msgstr ""
"alle disse kreasjoner er teknisk ulovlig. Selv om skaperne ønsket å være "
"\"lovlig\", er kostnadene for å overholde loven impossibly høy. Derfor "
"aktuelle delen er gjort, hvis det ikke følger reglene for klaring, det ikke "
"komme ut."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so "
"til å gi navn til sin egen pris) med mindre han registrerer arbeidet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for "
"objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if "
"under denne plan, ville produsere nye inntekter for kunstnere. Hva grunn "
"ville alle ha til å motsette seg det?"
+#. PAGE BREAK 118
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, "
"the comic genius of Saturday Night Live and Austin Powers. According to the "
"announcement, Myers and Dream-Works would work together to form a \"unique "
"filmmaking pact.\" Under the agreement, DreamWorks \"will acquire the rights "
-"to existing motion picture hits and classics, write new storylines and--with "
-"the use of stateof-the-art digital technology--insert Myers and other actors "
-"into the film, thereby creating an entirely new piece of entertainment.\""
+"to existing motion picture hits and classics, write new storylines and—"
+"with the use of stateof-the-art digital technology—insert Myers and "
+"other actors into the film, thereby creating an entirely new piece of "
+"entertainment.\""
msgstr ""
"i februar 2003 annonsert dreamworks studios en avtale med mike myers, comic "
-"geni av lørdag natt live og austin powers. Ifølge utlysningen, myers og "
-"drøm-arbeider ville arbeide sammen for å danne en \"unik filmskapning "
-"pakten.\" under avtalen, dreamworks – vil opparbeide seg privatrettslige "
-"rettigheter til eksisterende filmselskaper treff og klassikere, skrive nye "
-"storylines og--med bruk av stateof-the-art digital teknologi--sett myers og "
-"andre aktører i filmen, og dermed skape et helt nytt stykke underholdning."
+"geni av lørdag natt live og austin powers. Ifølge utlysningen, myers og drøm-"
+"arbeider ville arbeide sammen for å danne en \"unik filmskapning pakten.\" "
+"under avtalen, dreamworks – vil opparbeide seg privatrettslige rettigheter "
+"til eksisterende filmselskaper treff og klassikere, skrive nye storylines "
+"og--med bruk av stateof-the-art digital teknologi--sett myers og andre "
+"aktører i filmen, og dermed skape et helt nytt stykke underholdning."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The announcement called this \"film sampling.\" As Myers explained, \"Film "
"målgrupper, det er mike\"."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you "
"don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this "
"is Mike Myers and only Mike Myers who is free to sample. Any general freedom "
"to build upon the film archive of our culture, a freedom in other contexts "
"presumed for us all, is now a privilege reserved for the funny and "
-"famous--and presumably rich."
+"famous—and presumably rich."
msgstr ""
"Spielberg er rett. filmen prøvetaking av myers vil bli strålende. men hvis "
"du ikke tenke på det, du vil kanskje savne helt utrolig punktet om denne "
"sammenhenger antatt for oss alle, er nå et privilegium reservert for morsomt "
"og berømte-- og antagelig rik."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first "
"mirror the costs with fair use: You either pay a lawyer to defend your fair "
"use rights or pay a lawyer to track down permissions so you don't have to "
"rely upon fair use rights. Either way, the creative process is a process of "
-"paying lawyers--again a privilege, or perhaps a curse, reserved for the few."
+"paying lawyers—again a privilege, or perhaps a curse, reserved for the "
+"few."
msgstr ""
"dette privilegiet blir reservert for to slags grunner. først fortsetter "
"historien om det siste kapitlet: vagueness av \"rettferdig bruk.\" mye av "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors"
-msgstr "kapittel 9: samlere"
+msgstr "Kapittel ni: Samlere"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"--computer codes designed to \"spider,\" "
-"or automatically search the Internet and copy content--began running across "
-"the Net. Page by page, these bots copied Internet-based information onto a "
-"small set of computers located in a basement in San Francisco's "
-"Presidio. Once the bots finished the whole of the Internet, they started "
-"again. Over and over again, once every two months, these bits of code took "
-"copies of the Internet and stored them."
+"In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"—computer codes designed to "
+"\"spider,\" or automatically search the Internet and copy content—"
+"began running across the Net. Page by page, these bots copied Internet-based "
+"information onto a small set of computers located in a basement in San "
+"Francisco's Presidio. Once the bots finished the whole of the Internet, they "
+"started again. Over and over again, once every two months, these bits of "
+"code took copies of the Internet and stored them."
msgstr ""
-"i april 1996 fikk begynte millioner av \"bots\"--datakode utformet til "
+"I april 1996 begynte millioner av \"bots\"—datakode utformet til "
"\"edderkopp\", eller automatisk søke Internett og kopiere innholdet--kjører "
"over nettet. side for side, disse botene kopiert Internett-basert "
"informasjon på et lite sett med datamaskiner som er plassert i en kjeller i "
"igjen. igjen og igjen, en gang enhver to måneder, disse biter av koden tok "
"kopier av Internett og lagret dem."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And "
"Kopier gå tilbake til 1996, og når disse sidene endres."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In "
"the dystopia described in 1984, old newspapers were constantly updated to "
"gjeldende visning av verden, godkjent av regjeringen, ikke var motsagt av "
"forrige nyhetsrapporter."
-#. PAGE BREAK 120
+#. PAGE BREAK 120
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way "
"ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was "
"skrevet ut på dato publisert på papiret."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no "
"way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the "
"content you read before. The page may seem the same, but the content could "
-"easily be different. The Internet is Orwell's library--constantly updated, "
-"without any reliable memory."
+"easily be different. The Internet is Orwell's library—constantly "
+"updated, without any reliable memory."
msgstr ""
"Det er det samme med Internett. Hvis du går til en webside i dag, er det "
"ingen måte for deg å vite om innholdet du leser er det samme som innholdet "
-"du lese før. siden kan virke det samme, men innholdet kan være "
-"forskjellige. Internett er orwell's bibliotek--oppdatert hele tiden, uten "
-"noen pålitelig minne."
+"du lese før. siden kan virke det samme, men innholdet kan være forskjellige. "
+"Internett er orwell's bibliotek--oppdatert hele tiden, uten noen pålitelig "
+"minne."
+#. f1
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House "
"fristelsene fortsatt, men. Brewster kahle rapporterer at det hvite hus "
"endrer sin egen pressemeldinger uten varsel. en mai 13, 2003, pressemelding "
"uttalt, \"stridende operasjoner i Irak er avsluttet.\" som ble senere "
-"endret, uten varsel, \"store stridende operasjoner i Irak er avsluttet.\" "
-"e-post fra brewster kahle, 1 desember 2003."
+"endret, uten varsel, \"store stridende operasjoner i Irak er avsluttet.\" e-"
+"post fra brewster kahle, 1 desember 2003."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember "
-"reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your "
-"hometown newspaper to the race riots in Watts in 1965, or to Bull Connor's "
-"water cannon in 1963, you could go to your public library and look at the "
+"We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember reading. "
+"Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your hometown "
+"newspaper to the race riots in Watts in 1965, or to Bull Connor's water "
+"cannon in 1963, you could go to your public library and look at the "
"newspapers. Those papers probably exist on microfiche. If you're lucky, they "
"exist in paper, too. Either way, you are free, using a library, to go back "
-"and remember--not just what it is convenient to remember, but remember "
+"and remember—not just what it is convenient to remember, but remember "
"something close to the truth."
msgstr ""
-"vi ta det for gitt at vi kan gå tilbake til å se hva vi husker jeg "
-"leser. Tenk på aviser. Hvis du ønsker å studere reaksjon i hjembyen avisa på "
-"rase opptøyene i watt i 1965, eller til bull connor's vannkanon i 1963, kan "
-"du gå til din offentlige bibliotek og se på avisene. Disse papirene finnes "
-"sannsynligvis på mikrokort. Hvis du er heldig, finnes de i papir, "
-"også. Uansett, du er fri, ved hjelp av et bibliotek, for å gå tilbake og "
-"huske--ikke bare hva det er praktisk å huske, men husker noe nær sannheten."
+"vi ta det for gitt at vi kan gå tilbake til å se hva vi husker jeg leser. "
+"Tenk på aviser. Hvis du ønsker å studere reaksjon i hjembyen avisa på rase "
+"opptøyene i watt i 1965, eller til bull connor's vannkanon i 1963, kan du gå "
+"til din offentlige bibliotek og se på avisene. Disse papirene finnes "
+"sannsynligvis på mikrokort. Hvis du er heldig, finnes de i papir, også. "
+"Uansett, du er fri, ved hjelp av et bibliotek, for å gå tilbake og huske--"
+"ikke bare hva det er praktisk å huske, men husker noe nær sannheten."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat "
-"it. That's not quite correct. We all forget history. The key is whether we "
-"have a way to go back to rediscover what we forget. More directly, the key "
-"is whether an objective past can keep us honest. Libraries help do that, by "
+"It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat it. "
+"That's not quite correct. We all forget history. The key is whether we have "
+"a way to go back to rediscover what we forget. More directly, the key is "
+"whether an objective past can keep us honest. Libraries help do that, by "
"collecting content and keeping it, for schoolchildren, for researchers, for "
"grandma. A free society presumes this knowedge."
msgstr ""
-"Det sies at de som ikke klarer å huske historie er dømt til å gjenta "
-"den. Det er ikke helt riktig. vi alle glemme historie. nøkkelen er om vi har "
-"en måte å gå tilbake til Gjenoppdag hva vi glemme. nøkkelen er mer direkte "
-"om en objektiv siste kan holde oss ærlig. biblioteker hjelpe gjøre det, ved "
-"å samle innhold og holde den, for skolebarn, til forskere for bestemor. et "
+"Det sies at de som ikke klarer å huske historie er dømt til å gjenta den. "
+"Det er ikke helt riktig. vi alle glemme historie. nøkkelen er om vi har en "
+"måte å gå tilbake til Gjenoppdag hva vi glemme. nøkkelen er mer direkte om "
+"en objektiv siste kan holde oss ærlig. biblioteker hjelpe gjøre det, ved å "
+"samle innhold og holde den, for skolebarn, til forskere for bestemor. et "
"fritt samfunn forutsetter dette knowedge."
-#. PAGE BREAK 121
+#. PAGE BREAK 121
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet "
"Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially "
"reforming society, it becomes more and more important to maintain in some "
"historical form. It's just bizarre to think that we have scads of archives "
"of newspapers from tiny towns around the world, yet there is but one copy of "
-"the Internet--the one kept by the Internet Archive."
+"the Internet—the one kept by the Internet Archive."
msgstr ""
"Internett var et unntak til denne antagelse. før internet archive var det "
"ikke mulig å gå tilbake. Internett var typiske forbigående medium. og ennå, "
"det er én kopi av Internett--det ettall holdt av internet archive."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very "
"successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer "
"2002, arkivet hadde over 10 milliarder sider, og det ble vokser om en "
"milliard sider per måned."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human "
"history. At the end of 2002, it held \"two hundred and thirty terabytes of "
-"material\"--and was \"ten times larger than the Library of Congress.\" And "
-"this was just the first of the archives that Kahle set out to build. In "
+"material\"—and was \"ten times larger than the Library of Congress.\" "
+"And this was just the first of the archives that Kahle set out to build. In "
"addition to the Internet Archive, Kahle has been constructing the Television "
-"Archive. Television, it turns out, is even more ephemeral than the "
-"Internet. While much of twentieth-century culture was constructed through "
-"television, only a tiny proportion of that culture is available for anyone "
-"to see today. Three hours of news are recorded each evening by Vanderbilt "
-"University--thanks to a specific exemption in the copyright law. That "
-"content is indexed, and is available to scholars for a very low fee. \"But "
-"other than that, [television] is almost unavailable,\" Kahle told me. \"If "
-"you were Barbara Walters you could get access to [the archives], but if you "
-"are just a graduate student?\" As Kahle put it,"
+"Archive. Television, it turns out, is even more ephemeral than the Internet. "
+"While much of twentieth-century culture was constructed through television, "
+"only a tiny proportion of that culture is available for anyone to see today. "
+"Three hours of news are recorded each evening by Vanderbilt University—"
+"thanks to a specific exemption in the copyright law. That content is "
+"indexed, and is available to scholars for a very low fee. \"But other than "
+"that, [television] is almost unavailable,\" Kahle told me. \"If you were "
+"Barbara Walters you could get access to [the archives], but if you are just "
+"a graduate student?\" As Kahle put it,"
msgstr ""
"vei tilbake er maskinen bortimot komplett arkiv over menneskelig kunnskap i "
"menneskehetens historie. på slutten av 2002, det holdt \"to hundre og tredve "
-"terabyte materiale\"-- og var \"ti ganger større enn the library of "
-"congress.\" og dette var bare først av arkivene at kahle er fastsatt til å "
-"bygge. i tillegg til internet archive, har kahle vært konstruere "
-"TV-arkivet. TV, det viser seg, er enda mer flyktig enn Internett. mens mye "
-"av 1900-tallet kultur ble bygget opp via TV, er bare en liten andel av denne "
-"kulturen tilgjengelig for alle å se i dag. tre timer med nyheter registreres "
-"hver kveld av vanderbilt university--takket være en bestemt fritak i lov om "
-"opphavsrett. innholdet er indeksert, og er tilgjengelig for forskere for en "
-"svært lav avgift. \"men annet enn at, [TV] er nesten utilgjengelig,\" "
-"fortalte kahle meg. \"Hvis du var barbara walters du kan få tilgang til "
-"[arkivene], men hvis du er bare en utdannet student?\" som kahle sa,"
-
-#. PAGE BREAK 122
+"terabyte materiale\"-- og var \"ti ganger større enn the library of congress."
+"\" og dette var bare først av arkivene at kahle er fastsatt til å bygge. i "
+"tillegg til internet archive, har kahle vært konstruere TV-arkivet. TV, det "
+"viser seg, er enda mer flyktig enn Internett. mens mye av 1900-tallet kultur "
+"ble bygget opp via TV, er bare en liten andel av denne kulturen tilgjengelig "
+"for alle å se i dag. tre timer med nyheter registreres hver kveld av "
+"vanderbilt university--takket være en bestemt fritak i lov om opphavsrett. "
+"innholdet er indeksert, og er tilgjengelig for forskere for en svært lav "
+"avgift. \"men annet enn at, [TV] er nesten utilgjengelig,\" fortalte kahle "
+"meg. \"Hvis du var barbara walters du kan få tilgang til [arkivene], men "
+"hvis du er bare en utdannet student?\" som kahle sa,"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 122
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember "
"that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a "
"materialene er nesten unfindable...."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in "
"newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded "
"Amerika?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, "
"copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in "
"sikre at en kopi av arbeidet vil være rundt når opphavsretten utløpt, slik "
"at andre kan få tilgang til og kopiere arbeidet."
-#. f2
+#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Doug Herrick, \"Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at the "
-"Library of Congress,\" Film Library Quarterly 13 nos. 23 (1980): 5; Anthony "
-"Slide, Nitrate Won't Wait: A History of Film Preservation in the United "
-"States ( Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1992), 36."
+"Library of Congress,\" Film Library Quarterly 13 nos. 2–3 (1980): 5; "
+"Anthony Slide, Nitrate Won't Wait: A History of Film Preservation in the "
+"United States ( Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1992), 36."
msgstr ""
"Doug herrick, \"mot en nasjonal Filmsamling: filmindustrien på library of "
"congress,\" film biblioteket kvartalsvise 13 nr 23 (1980): 5; Anthony "
"These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress "
"made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such "
"deposits were made. But the filmmaker was then allowed to borrow back the "
-"deposits--for an unlimited time at no cost. In 1915 alone, there were more "
-"than 5,475 films deposited and \"borrowed back.\" Thus, when the copyrights "
-"to films expire, there is no copy held by any library. The copy exists--if "
-"it exists at all--in the library archive of the film company.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"deposits—for an unlimited time at no cost. In 1915 alone, there were "
+"more than 5,475 films deposited and \"borrowed back.\" Thus, when the "
+"copyrights to films expire, there is no copy held by any library. The copy "
+"exists—if it exists at all—in the library archive of the film "
+"company.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were "
-"originally not copyrighted--there was no way to capture the broadcasts, so "
-"there was no fear of \"theft.\" But as technology enabled capturing, "
+"originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, "
+"so there was no fear of \"theft.\" But as technology enabled capturing, "
"broadcasters relied increasingly upon the law. The law required they make a "
"copy of each broadcast for the work to be \"copyrighted.\" But those copies "
"were simply kept by the broadcasters. No library had any right to them; the "
"dem. regjeringen kreve ikke dem. innholdet i denne delen av den amerikanske "
"kulturen er praktisk talt usynlige for alle som ville se."
-#. PAGE BREAK 123
+#. PAGE BREAK 123
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his "
"allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from "
"Kahle var ivrig etter å rette opp dette. før september 11, 2001, hadde han "
"og hans allierte begynt å fange TV. de tyve radiostasjoner fra hele verden "
"er merket, og trykk på record-knappen. etter 11 september, kahle, arbeide "
-"med mange andre, merkede tjue radiostasjoner fra hele verden, og starter "
-"11. oktober 2001, gjort sin dekning i uken av 11 september tilgjengelig "
-"gratis on-line. alle kunne se hvordan nyhetsrapporter fra rundt om i verden "
-"dekkes hendelsene den dagen."
+"med mange andre, merkede tjue radiostasjoner fra hele verden, og starter 11. "
+"oktober 2001, gjort sin dekning i uken av 11 september tilgjengelig gratis "
+"on-line. alle kunne se hvordan nyhetsrapporter fra rundt om i verden dekkes "
+"hendelsene den dagen."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose "
"archive of film includes close to 45,000 \"ephemeral films\" (meaning films "
"other than Hollywood movies, films that were never copyrighted), Kahle "
"established the Movie Archive. Prelinger let Kahle digitize 1,300 films in "
-"this archive and post those films on the Internet to be downloaded for "
-"free. Prelinger's is a for-profit company. It sells copies of these films as "
-"stock footage. What he has discovered is that after he made a significant "
-"chunk available for free, his stock footage sales went up "
-"dramatically. People could easily find the material they wanted to use. Some "
-"downloaded that material and made films on their own. Others purchased "
-"copies to enable other films to be made. Either way, the archive enabled "
-"access to this important part of our culture. Want to see a copy of the "
-"\"Duck and Cover\" film that instructed children how to save themselves in "
-"the middle of nuclear attack? Go to archive.org, and you can download the "
-"film in a few minutes--for free."
+"this archive and post those films on the Internet to be downloaded for free. "
+"Prelinger's is a for-profit company. It sells copies of these films as stock "
+"footage. What he has discovered is that after he made a significant chunk "
+"available for free, his stock footage sales went up dramatically. People "
+"could easily find the material they wanted to use. Some downloaded that "
+"material and made films on their own. Others purchased copies to enable "
+"other films to be made. Either way, the archive enabled access to this "
+"important part of our culture. Want to see a copy of the \"Duck and Cover\" "
+"film that instructed children how to save themselves in the middle of "
+"nuclear attack? Go to archive.org, and you can download the film in a few "
+"minutes—for free."
msgstr ""
"Kahle hatt samme idé med film. arbeide med rick prelinger, som har arkiv av "
"filmen inkluderer nær 45.000 \"flyktige filmer\" (det vil si filmer enn "
"Hvis du vil aktivere andre filmer skal gjøres. Uansett, arkivet aktivert "
"tilgang til denne viktige delen av vår kultur. vil du se en kopi av filmen "
"\"duck og dekke\" som instruert barn hvordan lagre seg midt i kjernefysisk "
-"angrep? gå til archive.org, og du kan laste ned filmen i noen "
-"minutter--gratis."
+"angrep? gå til archive.org, og du kan laste ned filmen i noen minutter--"
+"gratis."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we "
"otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what "
"alle. derfor finnes det ingen enkel måte å finne dem."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this "
"content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is "
"to ensure competition in access to this important part of our culture. Not "
"during the commercial life of a bit of creative property, but during a "
-"second life that all creative property has--a noncommercial life."
+"second life that all creative property has—a noncommercial life."
msgstr ""
"nøkkelen her er tilgang, ikke pris. Kahle ønsker å aktivere gratis tilgang "
"til dette innholdet, men han ønsker også å gjøre andre til å selge tilgang "
"til den. hans mål er å sikre konkurranse i tilgang til denne viktige delen "
"av vår kultur. ikke under kommersielle livet av en bit av kreative eiendom, "
-"men under en second life som alle kreative egenskapen har--et "
-"ikke-kommersiell liv."
+"men under en second life som alle kreative egenskapen har--et ikke-"
+"kommersiell liv."
+#. PAGE BREAK 124
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of "
"hevder, mye mindre kreativitet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has "
"always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every "
"kunnskap om vår historie. i denne second life, kan innholdet fortsette å "
"informere selv om denne informasjonen ikke lenger er solgt."
+#. f3
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very "
-"quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>). After it is out of print, it can be sold in "
-"used book stores without the copyright owner getting anything and stored in "
-"libraries, where many get to read the book, also for free. Used book stores "
-"and libraries are thus the second life of a book. That second life is "
-"extremely important to the spread and stability of culture."
+"quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>). After it is out of print, it can be sold in used book stores "
+"without the copyright owner getting anything and stored in libraries, where "
+"many get to read the book, also for free. Used book stores and libraries are "
+"thus the second life of a book. That second life is extremely important to "
+"the spread and stability of culture."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative "
"property does not hold true with the most important components of popular "
-"culture in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. For these--television, "
-"movies, music, radio, the Internet--there is no guarantee of a second "
-"life. For these sorts of culture, it is as if we've replaced libraries with "
-"Barnes & Noble superstores. With this culture, what's accessible is "
-"nothing but what a certain limited market demands. Beyond that, culture "
-"disappears."
+"culture in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. For these—"
+"television, movies, music, radio, the Internet—there is no guarantee "
+"of a second life. For these sorts of culture, it is as if we've replaced "
+"libraries with Barnes & Noble superstores. With this culture, what's "
+"accessible is nothing but what a certain limited market demands. Beyond "
+"that, culture disappears."
msgstr ""
"ennå i økende grad holder noen antakelse om en stabil second life for "
"kreative egenskapen ikke true med de viktigste komponentene i "
"populærkulturen i de tjuende og tjueførste århundrene. for disse--TV, "
-"filmer, musikk, radio, Internett - det er ingen garanti for en second "
-"life. for disse slags kultur er det som om vi har erstattet biblioteker med "
-"barnes & noble superstores. med denne kulturen, hva er tilgjengelig er "
-"noe annet enn hva en viss begrenset marked krav. utover det forsvinner "
-"kultur."
+"filmer, musikk, radio, Internett - det er ingen garanti for en second life. "
+"for disse slags kultur er det som om vi har erstattet biblioteker med barnes "
+"& noble superstores. med denne kulturen, hva er tilgjengelig er noe "
+"annet enn hva en viss begrenset marked krav. utover det forsvinner kultur."
-#. PAGE BREAK 125
+#. PAGE BREAK 125
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For most of the twentieth century, it was economics that made this so. It "
"would have been insanely expensive to collect and make accessible all "
"economics. The market made it impossibly difficult to do anything about this "
"ephemeral culture; the law had little practical effect."
msgstr ""
-"for det meste av det tjuende århundre var det økonomi som gjorde dette "
-"så. det ville ha vært sinnsykt dyrt å samle og gjøre tilgjengelig alle TV og "
+"for det meste av det tjuende århundre var det økonomi som gjorde dette så. "
+"det ville ha vært sinnsykt dyrt å samle og gjøre tilgjengelig alle TV og "
"film og musikk: kostnaden for analoge Kopier er svært høy. så selv om loven "
"i prinsippet ville har begrenset mulighet til en brewster kahle å kopiere "
"kultur Generelt, ekte begrensningen var økonomi. markedet gjorde det "
"praktiske effekten."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that "
"for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to "
"over alle bevegelige bilder og lyd."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined "
"before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are "
"for the first time at a point where that dream is possible. As Kahle "
"describes,"
msgstr ""
-"omfanget av dette potensielle arkivet er noe vi har aldri forestilt meg "
-"før. brewster kahles i vår historie har drømt om det; men vi er for første "
-"gang ved et punkt der det er mulig at drømmen. som kahle beskriver,"
+"omfanget av dette potensielle arkivet er noe vi har aldri forestilt meg før. "
+"brewster kahles i vår historie har drømt om det; men vi er for første gang "
+"ved et punkt der det er mulig at drømmen. som kahle beskriver,"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. "
-"Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, "
-". . . and about one to two million movies [distributed] during the twentieth "
-"century. There are about twenty-six million different titles of books. All "
-"of these would fit on computers that would fit in this room and be able to "
-"be afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in our "
-"history. Universal access is the goal. And the opportunity of leading a "
-"different life, based on this, is . . . thrilling. It could be one of the "
-"things humankind would be most proud of. Up there with the Library of "
-"Alexandria, putting a man on the moon, and the invention of the printing "
-"press."
-msgstr ""
-"Det ser ut som det er om to til tre millioner opptak av "
-"musikk. noensinne. Det er om lag hundre tusen teatralsk utgivelser av "
-"filmer,... og om ett til to millioner filmer [fordelt] under det tjuende "
-"århundre. Det er om lag tjue - seks millioner forskjellige titler på "
-"bøker. alle disse ville passe på datamaskiner som ville passe inn i dette "
-"rommet og kunne ha råd av et lite selskap. så er vi ved et vendepunkt i vår "
-"historie. særlige er målet. og muligheten til å lede et annet liv, basert på "
-"dette, er... spennende. Det kan være en av tingene som menneskeheten ville "
-"være mest stolt av. å sette en mann på månen, og oppfinnelsen av "
-"trykkpressen oppe med biblioteket i alexandria."
-
-#. PAGE BREAK 126
+"It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. Ever. "
+"There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, . . . and "
+"about one to two million movies [distributed] during the twentieth century. "
+"There are about twenty-six million different titles of books. All of these "
+"would fit on computers that would fit in this room and be able to be "
+"afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in our history. "
+"Universal access is the goal. And the opportunity of leading a different "
+"life, based on this, is . . . thrilling. It could be one of the things "
+"humankind would be most proud of. Up there with the Library of Alexandria, "
+"putting a man on the moon, and the invention of the printing press."
+msgstr ""
+"Det ser ut som det er om to til tre millioner opptak av musikk. noensinne. "
+"Det er om lag hundre tusen teatralsk utgivelser av filmer,... og om ett til "
+"to millioner filmer [fordelt] under det tjuende århundre. Det er om lag tjue "
+"- seks millioner forskjellige titler på bøker. alle disse ville passe på "
+"datamaskiner som ville passe inn i dette rommet og kunne ha råd av et lite "
+"selskap. så er vi ved et vendepunkt i vår historie. særlige er målet. og "
+"muligheten til å lede et annet liv, basert på dette, er... spennende. Det "
+"kan være en av tingene som menneskeheten ville være mest stolt av. å sette "
+"en mann på månen, og oppfinnelsen av trykkpressen oppe med biblioteket i "
+"alexandria."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 126
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only "
"archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of "
"perpetually available. Some will draw upon it to understand it; some to "
"criticize it. Some will use it, as Walt Disney did, to re-create the past "
"for the future. These technologies promise something that had become "
-"unimaginable for much of our past--a future for our past. The technology of "
-"digital arts could make the dream of the Library of Alexandria real again."
+"unimaginable for much of our past—a future for our past. The "
+"technology of digital arts could make the dream of the Library of Alexandria "
+"real again."
msgstr ""
"Kahle er ikke den eneste bibliotekar. internet archive er ikke det eneste "
"arkivet. men kahle og internet archive foreslå hva fremtiden for biblioteker "
"eller Arkiver kan være. Når kommersielle livet av kreative egenskapen "
"avsluttes, vet jeg ikke. men det gjør. og når den gjør det, kahle og hans "
"arkiv hint på en verden der denne kunnskap og kultur, forblir perpetually "
-"tilgjengelig. noen vil trekke på det å forstå det. noen å kritisere "
-"den. noen vil bruke den, som walt disney gjorde, for å gjenopprette siste "
-"for fremtiden. disse teknologiene lover noe som hadde blitt ufattelig for "
-"mye av vår fortid--en fremtid for vår fortid. teknologi for digital arts kan "
-"gjøre drømmen om biblioteket i alexandria virkelig igjen."
+"tilgjengelig. noen vil trekke på det å forstå det. noen å kritisere den. "
+"noen vil bruke den, som walt disney gjorde, for å gjenopprette siste for "
+"fremtiden. disse teknologiene lover noe som hadde blitt ufattelig for mye av "
+"vår fortid--en fremtid for vår fortid. teknologi for digital arts kan gjøre "
+"drømmen om biblioteket i alexandria virkelig igjen."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an "
"noens \"egenskapen.\" og loven om egenskapen begrenser friheter som kahle, "
"og andre vil utøve."
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\""
-msgstr "Kapittel 10: \"property\""
+msgstr "Kapittel ti: \"Eiendom\""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of "
"America since 1966. He first came to Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's "
-"administration--literally. The famous picture of Johnson's swearing-in on "
-"Air Force One after the assassination of President Kennedy has Valenti in "
+"administration—literally. The famous picture of Johnson's swearing-in "
+"on Air Force One after the assassination of President Kennedy has Valenti in "
"the background. In his almost forty years of running the MPAA, Valenti has "
"established himself as perhaps the most prominent and effective lobbyist in "
"Washington."
"kanskje mest iøynefallende og effektiv korridorpolitiker i washington."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture "
"Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to "
"og TV-programmer i USA: walt disney, sony pictures entertainment, mgm, "
"paramount bilder, 20th century fox, universal studios og warner brothers."
-#. PAGE BREAK 128
+#. PAGE BREAK 128
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has "
"had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a "
"Texan, Valenti has mastered the single most important political skill of a "
-"Southerner--the ability to appear simple and slow while hiding a "
-"lightning-fast intellect. To this day, Valenti plays the simple, humble "
-"man. But this Harvard MBA, and author of four books, who finished high "
-"school at the age of fifteen and flew more than fifty combat missions in "
-"World War II, is no Mr. Smith. When Valenti went to Washington, he mastered "
-"the city in a quintessentially Washingtonian way."
+"Southerner—the ability to appear simple and slow while hiding a "
+"lightning-fast intellect. To this day, Valenti plays the simple, humble man. "
+"But this Harvard MBA, and author of four books, who finished high school at "
+"the age of fifteen and flew more than fifty combat missions in World War II, "
+"is no Mr. Smith. When Valenti went to Washington, he mastered the city in a "
+"quintessentially Washingtonian way."
msgstr ""
"Valenti er bare den tredje presidenten av mpaa. Ingen president før ham har "
-"hatt så stor innflytelse over denne organisasjonen eller over "
-"washington. som en Texas har valenti mestret enkelt viktigste politiske "
-"ferdigheter til en southerner--muligheten til å vises enkle og treg mens "
-"skjule en lynrask intellekt. til denne dag har spiller valenti enkel, ydmyke "
-"mann. men denne harvard mba, og forfatter av fire bøker, som fullført "
-"videregående skole i en alder av femten, og fløy mer enn femti bekjempe "
-"oppdrag i andre verdenskrig, er ingen mr. smith. Når valenti gikk til "
-"washington, han mestret byen i en typiske washingtonian måte."
+"hatt så stor innflytelse over denne organisasjonen eller over washington. "
+"som en Texas har valenti mestret enkelt viktigste politiske ferdigheter til "
+"en southerner--muligheten til å vises enkle og treg mens skjule en lynrask "
+"intellekt. til denne dag har spiller valenti enkel, ydmyke mann. men denne "
+"harvard mba, og forfatter av fire bøker, som fullført videregående skole i "
+"en alder av femten, og fløy mer enn femti bekjempe oppdrag i andre "
+"verdenskrig, er ingen mr. smith. Når valenti gikk til washington, han "
+"mestret byen i en typiske washingtonian måte."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture "
"redefinere betydningen av \"kreative property.\""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
-msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:"
-msgstr "i 1982 innspilt valenti's vitnesbyrd til Kongressen strategien perfekt:"
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:"
+msgstr ""
+"i 1982 innspilt valenti's vitnesbyrd til Kongressen strategien perfekt:"
-#. f1
+#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, "
-"H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on "
-"Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice of the Committee "
-"on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives, 97th Cong., 2nd "
-"sess. (1982): 65 (testimony of Jack Valenti)."
+"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, H.R. "
+"4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on Courts, "
+"Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice of the Committee on the "
+"Judiciary of the House of Representatives, 97th Cong., 2nd sess. (1982): 65 "
+"(testimony of Jack Valenti)."
msgstr ""
"Hjem registrering av opphavsrettslig beskyttet verk: hearings på hr 4783, hr "
"4794, hr 4808, hr 5250, hr 5488 og hr 5705 før subcommittee on domstoler, "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
-"No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the "
-"counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and "
-"women will keep returning to the fundamental issue, the central theme which "
+"No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the counter-"
+"charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and women "
+"will keep returning to the fundamental issue, the central theme which "
"animates this entire debate: Creative property owners must be accorded the "
"same rights and protection resident in all other property owners in the "
"nation. That is the issue. That is the question. And that is the rostrum on "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 129
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's "
"rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The "
"\"central theme\" to which \"reasonable men and women\" will return is this: "
"\"Creative property owners must be accorded the same rights and protections "
-"resident in all other property owners in the nation.\" There are no "
-"second-class citizens, Valenti might have continued. There should be no "
-"second-class property owners."
+"resident in all other property owners in the nation.\" There are no second-"
+"class citizens, Valenti might have continued. There should be no second-"
+"class property owners."
msgstr ""
"strategien for denne retorikk, som strategi for de fleste av valenti's "
-"retorikk, er strålende og enkel og strålende fordi enkel. \"sentrale "
-"temaet\" som \"rimelig menn og kvinner\" vil returnere er dette: \"kreative "
-"bolig må substansiell med samme rettigheter og beskyttelsene bosatt i alle "
-"andre bolig i nasjonen.\" det er ingen andre klasses borgere, valenti "
-"kanskje har fortsatt. Det bør være ingen annenklasses bolig."
+"retorikk, er strålende og enkel og strålende fordi enkel. \"sentrale temaet"
+"\" som \"rimelig menn og kvinner\" vil returnere er dette: \"kreative bolig "
+"må substansiell med samme rettigheter og beskyttelsene bosatt i alle andre "
+"bolig i nasjonen.\" det er ingen andre klasses borgere, valenti kanskje har "
+"fortsatt. Det bør være ingen annenklasses bolig."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with "
"such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use "
"elections to pick presidents. But in fact, there is no more extreme a claim "
-"made by anyone who is serious in this debate than this claim of "
-"Valenti's. Jack Valenti, however sweet and however brilliant, is perhaps the "
-"nation's foremost extremist when it comes to the nature and scope of "
-"\"creative property.\" His views have no reasonable connection to our actual "
-"legal tradition, even if the subtle pull of his Texan charm has slowly "
-"redefined that tradition, at least in Washington."
+"made by anyone who is serious in this debate than this claim of Valenti's. "
+"Jack Valenti, however sweet and however brilliant, is perhaps the nation's "
+"foremost extremist when it comes to the nature and scope of \"creative "
+"property.\" His views have no reasonable connection to our actual legal "
+"tradition, even if the subtle pull of his Texan charm has slowly redefined "
+"that tradition, at least in Washington."
msgstr ""
"denne påstanden har en tydelig og kraftig intuitivt trekk. Det er oppgitt "
"med slike klarhet som å gjøre ideen tydelig som oppfatningen at vi bruker "
"faktiske juridiske tradisjon, selv om de subtile drar av hans Texas sjarm "
"har sakte redefinert denne tradisjonen, minst i washington."
-#. f2
+#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"the right to drive at 150 miles an hour. For the best effort to connect the "
"ordinary meaning of \"property\" to \"lawyer talk,\" see Bruce Ackerman, "
"Private Property and the Constitution (New Haven: Yale University Press, "
-"1977), 2627."
+"1977), 26–27."
msgstr ""
-"advokater snakker om \"property\" ikke som en absolute ting, men som en "
-"bunt av rettigheter som er noen ganger knyttet til bestemte objekter. Dermed "
-"gir min \"eiendom rett\" til bilen min meg retten til eksklusiv bruk, "
-"men ikke rettigheten til å kjøre på 150 miles i timen. å koble den vanlige "
-"betydningen av \"eiendom\" til \"advokat talk\" beste innsats, kan "
-"du se bruce ackerman, privat eiendom og grunnloven (new haven: yale "
-"university press, 1977), 2627."
+"advokater snakker om \"property\" ikke som en absolute ting, men som en bunt "
+"av rettigheter som er noen ganger knyttet til bestemte objekter. Dermed gir "
+"min \"eiendom rett\" til bilen min meg retten til eksklusiv bruk, men ikke "
+"rettigheten til å kjøre på 150 miles i timen. å koble den vanlige "
+"betydningen av \"eiendom\" til \"advokat talk\" beste innsats, kan du se "
+"bruce ackerman, privat eiendom og grunnloven (new haven: yale university "
+"press, 1977), 2627."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our "
"tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is "
"1710. i verden som vil opprette valenti's endringer, vil noen kraftige utøve "
"kraftig kontroll over hvordan vår kreative kultur ville utvikle."
-#. PAGE BREAK 130
+#. PAGE BREAK 130
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, "
"historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince "
"behandlet rettigheter i kreative egenskapen annerledes fra rettigheter som "
"er bosatt i alle andre bolig. de har aldri vært den samme. og de aldri skal "
"være den samme, fordi, men counterintuitive dette kan synes å gjøre dem det "
-"samme vil være å svekke fundamentalt mulighet for nye skapere å "
-"lage. kreativitet, avhenger av eierne av kreativitet som har mindre enn "
-"perfekt kontroll."
+"samme vil være å svekke fundamentalt mulighet for nye skapere å lage. "
+"kreativitet, avhenger av eierne av kreativitet som har mindre enn perfekt "
+"kontroll."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of "
"the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in "
"et snev at det er noe fundamentalt galt i valenti's-argumentet, må vi se "
"lenger enn USA Grunnloven selv."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The framers of our Constitution loved \"property.\" Indeed, so strongly did "
"they love property that they built into the Constitution an important "
-"requirement. If the government takes your property--if it condemns your "
-"house, or acquires a slice of land from your farm--it is required, under the "
-"Fifth Amendment's \"Takings Clause,\" to pay you \"just compensation\" for "
-"that taking. The Constitution thus guarantees that property is, in a certain "
-"sense, sacred. It cannot ever be taken from the property owner unless the "
-"government pays for the privilege."
+"requirement. If the government takes your property—if it condemns your "
+"house, or acquires a slice of land from your farm—it is required, "
+"under the Fifth Amendment's \"Takings Clause,\" to pay you \"just "
+"compensation\" for that taking. The Constitution thus guarantees that "
+"property is, in a certain sense, sacred. It cannot ever be taken from the "
+"property owner unless the government pays for the privilege."
msgstr ""
"forfatterne av vår grunnlov elsket \"egenskapen.\" faktisk så sterkt gjorde "
"de elsker egenskapen at de innebygd i Grunnloven et viktig krav. Hvis "
"regjeringen tar din eiendom--hvis det fordømmer huset, eller kjøper et "
"stykke land fra farmen--det er nødvendig, under den femte endringsforslaget "
-"\"takings setningen,\" å betale deg \"bare erstatning\" for som "
-"tar. grunnloven garanterer dermed at egenskapen er, i en viss forstand, "
-"hellig. den kan ikke noen gang blir tatt fra eiendommen eier med mindre "
-"regjeringen betaler for privilegiet."
+"\"takings setningen,\" å betale deg \"bare erstatning\" for som tar. "
+"grunnloven garanterer dermed at egenskapen er, i en viss forstand, hellig. "
+"den kan ikke noen gang blir tatt fra eiendommen eier med mindre regjeringen "
+"betaler for privilegiet."
+#. PAGE BREAK 131
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti "
"men svært samme grunnlov snakker veldig annerledes om hva valenti samtaler "
"\"kreative egenskapen.\" i setningsdelen gir Kongressen makt til å opprette "
"\"kreative property\" Grunnloven krever at etter en \"begrenset tid,\" "
-"Kongressen ta tilbake rettighetene at det har gitt og egenskapen "
-"\"kreative\" gratis til public domain. men når Kongressen gjør dette, når "
-"utløpet av en opphavsrett begrepet \"tar\" din opphavsrett og snur den over "
-"til public domain, Kongressen ikke har noen forpliktelse til å betale \"bare "
-"erstatning\" for denne \"tar.\" i stedet samme grunnlov som krever "
-"erstatning for ditt land krever at du mister din \"kreative eiendom\" rett "
-"uten noen kompensasjon overhodet."
+"Kongressen ta tilbake rettighetene at det har gitt og egenskapen \"kreative"
+"\" gratis til public domain. men når Kongressen gjør dette, når utløpet av "
+"en opphavsrett begrepet \"tar\" din opphavsrett og snur den over til public "
+"domain, Kongressen ikke har noen forpliktelse til å betale \"bare erstatning"
+"\" for denne \"tar.\" i stedet samme grunnlov som krever erstatning for ditt "
+"land krever at du mister din \"kreative eiendom\" rett uten noen "
+"kompensasjon overhodet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property "
"are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated "
"arguing for a change in our Constitution itself."
msgstr ""
"grunnlov dermed på sitt ansikt sier at disse to former for egenskapen ikke "
-"skal får de samme rettighetene. de er tydelig å bli behandlet "
-"annerledes. Valenti er derfor ikke bare ber om en endring i vår tradisjon "
-"når han hevder at creative-bolig bør substansiell de samme rettighetene som "
-"hver andre eiendomsrett eier. Han er effektivt kranglet for en endring i "
-"våre Grunnloven selv."
+"skal får de samme rettighetene. de er tydelig å bli behandlet annerledes. "
+"Valenti er derfor ikke bare ber om en endring i vår tradisjon når han hevder "
+"at creative-bolig bør substansiell de samme rettighetene som hver andre "
+"eiendomsrett eier. Han er effektivt kranglet for en endring i våre "
+"Grunnloven selv."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There "
"was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The "
"jefferson gjorde det, vi bør, også."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least "
"try to understand why. Why did the framers, fanatical property types that "
"som alle andre eiendom? Hvorfor de krever at for kreative egenskapen det må "
"være et frivare?"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of "
"institusjoner utformet for å forsikre at artister får betalt må du også "
"kontrollere hvordan kultur utvikler seg."
-#. PAGE BREAK 132
+#. PAGE BREAK 132
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how "
"property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the "
"støtte eller svekke høyre eller regulering. Jeg representerte det med dette "
"diagrammet:"
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1331.jpg\"></graphic>"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title>
+msgid ""
+"How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken "
+"the right or regulation."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 133
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 133
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group "
"that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case "
"throughout, we can describe this either as regulation or as a right. For "
"simplicity's sake, I will speak only of regulations.) The ovals represent "
-"four ways in which the individual or group might be regulated-- either "
+"four ways in which the individual or group might be regulated— either "
"constrained or, alternatively, enabled. Law is the most obvious constraint "
"(to lawyers, at least). It constrains by threatening punishments after the "
"fact if the rules set in advance are violated. So if, for example, you "
"reglene satt på forhånd er brutt. så hvis for eksempel du willfully krenke "
"madonna's copyright ved å kopiere en sang fra hennes siste CD-ROMen, og "
"bokføre det\\/den på weben, kan du bli straffet med en $150.000 fine. fine "
-"er en ex post straff for å bryte en ex ante regelen. Det er pålagt av "
-"staten."
+"er en ex post straff for å bryte en ex ante regelen. Det er pålagt av staten."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual "
"for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a "
"håndhevelse."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through "
"conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These "
-"constraints are obviously not independent of law or norms--it is property "
-"law that defines what must be bought if it is to be taken legally; it is "
-"norms that say what is appropriately sold. But given a set of norms, and a "
-"background of property and contract law, the market imposes a simultaneous "
-"constraint upon how an individual or group might behave."
+"constraints are obviously not independent of law or norms—it is "
+"property law that defines what must be bought if it is to be taken legally; "
+"it is norms that say what is appropriately sold. But given a set of norms, "
+"and a background of property and contract law, the market imposes a "
+"simultaneous constraint upon how an individual or group might behave."
msgstr ""
"markedet er en tredje type betingelse. betingelsen er berørt gjennom "
"betingelser: du kan gjøre x Hvis du betaler y; vil du få betalt m Hvis du "
-"gjør n. slike betingelser er åpenbart ikke uavhengig av loven eller "
-"normer--det er regler som definerer hva må kjøpes Hvis det er å bli tatt "
-"lovlig; Det er normer som sier hva selges på riktig måte. men gitt et sett "
-"av normer og bakgrunn av eiendom og kontrakt lov, markedet pålegger en "
-"samtidige begrensning på hvor en person eller gruppe kan oppføre seg."
+"gjør n. slike betingelser er åpenbart ikke uavhengig av loven eller normer--"
+"det er regler som definerer hva må kjøpes Hvis det er å bli tatt lovlig; Det "
+"er normer som sier hva selges på riktig måte. men gitt et sett av normer og "
+"bakgrunn av eiendom og kontrakt lov, markedet pålegger en samtidige "
+"begrensning på hvor en person eller gruppe kan oppføre seg."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, "
-"\"architecture\"--the physical world as one finds it--is a constraint on "
+"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, \"architecture"
+"\"—the physical world as one finds it—is a constraint on "
"behavior. A fallen bridge might constrain your ability to get across a "
"river. Railroad tracks might constrain the ability of a community to "
"integrate its social life. As with the market, architecture does not effect "
"its constraint through ex post punishments. Instead, also as with the "
-"market, architecture effects its constraint through simultaneous "
-"conditions. These conditions are imposed not by courts enforcing contracts, "
-"or by police punishing theft, but by nature, by \"architecture.\" If a "
-"500-pound boulder blocks your way, it is the law of gravity that enforces "
-"this constraint. If a $500 airplane ticket stands between you and a flight "
-"to New York, it is the market that enforces this constraint."
+"market, architecture effects its constraint through simultaneous conditions. "
+"These conditions are imposed not by courts enforcing contracts, or by police "
+"punishing theft, but by nature, by \"architecture.\" If a 500-pound boulder "
+"blocks your way, it is the law of gravity that enforces this constraint. If "
+"a $500 airplane ticket stands between you and a flight to New York, it is "
+"the market that enforces this constraint."
msgstr ""
"til slutt, og for øyeblikket, kanskje mest mysteriously \"arkitektur\"--den "
"fysiske verden som en finner den--er en begrensning på atferd. en falne bro "
"gjennomfører denne betingelsen. Hvis en $500 flybillett står mellom deg og "
"et fly til new york, er det markedet som håndhever denne betingelsen."
-#. PAGE BREAK 134
+#. PAGE BREAK 134
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: "
-"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by "
-"another. Or restrictions imposed by one might be undermined by another."
+"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by another. "
+"Or restrictions imposed by one might be undermined by another."
msgstr ""
"så det første punktet om disse fire metoder av regulering er åpenbare: de "
"samhandler. restriksjoner pålagt av en kan bli forsterket av en annen. eller "
"restriksjoner pålagt av en kan bli undergravd av en annen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective "
"freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we "
"blant de viktigste, og eventuelle regulator (enten kontroll eller frigjør) "
"må vurdere hvordan disse fire spesielt samhandle."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high "
-"speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how "
-"fast you can drive in particular places at particular times. It is in part "
+"So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high speed. "
+"That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how fast "
+"you can drive in particular places at particular times. It is in part "
"restricted by architecture: speed bumps, for example, slow most rational "
"drivers; governors in buses, as another example, set the maximum rate at "
"which the driver can drive. The freedom is in part restricted by the market: "
"eget og du sannsynligvis til å bli straffet av naboene. samme normen ville "
"ikke være så effektiv i en annen by, eller om natten."
-#. f3
+#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean "
"to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's "
-"only distinction is that it alone speaks as if it has a right "
-"self-consciously to change the other three. The right of the other three is "
-"more timidly expressed. See Lawrence Lessig, Code: And Other Laws of "
-"Cyberspace (New York: Basic Books, 1999): 9095; Lawrence Lessig, \"The New "
+"only distinction is that it alone speaks as if it has a right self-"
+"consciously to change the other three. The right of the other three is more "
+"timidly expressed. See Lawrence Lessig, Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace "
+"(New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90–95; Lawrence Lessig, \"The New "
"Chicago School,\" Journal of Legal Studies, June 1998."
msgstr ""
"ved å beskrive hvordan trenger ikke loven påvirker andre tre metoder, jeg "
"eneste forskjellen er at det alene snakker som om den har en rett "
"selvbevisst til å endre de andre tre. høyre for tre andre uttrykkes mer "
"beskjedent. se lawrence lessig, kode: og andre lover av cyberspace (new "
-"york: grunnleggende bøker, 1999): 9095; Lawrence lessig, \"den nye "
-"chicago skolen,\" journal of Jusstudier, Juni 1998."
+"york: grunnleggende bøker, 1999): 9095; Lawrence lessig, \"den nye chicago "
+"skolen,\" journal of Jusstudier, Juni 1998."
-#. PAGE BREAK 135
+#. PAGE BREAK 135
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While "
"might be used to mandate more speed bumps, so as to increase the difficulty "
"of driving rapidly. The law might be used to fund ads that stigmatize "
"reckless driving. Or the law might be used to require that other laws be "
-"more strict--a federal requirement that states decrease the speed limit, for "
-"example--so as to decrease the attractiveness of fast driving."
+"more strict—a federal requirement that states decrease the speed "
+"limit, for example—so as to decrease the attractiveness of fast "
+"driving."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1361.jpg\"></graphic>"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title>
+msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure>
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>"
+
+#. f4
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Some people object to this way of talking about \"liberty.\" They object "
"ytringsfriheten, for eksempel fra tyranni av trange sinn, ikke fra frykt for "
"regjeringen rettsforfølgelse; John stuart mill, på frihet (indiana: hackett "
"publishing co., 1978), 19. John r. commons forsvarte famously økonomiske "
-"friheten av arbeidskraft fra begrensninger pålagt av markedet; John "
-"r. commons, \"rett til arbeid,\" i malcom rutherford og warren j. samuels, "
-"Red., john r. Commons: valgt essays (london: routledge: 1997), "
-"62. amerikanerne med funksjonshemminger act øker frihet for personer med "
+"friheten av arbeidskraft fra begrensninger pålagt av markedet; John r. "
+"commons, \"rett til arbeid,\" i malcom rutherford og warren j. samuels, "
+"Red., john r. Commons: valgt essays (london: routledge: 1997), 62. "
+"amerikanerne med funksjonshemminger act øker frihet for personer med "
"funksjonshemninger ved å endre arkitekturen i visse offentlige steder, og "
"dermed gjør tilgang til de plasserer enklere; 42 united states code, delen "
"12101 (2000). hver av disse intervensjoner for å endre eksisterende "
"the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any "
"particular moment, we must track these changes over time. A restriction "
"imposed by one modality might be erased by another. A freedom enabled by one "
-"modality might be displaced by another.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"modality might be displaced by another.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right"
msgstr "Hvorfor hollywood er rett"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, "
"Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the "
"domstolene å forsvare copyright. Denne modellen hjelper oss se hvorfor denne "
"samlingspunkt fornuftig."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
-msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:"
+msgid ""
+"Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:"
msgstr "La oss si at dette er bilde av copyright's regulering før Internett:"
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1371.jpg\"></graphic>"
-msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet."
+msgstr "La oss si at dette er bilde av copyright's regulering før Internett:"
-#. PAGE BREAK 136
+#. PAGE BREAK 136
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law "
"limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those "
"who copy and share content. Those penalties are reinforced by technologies "
"that make it hard to copy and share content (architecture) and expensive to "
"copy and share content (market). Finally, those penalties are mitigated by "
-"norms we all recognize--kids, for example, taping other kids' records. These "
-"uses of copyrighted material may well be infringement, but the norms of our "
-"society (before the Internet, at least) had no problem with this form of "
-"infringement."
+"norms we all recognize—kids, for example, taping other kids' records. "
+"These uses of copyrighted material may well be infringement, but the norms "
+"of our society (before the Internet, at least) had no problem with this "
+"form of infringement."
msgstr ""
"Det er balansen mellom lov, normer, markedet og arkitektur. loven begrenser "
"muligheten til å kopiere og dele innhold, ved å angi strafferammer for de "
"som kopiere og dele innhold. disse straffer er forsterket av teknologier som "
"gjør det vanskelig å kopiere og dele innhold (arkitektur) og det er dyrt å "
"kopiere og dele innhold (markedet). til slutt, disse straffer er mitigated "
-"ved normer vi gjenkjenner--barn, for eksempel taping andre barn "
-"poster. disse bruk av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale kan være brudd, men "
-"normer for vårt samfunn (før Internett, minst) hadde ingen problemer med "
-"denne form for krenkelse av."
+"ved normer vi gjenkjenner--barn, for eksempel taping andre barn poster. "
+"disse bruk av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale kan være brudd, men normer for "
+"vårt samfunn (før Internett, minst) hadde ingen problemer med denne form for "
+"krenkelse av."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p "
"sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does "
"warriors, at least) of life before the Internet becomes an effective state "
"of anarchy after the Internet."
msgstr ""
-"Angi Internett eller, mer presist, teknologier som MP3-er og p2p "
-"fildeling. nå begrensningen av arkitektur endres dramatisk, som gjør "
-"begrensningen av markedet. og som både markedet og arkitektur kan du slappe "
-"av med regulering av copyright, normer haug på. happy saldoen (for krigere, "
-"minst) av livet før Internett blir en effektiv stat av anarchy etter "
-"Internett."
+"Angi Internett eller, mer presist, teknologier som MP3-er og p2p fildeling. "
+"nå begrensningen av arkitektur endres dramatisk, som gjør begrensningen av "
+"markedet. og som både markedet og arkitektur kan du slappe av med regulering "
+"av copyright, normer haug på. happy saldoen (for krigere, minst) av livet "
+"før Internett blir en effektiv stat av anarchy etter Internett."
-#. PAGE BREAK 137
+#. PAGE BREAK 137
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. "
"Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, "
"rettigheter har gått tapt. Dette er Irak etter fallet av saddam, men denne "
"gangen ingen regjering er rettferdiggjørende looting resultater."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1381.jpg\"></graphic>"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
+msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the "
"utvikle kode for å beskytte opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale og (4) lærere "
"skal utdanne barn å bedre beskytte opphavsretten."
-#. PAGE BREAK 138
+#. PAGE BREAK 138
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed--if it was to preserve the "
-"particular balance that existed before the change induced by the "
-"Internet. And it's just what we should expect the content industry to push "
-"for. It is as American as apple pie to consider the happy life you have as "
-"an entitlement, and to look to the law to protect it if something comes "
+"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to "
+"preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by "
+"the Internet. And it's just what we should expect the content industry to "
+"push for. It is as American as apple pie to consider the happy life you have "
+"as an entitlement, and to look to the law to protect it if something comes "
"along to change that happy life. Homeowners living in a flood plain have no "
"hesitation appealing to the government to rebuild (and rebuild again) when a "
"flood (architecture) wipes away their property (law). Farmers have no "
"hesitation appealing to the government to bail them out when a virus "
"(architecture) devastates their crop. Unions have no hesitation appealing to "
-"the government to bail them out when imports (market) wipe out the "
-"U.S. steel industry."
+"the government to bail them out when imports (market) wipe out the U.S. "
+"steel industry."
msgstr ""
"Dette blandet strategi er bare hva copyright needed--Hvis det var å bevare "
"bestemt saldoen som eksisterte før endringen indusert av Internett. og det "
"regjeringen å kausjon dem. Når import (markedet) tørke ut amerikanske stål "
"industrien."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign "
"måten å drive virksomhet, eller som john seely brown beskriver den, dens "
"\"arkitektur av inntekter.\""
-#. f5
+#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Geoffrey Smith, \"Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?\" "
-"BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #23</ulink>. For a more recent "
-"analysis of Kodak's place in the market, see Chana R. Schoenberger, \"Can "
-"Kodak Make Up for Lost Moments?\" Forbes.com, 6 October 2003, available at "
-"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #24</ulink>."
+"BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #23</ulink>. For a more recent analysis of Kodak's "
+"place in the market, see Chana R. Schoenberger, \"Can Kodak Make Up for Lost "
+"Moments?\" Forbes.com, 6 October 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #24</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it "
"doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology "
"has weakened a particular way of doing business, it doesn't follow that the "
-"government should intervene to support that old way of doing "
-"business. Kodak, for example, has lost perhaps as much as 20 percent of "
-"their traditional film market to the emerging technologies of digital "
-"cameras.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Does anyone believe the "
-"government should ban digital cameras just to support Kodak? Highways have "
-"weakened the freight business for railroads. Does anyone think we should ban "
-"trucks from roads for the purpose of protecting the railroads? Closer to the "
-"subject of this book, remote channel changers have weakened the "
-"\"stickiness\" of television advertising (if a boring commercial comes on "
-"the TV, the remote makes it easy to surf ), and it may well be that this "
-"change has weakened the television advertising market. But does anyone "
-"believe we should regulate remotes to reinforce commercial television? "
-"(Maybe by limiting them to function only once a second, or to switch to only "
-"ten channels within an hour?)"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. f6
+"government should intervene to support that old way of doing business. "
+"Kodak, for example, has lost perhaps as much as 20 percent of their "
+"traditional film market to the emerging technologies of digital cameras."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Does anyone believe the government "
+"should ban digital cameras just to support Kodak? Highways have weakened the "
+"freight business for railroads. Does anyone think we should ban trucks from "
+"roads for the purpose of protecting the railroads? Closer to the subject of "
+"this book, remote channel changers have weakened the \"stickiness\" of "
+"television advertising (if a boring commercial comes on the TV, the remote "
+"makes it easy to surf ), and it may well be that this change has weakened "
+"the television advertising market. But does anyone believe we should "
+"regulate remotes to reinforce commercial television? (Maybe by limiting them "
+"to function only once a second, or to switch to only ten channels within an "
+"hour?)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
-msgid "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 17071."
+msgid "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71."
msgstr "fred warshofsky, patent krigene (new york: wiley, 1994), 17071."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new "
"technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government "
"på forespørsel fra de vondt ved å endre teknologi, er endringer som bevare "
"insentiver og muligheter for innovasjon og endre."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"In the context of laws regulating speech--which include, obviously, "
-"copyright law--that duty is even stronger. When the industry complaining "
-"about changing technologies is asking Congress to respond in a way that "
-"burdens speech and creativity, policy makers should be especially wary of "
-"the request. It is always a bad deal for the government to get into the "
-"business of regulating speech markets. The risks and dangers of that game "
-"are precisely why our framers created the First Amendment to our "
+"In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, "
+"copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry "
+"complaining about changing technologies is asking Congress to respond in a "
+"way that burdens speech and creativity, policy makers should be especially "
+"wary of the request. It is always a bad deal for the government to get into "
+"the business of regulating speech markets. The risks and dangers of that "
+"game are precisely why our framers created the First Amendment to our "
"Constitution: \"Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of "
-"speech.\" So when Congress is being asked to pass laws that would "
-"\"abridge\" the freedom of speech, it should ask-- carefully--whether such "
+"speech.\" So when Congress is being asked to pass laws that would \"abridge"
+"\" the freedom of speech, it should ask— carefully—whether such "
"regulation is justified."
msgstr ""
"i sammenheng med lover som regulerer tale--, og som omfatter, tydeligvis, "
"forespørselen. Det er alltid en dårlig deal for regjeringen å komme inn i "
"virksomheten av regulerer tale markeder. risikoer og farer av spillet er "
"nøyaktig hvorfor våre underskrev opprettet den første endringen til vår "
-"grunnlov: \"Kongressen skal gjøre ingen lov... abridging friheten til "
-"tale.\" så når Kongressen blir bedt om å passere lovgivning som ville "
-"\"abridge\" ytringsfriheten, det bør spørre--nøye--om slike regulering er "
-"begrunnet."
+"grunnlov: \"Kongressen skal gjøre ingen lov... abridging friheten til tale."
+"\" så når Kongressen blir bedt om å passere lovgivning som ville \"abridge\" "
+"ytringsfriheten, det bør spørre--nøye--om slike regulering er begrunnet."
+#. PAGE BREAK 140
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes "
"av endringene innhold industrien ønsker."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow."
msgstr "Her er til metaforen vil fange opp argumentet å følge."
"verdifull og sannsynligvis lagret liv, kanskje millioner."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But in 1962, Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, which argued that DDT, "
"whatever its primary benefits, was also having unintended environmental "
"the ecology were being destroyed."
msgstr ""
"men i 1962, rachel carson publisert stille våren, som hevdet at ddt, uansett "
-"dens primære fordeler, hadde også utilsiktede miljømessige "
-"konsekvenser. fugler var å miste muligheten til å reprodusere. hele kjeder "
-"av økologi ble blir ødelagt."
+"dens primære fordeler, hadde også utilsiktede miljømessige konsekvenser. "
+"fugler var å miste muligheten til å reprodusere. hele kjeder av økologi ble "
+"blir ødelagt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"verre enn problemer det løst, minst når de vurderer den andre, mer "
"miljøvennlig måten å løse problemer som ddt var ment å løse."
+#. f7
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
"Se for eksempel james boyle, \"en politikk av åndsverk: environmentalism for "
"nettet?\" duke law journal 47 (1997): 87."
-#. PAGE BREAK 141
+#. PAGE BREAK 141
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle "
-"appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for "
-"culture.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> His point, and the point I "
-"want to develop in the balance of this chapter, is not that the aims of "
-"copyright are flawed. Or that authors should not be paid for their work. Or "
-"that music should be given away \"for free.\" The point is that some of the "
-"ways in which we might protect authors will have unintended consequences for "
-"the cultural environment, much like DDT had for the natural environment. And "
+"appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for culture."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> His point, and the point I want to "
+"develop in the balance of this chapter, is not that the aims of copyright "
+"are flawed. Or that authors should not be paid for their work. Or that music "
+"should be given away \"for free.\" The point is that some of the ways in "
+"which we might protect authors will have unintended consequences for the "
+"cultural environment, much like DDT had for the natural environment. And "
"just as criticism of DDT is not an endorsement of malaria or an attack on "
"farmers, so, too, is criticism of one particular set of regulations "
"protecting copyright not an endorsement of anarchy or an attack on authors. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this "
"effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on "
"kreativitet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free "
"culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost."
"fri kultur som vil være langt mer ødeleggende enn denne mygg, vil gå tapt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Beginnings"
msgstr "begynnelse"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved "
"property\" fjerner du rettigheter; uttrykkelig begrensninger forsterke den "
"engelske mål å unngå altfor kraftig utgivere."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The power to establish \"creative property\" rights is granted to Congress "
"section 8, clause 8 of our Constitution states that:"
msgstr ""
"makt til å etablere \"kreative\" eiendomsrettigheter gis til Kongressen på "
-"en måte som for vår grunnlov, minst, er veldig rart. artikkel, del 8, "
-"8-setningsdelen i vår grunnlov sier at:"
+"en måte som for vår grunnlov, minst, er veldig rart. artikkel, del 8, 8-"
+"setningsdelen i vår grunnlov sier at:"
+#. PAGE BREAK 142
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, "
"og formålet er en offentlig, ikke hensikten med berikende utgivere, eller "
"med hovedsakelig formålet med givende forfatternes."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in "
"few would not exercise disproportionate control over culture by exercising "
"disproportionate control over publishing. We can assume the framers followed "
"the English for a similar purpose. Indeed, unlike the English, the framers "
-"reinforced that objective, by requiring that copyrights extend \"to "
-"Authors\" only."
+"reinforced that objective, by requiring that copyrights extend \"to Authors"
+"\" only."
msgstr ""
"fremdrift-setningsdelen begrenser uttrykkelig begrepet av opphavsretten. som "
"vi så i kapittel 6, ville engelsk begrenset av copyright å forsikre om at "
"bare."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the "
"Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built "
"prevent the concentrated power of a church, they banned the federal "
"government from establishing a church. To prevent concentrating power in the "
"federal government, they built structures to reinforce the power of the "
-"states--including the Senate, whose members were at the time selected by the "
-"states, and an electoral college, also selected by the states, to select the "
-"president. In each case, a structure built checks and balances into the "
-"constitutional frame, structured to prevent otherwise inevitable "
+"states—including the Senate, whose members were at the time selected "
+"by the states, and an electoral college, also selected by the states, to "
+"select the president. In each case, a structure built checks and balances "
+"into the constitutional frame, structured to prevent otherwise inevitable "
"concentrations of power."
msgstr ""
"utformingen av fremdriften-setningsdelen gjenspeiler noe om grunnlovens "
"struktur som ble bygd kontrollerer og saldoer i konstitusjonelle rammen, "
"strukturert for å hindre at ellers uunngåelig konsentrasjoner av makt."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call \"copyright\" "
"\"copyright\" i sammenheng: vi trenger å se hvordan det har endret i 210 "
"årene siden de først slo sin design."
-#. PAGE BREAK 143
+#. PAGE BREAK 143
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in "
"technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular "
"teknologi, og noen i lys av endringer i teknologi gitt en bestemt "
"konsentrasjon av markedets makt. Når det gjelder vår modell startet vi her:"
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1441.jpg\"></graphic>"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid "We will end here:"
-msgstr "Vi vil ende her:"
+msgstr "Vi kommer til å ende opp her:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
+msgid ""Copyright" today."
+msgstr ""Opphavsrett" i dag."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1442.jpg\"></graphic>"
-msgstr ""
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 144
+#. PAGE BREAK 144
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid "Let me explain how."
msgstr "La meg forklare hvordan."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
msgid "Law: Duration"
-msgstr "loven: varighet"
+msgstr "Loven: Varighet"
-#. f8
+#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"William W. Crosskey, Politics and the Constitution in the History of the "
-"United States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1, 48586: "
-"\"extinguish[ing], by plain implication of `the supreme Law of the Land,' "
-"the perpetual rights which authors had, or were supposed by some to have, "
-"under the Common Law\" (emphasis added)."
+"United States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1, "
+"485–86: \"extinguish[ing], by plain implication of `the supreme Law of "
+"the Land,' the perpetual rights which authors had, or were supposed by some "
+"to have, under the Common Law\" (emphasis added)."
msgstr ""
-"William w. crosskey, politikk og Grunnloven i historien av USA (london: "
-"cambridge university press, 1953), vol. 1, 48586: \"slukke [ing], ved "
+"William W. Crosskey, politikk og Grunnloven i historien av USA (London: "
+"Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1, 485–86: \"slukke [ing], ved "
"vanlig implikasjon av\"øverstkommanderende lov av land\", evigvarende "
"rettigheter som forfattere hadde eller skulle etter noen å ha, under felles "
"lov\" (vekt legges til)."
"the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English "
"had confronted in 1774. Many states had passed laws protecting creative "
"property, and some believed that these laws simply supplemented common law "
-"rights that already protected creative authorship.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This meant that there was no guaranteed public "
+"rights that already protected creative authorship.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This meant that there was no guaranteed public "
"domain in the United States in 1790. If copyrights were protected by the "
"common law, then there was no simple way to know whether a work published in "
"the United States was controlled or free. Just as in England, this lingering "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting "
"copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal "
"all English works expired, a federal statute meant that any state copyrights "
"expired as well."
msgstr ""
-"det usikkerheten endte etter congress passert lovgivning gi "
-"opphavsrettigheter. fordi føderal lov overstyrer lovverket strid tilstand, "
-"fortrenges føderale beskyttelser av opphavsrettslig beskyttet verk noen "
-"staten lov beskyttelse. akkurat som i england betydde Vedtektene for anne "
-"til slutt at opphavsretten for alle engelsk arbeider utløpt, en føderale "
-"vedtekter betydde at staten opphavsrettigheter utløpt også."
+"Det usikkerheten tok slutt da kongressen vedtok lovgivning som tildelte "
+"opphavsrettigheter. Da føderal lov overstyrer medlemsstatenes lov, "
+"fortrengte føderal beskyttelse av opphavsrettslig beskyttet verk noen staten "
+"lov beskyttelse. akkurat som i england betydde Vedtektene for anne til slutt "
+"at opphavsretten for alle engelsk arbeider utløpt, en føderale vedtekter "
+"betydde at staten opphavsrettigheter utløpt også."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal "
"copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was "
"opphavsretten for en annen fjorten år. Hvis han ikke fornye opphavsretten, "
"bestått hans arbeid i public domain."
-#. f9
+#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to "
"1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, A History of "
"Book Publishing in the United States, vol. 1, The Creation of an Industry, "
-"16301865 (New York: Bowker, 1972), 141. Of the 21,000 imprints recorded "
-"before 1790, only twelve were copyrighted under the 1790 act; William "
-"J. Maher, Copyright Term, Retrospective Extension and the Copyright Law of "
-"
1790 in Historical Context, 710 (2002), available at <ulink "
+"1630–1865 (New York: Bowker, 1972), 141. Of the 21,000 imprints "
+"recorded before 1790, only twelve were copyrighted under the 1790 act; "
+"William J. Maher, Copyright Term, Retrospective Extension and the Copyright "
+"
Law of 1790 in Historical Context, 7–10 (2002), available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #25</ulink>. Thus, the "
"overwhelming majority of works fell immediately into the public domain. Even "
"those works that were copyrighted fell into the public domain quickly, "
"because the term of copyright was short. The initial term of copyright was "
-"fourteen years, with the option of renewal for an additional fourteen "
-"years. Copyright Act of May 31, 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124."
+"fourteen years, with the option of renewal for an additional fourteen years. "
+"Copyright Act of May 31, 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten "
"years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered "
"under the federal copyright regime. Of all the work created in the United "
"States both before 1790 and from 1790 through 1800, 95 percent immediately "
"passed into the public domain; the balance would pass into the pubic domain "
-"within twenty-eight years at most, and more likely within fourteen "
-"
years.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"within twenty-eight years at most, and more likely within fourteen years."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+"Selv om det ble skapt mange verker i USA i de første 10 årene til "
+"republikken, så ble kun 5 prosent av verkene registrert under det føderale "
+"opphavsrettsregimet. Av alle verker skapt i USA både før 1790 og fra 1790 "
+"fram til 1800, så ble 95 prosent øyeblikkelig sluppet i det fri (public "
+"domain). Resten ble fritt tilgjengelig i løpet av maksimalt 20 år, og mest "
+"sansynlig i løpet av 14 år.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 145
+#. PAGE BREAK 145
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of "
"years, if it wasn't worth it to an author to renew his copyright, then it "
"wasn't worth it to society to insist on the copyright, either."
msgstr ""
-"Dette systemet fornyelse var en avgjørende del av det amerikanske systemet "
-"av opphavsrett. det sikret at maksimal vilkårene i copyright ville gis bare "
-"for arbeider der de ble ønsket. etter den første sikt av fjorten år, hvis "
-"det ikke var verdt det en forfatter å fornye sin opphavsrett, deretter det "
-"var ikke verdt det for samfunnet å insistere på opphavsretten, enten."
+"Dette fornyelsessystemet var en avgjørende del av det amerikanske systemet "
+"for opphavsrett. Det sikret at maksimal vernetid i opphavsretten bare ble "
+"gitt til verker der det var ønsket. Etter den første perioden på fjorten år, "
+"hvis forfatteren ikke så verdien av å fornye sin opphavsrett, var det heller "
+"ikke verdt det for samfunnet å håndheve opphavsretten."
-#. f10
+#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"York: Practicing Law Institute, 1963), 618. For a more recent and "
"comprehensive analysis, see William M. Landes and Richard A. Posner, "
"\"Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,\" University of Chicago Law Review 70 "
-"(2003): 471, 498501, and accompanying figures."
+"(2003): 471, 498–501, and accompanying figures."
msgstr ""
"noen rettighetshavere valgte noensinne å fornye sine opphavsrettigheter. for "
"eksempel av 25,006 opphavsretten registrert i 1883, ble bare 894 fornyet i "
"1910. for et år etter år analyse av opphavsrett fornyelse priser, kan du se "
-"barbara a. ringer, \"studere nr. 31: fornyelse av opphavsrett,\" studier "
-"på opphavsrett, vol. 1 (new york: praktisere loven institute, 1963), "
-"618. Hvis en nyere og omfattende analyse, se william m landes og richard "
-"en. Posner, \"på ubestemt tid fornybar copyright,\" university of "
-"chicago lov gå gjennom 70 (2003): 471, 498501 og tilhørende tallene."
+"barbara a. ringer, \"studere nr. 31: fornyelse av opphavsrett,\" studier på "
+"opphavsrett, vol. 1 (new york: praktisere loven institute, 1963), 618. Hvis "
+"en nyere og omfattende analyse, se william m landes og richard en. Posner, "
+"\"på ubestemt tid fornybar copyright,\" university of chicago lov gå gjennom "
+"70 (2003): 471, 498501 og tilhørende tallene."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of "
"copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of "
"them renewed their copyright after fourteen years; the balance allowed their "
-"work to pass into the public domain.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"work to pass into the public domain.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. f11
+#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2."
msgstr "se ringer, ch. 9, n. 2."
"happens, the used books are traded free of copyright regulation. Thus the "
"books are no longer effectively controlled by copyright. The only practical "
"commercial use of the books at that time is to sell the books as used books; "
-"that use--because it does not involve publication--is effectively free."
+"that use—because it does not involve publication—is effectively "
+"free."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was "
"changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to "
"av 14 år til 28 år, angi en maksimal periode på 56 år."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined "
"copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has "
"vilkårene i eksisterende opphavsrettigheter; to ganger i de førti år utvidet "
"Kongressen begrepet av fremtidige opphavsretten. i utgangspunktet var "
"utvidelser av eksisterende opphavsrettigheter kort, bare ett til to år. i "
-"1976 utvidet Kongressen alle eksisterende opphavsrettigheter av nitten "
-"år. og i 1998, i sonny bono opphavsrett begrepet forlengelse loven "
-"Kongressen utvidet begrepet av eksisterende og fremtidige opphavsretten av "
-"tjue år."
+"1976 utvidet Kongressen alle eksisterende opphavsrettigheter av nitten år. "
+"og i 1998, i sonny bono opphavsrett begrepet forlengelse loven Kongressen "
+"utvidet begrepet av eksisterende og fremtidige opphavsretten av tjue år."
-#. PAGE BREAK 146
+#. PAGE BREAK 146
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of "
"works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public "
"at allemannseie vil ha blitt kirkeklokkene for trettini fifty-fem år, eller "
"70 prosent av tiden siden 1962. i tjue år etter sonny bono loven, mens en "
"million patenter vil passere i den offentlige sfæren, vil dermed null "
-"opphavsrett passerer i public domain kraft av utløpet av en opphavsrett "
-"sikt."
+"opphavsrett passerer i public domain kraft av utløpet av en opphavsrett sikt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, "
-"little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers "
+"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, little-"
+"noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers "
"established a two-part copyright regime, requiring a copyright owner to "
"renew his copyright after an initial term. The requirement of renewal meant "
"that works that no longer needed copyright protection would pass more "
"domain. works gjenværende under beskyttelse vil være de som hadde noen "
"vedvarende kommersiell verdi."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works "
-"created after 1978, there was only one copyright term--the maximum term. For "
-"\"natural\" authors, that term was life plus fifty years. For corporations, "
-"the term was seventy-five years. Then, in 1992, Congress abandoned the "
-"renewal requirement for all works created before 1978. All works still under "
-"copyright would be accorded the maximum term then available. After the Sonny "
-"Bono Act, that term was ninety-five years."
+"created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum "
+"term. For \"natural\" authors, that term was life plus fifty years. For "
+"corporations, the term was seventy-five years. Then, in 1992, Congress "
+"abandoned the renewal requirement for all works created before 1978. All "
+"works still under copyright would be accorded the maximum term then "
+"available. After the Sonny Bono Act, that term was ninety-five years."
msgstr ""
"USA forlatt dette fornuftig systemet i 1976. for alle arbeider opprettet "
"etter 1978, var det bare en opphavsrett term--den maksimale betegnelsen. for "
"opphavsrett ville substansiell den maksimale betegnelsen deretter "
"tilgjengelig. etter sonny bono loven, at begrepet var fem og nitti år."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure "
"forsikre som fungerer som utnyttes ikke lenger sendes til public domain. og "
"faktisk, etter disse endringene, er det uklart om det er også mulig å sette "
"fungerer i public domain. public domain er foreldreløse av disse endringene "
-"i lov om opphavsrett. til tross for kravet om at vilkårene være "
-"\"begrenset\", har vi ingen bevis for at noe vil begrense dem."
+"i lov om opphavsrett. til tross for kravet om at vilkårene være \"begrenset"
+"\", har vi ingen bevis for at noe vil begrense dem."
+#. f12
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first "
"their copyright. That meant that the average term of copyright in 1973 was "
"just 32.2 years. Because of the elimination of the renewal requirement, the "
"average term of copyright is now the maximum term. In thirty years, then, "
-"the average term has tripled, from 32.2 years to 95 years.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"the average term has tripled, from 32.2 years to 95 years.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
msgid "Law: Scope"
-msgstr "loven: Virkeområde"
+msgstr "Loven: Virkeområde"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The \"scope\" of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law. The "
"necessarily bad. But we should understand the extent of the changes if we're "
"to keep this debate in context."
msgstr ""
-"\"område\" av en opphavsrett er området av rettigheter gitt av "
-"loven. omfanget av amerikanske copyright har endret seg dramatisk. disse "
-"endringene er ikke nødvendigvis dårlig. men vi bør forstå omfanget av "
-"endringene Hvis vi å holde denne debatten i sammenheng."
+"\"område\" av en opphavsrett er området av rettigheter gitt av loven. "
+"omfanget av amerikanske copyright har endret seg dramatisk. disse endringene "
+"er ikke nødvendigvis dårlig. men vi bør forstå omfanget av endringene Hvis "
+"vi å holde denne debatten i sammenheng."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only \"maps, charts, "
-"and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or "
-"architecture. More significantly, the right granted by a copyright gave the "
-"author the exclusive right to \"publish\" copyrighted works. That means "
-"someone else violated the copyright only if he republished the work without "
-"the copyright owner's permission. Finally, the right granted by a copyright "
-"was an exclusive right to that particular book. The right did not extend to "
-"what lawyers call \"derivative works.\" It would not, therefore, interfere "
-"with the right of someone other than the author to translate a copyrighted "
-"book, or to adapt the story to a different form (such as a drama based on a "
+"and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or architecture. "
+"More significantly, the right granted by a copyright gave the author the "
+"exclusive right to \"publish\" copyrighted works. That means someone else "
+"violated the copyright only if he republished the work without the copyright "
+"owner's permission. Finally, the right granted by a copyright was an "
+"exclusive right to that particular book. The right did not extend to what "
+"lawyers call \"derivative works.\" It would not, therefore, interfere with "
+"the right of someone other than the author to translate a copyrighted book, "
+"or to adapt the story to a different form (such as a drama based on a "
"published book)."
msgstr ""
"i 1790 var at omfanget svært smale. Copyright dekket bare \"kart, diagrammer "
"forfatteren eneretten til \"Publiser\" opphavsrettslig beskyttet verk. Det "
"betyr at noen andre har brutt opphavsretten bare hvis han har publisert "
"arbeid uten opphavsrett eierens tillatelse på nytt. Endelig, retten som er "
-"innvilget av en opphavsrett var en eksklusiv rett til den aktuelle "
-"boken. høyre ikke strekker seg til det advokater kaller \"avledede works.\" "
-"det vil ikke, derfor forstyrre retten av andre enn forfatteren å oversette "
-"en opphavsrettsbeskyttet bok, eller å tilpasse historien til et annet skjema "
+"innvilget av en opphavsrett var en eksklusiv rett til den aktuelle boken. "
+"høyre ikke strekker seg til det advokater kaller \"avledede works.\" det vil "
+"ikke, derfor forstyrre retten av andre enn forfatteren å oversette en "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet bok, eller å tilpasse historien til et annet skjema "
"(for eksempel et drama basert på en publiserte bok)."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today "
"kreativt arbeid, beskytter det kreative arbeidet mer forstand, og beskytter "
"verk som er basert på en betydelig måte på det første skapende arbeidet."
-#. PAGE BREAK 148
+#. PAGE BREAK 148
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"renewal requirement, for most of the history of American copyright law, "
"there was a requirement that a work be registered before it could receive "
"the protection of a copyright. There was also a requirement that any "
-"copyrighted work be marked either with that famous © or the word "
+"copyrighted work be marked either with that famous © or the word "
"copyright. And for most of the history of American copyright law, there was "
"a requirement that works be deposited with the government before a copyright "
"could be secured."
"opphavsretten som kan sikres."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding "
"that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten "
"copyrighted. Thus, the rule reflected the norm: Most works apparently didn't "
"need copyright, so registration narrowed the regulation of the law to the "
"few that did. The same reasoning justified the requirement that a work be "
-"marked as copyrighted--that way it was easy to know whether a copyright was "
-"being claimed. The requirement that works be deposited was to assure that "
-"after the copyright expired, there would be a copy of the work somewhere so "
-"that it could be copied by others without locating the original author."
+"marked as copyrighted—that way it was easy to know whether a copyright "
+"was being claimed. The requirement that works be deposited was to assure "
+"that after the copyright expired, there would be a copy of the work "
+"somewhere so that it could be copied by others without locating the original "
+"author."
msgstr ""
"årsaken til registreringskrav var fornuftig forståelsen om at for de fleste "
"arbeider, ingen opphavsrett var nødvendig. igjen, i de første ti årene av "
"All of these \"formalities\" were abolished in the American system when we "
"decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement that you "
"register a work to get a copyright; the copyright now is automatic; the "
-"copyright exists whether or not you mark your work with a ©; and the "
+"copyright exists whether or not you mark your work with a ©; and the "
"copyright exists whether or not you actually make a copy available for "
"others to copy."
msgstr ""
-"alle disse \"formaliteter\" ble avskaffet i det amerikanske systemet når "
-"vi besluttet å følge europeiske lov om opphavsrett. Det er ingen krav at du "
+"alle disse \"formaliteter\" ble avskaffet i det amerikanske systemet når vi "
+"besluttet å følge europeiske lov om opphavsrett. Det er ingen krav at du "
"registrerer et arbeid for å få en copyright; opphavsretten nå er automatisk; "
"opphavsretten finnes om du merker arbeidet med en ©; og opphavsretten finnes "
"om du faktisk lage en kopi tilgjengelig for andre å kopiere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences."
-msgstr "vurdere et praktisk eksempel å forstå omfanget av disse forskjellene."
+msgid ""
+"Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences."
+msgstr ""
+"Vurder et praktisk eksempel for å forstå omfanget av disse forskjellene."
-#. f13
+#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, \"Poets, Pirates, and the Creation of "
"American Literature,\" 29 New York University Journal of International Law "
"and Politics 255 (1997), and James Gilraeth, ed., Federal Copyright Records, "
-"17901800 (U.S. G.P.O., 1987)."
+"1790–1800 (U.S. G.P.O., 1987)."
msgstr ""
"se thomas bender og david sampliner, \"poeter, pirater og etableringen av "
-"amerikansk litteratur,\" 29 new york university journal of internasjonal "
-"lov og politikk 255 (1997), og james gilraeth, ed., føderale opphavsrett "
+"amerikansk litteratur,\" 29 new york university journal of internasjonal lov "
+"og politikk 255 (1997), og james gilraeth, ed., føderale opphavsrett "
"records, 17901800 (US g.p.o., 1987)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually "
"copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another "
-"publisher's taking your book and republishing it without your "
-"permission. The aim of the act was to regulate publishers so as to prevent "
-"that kind of unfair competition. In 1790, there were 174 publishers in the "
-"United States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Copyright Act "
-"was thus a tiny regulation of a tiny proportion of a tiny part of the "
-"creative market in the United States--publishers."
+"publisher's taking your book and republishing it without your permission. "
+"The aim of the act was to regulate publishers so as to prevent that kind of "
+"unfair competition. In 1790, there were 174 publishers in the United States."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Copyright Act was thus a tiny "
+"regulation of a tiny proportion of a tiny part of the creative market in the "
+"United States—publishers."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 149
+#. PAGE BREAK 149
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by "
"hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally "
"for hånd, igjen og igjen, som en måte å lære det ved hjertet, var min "
"gjerning helt unregulated av 1790 act. Hvis jeg tok romanen og gjorde en "
"spiller som er basert på det, eller hvis jeg har oversatt eller utdrag det, "
-"var ingen av disse aktivitetene regulert av opprinnelige copyright "
-"act. disse kreative aktivitetene forble gratis, mens aktivitetene til "
-"utgivere var behersket."
+"var ingen av disse aktivitetene regulert av opprinnelige copyright act. "
+"disse kreative aktivitetene forble gratis, mens aktivitetene til utgivere "
+"var behersket."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is "
"automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every "
"note to your spouse, every doodle, every creative act that's reduced to a "
-"tangible form--all of this is automatically copyrighted. There is no need "
-"to register or mark your work. The protection follows the creation, not the "
-"steps you take to protect it."
+"tangible form—all of this is automatically copyrighted. There is no "
+"need to register or mark your work. The protection follows the creation, not "
+"the steps you take to protect it."
msgstr ""
"i dag historien er svært forskjellige: Hvis du skriver en bok, boken er "
"automatisk beskyttet. faktisk, ikke bare i adresseboken. hver e-post, hver "
"ditt. beskyttelse følger etablering, ikke trinnene du ta for å beskytte den."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use "
"exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to "
"unntak) til å kontrollere hvordan andre kopierer arbeidet, om de kopiere den "
"til å publisere den på nytt, eller for å dele et utdrag."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control "
"andel av skrifter som er inspirert av dem."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, "
"though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was "
"spøk av opphavsretten, slik loven ble riktig utvidet til å omfatte disse små "
"endringer, så vel som ordrett opprinnelige arbeidet."
-#. f14
+#. f14
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, July/August 2003, "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free "
-"culture--at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law applies "
-"not just to the commercial publisher but to anyone with a computer. I "
-"understand the wrong in duplicating and selling someone else's work. But "
+"culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law "
+"applies not just to the commercial publisher but to anyone with a computer. "
+"I understand the wrong in duplicating and selling someone else's work. But "
"whatever that wrong is, transforming someone else's work is a different "
-"wrong. Some view transformation as no wrong at all--they believe that our "
-"law, as the framers penned it, should not protect derivative rights at "
+"wrong. Some view transformation as no wrong at all—they believe that "
+"our law, as the framers penned it, should not protect derivative rights at "
"all.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Whether or not you go that "
"far, it seems plain that whatever wrong is involved is fundamentally "
"different from the wrong of direct piracy."
msgstr ""
-#. f15
+#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the "
"First Amendment) between mere \"copies\" and derivative works. See Jed "
"Rubenfeld, \"The Freedom of Imagination: Copyright's Constitutionality,\" "
-"Yale Law Journal 112 (2002): 160 (see especially pp. 5359)."
+"Yale Law Journal 112 (2002): 1–60 (see especially pp. 53–59)."
msgstr ""
"professor rubenfeld har presentert en kraftig konstitusjonelle argument om "
"forskjellen som lov om opphavsrett bør trekke (fra perspektivet til den "
-"første endringen) bare \"Kopier\" og avledede produkter. se jed "
-"rubenfeld, \"ytringsfriheten fantasi: opphavsrett 's "
-"constitutionality,\" yale law journal 112 (2002): 160 (se spesielt "
-"s. 5359)."
+"første endringen) bare \"Kopier\" og avledede produkter. se jed rubenfeld, "
+"\"ytringsfriheten fantasi: opphavsrett 's constitutionality,\" yale law "
+"journal 112 (2002): 160 (se spesielt s. 5359)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can "
"go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to "
-"court and get an injunction against your transformative use of my "
-"book.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These two different uses of "
-"my creative work are treated the same."
+"court and get an injunction against your transformative use of my book."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These two different uses of my "
+"creative work are treated the same."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be "
"til å handle på verdien som disney opprinnelig opprettet?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the "
"derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to "
"at denne utvidelsen er en betydelig endring fra de opprinnelig rettighetene."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach"
msgstr "lov og arkitektur: nå"
+#. f16
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly "
-"regulates more than \"copies\"--a public performance of a copyrighted song, "
-"for example, is regulated even though performance per se doesn't make a "
-"copy; 17 United States Code, section 106(4). And it certainly sometimes "
+"regulates more than \"copies\"—a public performance of a copyrighted "
+"song, for example, is regulated even though performance per se doesn't make "
+"a copy; 17 United States Code, section 106(4). And it certainly sometimes "
"doesn't regulate a \"copy\"; 17 United States Code, section 112(a). But the "
"presumption under the existing law (which regulates \"copies;\" 17 United "
"States Code, section 102) is that if there is a copy, there is a right."
"Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in "
"copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and "
"authors. It regulates them because all three are capable of making copies, "
-"and the core of the regulation of copyright law is copies.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"and the core of the regulation of copyright law is copies.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 151
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for copyright law "
"med Internett, Kopier ikke bør være utløser for lov om opphavsrett. mer "
"presist, bør de ikke alltid være utløser for lov om opphavsrett."
-#. f17
+#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we "
"should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its "
"should at least force us to rethink the conditions under which the law of "
"copyright automatically applies,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
"because it is clear that the current reach of copyright was never "
-"contemplated, much less chosen, by the legislators who enacted copyright "
-"law."
+"contemplated, much less chosen, by the legislators who enacted copyright law."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty "
-"circle."
+"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty circle."
msgstr ""
-"Vi kan se dette punktet abstractly begynner med dette i stor grad tom "
-"sirkel."
+"Vi kan se dette punktet abstractly begynner med dette i stor grad tom sirkel."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1521.jpg\"></graphic>"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
+msgid "All potential uses of a book."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 152
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 152
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all "
"its potential uses. Most of these uses are unregulated by copyright law, "
"disse handlinger er regulert av lov om opphavsrett, fordi disse handlinger "
"ikke gjør en kopi."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1531.jpg\"></graphic>"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
+msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by "
"copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is "
"paradigmatic bruk riktig regulert av opphavsrett regulering (se første "
"diagrammet på neste side)."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that "
"Endelig er det en liten sliver i regulert Ellers kopierer bruker som forblir "
"unregulated fordi loven vurderer disse \"rimelig bruk\"."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1541.jpg\"></graphic>"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
+msgid ""
+"Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a "
+"copyrighted work."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as "
"slike \"fair bruker\" for offentlig politikk (og muligens first endring) "
"grunner."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
+msgid "Unregulated copying considered "fair uses.""
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1542.jpg\"></graphic>"
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
+msgid ""
+"Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively "
+"regulated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1551.jpg\"></graphic>"
-msgstr ""
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>"
+#. PAGE BREAK 154
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three "
"bruker som likevel anses \"rettferdig\" uavhengig av copyrighteieren "
"visninger."
+#. f18
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I don't mean \"nature\" in the sense that it couldn't be different, but "
"remain."
msgstr ""
"Jeg trenger ikke bety \"natur\" i den forstand at det kunne ikke være "
-"annerledes, men heller at sin nåværende objektforekomst innebærer en "
-"kopi. optisk nettverk ikke trenger lage kopier av innhold de overføre, og en "
+"annerledes, men heller at sin nåværende objektforekomst innebærer en kopi. "
+"optisk nettverk ikke trenger lage kopier av innhold de overføre, og en "
"digital network kan være utformet for å slette noe det kopierer slik at det "
"samme antallet kopier forblir."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"Enter the Internet--a distributed, digital network where every use of a "
+"Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a "
"copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
"And because of this single, arbitrary feature of the design of a digital "
"network, the scope of category 1 changes dramatically. Uses that before were "
"presumptively unregulated are now presumptively regulated. No longer is "
"there a set of presumptively unregulated uses that define a freedom "
"associated with a copyrighted work. Instead, each use is now subject to the "
-"copyright, because each use also makes a copy--category 1 gets sucked into "
-"category 2. And those who would defend the unregulated uses of copyrighted "
-"work must look exclusively to category 3, fair uses, to bear the burden of "
-"this shift."
+"copyright, because each use also makes a copy—category 1 gets sucked "
+"into category 2. And those who would defend the unregulated uses of "
+"copyrighted work must look exclusively to category 3, fair uses, to bear the "
+"burden of this shift."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 155
+#. PAGE BREAK 155
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the "
"Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no "
"plausible copyright-related argument that the copyright owner could make to "
"control that use of her book. Copyright law would have nothing to say about "
"whether you read the book once, ten times, or every night before you went to "
-"bed. None of those instances of use--reading-- could be regulated by "
-"copyright law because none of those uses produced a copy."
+"bed. None of those instances of use—reading— could be regulated "
+"by copyright law because none of those uses produced a copy."
msgstr ""
"så la oss være svært spesifikke å gjøre herfra Generelt og fjerner. før "
"Internett, hvis du kjøpte en bok og Les det ti ganger, ville det ikke "
"reguleres av lov om opphavsrett, fordi ingen av de bruker produsert en kopi."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of "
"rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or "
"fifth time, you are making a copy of the book contrary to the copyright "
"owner's wish."
msgstr ""
-"men den samme bok som en e-bok styres effektivt av et annet sett med "
-"regler. nå hvis eieren av opphavsretten sier du kan lese boken bare én gang, "
-"eller bare en gang i måneden, så lov om opphavsrett skulle hjelpe eieren av "
+"men den samme bok som en e-bok styres effektivt av et annet sett med regler. "
+"nå hvis eieren av opphavsretten sier du kan lese boken bare én gang, eller "
+"bare en gang i måneden, så lov om opphavsrett skulle hjelpe eieren av "
"opphavsretten i utøvelse slik grad av kontroll, på grunn av funksjonen "
-"tilfeldig i lov om opphavsrett som utløser sin søknad på det å være en "
-"kopi. nå hvis du lese boken ti ganger, og lisensen sier du kan lese det bare "
-"fem ganger, deretter hver gang du leser boken (eller deler av det) utover "
-"den femte tid, gjør du en kopi av boken i strid med opphavsrett eierens "
-"ønske."
+"tilfeldig i lov om opphavsrett som utløser sin søknad på det å være en kopi. "
+"nå hvis du lese boken ti ganger, og lisensen sier du kan lese det bare fem "
+"ganger, deretter hver gang du leser boken (eller deler av det) utover den "
+"femte tid, gjør du en kopi av boken i strid med opphavsrett eierens ønske."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is "
"not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make "
"punkter også klar:"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever "
"intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively "
"policy her for å skifte. unregulated bruker var en viktig del av fri kultur "
"før Internett."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative "
"piratkopiering. men loven nå hensikt å regulere alle transformasjoner som du "
"gjør i skapende arbeid ved hjelp av en maskin. \"Kopier og Lim inn\" og "
"\"klippe og lime\" bli forbrytelser. fiksing og triksing med en historie og "
-"slippe det til andre viser til tinkerer å minst et krav for "
-"justering. troubling utvidelse med hensyn til kopiere et bestemt arbeid, men "
-"det er svært troubling med hensyn til transformative bruk av skapende "
-"arbeid."
+"slippe det til andre viser til tinkerer å minst et krav for justering. "
+"troubling utvidelse med hensyn til kopiere et bestemt arbeid, men det er "
+"svært troubling med hensyn til transformative bruk av skapende arbeid."
+#. PAGE BREAK 156
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden "
"on category 3 (\"fair use\") that fair use never before had to bear. If a "
-"copyright owner now tried to control how many times I could read a book "
-"on-line, the natural response would be to argue that this is a violation of "
-"my fair use rights. But there has never been any litigation about whether I "
+"copyright owner now tried to control how many times I could read a book on-"
+"line, the natural response would be to argue that this is a violation of my "
+"fair use rights. But there has never been any litigation about whether I "
"have a fair use right to read, because before the Internet, reading did not "
"trigger the application of copyright law and hence the need for a fair use "
"defense. The right to read was effectively protected before because reading "
"beskyttet før fordi lesing ikke ble regulert."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free "
"culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair "
-"use--never even addressing the earlier question about the expansion in "
+"use—never even addressing the earlier question about the expansion in "
"effective regulation. A thin protection grounded in fair use makes sense "
"when the vast majority of uses are unregulated. But when everything becomes "
"presumptively regulated, then the protections of fair use are not enough."
"store flertallet av bruker er unregulated. men når alt blir presumptively "
"regulert, deretter beskyttelse av fair use er ikke nok."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the "
"business of making \"trailer\" advertisements for movies available to video "
-"stores. The video stores displayed the trailers as a way to sell "
-"videos. Video Pipeline got the trailers from the film distributors, put the "
-"trailers on tape, and sold the tapes to the retail stores."
+"stores. The video stores displayed the trailers as a way to sell videos. "
+"Video Pipeline got the trailers from the film distributors, put the trailers "
+"on tape, and sold the tapes to the retail stores."
msgstr ""
"tilfelle av video rørledning er et godt eksempel. video rørledningen var i "
"bransjen for å gjøre \"trailer\" reklame for filmer tilgjengelig til video "
-"butikker. video butikkene vises tilhengere som en måte å selge "
-"videoer. video rørledningen fikk tilhengere fra trevare, sette tilhengere på "
-"bånd, og solgt kassetter til selge i detalj butikker."
+"butikker. video butikkene vises tilhengere som en måte å selge videoer. "
+"video rørledningen fikk tilhengere fra trevare, sette tilhengere på bånd, og "
+"solgt kassetter til selge i detalj butikker."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to "
"bokhandel du kan lese noen få sider av en bok før du kjøper boken, så, du "
"vil også kunne smake litt fra filmen on-line før du kjøpte den."
+#. PAGE BREAK 157
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it "
"intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than "
"sending the tapes) to distributors of their videos. Two years later, Disney "
"told Video Pipeline to stop. The owner of Video Pipeline asked Disney to "
-"talk about the matter--he had built a business on distributing this content "
-"as a way to help sell Disney films; he had customers who depended upon his "
-"delivering this content. Disney would agree to talk only if Video Pipeline "
-"stopped the distribution immediately. Video Pipeline thought it was within "
-"their \"fair use\" rights to distribute the clips as they had. So they filed "
-"a lawsuit to ask the court to declare that these rights were in fact their "
-"rights."
+"talk about the matter—he had built a business on distributing this "
+"content as a way to help sell Disney films; he had customers who depended "
+"upon his delivering this content. Disney would agree to talk only if Video "
+"Pipeline stopped the distribution immediately. Video Pipeline thought it "
+"was within their \"fair use\" rights to distribute the clips as they had. So "
+"they filed a lawsuit to ask the court to declare that these rights were in "
+"fact their rights."
msgstr ""
"i 1998 informert video rørledningen disney og andre trevare at det ment å "
"distribuere tilhengere gjennom Internett (i stedet for å sende båndene) til "
"de hadde. så de anlagt en sak å be retten å erklære at disse rettighetene "
"var faktisk sine rettigheter."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Disney countersued--for $100 million in damages. Those damages were "
+"Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were "
"predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had \"willfully infringed\" on "
"Disney's copyright. When a court makes a finding of willful infringement, it "
"can award damages not on the basis of the actual harm to the copyright "
"video rørledning for $100 millioner."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video "
"stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be "
"vise titlene på filmene de solgte, men de var ikke lov til å vise klipp av "
"filmer som en måte å selge dem uten disney's tillatelse."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would "
"kontroll en bruk på Internett. teknologien utvider omfanget av effektiv "
"kontroll, fordi teknologien bygger en kopi til hver transaksjon."
-#. PAGE BREAK 158
+#. PAGE BREAK 158
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control "
"is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you "
msgstr ""
"ingen tvil, et potensial er ikke et misbruk, og så potensialet for kontroll "
"er ikke ennå misbruk av kontroll. Barnes & noble har rett til å si du "
-"ikke røre en bok i deres store; opphavsrettslovgivningen gir dem det "
-"riktig. men markedet beskytter effektivt mot at misbruk. Hvis barnes & "
-"noble utestengt surfing, vil deretter forbrukere velge andre "
-"bokhandlere. konkurranse beskytter mot ytterpunktene. og det kan godt være "
-"(mitt argument så langt ikke selv spørsmålet dette) at konkurransen ville "
-"hindre noen lignende fare når det gjelder opphavsrett. sikker, kan utgivere "
-"utøve rettigheter som forfattere har tildelt dem prøver å regulere hvor "
-"mange ganger du leser en bok, eller prøv å opphøre du fra deler av boken med "
-"noen. men i et konkurranseutsatt marked som bok-markedet, farene ved dette "
-"skjer er ganske liten."
+"ikke røre en bok i deres store; opphavsrettslovgivningen gir dem det riktig. "
+"men markedet beskytter effektivt mot at misbruk. Hvis barnes & noble "
+"utestengt surfing, vil deretter forbrukere velge andre bokhandlere. "
+"konkurranse beskytter mot ytterpunktene. og det kan godt være (mitt argument "
+"så langt ikke selv spørsmålet dette) at konkurransen ville hindre noen "
+"lignende fare når det gjelder opphavsrett. sikker, kan utgivere utøve "
+"rettigheter som forfattere har tildelt dem prøver å regulere hvor mange "
+"ganger du leser en bok, eller prøv å opphøre du fra deler av boken med noen. "
+"men i et konkurranseutsatt marked som bok-markedet, farene ved dette skjer "
+"er ganske liten."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed "
"architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of "
"er en oppskrift på katastrofe i enkelte sammenhenger."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Architecture and Law: Force"
msgstr "arkitektur og lov: tvinge"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second "
-"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its "
-"significance. This second change does not affect the reach of copyright "
-"regulation; it affects how such regulation is enforced."
+"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its significance. "
+"This second change does not affect the reach of copyright regulation; it "
+"affects how such regulation is enforced."
msgstr ""
"forsvinningen av unregulated bruker ville være endre nok, men andre viktige "
"endringer forårsaket av Internett øker sin betydning. denne andre endringen "
"slike regulering fremtvinges."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that "
"controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, "
"tradisjonen med loven og cognizant av saldoer som tradisjon omfavnet, som sa "
"om og hvordan loven ville begrense friheten."
-#. f19
+#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary "
-"Problems 44 (1981): 17273."
+"Problems 44 (1981): 172–73."
msgstr ""
"se david lange, \"erkjenner allemannseie,\" lov og moderne problemer 44 "
"(1981): 17273."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner "
"Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of Casablanca. Warner "
"that there would be serious legal consequences if they went forward with "
"their plan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+"Det er en berømt historie om en kamp mellom Marx-brødrene (the Marx "
+"Brothers) og Warner Brothers. Marx-brødrene planla å lage en parodi av "
+"Casablanca. Warner Brothers protesterte. De skrev et ufint brev til Marx-"
+"brødrene og advarte dem om at det ville bli seriøse juridiske konsekvenser "
+"hvis de gikk videre med sin plan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. f20
+#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
-msgid "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 13."
-msgstr "ibid. se også vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 13."
+msgid "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3."
+msgstr "Ibid. Se også Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers "
"that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder "
"brothers, and if Warner Brothers insisted on trying to control Casablanca, "
"then the Marx Brothers would insist on control over brothers."
msgstr ""
+"Dette fikk Marx-brødrene til å svare tilbake med samme mynt. De advarte "
+"Warner Brothers om at Marx-brødrene \"var brødre lenge før dere var det."
+"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Marx-brødrene eide derfor ordet "
+"Brothers, og hvis Warner Brothers insisterte på å forsøke å kontrollere "
+"Casablanca, så ville Marx-brødrene insistere på kontroll over Brothers."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the "
-"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly "
-"claim. This extremism was irrelevant to the real freedoms anyone (including "
-"Warner Brothers) enjoyed."
+"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly claim. "
+"This extremism was irrelevant to the real freedoms anyone (including Warner "
+"Brothers) enjoyed."
msgstr ""
-"en absurd og hul trussel, selvfølgelig, fordi warner brothers, the marx "
-"brothers, visste at ingen domstol ville noensinne håndheve slikt dumt "
-"krav. Denne ekstremisme var irrelevant for ekte friheter nytes alle "
-"(inkludert warner brothers)."
+"En absurd og hul trussel, selvfølgelig, fordi Warner Brothers, på samme måte "
+"som Marx-brødrene, visste at ingen domstol noensinne ville håndheve et slikt "
+"dumt krav. Denne ekstremismen var irrelevant for de ekte friheter som alle "
+"(inkludert Warner Brothers) nøt godt av."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the "
"Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: "
"is that, unlike law, code has no shame. Code would not get the humor of the "
"Marx Brothers. The consequence of that is not at all funny."
msgstr ""
-"på Internett, men det er ingen kontroll av dum regler, fordi på Internett, i "
-"økende grad regler gjelder ikke av et menneske, men av en maskin: i økende "
-"grad reglene om opphavsrett, som tolkes av eieren av opphavsretten få "
-"innebygd i teknologien som leverer opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold. Det er "
-"koden, i stedet for loven, at reglene. og problemet med koden forskrifter er "
-"at, i motsetning til loven, koden har ingen skam. koden ville ikke få humor "
-"av the marx brothers. konsekvensen av dette er overhodet ikke morsomt."
+"På Internett, er det derimot ingen kontroll mot dum regler, fordi på "
+"Internett, i økende grad, blir regler ikke håndhevet av et menneske, men av "
+"en maskin: i økende grad reglene om opphavsrett, som tolkes av eieren av "
+"opphavsretten få innebygd i teknologien som leverer opphavsrettsbeskyttet "
+"innhold. Det er koden, i stedet for loven, at reglene. og problemet med "
+"koden forskrifter er at, i motsetning til loven, koden har ingen skam. koden "
+"ville ikke få humor av the marx brothers. Konsekvensen av dette er overhodet "
+"ikke morsomt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr "vurdere livet av min adobe eBok-leser."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a "
"book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that "
"innholdet ved hjelp av teknologien."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader."
-msgstr "på neste er siden et bilde av en gammel versjon av min adobe eBok-leser."
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader."
+msgstr ""
+"på neste er siden et bilde av en gammel versjon av min adobe eBok-leser."
-#. PAGE BREAK 160
+#. PAGE BREAK 160
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book "
"library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: "
"on my e-book copy of Middlemarch, you'll see a fancy cover, and then a "
"button at the bottom called Permissions."
msgstr ""
-"som du ser, har jeg en liten samling av e-bøker i denne e-boken "
-"biblioteket. noen av disse bøkene reprodusere innholdet i public domain: "
-"middlemarch, er for eksempel i public domain. noen av dem reprodusere "
-"innhold som ikke er allemannseie: min egen bok fremtiden for ideer er ennå "
-"ikke i public domain. vurdere middlemarch først. Hvis du klikker på min "
-"e-bok-kopi av middlemarch, vil du se en fancy cover og deretter en knapp på "
-"bunnen kalt tillatelser."
+"som du ser, har jeg en liten samling av e-bøker i denne e-boken biblioteket. "
+"noen av disse bøkene reprodusere innholdet i public domain: middlemarch, er "
+"for eksempel i public domain. noen av dem reprodusere innhold som ikke er "
+"allemannseie: min egen bok fremtiden for ideer er ennå ikke i public domain. "
+"vurdere middlemarch først. Hvis du klikker på min e-bok-kopi av middlemarch, "
+"vil du se en fancy cover og deretter en knapp på bunnen kalt tillatelser."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
-msgid "Acrobat eBook Reader"
-msgstr "Acrobat eBok-leser"
+msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader"
+msgstr "Bilde av en gammel versjon av Adobe eBook Reader."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1611.jpg\"></graphic>"
-msgstr ""
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions "
"that the publisher purports to grant with this book."
"Hvis du klikker på knappen tillatelser, ser du en liste over tillatelsene "
"som utgiveren hensikt å gi med denne boken."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1612.jpg\"></graphic>"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant."
msgstr ""
+"Hvis du klikker på knappen tillatelser, ser du en liste over tillatelsene "
+"som utgiveren hensikt å gi med denne boken."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 161
+#. PAGE BREAK 161
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard "
"of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no "
"for å høre middlemarch lest høyt gjennom datamaskinen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the "
"translation): Aristotle's Politics."
"Her er e-bok for et annet arbeid i den offentlige sfæren (inkludert "
"oversettelse): Aristoteles politikk."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1621.jpg\"></graphic>"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
+msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s "Politics""
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at "
-"all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book."
+"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at all. "
+"But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book."
msgstr ""
"i henhold til tillatelsene, ingen utskrift eller kopiering er tillatt i det "
"hele tatt. men heldigvis kan du bruke lese høyt knappen for å høre boken."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
+msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s "Politics"."
+msgstr "Liste med tillatelser for Aristotles "Politics"."
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1622.jpg\"></graphic>"
-msgstr ""
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original "
"e-book version of my last book, The Future of Ideas:"
"Endelig (og mest embarrassingly), her er du tillatelsene for den "
"opprinnelige e-bok-versjonen av boken min siste, fremtiden for ideer:"
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1631.jpg\"></graphic>"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
+msgid "List of the permissions for "The Future of Ideas"."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!"
msgstr ""
-"ingen kopiering, ingen utskrift, og ikke våger du prøver å lytte til denne "
-"boken!"
+"Ingen kopiering, ingen utskrift, og våg ikke å prøve å lytte til denne boken!"
-#. f21
+#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for "
"example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"-- as if the "
-"publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For works under "
-"copyright, the copyright owner certainly does have the power--up to the "
-"limits of the copyright law. But for work not under copyright, there is no "
-"such copyright power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> When my "
-"e-book of Middlemarch says I have the permission to copy only ten text "
-"selections into the memory every ten days, what that really means is that "
-"the eBook Reader has enabled the publisher to control how I use the book on "
-"my computer, far beyond the control that the law would enable."
+"Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"— as "
+"if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For "
+"works under copyright, the copyright owner certainly does have the "
+"power—up to the limits of the copyright law. But for work not under "
+"copyright, there is no such copyright power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> When my e-book of Middlemarch says I have the permission to copy "
+"only ten text selections into the memory every ten days, what that really "
+"means is that the eBook Reader has enabled the publisher to control how I "
+"use the book on my computer, far beyond the control that the law would "
+"enable."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"The control comes instead from the code--from the technology within which "
-"the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are permissions, "
-"they are not the sort of \"permissions\" that most of us deal with. When a "
-"teenager gets \"permission\" to stay out till midnight, she knows (unless "
-"she's Cinderella) that she can stay out till 2 A.M., but will suffer a "
-"punishment if she's caught. But when the Adobe eBook Reader says I have the "
-"permission to make ten copies of the text into the computer's memory, that "
-"means that after I've made ten copies, the computer will not make any "
-"more. The same with the printing restrictions: After ten pages, the eBook "
-"Reader will not print any more pages. It's the same with the silly "
+"The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within "
+"which the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are "
+"permissions, they are not the sort of \"permissions\" that most of us deal "
+"with. When a teenager gets \"permission\" to stay out till midnight, she "
+"knows (unless she's Cinderella) that she can stay out till 2 A.M., but will "
+"suffer a punishment if she's caught. But when the Adobe eBook Reader says I "
+"have the permission to make ten copies of the text into the computer's "
+"memory, that means that after I've made ten copies, the computer will not "
+"make any more. The same with the printing restrictions: After ten pages, the "
+"eBook Reader will not print any more pages. It's the same with the silly "
"restriction that says that you can't use the Read Aloud button to read my "
-"book aloud--it's not that the company will sue you if you do; instead, if "
-"you push the Read Aloud button with my book, the machine simply won't read "
-"aloud."
-msgstr ""
-"kontrollen kommer i stedet fra koden--fra teknologi som e-bok \"liv.\" om "
-"e-boken sier at disse er tillatelsene, de er ikke typen \"tillatelser\" som "
-"de fleste av oss håndtere. Når en tenåring blir \"tillatelse\" til å være "
-"ute til midnatt, vet hun (med mindre hun er cinderella) at hun kan være ute "
-"til 2 am, men vil lide en straff hvis hun er fanget. men når adobe eBok "
-"reader sier jeg har tillatelse til å lage ti Kopier teksten inn i "
-"datamaskinens minne, som betyr at etter at jeg har gjort ti eksemplarer, "
-"datamaskinen ikke vil gjøre noe mer. det samme med utskrift begrensninger: "
-"eBok-leser ikke skrives ut flere sider etter ti sider. Det er det samme med "
-"dum størrelsesbegrensningen som sier at du ikke kan bruke lese høyt knappen "
-"til å lese boken min høyt--det er ikke at selskapet vil saksøke deg hvis du "
+"book aloud—it's not that the company will sue you if you do; instead, "
+"if you push the Read Aloud button with my book, the machine simply won't "
+"read aloud."
+msgstr ""
+"kontrollen kommer i stedet fra koden--fra teknologi som e-bok \"liv.\" om e-"
+"boken sier at disse er tillatelsene, de er ikke typen \"tillatelser\" som de "
+"fleste av oss håndtere. Når en tenåring blir \"tillatelse\" til å være ute "
+"til midnatt, vet hun (med mindre hun er cinderella) at hun kan være ute til "
+"2 am, men vil lide en straff hvis hun er fanget. men når adobe eBok reader "
+"sier jeg har tillatelse til å lage ti Kopier teksten inn i datamaskinens "
+"minne, som betyr at etter at jeg har gjort ti eksemplarer, datamaskinen ikke "
+"vil gjøre noe mer. det samme med utskrift begrensninger: eBok-leser ikke "
+"skrives ut flere sider etter ti sider. Det er det samme med dum "
+"størrelsesbegrensningen som sier at du ikke kan bruke lese høyt knappen til "
+"å lese boken min høyt--det er ikke at selskapet vil saksøke deg hvis du "
"gjør; i stedet, hvis du presse lese høyt knappen med min bok, maskinen bare "
"vil ikke lese høyt."
+#. PAGE BREAK 163
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These are controls, not permissions. Imagine a world where the Marx Brothers "
-"sold word processing software that, when you tried to type \"Warner "
-"Brothers,\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence."
+"sold word processing software that, when you tried to type \"Warner Brothers,"
+"\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence."
msgstr ""
"Dette er kontroller, ikke tillatelser. Forestill deg en verden der marx "
"brødrene solgte tekstbehandling programvare som, da du prøvde å skrive inn "
"\"warner brothers,\" slettet \"brødre\" fra setningen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright law as copyright "
"code. The controls over access to content will not be controls that are "
"innebygde kontroller."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls "
"built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that "
"være trivielt å beseire slik beskyttelse også?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook "
"Reader."
msgstr ""
-"Vi har bare riper i overflaten av denne historien. gå tilbake til adobe "
-"eBok-leser."
+"Vi har bare riper i overflaten av denne historien. gå tilbake til adobe eBok-"
+"leser."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public "
"relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the "
"in wonderland. denne fantastiske boken er offentlig tilgjengelig. ennå når "
"du klikket på tillatelser for boken, fikk du det fulgte rapporten:"
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1641.jpg\"></graphic>"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
+msgid ""
+"List of the permissions for "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 164
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, "
"\"lese høyt\"!"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the "
"text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; "
"syntes å si mildt, absurd."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to "
"restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting "
"ingen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative "
"companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with "
"kontrollen. dette insentiv er forståelig, men hva som skaper er ofte gal."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story "
"of mine that makes the same point."
"Hvis du vil se punktet i en spesielt absurd sammenheng, bør du vurdere en "
"favoritt historien om mine som gjør det samme punktet."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Aibo robotic dog"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns "
"cuddles, og følger deg. det spiser bare elektrisitet og som ikke la så mye "
"av et rot (i det minste i huset)."
-#. PAGE BREAK 165
+#. PAGE BREAK 165
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up "
"clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable "
"informasjon om hvordan du lære en aibo å gjøre triks i tillegg til de sony "
"hadde lært det på det området."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You "
"\"lære\" har her en spesiell betydning. aibos er bare søt datamaskiner. du "
"lære en datamaskin hvor å gjøre noe ved programmering det annerledes. så å "
"si at aibopet.com var å gi informasjon om hvordan du lære hunden å gjøre nye "
-"triks er bare å si at aibopet.com var å gi informasjon til brukere av "
-"aibo-pet om hvordan å hacke datamaskinen \"hund\" slik at den gjør nye triks "
+"triks er bare å si at aibopet.com var å gi informasjon til brukere av aibo-"
+"pet om hvordan å hacke datamaskinen \"hund\" slik at den gjør nye triks "
"(derfor aibohack.com)."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word hack has "
-"a particularly unfriendly connotation. Nonprogrammers hack bushes or "
-"weeds. Nonprogrammers in horror movies do even worse. But to programmers, or "
+"a particularly unfriendly connotation. Nonprogrammers hack bushes or weeds. "
+"Nonprogrammers in horror movies do even worse. But to programmers, or "
"coders, as I call them, hack is a much more positive term. Hack just means "
"code that enables the program to do something it wasn't originally intended "
"or enabled to do. If you buy a new printer for an old computer, you might "
"kjøper en ny skriver for en gammel datamaskin, kan du finne den gamle "
"datamaskinen ikke kjører, eller \"drive\", skriveren. Hvis du oppdaget at, "
"vil du senere gjerne til å oppdage en hack på nettet av noen som har skrevet "
-"en driver for å aktivere datamaskinen til å kjøre skriveren du nettopp "
-"kjøpt."
+"en driver for å aktivere datamaskinen til å kjøre skriveren du nettopp kjøpt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like "
-"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult "
-"tasks. There's a certain respect that goes with the talent to hack "
-"well. There's a well-deserved respect that goes with the talent to hack "
-"ethically."
+"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult tasks. "
+"There's a certain respect that goes with the talent to hack well. There's a "
+"well-deserved respect that goes with the talent to hack ethically."
msgstr ""
"noen hacks er lett. noen er utrolig vanskelig. hackere som et fellesskap "
"liker å utfordre seg selv og andre med stadig vanskeligere oppgaver. Det er "
"respekt som går med talent å hacke etisk."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and "
-"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance "
-"jazz. The dog wasn't programmed to dance jazz. It was a clever bit of "
-"tinkering that turned the dog into a more talented creature than Sony had "
-"built."
+"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance jazz. "
+"The dog wasn't programmed to dance jazz. It was a clever bit of tinkering "
+"that turned the dog into a more talented creature than Sony had built."
msgstr ""
"fan aibo var vise litt av begge når han hacket programmet og tilbød å verden "
"litt kode som ville gjøre det mulig for aibo å danse jazz. hunden var ikke "
"programmert å danse jazz. Det var en smart bit av fiksing og triksing som "
"forvandlet hunden til en mer talentfull skapning enn sony hadde bygget."
-#. PAGE BREAK 166
+#. PAGE BREAK 166
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United "
"States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it "
"that the owner of aibopet.com thought, What possible problem could there be "
"with teaching a robot dog to dance?"
msgstr ""
-"Jeg har fortalt denne historien i mange sammenhenger, både i og utenfor "
-"USA. Når jeg ble spurt av en rådvill medlem av publikum, er det tillatt for "
-"en hunden å danse jazz i USA? Vi glemmer at artikler om backcountry "
-"fremdeles flyter gjennom store deler av verden. så la oss være klare før vi "
-"fortsetter: det er ikke en forbrytelse hvor som helst (lenger) å danse "
-"jazz. heller ikke er det en forbrytelse å lære din hunden å danse "
-"jazz. heller ikke bør det være en forbrytelse (selv om vi ikke har mye å gå "
-"på her) å lære hunden din robot å danse jazz. dans jazz er en helt lovlig "
-"aktivitet. en bilder at eieren av aibopet.com trodde, hva et mulig problem "
-"kan det være med undervisning en robot hunden å danse?"
+"Jeg har fortalt denne historien i mange sammenhenger, både i og utenfor USA. "
+"Når jeg ble spurt av en rådvill medlem av publikum, er det tillatt for en "
+"hunden å danse jazz i USA? Vi glemmer at artikler om backcountry fremdeles "
+"flyter gjennom store deler av verden. så la oss være klare før vi "
+"fortsetter: det er ikke en forbrytelse hvor som helst (lenger) å danse jazz. "
+"heller ikke er det en forbrytelse å lære din hunden å danse jazz. heller "
+"ikke bør det være en forbrytelse (selv om vi ikke har mye å gå på her) å "
+"lære hunden din robot å danse jazz. dans jazz er en helt lovlig aktivitet. "
+"en bilder at eieren av aibopet.com trodde, hva et mulig problem kan det være "
+"med undervisning en robot hunden å danse?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show-- not "
+"Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not "
"literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed "
"Felten prepared for a conference. This Princeton academic is well known and "
"respected. He was hired by the government in the Microsoft case to test "
-"Microsoft's claims about what could and could not be done with its own "
-"code. In that trial, he demonstrated both his brilliance and his "
-"coolness. Under heavy badgering by Microsoft lawyers, Ed Felten stood his "
-"ground. He was not about to be bullied into being silent about something he "
-"knew very well."
+"Microsoft's claims about what could and could not be done with its own code. "
+"In that trial, he demonstrated both his brilliance and his coolness. Under "
+"heavy badgering by Microsoft lawyers, Ed Felten stood his ground. He was not "
+"about to be bullied into being silent about something he knew very well."
msgstr ""
"La oss sette hunden å sove litt, og slå til en ponni Vis--ikke bokstavelig "
"talt en ponni show, men heller et papir som en princeton akademiske kalt ed "
"badgering av microsoft advokater, ed felten stått sin bakken. Han var ikke "
"om å bli mobba til å være stille om noe han visste godt."
-#. f22
+#. f22
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a "
-"paper to be submitted at conference. The paper was intended to describe the "
+"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a paper "
+"to be submitted at conference. The paper was intended to describe the "
"weakness in an encryption system being developed by the Secure Digital Music "
"Initiative as a technique to control the distribution of music."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to "
"stole på systemet av Internett mye mer."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In "
"exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of "
"var contestants å prøve å sprekk det, og hvis de gjorde, kan du rapportere "
"problemer til konsortiet."
-#. PAGE BREAK 167
+#. PAGE BREAK 167
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the "
"team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems "
"de som studerer kryptering."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United "
-"States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just "
-"because it is the law, but also because it is a really great idea. A "
-"strongly protected tradition of free speech is likely to encourage a wide "
-"range of criticism. That criticism is likely, in turn, to improve the "
-"systems or people or ideas criticized."
+"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United States. "
+"We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just because "
+"it is the law, but also because it is a really great idea. A strongly "
+"protected tradition of free speech is likely to encourage a wide range of "
+"criticism. That criticism is likely, in turn, to improve the systems or "
+"people or ideas criticized."
msgstr ""
"La oss vurdere bare hva felten gjorde. igjen, dette er USA. Vi har et "
"prinsipp for ytringsfrihet. Vi har dette prinsippet ikke bare fordi det er "
"eller personer eller ideer kritisert."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing "
"the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or "
"ville ikke, så dag konstituert, lykkes."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then "
"received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com "
"hack. Though a jazz-dancing dog is perfectly legal, Sony wrote:"
msgstr ""
"Hva kobler disse to, aibopet.com og felten, er bokstavene de deretter "
-"mottatt. aibopet.com mottatt et brev fra sony om det aibopet.com "
-"banalisere. Selv om en jazz-dans hunden er helt lovlig, skrev sony:"
+"mottatt. aibopet.com mottatt et brev fra sony om det aibopet.com banalisere. "
+"Selv om en jazz-dans hunden er helt lovlig, skrev sony:"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's "
"copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention "
"digital millennium copyright act."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of "
"encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an "
"bør også være helt lovlig, felten mottatt et brev fra en riaa advokat som "
"lese:"
+#. PAGE BREAK 168
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public "
"millennium copyright act (\"dmca\")."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread "
"of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such "
"slik informasjon en krenkelser."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about "
"cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the "
"response was to find technologies that might compensate. These new "
-"technologies would be copyright protection technologies-- technologies to "
-"control the replication and distribution of copyrighted material. They were "
-"designed as code to modify the original code of the Internet, to reestablish "
-"some protection for copyright owners."
+"technologies would be copyright protection technologies— technologies "
+"to control the replication and distribution of copyrighted material. They "
+"were designed as code to modify the original code of the Internet, to "
+"reestablish some protection for copyright owners."
msgstr ""
"dmca ble vedtatt som en reaksjon på opphavsrett eiernes første frykt om "
"cyberspace. frykt var at opphavsrett kontroll var effektivt død; svaret var "
"gjenopprette noe beskyttelse for eiere av opphavsretter."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code "
"designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, legal code "
"selv var ment å støtte Juridisk Lisenstekst av opphavsrett."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the "
"extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at "
"utformet for å forby disse enheter, om bruk av opphavsrettslig materiale "
"gjort mulig ved at omgåelse ville ha vært et brudd på opphavsretten."
-#. PAGE BREAK 169
+#. PAGE BREAK 169
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a "
"copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance "
"aktivering omfattet uten tvil bruk av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. men "
"som aibopet.com's området var ikke-kommersielt, og bruk ikke aktiverte "
"etterfølgende opphavsrett infringements, er det ingen tvil om at aibopet.com "
-"banalisere var rettferdig bruk av Sonys opphavsrettsbeskyttet "
-"materiale. rettferdig bruk er ennå ikke krenkelser av dmca. spørsmålet er "
-"ikke om bruk av opphavsrettslig materiale var et brudd på "
-"opphavsretten. spørsmålet er om et system for opphavsrettsbeskyttelse var "
-"omgikk."
+"banalisere var rettferdig bruk av Sonys opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. "
+"rettferdig bruk er ennå ikke krenkelser av dmca. spørsmålet er ikke om bruk "
+"av opphavsrettslig materiale var et brudd på opphavsretten. spørsmålet er om "
+"et system for opphavsrettsbeskyttelse var omgikk."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line "
"of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection "
"selv krenker andres opphavsrett, hans akademiske papir var aktivere andre "
"til å krenke andres opphavsrett."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by "
"juridiske: fred rogers, aka \"mr. rogers,\" for eksempel hadde vitnet i så "
"fall at han ønsket å fremkalle gratis å tape mr. rogers' neighborhood."
-#. f23
+#. f23
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, "
"455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers never changed his view about the VCR. See James "
"Lardner, Fast Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, and the Onslaught of the VCR "
-"(New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 27071."
+"(New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 270–71."
msgstr ""
"Sony corporation of america v. universal city studios, inc., 464 amerikanske "
"417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers endret aldri sitt syn om videoopptakeren. se "
"\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that "
"it's a real service to families to be able to record such programs and show "
"them at appropriate times. I have always felt that with the advent of all of "
-"this new technology that allows people to tape the \"Neighborhood\" "
-"off-the-air, and I'm speaking for the \"Neighborhood\" because that's what I "
+"this new technology that allows people to tape the \"Neighborhood\" off-the-"
+"air, and I'm speaking for the \"Neighborhood\" because that's what I "
"produce, that they then become much more active in the programming of their "
"family's television life. Very frankly, I am opposed to people being "
"programmed by others. My whole approach in broadcasting has always been "
"healthy way, is important.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 170
+#. PAGE BREAK 170
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses "
"that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR "
"som var ulovlig, domstolen holdt selskaper produsere vcr ansvarlig."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-msgid "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA."
-msgstr "Dette førte conrad å trekke tegneserie nedenfor, som vi kan vedta å dmca."
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette førte conrad å trekke tegneserie nedenfor, som vi kan vedta å dmca."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close."
-msgstr "ingen argument jeg har kan topp dette bildet, men la meg prøve å komme nær."
+msgstr ""
+"ingen argument jeg har kan topp dette bildet, men la meg prøve å komme nær."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention "
-"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different "
-"ends. They can be used, for example, to enable massive pirating of "
-"copyrighted material--a bad end. Or they can be used to enable the use of "
+"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different ends. "
+"They can be used, for example, to enable massive pirating of copyrighted "
+"material—a bad end. Or they can be used to enable the use of "
"particular copyrighted materials in ways that would be considered fair "
-"use--a good end."
+"use—a good end."
msgstr ""
-"anticircumvention bestemmelsene i dmca mot opphavsrett omgåelse "
-"teknologier. omgåelse teknologiene kan brukes for ulike ender. de kan "
-"brukes, for eksempel å aktivere massiv pirating av opphavsrettsbeskyttet "
-"materiale--en dårlig slutt. eller de kan brukes til å aktivere bruken av "
-"bestemt opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale på måter som vil anses rimelig "
-"bruk--en god slutt."
+"anticircumvention bestemmelsene i dmca mot opphavsrett omgåelse teknologier. "
+"omgåelse teknologiene kan brukes for ulike ender. de kan brukes, for "
+"eksempel å aktivere massiv pirating av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale--en "
+"dårlig slutt. eller de kan brukes til å aktivere bruken av bestemt "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale på måter som vil anses rimelig bruk--en god "
+"slutt."
-#. PAGE BREAK 171
+#. PAGE BREAK 171
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree "
"such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to "
"bruk ville vært bra. det, også, er en teknologi som har både gode og dårlige "
"bruker."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1711.jpg\"></graphic>"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
+msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns "
"are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention "
"tross for den åpenbare og tragisk skaden de gjør."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the "
"balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict "
"kan bli slettet fair use; loven av dmca sikkerhetskopierer at sletting."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is how code becomes law. The controls built into the technology of copy "
"and access protection become rules the violation of which is also a "
-"violation of the law. In this way, the code extends the law--increasing its "
-"regulation, even if the subject it regulates (activities that would "
+"violation of the law. In this way, the code extends the law—increasing "
+"its regulation, even if the subject it regulates (activities that would "
"otherwise plainly constitute fair use) is beyond the reach of the law. Code "
"becomes law; code extends the law; code thus extends the control that "
-"copyright owners effect--at least for those copyright holders with the "
-"lawyers who can write the nasty letters that Felten and aibopet.com "
-"received."
+"copyright owners effect—at least for those copyright holders with the "
+"lawyers who can write the nasty letters that Felten and aibopet.com received."
msgstr ""
"Dette er hvordan koden blir lov. Kontroller som er innebygd i teknologien "
"for kopiering og tilgang beskyttelse bli regler bryter som er også et brudd "
"felten og aibopet.com som er mottatt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law "
"that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease "
"snoops, så vel som brukere, og snoops er stadig gode på sporing ned "
"identiteten til de som bryter reglene."
+#. f24
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, "
"Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" Loyola of Los Angeles "
"Entertainment Law Journal 17 (1997): 651."
msgstr ""
-"for en tidlig og forutseende analyse, kan du se rebecca tushnet, "
-"\"legal-fictions, copyright, fanfiction og en ny felles lov,\" loyola av los "
-"angeles underholdning law journal 17 (1997): 651."
+"for en tidlig og forutseende analyse, kan du se rebecca tushnet, \"legal-"
+"fictions, copyright, fanfiction og en ny felles lov,\" loyola av los angeles "
+"underholdning law journal 17 (1997): 651."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"For example, imagine you were part of a Star Trek fan club. You gathered "
"every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of fan fiction about "
"the show. One person would play Spock, another, Captain Kirk. The characters "
-"would begin with a plot from a real story, then simply continue "
-"
it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"would begin with a plot from a real story, then simply continue it."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. "
"No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered "
"frykt for juridisk kontroll."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally "
"available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots "
"is quick."
msgstr ""
"men hvis du har flyttet din klubb til Internett, og gjorde det vanligvis "
-"tilgjengelig for andre til å delta, historien ville være svært "
-"forskjellige. robotsøkeprogrammer scouring nettet for varemerke- og "
-"copyright infringement vil raskt finne nettstedet. Innleggsaktivitet fan "
-"fiction, avhengig av eierskap av serien som du som viser, kan også inspirere "
-"en advokat trussel. og ignorerer den advokat trussel ville være uhyre "
-"kostbart faktisk. loven om opphavsrett er ekstremt effektiv. straffene er "
-"alvorlige, og prosessen er rask."
+"tilgjengelig for andre til å delta, historien ville være svært forskjellige. "
+"robotsøkeprogrammer scouring nettet for varemerke- og copyright infringement "
+"vil raskt finne nettstedet. Innleggsaktivitet fan fiction, avhengig av "
+"eierskap av serien som du som viser, kan også inspirere en advokat trussel. "
+"og ignorerer den advokat trussel ville være uhyre kostbart faktisk. loven om "
+"opphavsrett er ekstremt effektiv. straffene er alvorlige, og prosessen er "
+"rask."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the "
"ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's "
"skjer her."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Market: Concentration"
msgstr "markedet: konsentrasjon"
-#. PAGE BREAK 173
+#. PAGE BREAK 173
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"So copyright's duration has increased dramatically--tripled in the past "
-"thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well--from regulating "
-"only publishers to now regulating just about everyone. And copyright's reach "
-"has changed, as every action becomes a copy and hence presumptively "
-"regulated. And as technologists find better ways to control the use of "
-"content, and as copyright is increasingly enforced through technology, "
-"copyright's force changes, too. Misuse is easier to find and easier to "
-"control. This regulation of the creative process, which began as a tiny "
-"regulation governing a tiny part of the market for creative work, has become "
-"the single most important regulator of creativity there is. It is a massive "
-"expansion in the scope of the government's control over innovation and "
-"creativity; it would be totally unrecognizable to those who gave birth to "
-"copyright's control."
+"So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past "
+"thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from "
+"regulating only publishers to now regulating just about everyone. And "
+"copyright's reach has changed, as every action becomes a copy and hence "
+"presumptively regulated. And as technologists find better ways to control "
+"the use of content, and as copyright is increasingly enforced through "
+"technology, copyright's force changes, too. Misuse is easier to find and "
+"easier to control. This regulation of the creative process, which began as a "
+"tiny regulation governing a tiny part of the market for creative work, has "
+"become the single most important regulator of creativity there is. It is a "
+"massive expansion in the scope of the government's control over innovation "
+"and creativity; it would be totally unrecognizable to those who gave birth "
+"to copyright's control."
msgstr ""
"Slik copyright's varighet har økt dramatisk--tredoblet de siste tretti "
"årene. og copyright's omfang har økt samt--fra regulerer bare utgivere å "
"være helt ugjenkjennelige til de som fødte copyright's kontroll."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't "
"for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in "
"for alle andre endringer jeg har beskrevet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In "
"the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical "
"prosent av media."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
-msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature."
-msgstr "disse endringene er i to former: omfanget av konsentrasjon, og dens natur."
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature."
+msgstr ""
+"disse endringene er i to former: omfanget av konsentrasjon, og dens natur."
-#. f25
+#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and "
"Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement "
"FCC oversight: høring før Senatet commerce, science and transport komiteen, "
"108th cong., 1 sess. (22 mai 2003) (setning av senator john mccain)."
+#. f26
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" "
"lynette holloway, \"til tross for en markedsføring blitz cd salg fortsette å "
"skyve,\" new york times, 23 desember 2002."
+#. f27
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" Charleston Gazette, 31 "
msgid ""
"Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain "
"summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five "
-"companies control 85 percent of our media sources.\"<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The five recording labels of Universal Music "
-"Group, BMG, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, and EMI control "
-"84.8 percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> The \"five largest cable companies pipe programming to 74 percent "
-"of the cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"2\"/>"
+"companies control 85 percent of our media sources.\"<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The five recording labels of Universal Music Group, "
+"BMG, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, and EMI control 84.8 "
+"percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> "
+"The \"five largest cable companies pipe programming to 74 percent of the "
+"cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 174
+#. PAGE BREAK 174
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the "
-"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than "
-"seventy-five stations. Today one company owns more than 1,200 stations. "
-"During that period of consolidation, the total number of radio owners "
-"dropped by 34 percent. Today, in most markets, the two largest broadcasters "
-"control 74 percent of that market's revenues. Overall, just four companies "
-"control 90 percent of the nation's radio advertising revenues."
+"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than seventy-"
+"five stations. Today one company owns more than 1,200 stations. During that "
+"period of consolidation, the total number of radio owners dropped by 34 "
+"percent. Today, in most markets, the two largest broadcasters control 74 "
+"percent of that market's revenues. Overall, just four companies control 90 "
+"percent of the nation's radio advertising revenues."
msgstr ""
"historien med radio er enda mer dramatisk. før dereguleringen, landets "
"største radio sendinger konglomerat eid færre enn sytti-fem stasjoner. i dag "
"radio annonsering inntekter."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are "
"six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were "
"eighty years ago, and ten companies control half of the nation's "
"circulation. There are twenty major newspaper publishers in the United "
"States. The top ten film studios receive 99 percent of all film revenue. The "
-"ten largest cable companies account for 85 percent of all cable "
-"revenue. This is a market far from the free press the framers sought to "
-"protect. Indeed, it is a market that is quite well protected-- by the "
-"market."
+"ten largest cable companies account for 85 percent of all cable revenue. "
+"This is a market far from the free press the framers sought to protect. "
+"Indeed, it is a market that is quite well protected— by the market."
msgstr ""
"avisen eierskap er i ferd med å bli mer konsentrert også. i dag, er det seks "
"hundre færre daglige aviser i USA enn det var åtti år siden og ti selskaper "
"kontroll halvparten av landets sirkulasjon. Det er tjue stor avis utgivere i "
"USA. topp ti film studioer motta 99 prosent av alle inntekter for filmen. ti "
-"største kabelselskaper konto for 85 prosent av alle inntekter for "
-"kabel. Dette er et marked langt fra fri presse underskrev søkt å "
-"beskytte. Det er faktisk et marked som er svært godt beskyttet--av markedet."
+"største kabelselskaper konto for 85 prosent av alle inntekter for kabel. "
+"Dette er et marked langt fra fri presse underskrev søkt å beskytte. Det er "
+"faktisk et marked som er svært godt beskyttet--av markedet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in "
"the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent "
"natur at konsentrasjon. som forfatter james fallows sette den i en fersk "
"artikkel om rupert murdoch,"
+#. f28
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): "
-"89."
+"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): 89."
msgstr ""
"James fallows, \"en alder av murdoch,\" atlantic monthly (september 2003): "
"89."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its "
-"integration. They supply content--Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows "
-". . . Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They sell "
-"the content to the public and to advertisers--in newspapers, on the "
+"integration. They supply content—Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows . . . "
+"Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They sell the "
+"content to the public and to advertisers—in newspapers, on the "
"broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical "
-"distribution system through which the content reaches the "
-"customers. Murdoch's satellite systems now distribute News Corp. content in "
-"Europe and Asia; if Murdoch becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that "
-"system will serve the same function in the United States.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"distribution system through which the content reaches the customers. "
+"Murdoch's satellite systems now distribute News Corp. content in Europe and "
+"Asia; if Murdoch becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that system will "
+"serve the same function in the United States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large "
"companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many "
"uttak av media som mulig. et bilde beskriver bedre enn tusen ord kunne gjøre "
"dette mønsteret:"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title>
+msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership."
+msgstr "Mønster for moderne mediaeierskap."
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1761.jpg\"></graphic>"
-msgstr ""
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>"
-#. PAGE BREAK 175
+#. PAGE BREAK 175
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is "
"distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute "
"distribuere innhold?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing "
"more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and "
"begynner å endre meg sinn."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration "
"may matter."
"integreringen kan saken."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
-msgid "ABC"
-msgstr "ABC"
+msgid "Lear, Norman"
+msgstr "Lear, Norman"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "All in the Family"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for All in the Family. He took the "
-"pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too edgy, they told "
-"Lear. Make it again. Lear made a second pilot, more edgy than the first. ABC "
-"was exasperated. You're missing the point, they told Lear. We wanted less "
-"edgy, not more."
+"pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too edgy, they told Lear. "
+"Make it again. Lear made a second pilot, more edgy than the first. ABC was "
+"exasperated. You're missing the point, they told Lear. We wanted less edgy, "
+"not more."
msgstr ""
"i 1969, norman lear opprettet en pilot for alle i familien. Han tok piloten "
"til abc. nettverket liker ikke det. Det var også irritabel, fortalte de "
-"lear. gjøre det igjen. Lear gjort en andre pilot, mer irritabel enn "
-"først. ABC var exasperated. du mangler punktet, fortalte de lear. Vi ønsket "
-"mindre irritabel, ikke mer."
+"lear. gjøre det igjen. Lear gjort en andre pilot, mer irritabel enn først. "
+"ABC var exasperated. du mangler punktet, fortalte de lear. Vi ønsket mindre "
+"irritabel, ikke mer."
-#. f29
+#. f29
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center "
"Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, "
-"3 April 2003 (transcript of prepared remarks available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #28</ulink>; for the Lear story, "
-"not included in the prepared remarks, see <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #29</ulink>)."
+"3 April 2003 (transcript of prepared remarks available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #28</ulink>; for the Lear story, not "
+"included in the prepared remarks, see <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #29</ulink>)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to "
"have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that "
-"Lear held assured an independence from network control.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Lear held assured an independence from network control.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 176
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the "
"networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a "
"separation between the networks and the content producers; that separation "
"would guarantee Lear freedom. And as late as 1992, because of these rules, "
-"the vast majority of prime time television--75 percent of it--was "
+"the vast majority of prime time television—75 percent of it—was "
"\"independent\" of the networks."
msgstr ""
"nettverket ikke kontrollere m├Ñte av opphavsrettighetene fordi lov forbød "
"store flertallet av prime-time TV--75 prosent av det--var \"uavhengige\" av "
"nettverk."
-#. f30
+#. f30
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media "
-"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st "
-"sess. (2003) (testimony of Gene Kimmelman on behalf of Consumers Union and "
-"the Consumer Federation of America), available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #30</ulink>. Kimmelman quotes "
-"Victoria Riskin, president of Writers Guild of America, West, in her Remarks "
-"at FCC En Banc Hearing, Richmond, Virginia, 27 February 2003."
+"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. "
+"(2003) (testimony of Gene Kimmelman on behalf of Consumers Union and the "
+"Consumer Federation of America), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #30</ulink>. Kimmelman quotes Victoria Riskin, "
+"president of Writers Guild of America, West, in her Remarks at FCC En Banc "
+"Hearing, Richmond, Virginia, 27 February 2003."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"series were produced for a network by a company it controlled. Last year, "
"the percentage of shows produced by controlled companies more than "
"quintupled to 77 percent.\" \"In 1992, 16 new series were produced "
-"independently of conglomerate control, last year there was "
-"
one.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In 2002, 75 percent of prime "
+"independently of conglomerate control, last year there was one."
+"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In 2002, 75 percent of prime "
"time television was owned by the networks that ran it. \"In the ten-year "
"period between 1992 and 2002, the number of prime time television hours per "
"week produced by network studios increased over 200%, whereas the number of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Today, another Norman Lear with another All in the Family would find that he "
"had the choice either to make the show less edgy or to be fired: The content "
"nettverket."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of "
"those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry "
"begrenses til en stadig mindre og mindre få. som barry diller sa til bill "
"moyers,"
-#. f32
+#. f32
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" Now with Bill Moyers, Bill "
-"Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>."
+"Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large "
-"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly "
-"safe. Increasingly sterile. The product of news shows from networks like "
-"this is increasingly tailored to the message the network wants to "
-"convey. This is not the communist party, though from the inside, it must "
-"feel a bit like the communist party. No one can question without risk of "
-"consequence--not necessarily banishment to Siberia, but punishment "
-"nonetheless. Independent, critical, different views are quashed. This is not "
-"the environment for a democracy."
+"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly safe. "
+"Increasingly sterile. The product of news shows from networks like this is "
+"increasingly tailored to the message the network wants to convey. This is "
+"not the communist party, though from the inside, it must feel a bit like the "
+"communist party. No one can question without risk of consequence—not "
+"necessarily banishment to Siberia, but punishment nonetheless. Independent, "
+"critical, different views are quashed. This is not the environment for a "
+"democracy."
msgstr ""
"dette begrense har en effekt på det som produseres. produktet av slike store "
"og konsentrert nettverk er stadig mer homogene. stadig mer trygg. stadig "
"nødvendigvis banishment til Sibir, men straff likevel. uavhengige, kritiske, "
"forskjellige visninger er ødela. Dette er ikke miljø for et demokrati."
-#. f33
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Clark, Kim B."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f33
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National "
"School Press, 1997). Christensen acknowledges that the idea was first "
"suggested by Dean Kim Clark. See Kim B. Clark, \"The Interaction of Design "
"Hierarchies and Market Concepts in Technological Evolution,\" Research "
-"Policy 14 (1985): 23551. For a more recent study, see Richard Foster and "
-"Sarah Kaplan, Creative Destruction: Why Companies That Are Built to Last "
-"Underperform the Market--and How to Successfully Transform Them (New York: "
-"Currency/Doubleday, 2001)."
+"Policy 14 (1985): 235–51. For a more recent study, see Richard Foster "
+"and Sarah Kaplan, Creative Destruction: Why Companies That Are Built to Last "
+"Underperform the Market—and How to Successfully Transform Them (New "
+"York: Currency/Doubleday, 2001)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"Dilemma\": the fact that large traditional firms find it rational to ignore "
"new, breakthrough technologies that compete with their core business. The "
"same analysis could help explain why large, traditional media companies "
-"would find it rational to ignore new cultural trends.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Lumbering giants not only don't, but should "
-"not, sprint. Yet if the field is only open to the giants, there will be far "
-"too little sprinting."
+"would find it rational to ignore new cultural trends.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Lumbering giants not only don't, but should not, "
+"sprint. Yet if the field is only open to the giants, there will be far too "
+"little sprinting."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say "
"with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies "
"effekten på kultur er vanskelig å måle."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest "
"the concern."
msgstr "men det er en typiske åpenbare eksempel som sterkt at bekymringen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug "
-"wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; "
-"criminal and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle."
+"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug wars. "
+"Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; criminal "
+"and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle."
msgstr ""
-"i tillegg til opphavsrett krigene er vi midt i "
-"narkotika-krigene. regjeringens politikk er sterkt rettet mot narkotika "
-"cartels; straffesaker og sivile domstolene er fylt med konsekvensene av "
-"denne kampen."
+"i tillegg til opphavsrett krigene er vi midt i narkotika-krigene. "
+"regjeringens politikk er sterkt rettet mot narkotika cartels; straffesaker "
+"og sivile domstolene er fylt med konsekvensene av denne kampen."
-#. PAGE BREAK 178
+#. PAGE BREAK 178
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any "
"position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I "
-"am not pro drugs. Indeed, I come from a family once wrecked by drugs--though "
-"the drugs that wrecked my family were all quite legal. I believe this war is "
-"a profound mistake because the collateral damage from it is so great as to "
-"make waging the war insane. When you add together the burdens on the "
+"am not pro drugs. Indeed, I come from a family once wrecked by drugs—"
+"though the drugs that wrecked my family were all quite legal. I believe this "
+"war is a profound mistake because the collateral damage from it is so great "
+"as to make waging the war insane. When you add together the burdens on the "
"criminal justice system, the desperation of generations of kids whose only "
"real economic opportunities are as drug warriors, the queering of "
"constitutional protections because of the constant surveillance this war "
"feil. Jeg er ikke pro narkotika. faktisk, jeg kommer fra en familie en gang "
"havarerte av narkotika--om narkotika som havarerte familien min var alle "
"helt lovlig. Jeg tror at denne krigen er en dyp feil fordi "
-"sikkerhetsstillelse skade fra det som er så stor at gjøre føre krig "
-"galskap. Når du legger til sammen byrdene på det strafferettslige systemet, "
+"sikkerhetsstillelse skade fra det som er så stor at gjøre føre krig galskap. "
+"Når du legger til sammen byrdene på det strafferettslige systemet, "
"desperasjon generasjoner av barna som har bare ekte økonomiske muligheter er "
"som narkotika krigere, queering av konstitusjonelle vern på grunn av "
"konstant overvåking krever at denne krigen, og, mest dypt total ødeleggelse "
"kostnadene."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is "
"through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend "
"avhengig fundamentalt pressen for å informere amerikanerne om disse "
"problemene."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a "
"(the Nick and Norm series) two men are in a bar, discussing the idea of "
"legalizing drugs as a way to avoid some of the collateral damage from the "
"war. One advances an argument in favor of drug legalization. The other "
-"responds in a powerful and effective way against the argument of the "
-"first. In the end, the first guy changes his mind (hey, it's "
-"television). The plug at the end is a damning attack on the pro-legalization "
-"campaign."
+"responds in a powerful and effective way against the argument of the first. "
+"In the end, the first guy changes his mind (hey, it's television). The plug "
+"at the end is a damning attack on the pro-legalization campaign."
msgstr ""
"starten i 1998, office of nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll lansert en "
"kampanje for media som en del av \"krigen mot narkotika.\" kampanjen "
"ideen om legalizing narkotika som en måte å unngå noen av "
"sikkerhetsstillelse skade fra krigen. en avanserer et argument for narkotika "
"legalization. de andre svarer på en kraftig og effektiv måte mot argumentet "
-"av første. til slutt, den første mann forandrer mening (Hei, det er "
-"TV). pluggen på slutten er en damning angrep på pro-legalization kampanjen."
+"av første. til slutt, den første mann forandrer mening (Hei, det er TV). "
+"pluggen på slutten er en damning angrep på pro-legalization kampanjen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its "
"message well. It's a fair and reasonable message."
"godt. Det er en rettferdig og rimelig melding."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a "
"countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to "
-"demonstrate the extraordinary collateral harm that comes from the drug "
-"war. Can you do it?"
+"demonstrate the extraordinary collateral harm that comes from the drug war. "
+"Can you do it?"
msgstr ""
"men la oss si at du tror det er en feil melding, og du ønsker å kjøre en "
"countercommercial. si du vil kjøre en rekke annonser som prøver å "
"demonstrere den ekstraordinære sikkerhetsstillelse skaden som kommer fra "
"stoffet krigen. kan du gjøre det?"
-#. PAGE BREAK 179
+#. PAGE BREAK 179
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the "
-"money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the "
-"world to help you get your message out. Can you be sure your message will be "
-"heard then?"
+"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the money. "
+"Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the world to "
+"help you get your message out. Can you be sure your message will be heard "
+"then?"
msgstr ""
"Vel, tydeligvis, koste disse annonsene massevis av penger. Anta du heve "
"penger. Anta at en gruppe av berørte borgere donerer alle pengene i verden "
"for å hjelpe deg å få budskapet. kan du være sikker på at meldingen vil "
"deretter bli hørt?"
-#. f34
+#. f34
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that "
"directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the "
-"Washington, D.C., area. Comcast rejected the ads as \"against [their] "
-"policy.\" The local NBC affiliate, WRC, rejected the ads without reviewing "
-"them. The local ABC affiliate, WJOA, originally agreed to run the ads and "
-"accepted payment to do so, but later decided not to run the ads and returned "
-"the collected fees. Interview with Neal Levine, 15 October 2003. These "
+"Washington, D.C., area. Comcast rejected the ads as \"against [their] policy."
+"\" The local NBC affiliate, WRC, rejected the ads without reviewing them. "
+"The local ABC affiliate, WJOA, originally agreed to run the ads and accepted "
+"payment to do so, but later decided not to run the ads and returned the "
+"collected fees. Interview with Neal Levine, 15 October 2003. These "
"restrictions are, of course, not limited to drug policy. See, for example, "
"Nat Ives, \"On the Issue of an Iraq War, Advocacy Ads Meet with Rejection "
-"from TV Networks,\" New York Times, 13 March 2003, C4. Outside of "
-"election-related air time there is very little that the FCC or the courts "
-"are willing to do to even the playing field. For a general overview, see "
-"Rhonda Brown, \"Ad Hoc Access: The Regulation of Editorial Advertising on "
-"Television and Radio,\" Yale Law and Policy Review 6 (1988): 44979, and for "
-"a more recent summary of the stance of the FCC and the courts, see "
-"Radio-Television News Directors Association v. FCC, 184 F. 3d 872 "
-"(D.C. Cir. 1999). Municipal authorities exercise the same authority as the "
-"networks. In a recent example from San Francisco, the San Francisco transit "
-"authority rejected an ad that criticized its Muni diesel buses. Phillip "
-"Matier and Andrew Ross, \"Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni Rejects Ad,\" "
-"SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. The ground was that "
-"the criticism was \"too controversial.\""
+"from TV Networks,\" New York Times, 13 March 2003, C4. Outside of election-"
+"related air time there is very little that the FCC or the courts are willing "
+"to do to even the playing field. For a general overview, see Rhonda Brown, "
+"\"Ad Hoc Access: The Regulation of Editorial Advertising on Television and "
+"Radio,\" Yale Law and Policy Review 6 (1988): 449–79, and for a more "
+"recent summary of the stance of the FCC and the courts, see Radio-Television "
+"News Directors Association v. FCC, 184 F. 3d 872 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Municipal "
+"authorities exercise the same authority as the networks. In a recent example "
+"from San Francisco, the San Francisco transit authority rejected an ad that "
+"criticized its Muni diesel buses. Phillip Matier and Andrew Ross, "
+"\"Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni Rejects Ad,\" SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. "
+"The ground was that the criticism was \"too controversial.\""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"the Supreme Court has held that stations have the right to choose what they "
"run. Thus, the major channels of commercial media will refuse one side of a "
"crucial debate the opportunity to present its case. And the courts will "
-"defend the rights of the stations to be this biased.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"defend the rights of the stations to be this biased.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well--if we lived in a media "
-"market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws that "
-"condition into doubt. If a handful of companies control access to the media, "
-"and that handful of companies gets to decide which political positions it "
-"will allow to be promoted on its channels, then in an obvious and important "
-"way, concentration matters. You might like the positions the handful of "
-"companies selects. But you should not like a world in which a mere few get "
-"to decide which issues the rest of us get to know about."
+"I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a "
+"media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws "
+"that condition into doubt. If a handful of companies control access to the "
+"media, and that handful of companies gets to decide which political "
+"positions it will allow to be promoted on its channels, then in an obvious "
+"and important way, concentration matters. You might like the positions the "
+"handful of companies selects. But you should not like a world in which a "
+"mere few get to decide which issues the rest of us get to know about."
msgstr ""
"Jeg ville være glad for å forsvare nettverk rettigheter, samt--hvis vi bodde "
"i en medier markedet som var virkelig mangfoldig. men konsentrasjon i media "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
msgid "Together"
-msgstr "sammen"
+msgstr "Sammen"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright "
"sann og, vanligvis helt ufarlig. Ingen forstandig sortering som ikke er en "
"Anarkisten kan uenige."
+#. PAGE BREAK 180
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed-- when we "
-"recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to mean "
-"that the effective constraint on the liberty to cultivate our culture is "
-"dramatically different--the claim begins to seem less innocent and "
+"But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed— when "
+"we recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to "
+"mean that the effective constraint on the liberty to cultivate our culture "
+"is dramatically different—the claim begins to seem less innocent and "
"obvious. Given (1) the power of technology to supplement the law's control, "
"and (2) the power of concentrated markets to weaken the opportunity for "
"dissent, if strictly enforcing the massively expanded \"property\" rights "
"spørre om denne egenskapen skal defineres."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright "
"or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, "
"katastrofalt for de viktigste kreative bedriftene i vår kultur i dag."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture "
"notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of "
"another adjustment is called for. Not an adjustment that increases "
"copyright's power. Not an adjustment that increases its term. Rather, an "
"adjustment to restore the balance that has traditionally defined copyright's "
-"regulation--a weakening of that regulation, to strengthen creativity."
-msgstr ""
-"men det er et mellomrom mellom null og én, Internett-kultur til tross "
-"for. og disse massiv Skift i effektiv kraft av opphavsrett regulering, "
-"knyttet til økt konsentrasjon av innhold industrien og hvile i hendene på "
-"teknologi som i økende grad vil aktivere kontroll over bruken av kultur, bør "
-"kjøre oss til å vurdere om en annen justering kalles for. ikke en justering "
-"som øker copyright's strøm. ikke en justering som øker sin sikt. snarere en "
-"justering for å gjenopprette balansen som tradisjonelt har definert "
-"copyright's regulering--en svekkelse av den reguleringen, å styrke "
-"kreativitet."
+"regulation—a weakening of that regulation, to strengthen creativity."
+msgstr ""
+"men det er et mellomrom mellom null og én, Internett-kultur til tross for. "
+"og disse massiv Skift i effektiv kraft av opphavsrett regulering, knyttet "
+"til økt konsentrasjon av innhold industrien og hvile i hendene på teknologi "
+"som i økende grad vil aktivere kontroll over bruken av kultur, bør kjøre oss "
+"til å vurdere om en annen justering kalles for. ikke en justering som øker "
+"copyright's strøm. ikke en justering som øker sin sikt. snarere en justering "
+"for å gjenopprette balansen som tradisjonelt har definert copyright's "
+"regulering--en svekkelse av den reguleringen, å styrke kreativitet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant "
-"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now "
-"flout. Instead, copyright power has grown dramatically in a short period of "
-"time, as the technologies of distribution and creation have changed and as "
+"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now flout. "
+"Instead, copyright power has grown dramatically in a short period of time, "
+"as the technologies of distribution and creation have changed and as "
"lobbyists have pushed for more control by copyright holders. Changes in the "
"past in response to changes in technology suggest that we may well need "
"similar changes in the future. And these changes have to be reductions in "
"med konstant forpliktelser gir at for noen mystisk grunn, tenåringer og "
"geeks nå blaffen. i stedet, opphavsrett makt har vokst dramatisk i en kort "
"periode, som teknologien av distribusjons- og etableringen er endret og som "
-"lobbyister har presset for mer kontroll av innehaver av "
-"opphavsrett. endringer i siste endringene i teknologi tyder på at vi kan "
-"godt trenger lignende endringer i fremtiden. og disse endringene må være "
-"reduksjoner i omfanget av opphavsrett, svar på det ekstraordinære økning i "
-"kontrollen som teknologi og markedet aktivere."
+"lobbyister har presset for mer kontroll av innehaver av opphavsrett. "
+"endringer i siste endringene i teknologi tyder på at vi kan godt trenger "
+"lignende endringer i fremtiden. og disse endringene må være reduksjoner i "
+"omfanget av opphavsrett, svar på det ekstraordinære økning i kontrollen som "
+"teknologi og markedet aktivere."
-#. PAGE BREAK 181
+#. PAGE BREAK 181
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we "
"see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together "
"færre hadde en lovfestet rett til å styre flere av utviklingen av vår kultur "
"enn nå."
-#. f35
+#. f35
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of "
-"copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 15960."
+"copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60."
msgstr ""
-"Siva vaidhyanathan registrerer en liknende punktet i sin \"fire "
-"etableres\" om opphavsrett i den digitale tidsalderen. se vaidhyanathan, "
-"15960."
+"Siva vaidhyanathan registrerer en liknende punktet i sin \"fire etableres\" "
+"om opphavsrett i den digitale tidsalderen. se vaidhyanathan, 15960."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the "
"tools to publish, for the market then was much more diverse. Not when there "
"were only three television networks, for even then, newspapers, film "
-"studios, radio stations, and publishers were independent of the "
-"networks. Never has copyright protected such a wide range of rights, against "
-"as broad a range of actors, for a term that was remotely as long. This form "
-"of regulation--a tiny regulation of a tiny part of the creative energy of a "
-"nation at the founding--is now a massive regulation of the overall creative "
-"process. Law plus technology plus the market now interact to turn this "
-"historically benign regulation into the most significant regulation of "
-"culture that our free society has known.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"studios, radio stations, and publishers were independent of the networks. "
+"Never has copyright protected such a wide range of rights, against as broad "
+"a range of actors, for a term that was remotely as long. This form of "
+"regulation—a tiny regulation of a tiny part of the creative energy of "
+"a nation at the founding—is now a massive regulation of the overall "
+"creative process. Law plus technology plus the market now interact to turn "
+"this historically benign regulation into the most significant regulation of "
+"culture that our free society has known.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated."
msgstr "Dette har vært en lang kapittel. sitt punkt kan nå kort oppgis."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and "
"noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished "
"1790, loven så ut som dette:"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "PUBLISH"
msgstr "publisere"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "TRANSFORM"
msgstr "transformere"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Commercial"
msgstr "kommersielle"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "©"
msgstr "�"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Free"
msgstr "gratis"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Noncommercial"
msgstr "reklamefrie"
-#. PAGE BREAK 182
+#. PAGE BREAK 182
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright "
-"law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached "
-"only with registration, and only those who intended to benefit commercially "
-"would register, copying through publishing of noncommercial work was also "
-"free."
+"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright law. "
+"Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached only "
+"with registration, and only those who intended to benefit commercially would "
+"register, copying through publishing of noncommercial work was also free."
msgstr ""
"loven av publisering på et kart, diagram og boken var regulert av lov om "
"opphavsrett. ingenting annet var. transformasjoner var gratis. og som "
"copyright tilknyttet bare med registrering, og bare de som ment å gagne "
-"kommersielt ville registrere, kopiere gjennom publisering av "
-"ikke-kommersielt arbeid var også gratis."
+"kommersielt ville registrere, kopiere gjennom publisering av ikke-"
+"kommersielt arbeid var også gratis."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:"
msgstr "ved slutten av det nittende århundre, hadde loven endres til dette:"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law--if published, which "
-"again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered "
+"Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, "
+"which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered "
"commercially. But noncommercial publishing and transformation were still "
"essentially free."
msgstr ""
"gratis."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this "
"change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of "
"slik ut:"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "COPY"
msgstr "Kopier"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy "
"machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market "
"gratis. men konsekvensen av fremveksten av digitale teknologier, spesielt i "
"sammenheng med en digital network, betyr at loven nå ser slik ut:"
-#. PAGE BREAK 183
+#. PAGE BREAK 183
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was "
-"not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity-- commercial or not, "
-"transformative or not--with the same rules designed to regulate commercial "
-"publishers."
+"not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or "
+"not, transformative or not—with the same rules designed to regulate "
+"commercial publishers."
msgstr ""
"hver riket er underlagt lov om opphavsrett, mens før de fleste kreativitet "
"ikke var. loven regulerer nå hele omfanget av kreativitet--kommersielle "
"for å regulere kommersielle utgivere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does "
"no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether "
"forskrifter om opphavsrett i hver av disse domenene faktisk gjør noe bra."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I "
"also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it "
"for commercial transformation. More commercial transformative work would be "
"created if derivative rights were more sharply restricted."
msgstr ""
-"Jeg har ingen tvil om at den gjør bra i regulerer kommersielle "
-"kopiering. men jeg har ingen tvil om at det gjør mer skade enn bra når "
-"regulerer (som den regulerer akkurat nå) ikke-kommersiell kopiering og, "
-"spesielt, ikke-kommersiell transformasjon også. og i økende grad av årsaker "
-"som skisserte spesielt i kapitlene 7 og 8, en kan vel rart om det gjør mer "
-"skade enn godt for kommersielle transformasjon. mer kommersielt "
-"transformative arbeid vil bli opprettet hvis avledede rettigheter ble mer "
-"kraftig begrenset."
+"Jeg har ingen tvil om at den gjør bra i regulerer kommersielle kopiering. "
+"men jeg har ingen tvil om at det gjør mer skade enn bra når regulerer (som "
+"den regulerer akkurat nå) ikke-kommersiell kopiering og, spesielt, ikke-"
+"kommersiell transformasjon også. og i økende grad av årsaker som skisserte "
+"spesielt i kapitlene 7 og 8, en kan vel rart om det gjør mer skade enn godt "
+"for kommersielle transformasjon. mer kommersielt transformative arbeid vil "
+"bli opprettet hvis avledede rettigheter ble mer kraftig begrenset."
+#. f36
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement "
"to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public "
-"and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, \"The Disintegration of "
-"Property,\" in Nomos XXII: Property, J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman, "
-"eds. (New York: New York University Press, 1980)."
+"and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, \"The Disintegration of Property,"
+"\" in Nomos XXII: Property, J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds. "
+"(New York: New York University Press, 1980)."
msgstr ""
"Det var enkelt viktigste bidrag av juridiske realist-bevegelse for å "
"demonstrere at alle eiendomsrettigheter alltid er laget for å balansere "
"offentlige og private interesser. se thomas c. grey, \"oppløsningen av "
-"eiendom,\" i nomos xxii: eiendom, j. roland pennock og john w. Chapman, "
-"Red. (new york: new york university press, 1980)."
+"eiendom,\" i nomos xxii: eiendom, j. roland pennock og john w. Chapman, Red. "
+"(new york: new york university press, 1980)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"light of new technologies. And for almost half of our tradition, the "
"\"copyright\" did not control at all the freedom of others to build upon or "
"transform a creative work. American culture was born free, and for almost "
-"180 years our country consistently protected a vibrant and rich free "
-"culture."
+"180 years our country consistently protected a vibrant and rich free culture."
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 184
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on "
"debatten i dag."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response "
"to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the "
"distribusjon av kultur, blir lov og teknologi forvandlet på en måte som vil "
"undergrave vår tradisjon for fri kultur. eiendommen er copyright ikke lenger "
"rettigheten balansert som det var, eller var ment å være. egenskapen akkurat "
-"det vil si opphavsrett har blitt ubalansert, skråstilt mot en "
-"ekstrem. muligheten til å opprette og transformere blir svekket i en verden "
-"der oppretting krever tillatelse og kreativitet må kontrollere med en "
-"advokat."
+"det vil si opphavsrett har blitt ubalansert, skråstilt mot en ekstrem. "
+"muligheten til å opprette og transformere blir svekket i en verden der "
+"oppretting krever tillatelse og kreativitet må kontrollere med en advokat."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "PUZZLES"
-msgstr "puslespill"
+msgstr "Nøtter"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera"
-msgstr "Kapittel 11: chimera"
+msgstr "Kapittel elleve: Chimera"
+#. f1.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, The "
"extraordinarily beautiful, with \"sweet water, pasture, an even climate, "
"slopes of rich brown soil with tangles of a shrub that bore an excellent "
"fruit.\" But the villagers are all blind. Nunez takes this as an "
-"opportunity. \"In the Country of the Blind,\" he tells himself, \"the "
-"One-Eyed Man is King.\" So he resolves to live with the villagers to explore "
+"opportunity. \"In the Country of the Blind,\" he tells himself, \"the One-"
+"Eyed Man is King.\" So he resolves to live with the villagers to explore "
"life as a king."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight "
"blind and I can see. Leave me alone!'\""
msgstr ""
"ting går ikke helt som han har planlagt. han prøver å forklare ideen om "
-"synet til landsbyboere. de forstår ikke. Han forteller dem at de er "
-"\"blind.\" de ikke har word-blind. de tror han er bare tykk. faktisk, som de "
-"stadig mer merke tingene han ikke kan gjøre (høre lyden av gress å bli "
-"trappet på, for eksempel), de stadig prøver å kontrollere ham. han, i sin "
-"tur blir stadig mer frustrert. \"du ikke forstår, han gråt, i en stemme som "
-"var ment å være stor og resolutt, og som brøt. ' du er blind, og jeg kan "
-"se. La meg være! \"\""
+"synet til landsbyboere. de forstår ikke. Han forteller dem at de er \"blind."
+"\" de ikke har word-blind. de tror han er bare tykk. faktisk, som de stadig "
+"mer merke tingene han ikke kan gjøre (høre lyden av gress å bli trappet på, "
+"for eksempel), de stadig prøver å kontrollere ham. han, i sin tur blir "
+"stadig mer frustrert. \"du ikke forstår, han gråt, i en stemme som var ment "
+"å være stor og resolutt, og som brøt. ' du er blind, og jeg kan se. La meg "
+"være! \"\""
+#. PAGE BREAK 187
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the "
"overbærenhet.\" \"hun ikke tro,\" brønner forteller oss, og \"hun kunne bare "
"halvparten forstår, men hun var mysteriously glad.\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" "
"instruerer, \"han er en idiot. Han har delusions. han kan ikke gjøre noe "
"høyre. \"de tar nunez til landsbyen legen."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is "
"etter en forsiktig eksamen gir legen sin mening. \"hans hjernen er berørt,\" "
"rapporterer han."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called "
"\"hva påvirker det?\" spør Faderen. \"de skeiv ting som kalles øynene... er "
"sykelig... på en måte som påvirker hans hjernen.\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in "
"order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy "
-"surgical operation--namely, to remove these irritant bodies [the eyes].\""
+"surgical operation—namely, to remove these irritant bodies [the eyes]."
+"\""
msgstr ""
"legen fortsetter: \"Jeg tror jeg kan si med rimelig sikkerhet at for å "
"helbrede ham helt, alt vi trenger å gjøre er en enkel og lett kirurgisk "
"operasjon – nemlig å fjerne disse irriterende organer [øynene].\""
+#. PAGE BREAK 188
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform "
"have to read the original to learn what happens in the end. I believe in "
"free culture, but never in giving away the end of a story.) It sometimes "
"happens that the eggs of twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion "
-"produces a \"chimera.\" A chimera is a single creature with two sets of "
-"DNA. The DNA in the blood, for example, might be different from the DNA of "
-"the skin. This possibility is an underused plot for murder mysteries. \"But "
-"the DNA shows with 100 percent certainty that she was not the person whose "
-"blood was at the scene. . . .\""
+"produces a \"chimera.\" A chimera is a single creature with two sets of DNA. "
+"The DNA in the blood, for example, might be different from the DNA of the "
+"skin. This possibility is an underused plot for murder mysteries. \"But the "
+"DNA shows with 100 percent certainty that she was not the person whose blood "
+"was at the scene. . . .\""
msgstr ""
"\"thank heaven for science!\", sier faren til legen. de informere nunez av "
"denne tilstanden som er nødvendig for ham å være tillatt hans brud. (du må "
"muligheten er en underused tomten for mordet mysteriene. \"men dna viser med "
"100 prosent sikkerhet at hun ikke var personen med blod ble på scenen....\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A "
"chimera). vår forståelse av en \"person\" skal gjenspeile denne "
"virkeligheten."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and "
"enough, \"the copyright wars,\" the more I think we're dealing with a "
"chimera. For example, in the battle over the question \"What is p2p file "
"sharing?\" both sides have it right, and both sides have it wrong. One side "
-"says, \"File sharing is just like two kids taping each others' records--the "
-"sort of thing we've been doing for the last thirty years without any "
+"says, \"File sharing is just like two kids taping each others' records—"
+"the sort of thing we've been doing for the last thirty years without any "
"question at all.\" That's true, at least in part. When I tell my best friend "
"to try out a new CD that I've bought, but rather than just send the CD, I "
"point him to my p2p server, that is, in all relevant respects, just like "
"relevante henseender, akkurat som hva hver executive i hver innspilling "
"selskapet uten tvil gjorde som en unge: deling av musikk."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a "
"vi har ikke alltid vært tillatt å dele musikk med \"våre ti tusen beste "
"venner.\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into "
"et nytt album, heller enn å kjøpe det, jeg går til kazaa og finne en gratis "
"kopi til å ta, det er veldig mye som å stjele en kopi fra tårnet."
-#. PAGE BREAK 189
+#. PAGE BREAK 189
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from "
"Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from "
"dataoverføre en ti-sang-cd, jeg ansvarlig for $1,500,000 i skader.)"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it "
-"is both--both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is a "
-"chimera. And rather than simply denying what the other side asserts, we need "
-"to begin to think about how we should respond to this chimera. What rules "
-"should govern it?"
+"is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is "
+"a chimera. And rather than simply denying what the other side asserts, we "
+"need to begin to think about how we should respond to this chimera. What "
+"rules should govern it?"
msgstr ""
"Poenget er ikke at det er som verken side beskriver. Poenget er at det er "
"både--både som riaa beskriver det og som kazaa beskriver den. Det er en "
"for å begynne å tenke på hvordan vi skal reagere på denne chimera. hvilke "
"regler bør styre det?"
-#. f2.
+#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the "
"that would treat unauthorized on-line copying as a felony offense with "
"punishments ranging as high as five years imprisonment; see Jon Healey, "
"\"House Bill Aims to Up Stakes on Piracy,\" Los Angeles Times, 17 July 2003, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#34</ulink>. Civil penalties are currently set at $150,000 per copied "
-"song. For a recent (and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's demand "
-"that an ISP reveal the identity of a user accused of sharing more than 600 "
-"songs through a family computer, see RIAA v. Verizon Internet Services (In "
-"re. Verizon Internet Services), 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). Such a "
-"user could face liability ranging as high as $90 million. Such astronomical "
-"figures furnish the RIAA with a powerful arsenal in its prosecution of file "
-"sharers. Settlements ranging from $12,000 to $17,500 for four students "
-"accused of heavy file sharing on university networks must have seemed a mere "
-"pittance next to the $98 billion the RIAA could seek should the matter "
-"proceed to court. See Elizabeth Young, \"Downloading Could Lead to Fines,\" "
-"redandblack.com, August 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #35</ulink>. For an example of "
-"the RIAA's targeting of student file sharing, and of the subpoenas issued to "
-"universities to reveal student file-sharer identities, see James Collins, "
-"\"RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT to Name Students,\" Boston Globe, 8 "
-"August 2003, D3, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>."
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #34</ulink>. "
+"Civil penalties are currently set at $150,000 per copied song. For a recent "
+"(and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's demand that an ISP reveal "
+"the identity of a user accused of sharing more than 600 songs through a "
+"family computer, see RIAA v. Verizon Internet Services (In re. Verizon "
+"Internet Services), 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). Such a user could "
+"face liability ranging as high as $90 million. Such astronomical figures "
+"furnish the RIAA with a powerful arsenal in its prosecution of file sharers. "
+"Settlements ranging from $12,000 to $17,500 for four students accused of "
+"heavy file sharing on university networks must have seemed a mere pittance "
+"next to the $98 billion the RIAA could seek should the matter proceed to "
+"court. See Elizabeth Young, \"Downloading Could Lead to Fines,\" redandblack."
+"com, August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #35</ulink>. For an example of the RIAA's targeting of student file "
+"sharing, and of the subpoenas issued to universities to reveal student file-"
+"sharer identities, see James Collins, \"RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT "
+"to Name Students,\" Boston Globe, 8 August 2003, D3, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"file sharing occurred on a family computer. And we can get universities to "
"monitor all computer traffic to make sure that no computer is used to commit "
"this crime. These responses might be extreme, but each of them has either "
-"been proposed or actually implemented.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"been proposed or actually implemented.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as "
"though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no "
"hele tatt, av sosiale normer, men ikke av loven."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than "
"embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that "
"være verre enn et rimelig alternativ. men jeg tror den nulltoleranse "
"løsningen ville være verre av to ytterpunktene."
-#. PAGE BREAK 190
+#. PAGE BREAK 190
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of "
"the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is "
"aldri har hatt før. og i denne ekstremisme, mange en mulighet for ny "
"innovasjon og nye kreativitet går tapt."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My "
"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale,"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, "
"and we want to protect those rights."
"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale, og vi ønsker å beskytte disse rettighetene."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major "
"labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it "
"besvare det spørsmålet. markedskrefter operere naturlig kan godt gi en helt "
"annen industri-modell."
-#. f3.
+#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital "
"Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the "
"everyone's interests.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the "
"etiketter.\" posisjonen på disse sakene er nå endret."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It "
"will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms"
-msgstr "Kapittel 12: skader"
+msgstr "Kapittel tolv: Skader"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has "
"direkte og sikkerhetsstillelse skade. som med noen krig av forbudet, vil "
"disse skader bli rammet mest av våre egne folk."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in "
"denne beskrivelsen av konsekvenser til et argument. er denne krigen "
"rettferdiggjøres?"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first "
"første gang, loven skal forsvare gamle mot den nye, bare når strømmen av "
"egenskap kalt \"intellectual property\" er på sitt største i vår historie."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the "
"side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme claims of control "
-"in the name of property still resonate; the uncritical rejection of "
-"\"piracy\" still has play."
+"in the name of property still resonate; the uncritical rejection of \"piracy"
+"\" still has play."
msgstr ""
"ennå se \"sunn fornuft\" ikke det på denne måten. sunn fornuft er fortsatt "
"på siden av causbys og innhold industrien. ekstreme krav til kontroll i "
"navnet på egenskapen fortsatt appellerer; ukritisk avvisningen av "
"\"piratkopiering\" har fortsatt spille."
-#. PAGE BREAK 193
+#. PAGE BREAK 193
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe "
"just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident "
"bekjempe dagens monopolists kultur."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Constraining Creators"
msgstr "Begrensende skaperne"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. "
-"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share "
-"content. Capturing and sharing content, of course, is what humans have done "
-"since the dawn of man. It is how we learn and communicate. But capturing and "
-"sharing through digital technology is different. The fidelity and power are "
+"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share content. "
+"Capturing and sharing content, of course, is what humans have done since the "
+"dawn of man. It is how we learn and communicate. But capturing and sharing "
+"through digital technology is different. The fidelity and power are "
"different. You could send an e-mail telling someone about a joke you saw on "
"Comedy Central, or you could send the clip. You could write an essay about "
"the inconsistencies in the arguments of the politician you most love to "
-"hate, or you could make a short film that puts statement against "
-"statement. You could write a poem to express your love, or you could weave "
-"together a string--a mash-up-- of songs from your favorite artists in a "
+"hate, or you could make a short film that puts statement against statement. "
+"You could write a poem to express your love, or you could weave together a "
+"string—a mash-up— of songs from your favorite artists in a "
"collage and make it available on the Net."
msgstr ""
"i de neste ti årene vil vi se en eksplosjon av digitale teknologier. disse "
"sanger fra dine favoritt artister i en collage og gjøre den tilgjengelig på "
"nettet."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the "
"\"capturing and sharing\" promises a world of extraordinarily diverse "
"creativity that can be easily and broadly shared. And as that creativity is "
"applied to democracy, it will enable a broad range of citizens to use "
-"technology to express and criticize and contribute to the culture all "
-"around."
+"technology to express and criticize and contribute to the culture all around."
msgstr ""
"Denne digitale \"fange og deling\" er delvis en utvidelse for å registrere "
-"og dele det har alltid vært del av vår kultur, og delvis det er noe "
-"nytt. den er kontinuerlig med kodak, men den eksploderer grensene for "
-"kodak-lignende teknologier. teknologi for digital \"fange og deling av\" "
-"løfter en verden av svært mangfoldig kreativitet som kan enkelt og forstand "
-"deles. og så at kreativiteten brukes til demokrati, det vil muliggjøre et "
-"bredt spekter av borgere å bruke teknologi for å uttrykke og kritisere og "
-"bidra til kultur rundt."
+"og dele det har alltid vært del av vår kultur, og delvis det er noe nytt. "
+"den er kontinuerlig med kodak, men den eksploderer grensene for kodak-"
+"lignende teknologier. teknologi for digital \"fange og deling av\" løfter en "
+"verden av svært mangfoldig kreativitet som kan enkelt og forstand deles. og "
+"så at kreativiteten brukes til demokrati, det vil muliggjøre et bredt "
+"spekter av borgere å bruke teknologi for å uttrykke og kritisere og bidra "
+"til kultur rundt."
-#. PAGE BREAK 194
+#. PAGE BREAK 194
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture "
"that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated "
"across the globe."
msgstr ""
"teknologien har dermed gitt oss en mulighet til å gjøre noe med kultur som "
-"bare har vært mulig for enkeltpersoner i små grupper, isolert fra "
-"andre. Tenk på en gammel mann forteller en historie til en samling med "
-"naboer i en liten by. Nå forestille det samme fortellinger utvidet over hele "
-"verden."
+"bare har vært mulig for enkeltpersoner i små grupper, isolert fra andre. "
+"Tenk på en gammel mann forteller en historie til en samling med naboer i en "
+"liten by. Nå forestille det samme fortellinger utvidet over hele verden."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the "
"current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a "
"over Internett. men som loven er nå laget, dette arbeidet er presumptively "
"ugyldig."
-#. f1.
+#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Lynne W. Jeter, Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom (Hoboken, "
"N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; for details of the settlement, "
"see MCI press release, \"MCI Wins U.S. District Court Approval for SEC "
-"Settlement\" (7 July 2003), available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>."
+"Settlement\" (7 July 2003), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #37</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. f2.
+#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the "
"House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an "
"overview, see Tanya Albert, \"Measure Stalls in Senate: `We'll Be Back,' Say "
-"Tort Reformers,\" amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, and \"Senate Turns "
-"Back Malpractice Caps,\" CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #39</ulink>. President Bush has "
+"Tort Reformers,\" amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, and \"Senate Turns Back "
+"Malpractice Caps,\" CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #39</ulink>. President Bush has "
"continued to urge tort reform in recent months."
msgstr ""
"same time, the penalties for crossing the line are astonishingly harsh. The "
"four students who were threatened by the RIAA ( Jesse Jordan of chapter 3 "
"was just one) were threatened with a $98 billion lawsuit for building search "
-"engines that permitted songs to be copied. Yet World-Com--which defrauded "
-"investors of $11 billion, resulting in a loss to investors in market "
-"capitalization of over $200 billion--received a fine of a mere $750 "
-"million.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And under legislation "
+"engines that permitted songs to be copied. Yet World-Com—which "
+"defrauded investors of $11 billion, resulting in a loss to investors in "
+"market capitalization of over $200 billion—received a fine of a mere "
+"
$750 million.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And under legislation "
"being pushed in Congress right now, a doctor who negligently removes the "
"wrong leg in an operation would be liable for no more than $250,000 in "
"damages for pain and suffering.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can "
"negligently butchering a patient?"
msgstr ""
-#. f3.
+#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" Wired, 7 July 2003, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#40</ulink>. For an overview of the exhibition, see <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</ulink>."
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #40</ulink>. "
+"For an overview of the exhibition, see <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #41</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"boundaries of the public domain are designed to be unclear. It never pays to "
"do anything except pay for the right to create, and hence only those who can "
"pay are allowed to create. As was the case in the Soviet Union, though for "
-"very different reasons, we will begin to see a world of underground art--not "
-"because the message is necessarily political, or because the subject is "
-"controversial, but because the very act of creating the art is legally "
-"fraught. Already, exhibits of \"illegal art\" tour the United "
-"States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In what does their "
-"\"illegality\" consist? In the act of mixing the culture around us with an "
-"expression that is critical or reflective."
+"very different reasons, we will begin to see a world of underground "
+"art—not because the message is necessarily political, or because the "
+"subject is controversial, but because the very act of creating the art is "
+"legally fraught. Already, exhibits of \"illegal art\" tour the United States."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In what does their \"illegality\" "
+"consist? In the act of mixing the culture around us with an expression that "
+"is critical or reflective."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing "
"law. I described that change in detail in chapter 10. But an even bigger "
"hjemmeside som noen kunne tune inn uansett grunn de valgte."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting "
"infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the "
-"tools of Photoshop, sharing content on the Web, must worry all the "
-"time. Images are all around, but the only safe images to use in the act of "
+"tools of Photoshop, sharing content on the Web, must worry all the time. "
+"Images are all around, but the only safe images to use in the act of "
"creation are those purchased from Corbis or another image farm. And in "
"purchasing, censoring happens. There is a free market in pencils; we needn't "
"worry about its effect on creativity. But there is a highly regulated, "
"måte gratis."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described "
"in chapter 7, in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, "
"ellers har bruk var rettferdig bruk, og derfor er jeg feil å si at loven "
"regulerer slik bruk."
-#. PAGE BREAK 196
+#. PAGE BREAK 196
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend "
"your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for "
-"defending rights such as fair use is astonishingly bad--in practically every "
-"context, but especially here. It costs too much, it delivers too slowly, and "
-"what it delivers often has little connection to the justice underlying the "
-"claim. The legal system may be tolerable for the very rich. For everyone "
-"else, it is an embarrassment to a tradition that prides itself on the rule "
-"of law."
+"defending rights such as fair use is astonishingly bad—in practically "
+"every context, but especially here. It costs too much, it delivers too "
+"slowly, and what it delivers often has little connection to the justice "
+"underlying the claim. The legal system may be tolerable for the very rich. "
+"For everyone else, it is an embarrassment to a tradition that prides itself "
+"on the rule of law."
msgstr ""
"men rimelig bruk i Amerika betyr ganske enkelt rett til å leie en advokat "
"for å forsvare din rett til å opprette. og som advokater elsker å glemme, "
"juridisk system utholdelig for de svært rike. for alle andre er det en "
"forlegenhet til en tradisjon som prides seg på rettssikkerhet."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate "
"should allow. But it is a measure of how out of touch our legal system has "
"become that anyone actually believes this. The rules that publishers impose "
"upon writers, the rules that film distributors impose upon filmmakers, the "
-"rules that newspapers impose upon journalists-- these are the real laws "
-"governing creativity. And these rules have little relationship to the "
-"\"law\" with which judges comfort themselves."
+"rules that newspapers impose upon journalists— these are the real laws "
+"governing creativity. And these rules have little relationship to the \"law"
+"\" with which judges comfort themselves."
msgstr ""
"dommere og advokater kan fortelle seg selv at fair use gir tilstrekkelig "
-"\"puste rommet\" mellom regulering av loven, og access loven skal "
-"tillate. men det er et mål på hvor ute av touch vår juridiske systemet har "
-"blitt noen faktisk mener dette. reglene som utgivere legger på forfattere, "
-"reglene som trevare legger på filmskapere, reglene at aviser legger på "
-"journalister--disse er de virkelige lovene som regulerer kreativitet. og "
-"disse reglene har lite i forhold til \"loven\" med hvilken dommere trøste "
-"seg."
+"\"puste rommet\" mellom regulering av loven, og access loven skal tillate. "
+"men det er et mål på hvor ute av touch vår juridiske systemet har blitt noen "
+"faktisk mener dette. reglene som utgivere legger på forfattere, reglene som "
+"trevare legger på filmskapere, reglene at aviser legger på journalister--"
+"disse er de virkelige lovene som regulerer kreativitet. og disse reglene har "
+"lite i forhold til \"loven\" med hvilken dommere trøste seg."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of "
"a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend "
"against a copyright infringement claim, and which would never return to the "
"wrongfully accused defendant anything of the costs she suffered to defend "
-"her right to speak--in that world, the astonishingly broad regulations that "
-"pass under the name \"copyright\" silence speech and creativity. And in that "
-"world, it takes a studied blindness for people to continue to believe they "
-"live in a culture that is free."
+"her right to speak—in that world, the astonishingly broad regulations "
+"that pass under the name \"copyright\" silence speech and creativity. And in "
+"that world, it takes a studied blindness for people to continue to believe "
+"they live in a culture that is free."
msgstr ""
"for i en verden som truer $150.000 for en enkelt willful brudd på "
"opphavsretten, og som krever titusenvis av dollar til selv forsvar mot "
"opphavsrettsstridig krav, og som ville aldri tilbake til wrongfully anklaget "
"saksøkte noe av kostnadene lidd hun for å forsvare sin rett til å snakke--i "
-"denne verden, astonishingly bred regelverket at pass under navnet "
-"\"copyright\" stillhet tale og kreativitet. og i denne verden, det tar en "
-"studert blindhet for folk å fortsette å tro de bor i en kultur som er "
-"gratis."
+"denne verden, astonishingly bred regelverket at pass under navnet \"copyright"
+"\" stillhet tale og kreativitet. og i denne verden, det tar en studert "
+"blindhet for folk å fortsette å tro de bor i en kultur som er gratis."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me,"
msgstr "som jed horovitz, forretningsmann bak video rørledning, sa til meg,"
+#. PAGE BREAK 197
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are "
-"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being "
-"expressed. And while a lot of stuff may [still] be created, it still won't "
-"get distributed. Even if the stuff gets made . . . you're not going to get "
-"it distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note from "
-"a lawyer saying, \"This has been cleared.\" You're not even going to get it "
-"on PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which they "
-"control it."
+"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being expressed. "
+"And while a lot of stuff may [still] be created, it still won't get "
+"distributed. Even if the stuff gets made . . . you're not going to get it "
+"distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note from a "
+"lawyer saying, \"This has been cleared.\" You're not even going to get it on "
+"PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which they control "
+"it."
msgstr ""
"Vi miste [kreative] muligheter høyre og venstre. kreative mennesker blir "
"tvunget ikke til å uttrykke seg. tanker er ikke angitt. og mens mange ting "
"de kontrollen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Constraining Innovators"
msgstr "Begrensende innovators"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story--creativity quashed, "
-"artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you "
+"The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity "
+"quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you "
"going. Maybe you think there's enough weird art out there, and enough "
"expression that is critical of what seems to be just about everything. And "
-"if you think that, you might think there's little in this story to worry "
-"you."
+"if you think that, you might think there's little in this story to worry you."
msgstr ""
"historien om den siste delen var en crunchy lefty historie--kreativitet "
"ødela, kunstnere som ikke kan snakke, yada babbelet. kanskje det ikke komme "
"kritisk til hva synes å være omtrent alt. og hvis du tror at du kanskje tror "
"det er lite i denne historien å bekymre deg over."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, "
"det samme, selv om interesser som påvirker kultur er mer grunnleggende."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same "
"charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, "
-"concedes that some regulation of markets is necessary--at a minimum, we need "
-"rules of property and contract, and courts to enforce both. Likewise, in "
-"this culture debate, everyone concedes that at least some framework of "
+"concedes that some regulation of markets is necessary—at a minimum, we "
+"need rules of property and contract, and courts to enforce both. Likewise, "
+"in this culture debate, everyone concedes that at least some framework of "
"copyright is also required. But both perspectives vehemently insist that "
"just because some regulation is good, it doesn't follow that more regulation "
"is better. And both perspectives are constantly attuned to the ways in which "
"perspektiver er stadig attuned til måtene i hvilke regulering aktiverer bare "
"de kraftige industriene i dag for å beskytte seg mot konkurrenter i morgen."
+#. PAGE BREAK 198
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy "
"who want to innovate in this space can safely innovate only if they have the "
"sign-off from last generation's dominant industries. That lesson has been "
"taught through a series of cases that were designed and executed to teach "
-"venture capitalists a lesson. That lesson--what former Napster CEO Hank "
-"Barry calls a \"nuclear pall\" that has fallen over the Valley--has been "
-"learned."
+"venture capitalists a lesson. That lesson—what former Napster CEO Hank "
+"Barry calls a \"nuclear pall\" that has fallen over the Valley—has "
+"been learned."
msgstr ""
"Dette er single mest dramatiske effekten av skiftet i regulatoriske strategi "
"som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10. konsekvens av denne massiv trussel av "
"blitt lært."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in "
"The Future of Ideas and which has progressed in a way that even I (pessimist "
"(pessimist extraordinaire) ville aldri ha forutsett."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was "
"keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new "
"engasjement fra skaperne."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to "
"recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to "
msgstr ""
"Hvis du vil gjøre dette systemet fungerer, men trengte mp3.com en pålitelig "
"måte å anbefale musikk til sine brukere. Ideen bak denne alternative var å "
-"utnytte åpenbarte innstillingene av musikk lyttere å anbefale nye "
-"artister. Hvis du liker lyle lovett, sannsynligvis du til å nyte bonnie "
-"raitt. og så videre."
+"utnytte åpenbarte innstillingene av musikk lyttere å anbefale nye artister. "
+"Hvis du liker lyle lovett, sannsynligvis du til å nyte bonnie raitt. og så "
+"videre."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. "
-"MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference "
-"data. In January 2000, the company launched a service called "
-"my.mp3.com. Using software provided by MP3.com, a user would sign into an "
-"account and then insert into her computer a CD. The software would identify "
-"the CD, and then give the user access to that content. So, for example, if "
-"you inserted a CD by Jill Sobule, then wherever you were--at work or at "
-"home--you could get access to that music once you signed into your "
-"account. The system was therefore a kind of music-lockbox."
+"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. MP3."
+"com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference "
+"data. In January 2000, the company launched a service called my.mp3.com. "
+"Using software provided by MP3.com, a user would sign into an account and "
+"then insert into her computer a CD. The software would identify the CD, and "
+"then give the user access to that content. So, for example, if you inserted "
+"a CD by Jill Sobule, then wherever you were—at work or at home—"
+"you could get access to that music once you signed into your account. The "
+"system was therefore a kind of music-lockbox."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 199
+#. PAGE BREAK 199
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that "
"opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com "
"likte."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to "
"a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, "
"kunder noe de hadde allerede kjøpt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed "
"by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of "
"måneder senere, en føderal dommer funnet mp3.com å ha vært skyldig i willful "
"brudd med hensyn til femte. å bruke loven som det er, pålagt dommeren en bot "
"mot mp3.com av 118 millioner. MP3.com deretter utlignet med gjenstående "
-"saksøker, vivendi universal, betaler over $54 millioner. Vivendi kjøpt "
-"mp3.com omtrent et år senere."
+"saksøker, vivendi universal, betaler over $54 millioner. Vivendi kjøpt mp3."
+"com omtrent et år senere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion."
-msgstr "som en del av historien jeg har fortalt før. nå Vurder sin konklusjon."
+msgstr "Den delen av historien har jeg fortalt før. Nå kommer konklusjonen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a "
"malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a "
"lawsuit sought to punish any lawyer who had dared to suggest that the law "
"was less restrictive than the labels demanded."
msgstr ""
-"etter at vivendi kjøpt mp3.com, vivendi slått rundt og arkivert en "
-"malpractice prosess mot jurister som hadde anbefales det at de hadde en god "
-"tro hevder at de ønsket å tilby tjenesten vil bli vurdert juridiske lover om "
-"opphavsrett. Dette søksmålet påstått at det burde vært åpenbart at "
-"domstolene ville finne denne virkemåten ulovlig; Derfor var dette søksmålet "
-"søkt å straffe noen advokat som hadde våget å foreslå at loven mindre "
-"restriktive enn etikettene krevde."
+"Etter at Vivendi kjøpte MP3.com, snudde Vivendi seg rundt og saksøkte for "
+"malpractice juristene som hadde anbefalt at de hadde en god tro hevder at de "
+"ønsket å tilby tjenesten vil bli vurdert juridiske lover om opphavsrett. "
+"Dette søksmålet påstått at det burde vært åpenbart at domstolene ville finne "
+"denne virkemåten ulovlig; Derfor var dette søksmålet søkt å straffe noen "
+"advokat som hadde våget å foreslå at loven mindre restriktive enn etikettene "
+"krevde."
-#. PAGE BREAK 200
+#. PAGE BREAK 200
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified "
-"amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to "
+"amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to "
"send an unequivocal message to lawyers advising clients in this space: It is "
"not just your clients who might suffer if the content industry directs its "
"guns against them. It is also you. So those of you who believe the law "
"should be less restrictive should realize that such a view of the law will "
"cost you and your firm dearly."
msgstr ""
-"Fjern hensikten med dette søksmålet (som ble avgjort i en uspesifisert "
-"periode kort tid etter at historien ble ikke lenger dekket i pressen) var å "
-"sende en utvetydig melding til advokater rådgivning klienter i dette rommet: "
-"det er ikke bare klientene som kanskje lider Hvis innhold industrien "
-"dirigerer sine våpen mot dem. Det er også deg. så de av dere som tror loven "
-"bør være mindre bør restriktive innse at slikt syn på loven vil koste deg og "
-"ditt firma dyrt."
+"Den åpenbare hensikten med dette søksmålet (som ble avsluttet med et forlik "
+"for et uspesifisert beløp like etter at saken ikke lenger fikk "
+"pressedekning), var å sende en melding som ikke kan misforstås til advokater "
+"som gir råd til klienter på dette området: Det er ikke bare dine klienter "
+"som får lide hvis innholdsindustrien retter sine våpen mot dem. Det får "
+"også du. Så de av dere som tror loven burde være mindre restriktiv bør "
+"innse at et slikt syn på loven vil koste deg og ditt firma dyrt."
-#. f4.
+#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" Los Angeles Times, "
"23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the effects on innovation in "
"the distribution of music, see Janelle Brown, \"The Music Revolution Will "
-"Not Be Digitized,\" Salon.com, 1 June 2001, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #42</ulink>. See also Jon "
-"Healey, \"Online Music Services Besieged,\" Los Angeles Times, 28 May 2001."
+"Not Be Digitized,\" Salon.com, 1 June 2001, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #42</ulink>. See also Jon Healey, \"Online "
+"Music Services Besieged,\" Los Angeles Times, 28 May 2001."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal "
"and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm "
"(VC) that had funded Napster at a certain stage of its development, its "
-"cofounder ( John Hummer), and general partner (Hank Barry).<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The claim here, as well, was that the VC should "
-"have recognized the right of the content industry to control how the "
-"industry should develop. They should be held personally liable for funding a "
-"company whose business turned out to be beyond the law. Here again, the aim "
-"of the lawsuit is transparent: Any VC now recognizes that if you fund a "
-"company whose business is not approved of by the dinosaurs, you are at risk "
-"not just in the marketplace, but in the courtroom as well. Your investment "
-"buys you not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the "
+"cofounder ( John Hummer), and general partner (Hank Barry).<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The claim here, as well, was that the VC should have "
+"recognized the right of the content industry to control how the industry "
+"should develop. They should be held personally liable for funding a company "
+"whose business turned out to be beyond the law. Here again, the aim of the "
+"lawsuit is transparent: Any VC now recognizes that if you fund a company "
+"whose business is not approved of by the dinosaurs, you are at risk not just "
+"in the marketplace, but in the courtroom as well. Your investment buys you "
+"not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the "
"environment become that even car manufacturers are afraid of technologies "
"that touch content. In an article in Business 2.0, Rafe Needleman describes "
"a discussion with BMW:"
msgstr ""
-#. f5.
+#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16 June 2003, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#43</ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example."
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. "
+"I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example."
msgstr ""
+"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16. juni 2003, "
+"tilgjengelig via <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</"
+"ulink>. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot for dette eksemplet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"This is the world of the mafia--filled with \"your money or your life\" "
+"This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life\" "
"offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law "
"empowers copyright holders to exercise. It is a system that will obviously "
-"and necessarily stifle new innovation. It is hard enough to start a "
-"company. It is impossibly hard if that company is constantly threatened by "
-"litigation."
+"and necessarily stifle new innovation. It is hard enough to start a company. "
+"It is impossibly hard if that company is constantly threatened by litigation."
msgstr ""
-"Dette er verden av mafiaen--fylt med \"penger eller livet\" tilbyr, "
-"reguleres av domstolene men av trusler at loven gir innehaver av opphavsrett "
-"til å utøve til slutt. Det er et system som vil åpenbart og nødvendigvis "
-"kveler ny innovasjon. Det er vanskelig nok å starte et selskap. Det er "
-"impossibly vanskelig hvis selskapet er stadig truet av søksmål."
+"Dette er verden til mafiaen—fylt med \"penger eller livet\"-trusler, "
+"som ikke er regulert av domstolene men av trusler som loven gir "
+"rettighetsinnehaver mulighet til å komme med. Det er et system som åpenbart "
+"og nødvendigvis vil kvele ny innovasjon. Det er vanskelig nok å starte et "
+"selskap. Det blir helt umulig hvis selskapet er stadig truet av søksmål."
+#. PAGE BREAK 201
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal "
"uncertain and unlimited liability, we will have much less vibrant innovation "
"and much less creativity."
msgstr ""
-"Poenget er ikke at virksomheter bør ha rett til å starte ulovlig "
-"bedrifter. Poenget er definisjonen av \"ulovlig.\" loven er et rot av "
-"usikkerhet. Vi har ingen god måte å vite hvordan den skal brukes på nye "
-"teknologier. ennå gir ved å snu vår tradisjon av juridisk deference, og ved "
-"å omfavne de astonishingly høyt straffene som pålegger lov om opphavsrett, "
-"det usikkerheten nå en realitet som er langt mer konservative enn det som er "
+"Poenget er ikke at virksomheter bør ha rett til å starte ulovlig bedrifter. "
+"Poenget er definisjonen av \"ulovlig.\" loven er et rot av usikkerhet. Vi "
+"har ingen god måte å vite hvordan den skal brukes på nye teknologier. ennå "
+"gir ved å snu vår tradisjon av juridisk deference, og ved å omfavne de "
+"astonishingly høyt straffene som pålegger lov om opphavsrett, det "
+"usikkerheten nå en realitet som er langt mer konservative enn det som er "
"rett. Hvis loven pålagt dødsstraff for parkering billetter, vi ville ikke "
"bare ha færre parkering billetter, ville vi også ha mye mindre kjøring. det "
"samme prinsippet gjelder for innovasjon. Hvis innovasjon er stadig "
"kontrolleres av denne usikker og ubegrenset ansvar, har vi mye mindre "
"levende innovasjon og mye mindre kreativitet."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair "
-"use. Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both "
+"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair use. "
+"Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both "
"contexts is the same. This wildly punitive system of regulation will "
"systematically stifle creativity and innovation. It will protect some "
"industries and some creators, but it will harm industry and creativity "
"overregulated kultur, akkurat som effekten av for mye kontroll i markedet er "
"å produsere en overregulatedregulated markedet."
-#. PAGE BREAK 202
+#. PAGE BREAK 202
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the "
"first important way in which the changes I have described will burden "
-"innovation. A permission culture means a lawyer's culture--a culture in "
+"innovation. A permission culture means a lawyer's culture—a culture in "
"which the ability to create requires a call to your lawyer. Again, I am not "
"antilawyer, at least when they're kept in their proper place. I am certainly "
"not antilaw. But our profession has lost the sense of its limits. And "
"innhold for å bruke loven til å regulere direkte teknologi på Internett slik "
"at det bedre beskytter innholdet."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the "
"effektivt. Hvis Internett gjør at \"piratkopiering\", deretter dette svaret "
"sier, vi bør bryte kneecaps av Internett."
-#. f6.
+#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the "
-"Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), 3335, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>."
+"Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), "
+"33–35, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"#44</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. f7.
+#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
-msgid "GartnerG2, 2627."
+msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27."
msgstr "gartnerg2, 2627."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the "
"content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would "
"require computers to determine whether the content they access is protected "
-"or not, and to disable the spread of protected content.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Congress has already launched proceedings to "
-"explore a mandatory \"broadcast flag\" that would be required on any device "
-"capable of transmitting digital video (i.e., a computer), and that would "
-"disable the copying of any content that is marked with a broadcast "
-"flag. Other members of Congress have proposed immunizing content providers "
-"from liability for technology they might deploy that would hunt down "
-"copyright violators and disable their machines.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"or not, and to disable the spread of protected content.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Congress has already launched proceedings to explore "
+"a mandatory \"broadcast flag\" that would be required on any device capable "
+"of transmitting digital video (i.e., a computer), and that would disable the "
+"copying of any content that is marked with a broadcast flag. Other members "
+"of Congress have proposed immunizing content providers from liability for "
+"technology they might deploy that would hunt down copyright violators and "
+"disable their machines.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 203
+#. PAGE BREAK 203
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why "
"not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical "
-"infrastructure will always be tuned to the particular technology of the "
-"day. It will impose significant burdens and costs on the technology, but "
-"will likely be eclipsed by advances around exactly those requirements."
+"infrastructure will always be tuned to the particular technology of the day. "
+"It will impose significant burdens and costs on the technology, but will "
+"likely be eclipsed by advances around exactly those requirements."
msgstr ""
"i en forstand synes disse løsningene fornuftig. Hvis problemet er koden, "
"hvorfor ikke regulere koden for å fjerne problemet. men noen regulering av "
"dagen. det vil innføre betydelig byrder og kostnader på teknologi, men vil "
"trolig være eclipsed av fremskritt rundt akkurat disse kravene."
+#. f8.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, "
-"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would "
-"impose.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Their argument was "
-"obviously not that copyright should not be protected. Instead, they argued, "
-"any protection should not do more harm than good."
+"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would impose."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Their argument was obviously not "
+"that copyright should not be protected. Instead, they argued, any protection "
+"should not do more harm than good."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed "
-"innovation--again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free market "
-"crowd."
+"There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed innovation—"
+"again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free market crowd."
msgstr ""
"Det er en tydeligere måte der denne krigen har skadet innovasjon - igjen, en "
"historie som vil være ganske kjent for fritt marked publikum."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of "
"regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When "
"gjøres riktig, det fordeler skaperne og skader leeches. Når gjort galt, det "
"er regulering kraftig bruk å beseire konkurrenter."
-#. f9.
+#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-msgid "Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001)."
-msgstr "Jessica litman, digitale copyright (amherst, n.y.: prometheus bøker, 2001)."
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001)."
+msgstr ""
+"Jessica litman, digitale copyright (amherst, n.y.: prometheus bøker, 2001)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as "
"regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica "
-"Litman in her book Digital Copyright,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 "
-"details, when new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a "
-"balance to assure that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or "
-"statutory, licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the "
-"case of the VCR) has been another."
+"Litman in her book Digital Copyright,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 details, when "
+"new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance to assure "
+"that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or statutory, licenses "
+"have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the case of the VCR) "
+"has been another."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the "
"rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a "
"domstoler og Kongressen innført juridiske restriksjoner som vil ha effekten "
"av smothering ny for å dra nytte av gamle."
-#. f10.
+#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The only circuit court exception is found in Recording Industry Association "
-"of America (RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th "
-"Cir. 1999). There the court of appeals for the Ninth Circuit reasoned that "
-"makers of a portable MP3 player were not liable for contributory copyright "
+"of America (RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th Cir. "
+"1999). There the court of appeals for the Ninth Circuit reasoned that makers "
+"of a portable MP3 player were not liable for contributory copyright "
"infringement for a device that is unable to record or redistribute music (a "
"device whose only copying function is to render portable a music file "
"already stored on a user's hard drive). At the district court level, the "
"gjennomføre for attenuated å gjøre distributøren ansvarlig for krenkelse av "
"medvirkende eller stedfortredende erstatningsansvar."
-#. f11.
+#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
-"For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the "
-"Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize "
-"copyright holders from liability for damage done to computers when the "
-"copyright holders use technology to stop copyright infringement. In August "
-"2002, Representative Billy Tauzin introduced a bill to mandate that "
-"technologies capable of rebroadcasting digital copies of films broadcast on "
-"TV (i.e., computers) respect a \"broadcast flag\" that would disable copying "
-"of that content. And in March of the same year, Senator Fritz Hollings "
-"introduced the Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act, "
-"which mandated copyright protection technology in all digital media "
-"devices. See GartnerG2, \"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster "
-"World,\" 27 June 2003, 3334, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>."
+"For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-"
+"to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize copyright "
+"holders from liability for damage done to computers when the copyright "
+"holders use technology to stop copyright infringement. In August 2002, "
+"Representative Billy Tauzin introduced a bill to mandate that technologies "
+"capable of rebroadcasting digital copies of films broadcast on TV (i.e., "
+"computers) respect a \"broadcast flag\" that would disable copying of that "
+"content. And in March of the same year, Senator Fritz Hollings introduced "
+"the Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act, which mandated "
+"copyright protection technology in all digital media devices. See GartnerG2, "
+"\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" 27 June 2003, "
+"33–34, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"#44</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses "
-"threatened and actually implemented by Congress. I won't catalog all of "
-"those responses here.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But there is "
-"one example that captures the flavor of them all. This is the story of the "
-"demise of Internet radio."
+"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses threatened and "
+"actually implemented by Congress. I won't catalog all of those responses "
+"here.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But there is one example that "
+"captures the flavor of them all. This is the story of the demise of Internet "
+"radio."
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 204
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the "
"recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he "
"or she is also the composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded "
-"a version of \"Happy Birthday\"--to memorialize her famous performance "
-"before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden-- then whenever that "
+"a version of \"Happy Birthday\"—to memorialize her famous performance "
+"before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then whenever that "
"recording was played on the radio, the current copyright owners of \"Happy "
"Birthday\" would get some money, whereas Marilyn Monroe would not."
msgstr ""
"birthday\" ville få noen penger, mens marilyn monroe ville ikke."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The "
"justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist "
"were quite good at stopping any efforts to get Congress to require "
"compensation to the recording artists."
msgstr ""
-"begrunnelsen bak denne balansen truffet av Kongressen gjør noe "
-"fornuftig. Begrunnelsen var at radio var en form for "
-"annonsering. Plateartist nytte dermed fordi ved å spille musikken hennes, "
-"radiostasjonen var å gjøre det mer sannsynlig at hennes poster ville være "
-"kjøpt. dermed Plateartist fikk noe, selv om bare indirekte. sannsynligvis "
-"denne begrunnelsen hadde mindre å gjøre med resultatet enn med makten av "
-"radiostasjoner: deres lobbyister var ganske god til å stoppe enhver innsats "
-"for å få Kongressen til å kreve kompensasjon for artistene."
+"begrunnelsen bak denne balansen truffet av Kongressen gjør noe fornuftig. "
+"Begrunnelsen var at radio var en form for annonsering. Plateartist nytte "
+"dermed fordi ved å spille musikken hennes, radiostasjonen var å gjøre det "
+"mer sannsynlig at hennes poster ville være kjøpt. dermed Plateartist fikk "
+"noe, selv om bare indirekte. sannsynligvis denne begrunnelsen hadde mindre å "
+"gjøre med resultatet enn med makten av radiostasjoner: deres lobbyister var "
+"ganske god til å stoppe enhver innsats for å få Kongressen til å kreve "
+"kompensasjon for artistene."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to "
"radiostasjon langt utover san francisco metropolitan area."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are "
"potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in "
"stort antall brukere over hele verden. Ifølge noen anslag har mer enn åtti "
"millioner brukere over hele verden stilt inn på denne nye formen for radio."
-#. PAGE BREAK 205
+#. PAGE BREAK 205
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement "
"potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since "
"beskytte Internett-radio. som en forfatter beskriver howard Armstrongs kamp "
"for å aktivere fm-radio,"
-#. f12.
+#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Lessing, 239."
msgstr "Lessing, 239."
"shackles.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. f13.
+#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Ibid., 229."
msgstr "ibid., 229."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"This potential for FM radio was never realized--not because Armstrong was "
-"wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of "
-"\"vested interests, habits, customs and legislation\"<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> to retard the growth of this competing "
-"technology."
+"This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong "
+"was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of "
+"\"vested interests, habits, customs and legislation\"<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> to retard the growth of this competing technology."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there "
"is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio "
"opphavsrett er en slik lov. så det første spørsmålet som vi bør spørre er, "
"hvilke opphavsrett regler ville styre Internett-radio?"
+#. PAGE BREAK 206
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new "
"terrestrial radio does not have to pay our hypothetical Marilyn Monroe when "
"it plays her hypothetical recording of \"Happy Birthday\" on the air, "
"Internet radio does. Not only is the law not neutral toward Internet "
-"radio--the law actually burdens Internet radio more than it burdens "
+"radio—the law actually burdens Internet radio more than it burdens "
"terrestrial radio."
msgstr ""
"men her kraften i lobbyister tilbakeføres. Internett-radio er en ny "
"nøytral mot Internett-radio--loven faktisk byrder Internettradio mer enn det "
"byrder bakkesendte radio."
-#. f14.
+#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration "
"2003, on file with author. Professors Fisher and Zittrain submitted "
"testimony in the CARP proceeding that was ultimately rejected. See Jonathan "
"Zittrain, Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings and Ephemeral "
-"Recordings, Docket No. 2000-9, CARP DTRA 1 and 2, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #45</ulink>. For an excellent "
+"Recordings, Docket No. 2000-9, CARP DTRA 1 and 2, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #45</ulink>. For an excellent "
"analysis making a similar point, see Randal C. Picker, \"Copyright as Entry "
"Policy: The Case of Digital Distribution,\" Antitrust Bulletin (Summer/Fall "
"2002): 461: \"This was not confusion, these are just old-fashioned entry "
"This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher "
"estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to "
"(on average) ten thousand listeners, twenty-four hours a day, the total "
-"artist fees that radio station would owe would be over $1 million a "
-"
year.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A regular radio station "
+"artist fees that radio station would owe would be over $1 million a year."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A regular radio station "
"broadcasting the same content would pay no equivalent fee."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were "
"proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) "
"ville ha til å samle inn følgende data fra hver lytting transaksjon:"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "name of the service;"
msgstr "navnet på tjenesten,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "date of transmission;"
msgstr "dato for overføring;"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "time of transmission;"
msgstr "tidspunktet for overføring;"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;"
msgstr "tidssonen til opprinnelse av overføring;"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;"
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;"
msgstr "numeriske angivelsen av i stedet for lydopptak programmet;"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);"
msgstr "varigheten av overføring (til nærmeste sekund):"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "sound recording title;"
msgstr "Lydinnspilling-tittel;"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "ISRC code of the recording;"
msgstr "ISRC-koden på opptaket;"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of "
"compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of "
"av albumet og kopi høyre datoen for spor;"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "featured recording artist;"
msgstr "anbefalte Plateartist;"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "retail album title;"
msgstr "detaljhandel albumtittel;"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "recording label;"
msgstr "plateselskap;"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "UPC code of the retail album;"
msgstr "UPC koden for selge i detalj albumet;"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "catalog number;"
msgstr "katalognummer;"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "copyright owner information;"
msgstr "opphavsrettsinnehaveren informasjon;"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);"
msgstr "musikksjanger av kanal eller -programmet (stasjon format);"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "name of the service or entity;"
msgstr "navnet på tjenesten eller selskap;"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "channel or program;"
msgstr "kanal eller program;"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr "datoen og klokkeslettet da brukeren logget på (i brukerens tidssone);"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr "datoen og klokkeslettet da brukeren logget ut (i brukerens tidssone);"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);"
msgstr "tidssone der signalet ble mottatt (bruker);"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Unique User identifier;"
msgstr "unik bruker identifikator;"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions."
msgstr "landet som brukeren mottok sendinger."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, "
"pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the "
"radio har å betale en type opphavsrett gebyr som bakkesendte radio ikke."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic "
"consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was "
"forskjellene? var motivet å beskytte kunstnere mot piratkopiering?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to "
"everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at "
"samtidig. som alex alben fortalte visepresident for public policy på real "
"networks, meg:"
+#. PAGE BREAK 208
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony "
"etablere markedet rate, og hvis du angir satsen så høyt, du kommer til å "
"drive små webcasters ut av business.... \""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry "
"stabil, forutsigbar marked.\" (vekt legges)."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that "
"this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the "
"for å hindre den."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Corrupting Citizens"
msgstr "ødelegge borgere"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives "
"dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity "
"demokratisk kreativitet som digital teknologi gjør det mulig."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important "
"to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts "
"forfedre, men synes glemt i dag. overregulation skader borgere og svekker "
"rettssikkerhet."
-#. f15.
+#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet "
-"and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #46</ulink>. The Pew Internet "
-"and American Life Project reported that 37 million Americans had downloaded "
-"music files from the Internet by early 2001."
+"and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #46</ulink>. The Pew Internet and American "
+"Life Project reported that 37 million Americans had downloaded music files "
+"from the Internet by early 2001."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 209
+#. PAGE BREAK 209
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war "
"extreme response by the other."
msgstr ""
+#. f16.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" Los "
"in damages ($250,000 in legal fees) led Jordan to choose to pay all the "
"money he had in the world ($12,000) to make the suit go away. The same "
"strategy animates the RIAA's suits against individual users. In September "
-"2003, the RIAA sued 261 individuals--including a twelve-year-old girl living "
-"in public housing and a seventy-year-old man who had no idea what file "
-"sharing was.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As these scapegoats "
-"discovered, it will always cost more to defend against these suits than it "
-"would cost to simply settle. (The twelve year old, for example, like Jesse "
-"Jordan, paid her life savings of $2,000 to settle the case.) Our law is an "
-"awful system for defending rights. It is an embarrassment to our "
-"tradition. And the consequence of our law as it is, is that those with the "
-"power can use the law to quash any rights they oppose."
-msgstr ""
-
+"2003, the RIAA sued 261 individuals—including a twelve-year-old girl "
+"living in public housing and a seventy-year-old man who had no idea what "
+"file sharing was.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As these "
+"scapegoats discovered, it will always cost more to defend against these "
+"suits than it would cost to simply settle. (The twelve year old, for "
+"example, like Jesse Jordan, paid her life savings of $2,000 to settle the "
+"case.) Our law is an awful system for defending rights. It is an "
+"embarrassment to our tradition. And the consequence of our law as it is, is "
+"that those with the power can use the law to quash any rights they oppose."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f17.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During "
"Jeffrey a. miron og jeffrey zwiebel, \"alkoholforbruk under forbudstiden,\" "
"amerikanske økonomiske anmeldelse 81, no. 2 (1991): 242."
-#. f18.
+#. f18.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform "
-"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John "
-"P. Walters, director of National Drug Control Policy)."
+"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John P. "
+"Walters, director of National Drug Control Policy)."
msgstr ""
"nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll: høre før house government reform "
"committee, 108th cong., 1 sess. (5 mars 2003) (setning av john p. walters, "
"direktør for nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll)."
+#. f19.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" "
"level. Americans were drinking just about as much, but now, a vast number "
"were criminals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> We have launched a "
"war on drugs aimed at reducing the consumption of regulated narcotics that 7 "
-"percent (or 16 million) Americans now use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> That is a drop from the high (so to speak) in 1979 of 14 percent "
-"of the population. We regulate automobiles to the point where the vast "
-"majority of Americans violate the law every day. We run such a complex tax "
-"system that a majority of cash businesses regularly cheat.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our \"free society,\" but "
-"an endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated within our society. And "
-"as a result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate at least some "
-"law."
+"percent (or 16 million) Americans now use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"1\"/> That is a drop from the high (so to speak) in 1979 of 14 percent of "
+"the population. We regulate automobiles to the point where the vast majority "
+"of Americans violate the law every day. We run such a complex tax system "
+"that a majority of cash businesses regularly cheat.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our \"free society,\" but an "
+"endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated within our society. And as a "
+"result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate at least some law."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly "
"have illegally downloaded music, illegally consumed alcohol and sometimes "
"drugs, illegally worked without paying taxes, illegally driven cars. These "
"are kids for whom behaving illegally is increasingly the norm. And then we, "
-"as law professors, are supposed to teach them how to behave ethically--how "
-"to say no to bribes, or keep client funds separate, or honor a demand to "
+"as law professors, are supposed to teach them how to behave ethically—"
+"how to say no to bribes, or keep client funds separate, or honor a demand to "
"disclose a document that will mean that your case is over. Generations of "
-"Americans--more significantly in some parts of America than in others, but "
-"still, everywhere in America today--can't live their lives both normally and "
-"legally, since \"normally\" entails a certain degree of illegality."
+"Americans—more significantly in some parts of America than in others, "
+"but still, everywhere in America today—can't live their lives both "
+"normally and legally, since \"normally\" entails a certain degree of "
+"illegality."
msgstr ""
"denne tilstanden av saker er ikke uten konsekvens. Det er en spesielt "
"fremtredende spørsmålet for lærere som meg, hvis jobb er det å undervise law "
"studentene som har ulovlig lastet ned musikk, ulovlig konsumert alkohol og "
"noen ganger narkotika, ulovlig arbeidet uten å betale skatt, ulovlig drevet "
"biler. disse er barna som oppfører seg ulovlig er stadig normen. og deretter "
-"vi, som loven professorer, skal lære dem hvordan å oppføre seg "
-"etisk--hvordan å si nei til bestikkelser, holde klienten midler atskilt "
-"eller ære et krav til å avsløre et dokument som betyr at ditt tilfelle er "
-"over. generasjoner av amerikanere--mer betydelig i enkelte deler av Amerika "
-"enn i andre, men likevel, overalt i Amerika i dag--ikke kan lever sine liv "
-"både normalt og lovlig, siden \"normalt\" innebærer en viss grad av "
-"illegality."
+"vi, som loven professorer, skal lære dem hvordan å oppføre seg etisk--"
+"hvordan å si nei til bestikkelser, holde klienten midler atskilt eller ære "
+"et krav til å avsløre et dokument som betyr at ditt tilfelle er over. "
+"generasjoner av amerikanere--mer betydelig i enkelte deler av Amerika enn i "
+"andre, men likevel, overalt i Amerika i dag--ikke kan lever sine liv både "
+"normalt og lovlig, siden \"normalt\" innebærer en viss grad av illegality."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more "
"severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make "
"er mye større enn kostnadene for et alternativ, vi har en god grunn til å "
"vurdere alternativet."
-#. PAGE BREAK 211
+#. PAGE BREAK 211
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we "
"should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics "
"mening, siden drap er galt hver dag i uken. et samfunn er rett å utestenge "
"drap alltid og overalt."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but "
"experience violating the law, the less we respect the law. Obviously, in "
"most cases, the important issue is the law, not respect for the law. I don't "
"care whether the rapist respects the law or not; I want to catch and "
-"incarcerate the rapist. But I do care whether my students respect the "
-"law. And I do care if the rules of law sow increasing disrespect because of "
-"the extreme of regulation they impose. Twenty million Americans have come "
-"of age since the Internet introduced this different idea of \"sharing.\" We "
+"incarcerate the rapist. But I do care whether my students respect the law. "
+"And I do care if the rules of law sow increasing disrespect because of the "
+"extreme of regulation they impose. Twenty million Americans have come of "
+"age since the Internet introduced this different idea of \"sharing.\" We "
"need to be able to call these twenty million Americans \"citizens,\" not "
"\"felons.\""
msgstr ""
"kunne ringe disse fem millioner amerikanere \"borgere,\" ikke \"felons\"."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the "
"Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways "
"får betalt uten å transformere Amerika til en nasjon av felons?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example."
msgstr "Denne abstrakte punkt kan gjøres mer tydelig med en bestemt eksempel."
+#. PAGE BREAK 212
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of "
"plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law "
"protects our right to buy and sell that plastic: It is not a copyright "
"infringement for me to sell all my classical records at a used record store "
-"and buy jazz records to replace them. That \"use\" of the recordings is "
-"free."
+"and buy jazz records to replace them. That \"use\" of the recordings is free."
msgstr ""
"vi alle egne CDer. mange av oss fortsatt eier fonograf poster. disse bitene "
"av plast kode musikk at i en viss forstand vi har kjøpt. loven beskytter vår "
"opphavsrett for meg å selge min klassisk poster på en brukte platebutikk og "
"kjøpe jazz poster hvis du vil erstatte dem. \"Bruk\" av opptak er gratis."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph "
"foreslå at \"friheten\" var en rett: i en rekke reklamefilmer, apple "
"godkjent \"rip, mikse, brenne\" kapasiteter digitale teknologier."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Adromeda"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large "
"process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in "
"one archive. Then, using Apple's iTunes, or a wonderful program called "
"Andromeda, we can build different play lists of our music: Bach, Baroque, "
-"Love Songs, Love Songs of Significant Others--the potential is endless. And "
-"by reducing the costs of mixing play lists, these technologies help build a "
-"creativity with play lists that is itself independently "
-"valuable. Compilations of songs are creative and meaningful in their own "
-"right."
+"Love Songs, Love Songs of Significant Others—the potential is endless. "
+"And by reducing the costs of mixing play lists, these technologies help "
+"build a creativity with play lists that is itself independently valuable. "
+"Compilations of songs are creative and meaningful in their own right."
msgstr ""
"Denne \"Bruk\" av min poster er absolutt verdifull. Jeg har begynt en stor "
"prosess hjemme med ripping av alle mine og min kones CDer, og lagre dem i en "
"rett."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"This use is enabled by unprotected media--either CDs or records. But "
+"This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But "
"unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so "
"the content industry believes) the ability of creators to earn a fair return "
"from their creativity. And thus, many are beginning to experiment with "
"CDer som ikke blir rippet. eller de kan aktivere spion programmer å "
"identifisere rippede innhold på folks maskiner."
+#. PAGE BREAK 213
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your "
"own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, "
-"and get technology to disable the technologies that protect the "
-"content. Trading in those technologies is illegal, but maybe that doesn't "
-"bother you much. In any case, for the vast majority of people, these "
-"protection technologies would effectively destroy the archiving use of "
-"CDs. The technology, in other words, would force us all back to the world "
-"where we either listened to music by manipulating pieces of plastic or were "
-"part of a massively complex \"digital rights management\" system."
+"and get technology to disable the technologies that protect the content. "
+"Trading in those technologies is illegal, but maybe that doesn't bother you "
+"much. In any case, for the vast majority of people, these protection "
+"technologies would effectively destroy the archiving use of CDs. The "
+"technology, in other words, would force us all back to the world where we "
+"either listened to music by manipulating pieces of plastic or were part of a "
+"massively complex \"digital rights management\" system."
msgstr ""
"Hvis disse teknologiene tok av, ville og bygging av store arkiver av din "
"egen musikk bli ganske vanskelig. Du kan henge i hacker sirkler, og få "
"systemet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the "
"ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with "
"som du beholder også bevege innhold lett?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a "
"version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only "
"point is the relatively uncontroversial one: If a different system achieved "
"the same legitimate objectives that the existing copyright system achieved, "
"but left consumers and creators much more free, then we'd have a very good "
-"reason to pursue this alternative--namely, freedom. The choice, in other "
-"words, would not be between property and piracy; the choice would be between "
-"different property systems and the freedoms each allowed."
+"reason to pursue this alternative—namely, freedom. The choice, in "
+"other words, would not be between property and piracy; the choice would be "
+"between different property systems and the freedoms each allowed."
msgstr ""
"Mitt poeng er akkurat nå ikke for å bevise at det er et slikt system. Jeg "
"tilbyr en versjon av slikt system i det siste kapitlet av denne boken. for "
"være mellom forskjellige eiendom systemer og frihetene hver tillatt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning "
"forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this "
"alternative is that it would lead to a very different market for producing "
"and distributing creativity. The dominant few, who today control the vast "
"majority of the distribution of content in the world, would no longer "
-"exercise this extreme of control. Rather, they would go the way of the "
-"horse-drawn buggy."
+"exercise this extreme of control. Rather, they would go the way of the horse-"
+"drawn buggy."
msgstr ""
"Jeg tror det er en måte å sikre at kunstnere er betalt uten å slå førti - "
"tre millioner amerikanere i felons. men funksjonen fremspringende i denne "
"hest trukket buggy."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled "
"Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form "
"konkurranse. for dem er valget mellom fortythree millioner amerikanere som "
"kriminelle og deres egen overlevelse."
+#. PAGE BREAK 214
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable "
"prosentandel av befolkningen i kriminelle.\" Dette er sikkerhetsstillelse "
"skader på borgerrettigheter vanligvis."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
-msgid "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains,"
-msgstr "\"Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatte lawbreaker,\" forklarer von sang,"
+msgid ""
+"\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains,"
+msgstr ""
+"\"Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatte lawbreaker,\" forklarer von sang,"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to "
"befolkningen i \"lawbreakers.\""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into "
"criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to "
"til å effektivt viske ut mye av personvernet mest ville anta."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA "
"launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the "
-"names of customers who the RIAA believed were violating copyright "
-"law. Verizon fought that demand and lost. With a simple request to a judge, "
-"and without any notice to the customer at all, the identity of an Internet "
-"user is revealed."
+"names of customers who the RIAA believed were violating copyright law. "
+"Verizon fought that demand and lost. With a simple request to a judge, and "
+"without any notice to the customer at all, the identity of an Internet user "
+"is revealed."
msgstr ""
"brukere av Internett begynte å se dette vanligvis i 2003 som riaa lanserte "
"sin kampanje for å tvinge nettleverandører til å snu navnene på kundene som "
"tapte. med en enkel forespørsel til en dommer, og uten varsel til kunden i "
"det hele tatt, er identiteten til en Internett-bruker avslørt."
+#. f20.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in "
msgstr ""
"se frank ahrens, \"riaa's søksmål møte overrasket over mål; enkelt mor i "
"California, 12-år gammel jente i ny blant saksøkte,\"washington post, 10 "
-"september 2003, e1; Chris cobbs, \"bekymret foreldre trekke pluggen på "
-"filen\"stjele\"; med musikkbransjen cracking ned på Filbytte, er foreldre "
-"prøver å lure programvare fra hjemme-PC å unngå blir saksøkte,\"orlando "
-"sentinel tribune, 30 august 2003, c1; Jefferson graham, \"innspillingen "
-"industri sues foreldre,\" usa today, 15 september 2003, 4 d; John schwartz, "
-"\"hun sier hun er ingen musikk pirat. ikke snoop fan, enten,\"new york "
-"times, 25 september 2003, c1; Margo varadi, \"er brianna en kriminell?\" "
-"toronto star, 18 september 2003, p7."
+"september 2003, e1; Chris cobbs, \"bekymret foreldre trekke pluggen på filen"
+"\"stjele\"; med musikkbransjen cracking ned på Filbytte, er foreldre prøver "
+"å lure programvare fra hjemme-PC å unngå blir saksøkte,\"orlando sentinel "
+"tribune, 30 august 2003, c1; Jefferson graham, \"innspillingen industri sues "
+"foreldre,\" usa today, 15 september 2003, 4 d; John schwartz, \"hun sier hun "
+"er ingen musikk pirat. ikke snoop fan, enten,\"new york times, 25 september "
+"2003, c1; Margo varadi, \"er brianna en kriminell?\" toronto star, 18 "
+"september 2003, p7."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"potential damages from these suits are astronomical: If a family's computer "
"is used to download a single CD's worth of music, the family could be liable "
"for $2 million in damages. That didn't stop the RIAA from suing a number of "
-"these families, just as they had sued Jesse Jordan.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"these families, just as they had sued Jesse Jordan.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. f21.
+#. f21.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some "
-"Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #47</ulink>."
+"Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #47</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"MP3s will have the same \"fingerprint.\""
msgstr ""
-#. f22.
+#. f22.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" Boston "
"Becker and Angela Rozas, \"Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two Students "
"Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,\" Chicago Tribune, 16 July 2003, "
"1C; Beth Cox, \"RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities,\" Internet "
-"News, 30 January 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny Evangelista, "
-"\"Download Warning 101: Freshman Orientation This Fall to Include Record "
-"Industry Warnings Against File Sharing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 11 August "
-"2003, E11; \"Raid, Letters Are Weapons at Universities,\" USA Today, 26 "
-"September 2000, 3D."
+"News, 30 January 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny Evangelista, \"Download Warning 101: "
+"Freshman Orientation This Fall to Include Record Industry Warnings Against "
+"File Sharing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 11 August 2003, E11; \"Raid, "
+"Letters Are Weapons at Universities,\" USA Today, 26 September 2000, 3D."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a "
-"CD to your daughter--a collection of songs just like the cassettes you used "
-"to make as a kid. You don't know, and neither does your daughter, where "
+"CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you "
+"used to make as a kid. You don't know, and neither does your daughter, where "
"these songs came from. But she copies these songs onto her computer. She "
"then takes her computer to college and connects it to a college network, and "
"if the college network is \"cooperating\" with the RIAA's espionage, and she "
"expelled."
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 216
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a "
"advokat for henne (på $300 per time, hvis du er heldig), og hun kan erkjenne "
"at hun ikke visste noe om kilden til sangene eller at de kom fra napster. og "
"det kan godt være at universitetet mener henne. Men universitetet kan ikke "
-"tro henne. Det kan behandle denne \"Kontrabande\" som presumptive av "
-"skyld. og som mange studenter har allerede lært, våre arrogante "
-"forutsetningen om uskyld forsvinne i midten av krigene om forbud. denne "
-"krigen er ikke annerledes. sier von sang,"
+"tro henne. Det kan behandle denne \"Kontrabande\" som presumptive av skyld. "
+"og som mange studenter har allerede lært, våre arrogante forutsetningen om "
+"uskyld forsvinne i midten av krigene om forbud. denne krigen er ikke "
+"annerledes. sier von sang,"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans "
"that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the "
-"civil liberties of those people are very much in peril in a general "
-"matter. [I don't] think [there is any] analog where you could randomly "
-"choose any person off the street and be confident that they were committing "
-"an unlawful act that could put them on the hook for potential felony "
-"liability or hundreds of millions of dollars of civil liability. Certainly "
-"we all speed, but speeding isn't the kind of an act for which we routinely "
-"forfeit civil liberties. Some people use drugs, and I think that's the "
-"closest analog, [but] many have noted that the war against drugs has eroded "
-"all of our civil liberties because it's treated so many Americans as "
-"criminals. Well, I think it's fair to say that file sharing is an order of "
-"magnitude larger number of Americans than drug use. . . . If forty to sixty "
-"million Americans have become lawbreakers, then we're really on a slippery "
-"slope to lose a lot of civil liberties for all forty to sixty million of "
-"them."
+"civil liberties of those people are very much in peril in a general matter. "
+"[I don't] think [there is any] analog where you could randomly choose any "
+"person off the street and be confident that they were committing an unlawful "
+"act that could put them on the hook for potential felony liability or "
+"hundreds of millions of dollars of civil liability. Certainly we all speed, "
+"but speeding isn't the kind of an act for which we routinely forfeit civil "
+"liberties. Some people use drugs, and I think that's the closest analog, "
+"[but] many have noted that the war against drugs has eroded all of our civil "
+"liberties because it's treated so many Americans as criminals. Well, I think "
+"it's fair to say that file sharing is an order of magnitude larger number of "
+"Americans than drug use. . . . If forty to sixty million Americans have "
+"become lawbreakers, then we're really on a slippery slope to lose a lot of "
+"civil liberties for all forty to sixty million of them."
msgstr ""
"så når vi snakker om tall som førti til seksti millioner amerikanere som er "
"egentlig opphavsrett varemerkerettigheter, oppretter du en situasjon der "
"glatt skråning å miste mye av borgerrettigheter for alle førti til seksti "
"millioner av dem."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the "
-"law, and when the law could achieve the same objective-- securing rights to "
-"authors--without these millions being considered \"criminals,\" who is the "
-"villain? Americans or the law? Which is American, a constant war on our own "
-"people or a concerted effort through our democracy to change our law?"
+"law, and when the law could achieve the same objective— securing "
+"rights to authors—without these millions being considered \"criminals,"
+"\" who is the villain? Americans or the law? Which is American, a constant "
+"war on our own people or a concerted effort through our democracy to change "
+"our law?"
msgstr ""
"Når førti til seksti millioner amerikanere anses \"kriminelle\" under loven, "
-"og når loven kan oppnå det samme målet--sikre rettighetene til "
-"forfattere--uten disse millioner blir betraktet som \"kriminelle\", som er "
-"skurk? amerikanere eller loven? som er amerikansk, en konstant krig på våre "
-"egne folk eller en felles innsats gjennom vårt demokrati for å endre vår "
-"lov?"
+"og når loven kan oppnå det samme målet--sikre rettighetene til forfattere--"
+"uten disse millioner blir betraktet som \"kriminelle\", som er skurk? "
+"amerikanere eller loven? som er amerikansk, en konstant krig på våre egne "
+"folk eller en felles innsats gjennom vårt demokrati for å endre vår lov?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "BALANCES"
-msgstr "saldoer"
+msgstr "Maktfordeling"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is "
-"on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the "
-"fire. Now you don't know how to put it out. Next to you is a bucket, filled "
-"with gasoline. Obviously, gasoline won't put the fire out."
+"on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the fire. "
+"Now you don't know how to put it out. Next to you is a bucket, filled with "
+"gasoline. Obviously, gasoline won't put the fire out."
msgstr ""
"så her er bildet: du står på siden av veien. bilen er på brann. du er sint "
"og lei fordi delvis du hjalp starte til brann. nå vet du hvordan du setter "
"brann ut."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the "
-"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop--or before she "
-"understands just why she should stop--the bucket is in the air. The "
+"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she "
+"understands just why she should stop—the bucket is in the air. The "
"gasoline is about to hit the blazing car. And the fire that gasoline will "
"ignite is about to ignite everything around."
msgstr ""
"bilen. og brann som bensin vil antennes er om å antennes alt rundt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"A war about copyright rages all around--and we're all focusing on the wrong "
-"thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. No "
-"doubt they may threaten artists. But technologies change. The industry and "
-"technologists have plenty of ways to use technology to protect themselves "
-"against the current threats of the Internet. This is a fire that if let "
-"alone would burn itself out."
+"A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the "
+"wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. "
+"No doubt they may threaten artists. But technologies change. The industry "
+"and technologists have plenty of ways to use technology to protect "
+"themselves against the current threats of the Internet. This is a fire that "
+"if let alone would burn itself out."
msgstr ""
"en krig om opphavsrett rages rundt-- og vi alle fokuserer på feil. ingen "
"tvil, truer aktuell teknologi eksisterende virksomheter. de kan uten tvil "
"masse av veier å bruke teknologi for å beskytte seg mot gjeldende trusler på "
"Internett. Dette er en brann at hvis enn si ville brenne seg."
-#. PAGE BREAK 219
+#. PAGE BREAK 219
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with "
"plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the "
"rundt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and "
"fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline "
"bort på denne brann."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, "
"binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more "
"å se på ilden når vi skal holde våre øyne på veien."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my "
"failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of "
msgstr ""
"denne utfordringen har vært livet disse siste årene. Det har også vært min "
"feil. i to kapitlene som følger, beskriver jeg en liten klammeparentes av "
-"innsats, så langt ikke klart, å finne en måte å refokusere denne "
-"debatten. Hvis vi å forstå hva suksess vil kreve, må vi forstå disse feil."
+"innsats, så langt ikke klart, å finne en måte å refokusere denne debatten. "
+"Hvis vi å forstå hva suksess vil kreve, må vi forstå disse feil."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred"
-msgstr "Kapittel tretten: eldred"
+msgstr "Kapittel tretten: Eldred"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like "
"Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one "
"forfatterens arbeid blir levende."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"It didn't work--at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne any "
-"more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a hobby, "
-"and his hobby begat a cause: Eldred would build a library of public domain "
-"works by scanning these works and making them available for free."
+"It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne "
+"any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a "
+"hobby, and his hobby begat a cause: Eldred would build a library of public "
+"domain works by scanning these works and making them available for free."
msgstr ""
"den gjorde ikke arbeide--minst for hans døtre. de finner ikke hawthorne noe "
"mer interessant enn før. men eldred's eksperimentet fødte en hobby og hans "
"hobby fikk en årsak: eldred ville bygge et bibliotek med bøker ved skanning "
"disse verkene og gjøre dem tilgjengelig gratis."
-#. PAGE BREAK 221
+#. PAGE BREAK 221
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, "
"though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world "
"who can't get access to printed versions of these works. Instead, Eldred was "
"producing derivative works from these public domain works. Just as Disney "
"turned Grimm into stories more accessible to the twentieth century, Eldred "
-"transformed Hawthorne, and many others, into a form more "
-"accessible--technically accessible--today."
+"transformed Hawthorne, and many others, into a form more accessible—"
+"technically accessible—today."
msgstr ""
"eldred's biblioteket var ikke bare en kopi av visse bøker, men ville ha vært "
"enda en kopi av stor verdi til folk over hele verden som ikke kan få tilgang "
"tilgjengelig--teknisk tilgjengelig--i dag."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source "
"as Disney's. Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter had passed into the public domain in "
"penguin klassikere, ta works fra public domain og produsere trykte utgavene, "
"som de selger i bokhandler over hele landet. andre, for eksempel disney, ta "
"disse historiene og slå dem i animerte-tegneserier, noen ganger lykkes "
-"(cinderella), noen ganger ikke (hunchback i notre dame, skatt "
-"planeten). disse er alle kommersielle publikasjoner av offentlige verker."
+"(cinderella), noen ganger ikke (hunchback i notre dame, skatt planeten). "
+"disse er alle kommersielle publikasjoner av offentlige verker."
-#. f1.
+#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but "
"it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of "
-"noncommercial pornographers--people who were distributing porn but were not "
-"making money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a class "
-"didn't exist before the Internet came into being because the costs of "
+"noncommercial pornographers—people who were distributing porn but were "
+"not making money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a "
+"class didn't exist before the Internet came into being because the costs of "
"distributing porn were so high. Yet this new class of distributors got "
"special attention in the Supreme Court, when the Court struck down the "
"Communications Decency Act of 1996. It was partly because of the burden on "
"klasse eksisterte ikke før Internett kom til å være fordi kostnadene ved å "
"distribuere porno var så høy. ennå fikk dette ny klasse med distributører "
"spesiell oppmerksomhet i Høyesterett, når domstolen slått ned kommunikasjon "
-"sømmelighet act of 1996. Det var delvis på grunn av byrden på "
-"ikke-kommersiell høyttalere som Vedtektene ble funnet for å overgå "
-"Kongressens makt. samme punkt kunne vært gjort om ikke-kommersiell utgivere "
-"etter advent av Internett. eric eldreds av verden før Internett var svært "
-"få. ennå skulle en tro det minst like viktig å beskytte eldreds av verden "
-"som beskytter ikke-kommersiell pornographers."
+"sømmelighet act of 1996. Det var delvis på grunn av byrden på ikke-"
+"kommersiell høyttalere som Vedtektene ble funnet for å overgå Kongressens "
+"makt. samme punkt kunne vært gjort om ikke-kommersiell utgivere etter advent "
+"av Internett. eric eldreds av verden før Internett var svært få. ennå skulle "
+"en tro det minst like viktig å beskytte eldreds av verden som beskytter ikke-"
+"kommersiell pornographers."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection "
"of poems New Hampshire was slated to pass into the public domain. Eldred "
"wanted to post that collection in his free public library. But Congress got "
"in the way. As I described in chapter 10, in 1998, for the eleventh time in "
-"forty years, Congress extended the terms of existing copyrights--this time "
-"by twenty years. Eldred would not be free to add any works more recent than "
-"1923 to his collection until 2019. Indeed, no copyrighted work would pass "
-"into the public domain until that year (and not even then, if Congress "
+"forty years, Congress extended the terms of existing copyrights—this "
+"time by twenty years. Eldred would not be free to add any works more recent "
+"than 1923 to his collection until 2019. Indeed, no copyrighted work would "
+"pass into the public domain until that year (and not even then, if Congress "
"extends the term again). By contrast, in the same period, more than 1 "
"million patents will pass into the public domain."
msgstr ""
"som jeg sa, bor eldred i new hampshire. i 1998, var robert frost samling av "
"dikt i new hampshire slated skjedde i public domain. Eldred ønsket å legge "
-"samlingen i hans gratis offentlig bibliotek. men landsmøtet fått i "
-"veien. som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10, i 1998, for ellevte gang i førti år, "
+"samlingen i hans gratis offentlig bibliotek. men landsmøtet fått i veien. "
+"som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10, i 1998, for ellevte gang i førti år, "
"utvidet Kongressen vilkårene i eksisterende opphavsrettigheter--denne tiden "
"av tjue år. Eldred ville ikke være fri til å legge til et hvilket som helst "
"works som er nyere enn 1923 i sin samling 2020. Faktisk ville ingen "
"deretter, hvis Kongressen utvider sikt igjen). derimot i samme periode, vil "
"mer enn 1 million patenter passere i public domain."
+#. f2.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to "
"last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the "
"Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me to strengthen our "
"copyright laws in all of the ways available to us. As you know, there is "
-"also Jack Valenti's proposal for a term to last forever less one "
-"day. Perhaps the Committee may look at that next Congress,\" 144 "
-"Cong. Rec. H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998)."
+"also Jack Valenti's proposal for a term to last forever less one day. "
+"Perhaps the Committee may look at that next Congress,\" 144 Cong. Rec. "
+"H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998)."
msgstr ""
"hele teksten er: \"sonny [bono] ønsket av opphavsrettslig vern til å vare "
"evig. Jeg informert av ansatte at slik endring ville bryte Grunnloven. Jeg "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through "
"civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he "
"would publish as planned, CTEA notwithstanding. But because of a second law "
"passed in 1998, the NET (No Electronic Theft) Act, his act of publishing "
-"would make Eldred a felon--whether or not anyone complained. This was a "
+"would make Eldred a felon—whether or not anyone complained. This was a "
"dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer to undertake."
msgstr ""
"Eldred besluttet å kjempe denne loven. han først løst å bekjempe den gjennom "
"en deaktivert programmerer å gjennomføre."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a "
"constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional "
"vet, Grunnloven sier,"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing "
-"for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their "
-". . . Writings. . . ."
+"for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their . . . "
+"Writings. . . ."
msgstr ""
"Kongressen har makt til å fremme utviklingen av vitenskap... ved å sikre for "
"begrenset ganger til forfattere... eksklusive rett til deres... skrifter...."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of "
"Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power "
-"to Congress simply says Congress has the power to do something--for example, "
-"to regulate \"commerce among the several states\" or \"declare War.\" But "
-"here, the \"something\" is something quite specific--to \"promote "
-". . . Progress\"--through means that are also specific-- by \"securing\" "
-"\"exclusive Rights\" (i.e., copyrights) \"for limited Times.\""
+"to Congress simply says Congress has the power to do something—for "
+"example, to regulate \"commerce among the several states\" or \"declare War."
+"\" But here, the \"something\" is something quite specific—to "
+"\"promote . . . Progress\"—through means that are also specific— "
+"by \"securing\" \"exclusive Rights\" (i.e., copyrights) \"for limited Times."
+"\""
msgstr ""
-"som jeg har beskrevet, denne bestemmelsen er unikt innenfor "
-"strøm-granting-setningsdel i artikkelen i, Seksjon 8 av vår grunnlov. hver "
-"andre setningsdelen gi strøm til Kongressen sier bare Kongressen har makt "
-"til å gjøre noe--for eksempel, å regulere \"handel mellom flere stater\" "
-"eller \"erklærer krig\" men her, \"noe\" er noe helt spesielt--å "
-"\"fremme... fremgang\"--gjennom betyr at er også spesifikke--av \"sikre\" "
-"\"enerett\" (det vil si opphavsrett) \"for begrenset ganger.\""
+"som jeg har beskrevet, denne bestemmelsen er unikt innenfor strøm-granting-"
+"setningsdel i artikkelen i, Seksjon 8 av vår grunnlov. hver andre "
+"setningsdelen gi strøm til Kongressen sier bare Kongressen har makt til å "
+"gjøre noe--for eksempel, å regulere \"handel mellom flere stater\" eller "
+"\"erklærer krig\" men her, \"noe\" er noe helt spesielt--å \"fremme... "
+"fremgang\"--gjennom betyr at er også spesifikke--av \"sikre\" \"enerett"
+"\" (det vil si opphavsrett) \"for begrenset ganger.\""
+#. PAGE BREAK 223
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending "
"requirement that terms be \"limited\" will have no practical effect. If "
"every time a copyright is about to expire, Congress has the power to extend "
"its term, then Congress can achieve what the Constitution plainly "
-"forbids--perpetual terms \"on the installment plan,\" as Professor Peter "
-"Jaszi so nicely put it."
+"forbids—perpetual terms \"on the installment plan,\" as Professor "
+"Peter Jaszi so nicely put it."
msgstr ""
"i de siste 40 årene, har Kongressen fått i praksis for å utvide eksisterende "
"vilkår for opphavsrettslig vern. Hva rådvill meg om dette var, hvis "
"vilkår \"på avbetaling plan,\" som professor peter jaszi så pent sette den."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting "
"late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration "
"være villig til å betale mye penger å se sine opphavsrett vilkår utvidet. og "
"så congress er ganske fornøyd med å holde denne Kjøttsaft tog går."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of "
-"government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are "
-"bribed. Rather, \"corruption\" in the sense that the system induces the "
-"beneficiaries of Congress's acts to raise and give money to Congress to "
-"induce it to act. There's only so much time; there's only so much Congress "
-"can do. Why not limit its actions to those things it must do--and those "
-"things that pay? Extending copyright terms pays."
+"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of government. "
+"\"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are bribed. Rather, "
+"\"corruption\" in the sense that the system induces the beneficiaries of "
+"Congress's acts to raise and give money to Congress to induce it to act. "
+"There's only so much time; there's only so much Congress can do. Why not "
+"limit its actions to those things it must do—and those things that "
+"pay? Extending copyright terms pays."
msgstr ""
-"for dette er kjernen i korrupsjon i vår nåværende system av "
-"regjeringen. \"ødelagt\" ikke i den forstand at representanter er "
-"bribed. snarere \"corruption\" i den forstand at systemet leder "
-"beneficiaries av congress's handlinger for å øke og gi penger til Kongressen "
-"for å få det til å handle. Det er bare så mye tid; Det er bare så mye "
-"kongress kan gjøre. Hvorfor ikke begrense handlingene til disse tingene det "
-"må gjøre-- og de tingene som betaler? forlengelse av lønner seg."
+"for dette er kjernen i korrupsjon i vår nåværende system av regjeringen. "
+"\"ødelagt\" ikke i den forstand at representanter er bribed. snarere "
+"\"corruption\" i den forstand at systemet leder beneficiaries av congress's "
+"handlinger for å øke og gi penger til Kongressen for å få det til å handle. "
+"Det er bare så mye tid; Det er bare så mye kongress kan gjøre. Hvorfor ikke "
+"begrense handlingene til disse tingene det må gjøre-- og de tingene som "
+"betaler? forlengelse av lønner seg."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the "
"very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one "
"penger hvis dikt frost skrev publiseres av alle gratis."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of "
-"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to "
-"expire. You sit on the board of the Robert Frost estate. Your financial "
-"adviser comes to your board meeting with a very grim report:"
+"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to expire. "
+"You sit on the board of the Robert Frost estate. Your financial adviser "
+"comes to your board meeting with a very grim report:"
msgstr ""
"så forestille robert frost eiendom er tjener $100.000 i året fra tre av "
"frost's dikt. og forestille seg opphavsretten for disse diktene er i ferd "
"med å utløpe. du sitter i styret for robert frost eiendom. finansiell "
"rådgiver kommer til din styremøte med en svært dystre rapport:"
+#. PAGE BREAK 224
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C "
"utløpe. Det betyr at etter neste år, vi vil ikke lenger motta årlige royalty "
"kontroll av $100.000 fra utgivere av disse fungerer."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could "
"tjue år. at regningen ville være ekstremt verdifullt for oss. så vi bør håpe "
"passerer denne regningen.\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about "
-"it?\""
-msgstr "\"håper?\" styremedlem stipendiat sier. \"kan ikke vi gjøre noe med det?\""
+"\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about it?"
+"\""
+msgstr ""
+"\"håper?\" styremedlem stipendiat sier. \"kan ikke vi gjøre noe med det?\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the "
"\"Vel, tydeligvis ja,\" rådgiver svarer. \"vi kunne bidra til kampanjene av "
"en rekke representanter å prøve å sikre at de støtter regningen.\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know "
"denne motbydelig praksis er verdt det. \"hvor mye ville vi få Hvis denne "
"utvidelsen ble passert?\" du be rådgiver. \"hvor mye er det verdt?\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to "
"vil være verdt $1,146,000 til eiendom.\""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct "
"conclusion:"
-msgstr "du er litt sjokkert av nummeret, men du komme raskt til riktig konklusjon:"
+msgstr ""
+"du er litt sjokkert av nummeret, men du komme raskt til riktig konklusjon:"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 "
"kampanjen bidrag om vi var sikker på disse bidragene vil forsikre at "
"regningen ble sendt?"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute "
-"up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these "
-"copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.\""
+"up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these copyrights. "
+"Which for us means over $1,000,000.\""
msgstr ""
"\"absolutt\", svarer rådgiver. \"det er verdt det for deg å bidra med opp "
-"til stede verdien av inntekten du forventer fra disse "
-"opphavsrettigheter. som for oss betyr over $1,000,000.\""
+"til stede verdien av inntekten du forventer fra disse opphavsrettigheter. "
+"som for oss betyr over $1,000,000.\""
-#. PAGE BREAK 225
+#. PAGE BREAK 225
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"You quickly get the point--you as the member of the board and, I trust, you "
-"the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary in "
-"the position of the Robert Frost estate faces the same choice: If they can "
-"contribute to get a law passed to extend copyrights, they will benefit "
+"You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, "
+"you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary "
+"in the position of the Robert Frost estate faces the same choice: If they "
+"can contribute to get a law passed to extend copyrights, they will benefit "
"greatly from that extension. And so each time copyrights are about to "
"expire, there is a massive amount of lobbying to get the copyright term "
"extended."
"mengde lobbyvirksomhet for å få opphavsrett begrepet utvidet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be "
"bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to "
"(riktignok indirekte), vil det være alle ansporingen i verden til å kjøpe "
"ytterligere utvidelser av copyright."
+#. f3.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse "
"Mikke Mus innsats; Kongressen øks bill tildeling skaperne 20 år,\"chicago "
"tribune, 17 oktober 1998, 22."
-#. f4.
+#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" "
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. f5.
+#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" Congressional "
-"Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>."
+"Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"campaigns in the cycle.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not "
"konstitusjonelle krav at vilkårene være \"begrenset.\" Hvis de kunne "
"forlenge det en gang, de ville utvide den igjen og igjen og igjen."
-#. PAGE BREAK 226
+#. PAGE BREAK 226
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It was also my judgment that this Supreme Court would not allow Congress to "
"extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme Court's work knows, "
"av denne trenden Høyesterett beslutning i 1995 å ramme en lov som forbød "
"besittelse av våpen i nærheten av skoler."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very "
"utdanningen handel."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no "
"limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when "
"grense."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in "
"United States v. Lopez. The government had argued that possessing guns near "
"Supreme Court, the government said, was not in the position to second-guess "
"Congress."
msgstr ""
-"Høyesterett, under chief justice rehnquist kommando, endret som i USA "
-"v. lopez. regjeringen hadde hevdet at ha våpen i nærheten av skoler berørt "
+"Høyesterett, under chief justice rehnquist kommando, endret som i USA v. "
+"lopez. regjeringen hadde hevdet at ha våpen i nærheten av skoler berørt "
"utdanningen handel. våpen i nærheten av skoler øke kriminalitet, "
"kriminalitet senker egenskapsverdier, og så videre. i argumentet muntlig "
"bedt justisministeren regjeringen om det var noen aktivitet som ikke vil "
-"påvirke utdanningen handel under begrunnelsen regjeringen "
-"Avansert. regjeringen sa det var ikke; Hvis Kongressen sier en aktivitet "
-"påvirker utdanningen handel, påvirker den aktiviteten utdanningen "
-"handel. Høyesterett, regjeringen sa, var ikke i posisjon til å second-guess "
+"påvirke utdanningen handel under begrunnelsen regjeringen Avansert. "
+"regjeringen sa det var ikke; Hvis Kongressen sier en aktivitet påvirker "
+"utdanningen handel, påvirker den aktiviteten utdanningen handel. "
+"Høyesterett, regjeringen sa, var ikke i posisjon til å second-guess "
"Kongressen."
-#. f6.
+#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 564 (1995)."
msgstr "USA v. lopez, 514 amerikanske 549, 564 (1995)."
-#. f7.
+#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000)."
msgstr "USA v. morrison, 529 amerikanske 598 (2000)."
"Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything "
"Congress says is interstate commerce must therefore be considered interstate "
"commerce, then there would be no limit to Congress's power. The decision in "
-"Lopez was reaffirmed five years later in United States "
-"
v. Morrison.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"Lopez was reaffirmed five years later in United States v. Morrison."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. f8.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries "
"from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of "
"the Commerce Clause was that the interpretation offered by the government "
-"would allow the government unending power to regulate commerce--the "
+"would allow the government unending power to regulate commerce—the "
"limitation to interstate commerce notwithstanding. The same point is true in "
"the context of the Copyright Clause. Here, too, the government's "
"interpretation would allow the government unending power to regulate "
-"copyrights--the limitation to \"limited times\" notwithstanding."
+"copyrights—the limitation to \"limited times\" notwithstanding."
msgstr ""
"Hvis det er et prinsipp om nummerert kreftene, deretter bærer prinsippet fra "
-"en nummerert power til en annen. animert poenget i konteksten av "
-"handel-setningsdelen var at tolkningen tilbys av regjeringen ville tillate "
+"en nummerert power til en annen. animert poenget i konteksten av handel-"
+"setningsdelen var at tolkningen tilbys av regjeringen ville tillate "
"regjeringen unending makt til å regulere handel--begrenset til utdanningen "
"handel til tross for. det samme punktet er sant i forbindelse med "
"opphavsrett-setningsdel. her også, regjeringens tolkning ville tillate "
"regjeringen unending makt til å regulere opphavsrett--begrenset til "
"\"begrenset ganger\" til tross for."
-#. PAGE BREAK 227
+#. PAGE BREAK 227
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress "
-"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> And if it is applied to the Progress Clause, the principle should "
+"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> And if it is applied to the Progress Clause, the principle should "
"yield the conclusion that Congress can't extend an existing term. If "
"Congress could extend an existing term, then there would be no \"stopping "
"point\" to Congress's power over terms, though the Constitution expressly "
"extend the term of existing copyrights."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If, that is, the principle announced in Lopez stood for a principle. Many "
-"believed the decision in Lopez stood for politics--a conservative Supreme "
-"Court, which believed in states' rights, using its power over Congress to "
-"advance its own personal political preferences. But I rejected that view of "
-"the Supreme Court's decision. Indeed, shortly after the decision, I wrote an "
-"article demonstrating the \"fidelity\" in such an interpretation of the "
-"Constitution. The idea that the Supreme Court decides cases based upon its "
-"politics struck me as extraordinarily boring. I was not going to devote my "
-"life to teaching constitutional law if these nine Justices were going to be "
-"petty politicians."
+"believed the decision in Lopez stood for politics—a conservative "
+"Supreme Court, which believed in states' rights, using its power over "
+"Congress to advance its own personal political preferences. But I rejected "
+"that view of the Supreme Court's decision. Indeed, shortly after the "
+"decision, I wrote an article demonstrating the \"fidelity\" in such an "
+"interpretation of the Constitution. The idea that the Supreme Court decides "
+"cases based upon its politics struck me as extraordinarily boring. I was "
+"not going to devote my life to teaching constitutional law if these nine "
+"Justices were going to be petty politicians."
msgstr ""
"Hvis, det vil si at prinsippet annonsert i lopez stod for et prinsipp. mange "
"trodde beslutningen i lopez stod for politikk--en konservativ Høyesterett, "
"politikere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in "
"Eldred was not about. By insisting on the Constitution's limits to "
"copyright, obviously Eldred was not endorsing piracy. Indeed, in an obvious "
-"sense, he was fighting a kind of piracy--piracy of the public domain. When "
-"Robert Frost wrote his work and when Walt Disney created Mickey Mouse, the "
-"maximum copyright term was just fifty-six years. Because of interim changes, "
-"Frost and Disney had already enjoyed a seventy-five-year monopoly for their "
-"work. They had gotten the benefit of the bargain that the Constitution "
-"envisions: In exchange for a monopoly protected for fifty-six years, they "
-"created new work. But now these entities were using their power--expressed "
-"through the power of lobbyists' money--to get another twenty-year dollop of "
-"monopoly. That twenty-year dollop would be taken from the public "
-"domain. Eric Eldred was fighting a piracy that affects us all."
+"sense, he was fighting a kind of piracy—piracy of the public domain. "
+"When Robert Frost wrote his work and when Walt Disney created Mickey Mouse, "
+"the maximum copyright term was just fifty-six years. Because of interim "
+"changes, Frost and Disney had already enjoyed a seventy-five-year monopoly "
+"for their work. They had gotten the benefit of the bargain that the "
+"Constitution envisions: In exchange for a monopoly protected for fifty-six "
+"years, they created new work. But now these entities were using their "
+"power—expressed through the power of lobbyists' money—to get "
+"another twenty-year dollop of monopoly. That twenty-year dollop would be "
+"taken from the public domain. Eric Eldred was fighting a piracy that affects "
+"us all."
msgstr ""
"Nå la oss pause for et øyeblikk å sørge for at vi forstår hva argumentet i "
"eldred ikke var om. ved å insistere på grunnlovens grenser for opphavsrett, "
"opprettet Mikke Mus, maksimal opphavsrett begrepet var bare femtiseks år. på "
"grunn av midlertidige endringer, hadde frost og disney allerede likte "
"monopol sytti-fem år for deres arbeid. de hadde fått fordelen av handel som "
-"Grunnloven ser for seg: i bytte for et monopol som er beskyttet for "
-"femti-seks år, de opprettet nytt arbeid. men nå disse enhetene bruker deres "
-"makt--uttrykt gjennom strømmen av lobbyister penger--for å få en annen tyve "
-"års dollop av monopol. at tyve års Dollop dollop ville bli Hentet fra public "
+"Grunnloven ser for seg: i bytte for et monopol som er beskyttet for femti-"
+"seks år, de opprettet nytt arbeid. men nå disse enhetene bruker deres makt--"
+"uttrykt gjennom strømmen av lobbyister penger--for å få en annen tyve års "
+"dollop av monopol. at tyve års Dollop dollop ville bli Hentet fra public "
"domain. Eric eldred var kjemper en piratkopiering som påvirker oss alle."
-#. f9.
+#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
-"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 "
-"U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n.10, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #51</ulink>."
+"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U."
+"S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n.10, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #51</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a "
"way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the "
"perfekte stormen for public domain. opphavsrett er utløpt ikke, og utløper "
"ikke, så lenge congress er gratis kjøpes for å utvide dem igjen."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. "
"Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for "
"copyright owners to ignore. But the real harm to our society from copyright "
-"extensions is not that Mickey Mouse remains Disney's. Forget Mickey "
-"Mouse. Forget Robert Frost. Forget all the works from the 1920s and 1930s "
-"that have continuing commercial value. The real harm of term extension comes "
-"not from these famous works. The real harm is to the works that are not "
-"famous, not commercially exploited, and no longer available as a result."
-msgstr ""
-"Det er verdifull opphavsrett som er ansvarlig for vilkårene blir "
-"utvidet. Mikke Mus og \"rhapsody in blue.\" disse verkene er også nyttig for "
-"eiere av opphavsretter å ignorere. men reell skade samfunnet fra opphavsrett "
+"extensions is not that Mickey Mouse remains Disney's. Forget Mickey Mouse. "
+"Forget Robert Frost. Forget all the works from the 1920s and 1930s that have "
+"continuing commercial value. The real harm of term extension comes not from "
+"these famous works. The real harm is to the works that are not famous, not "
+"commercially exploited, and no longer available as a result."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er verdifull opphavsrett som er ansvarlig for vilkårene blir utvidet. "
+"Mikke Mus og \"rhapsody in blue.\" disse verkene er også nyttig for eiere av "
+"opphavsretter å ignorere. men reell skade samfunnet fra opphavsrett "
"servertilleggene er ikke at Mikke Mus forblir disney. glem Mikke Mus. glem "
"robert frost. Glem alle verker fra 1920- og 1930-tallet som har fortsetter "
"kommersiell verdi. reell skade sikt-utvidelsen kommer ikke fra disse berømte "
"verk. reell skade er Works ikke er kjent, ikke kommersielt utnyttede og ikke "
"lenger tilgjengelig som et resultat."
-#. f10.
+#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the "
-"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal "
-"ranges. See Brief of Petitioners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 7, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>."
+"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal ranges. "
+"See Brief of Petitioners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 7, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"generally.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 229
+#. PAGE BREAK 229
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Think practically about the consequence of this extension--practically, as a "
-"businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, "
+"Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, "
+"as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, "
"10,047 books were published. In 2000, 174 of those books were still in "
"print. Let's say you were Brewster Kahle, and you wanted to make available "
"to the world in your iArchive project the remaining 9,873. What would you "
"gjøre?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still "
-"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not "
-"on-line) and paging through tomes of books, cross-checking the titles and "
+"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not on-"
+"line) and paging through tomes of books, cross-checking the titles and "
"authors of the 9,873 books with the copyright registration and renewal "
"records for works published in 1930. That will produce a list of books still "
"under copyright."
"bøker som fortsatt under opphavsrett."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the "
"current copyright owners. How would you do that?"
"opphavsrett eiere. How 'd du gjøre det?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners "
"somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and "
"liste?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of "
"the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about "
"how impossibly difficult it would be to track down thousands of such "
-"records--especially since the person who registered is not necessarily the "
-"current owner. And we're just talking about 1930!"
+"records—especially since the person who registered is not necessarily "
+"the current owner. And we're just talking about 1930!"
msgstr ""
"men det er ingen liste. Det kan være et navn fra 1930, og deretter i 1959, "
"på personen som registrerte opphavsretten. men det er bare tenke praktisk "
"slike poster--spesielt siden personen som registrert ikke er nødvendigvis "
"gjeldende eier. og vi snakker bare om 1930!"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists "
"eiere av opphavsretter?\""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Well, actually, if you think about it, there are plenty of lists of who owns "
"what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles to cars. And where "
"sannsynligvis ditt.) så har formelt eller uformelt, vi en ganske god måte å "
"vite hvem som eier hvilke konkrete-egenskapen."
-#. PAGE BREAK 230
+#. PAGE BREAK 230
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house "
"by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is "
"vanligvis vet svært godt hvem som eier hva egenskapen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The "
"library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already "
"eierens tillatelse, egenskapen er ikke skal brukes."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, "
"and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other "
"vil bare rot bort på hyller. men konsekvensen for andre kreative verker er "
"mye mer dire."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Agee, Michael"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f11.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" Los "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this "
"culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that "
"opphavsrett begrepet filtypen act vil, hvis stå stående, ødelegge en hel "
"generasjon av american film."
-#. PAGE BREAK 231
+#. PAGE BREAK 231
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any "
-"continuing commercial value. The rest--to the extent it survives at "
-"all--sits in vaults gathering dust. It may be that some of this work not now "
-"commercially valuable will be deemed to be valuable by the owners of the "
-"vaults. For this to occur, however, the commercial benefit from the work "
+"continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at "
+"all—sits in vaults gathering dust. It may be that some of this work "
+"not now commercially valuable will be deemed to be valuable by the owners of "
+"the vaults. For this to occur, however, the commercial benefit from the work "
"must exceed the costs of making the work available for distribution."
msgstr ""
"hans argument er enkelt. en liten brøkdel av dette arbeidet har noen "
"vedvarende kommersiell verdi. resten--i den grad det er blitt bevart på "
"alle--sitter i vaults samle støv. Det kan være at noe av dette arbeidet ikke "
-"nå kommersielt verdifull, anses for å være verdifulle av eierne av "
-"vaults. for at dette skal skje, men må kommersiell fordel fra arbeidet "
-"overskride kostnadene ved å gjøre arbeidet tilgjengelig for distribusjon."
+"nå kommersielt verdifull, anses for å være verdifulle av eierne av vaults. "
+"for at dette skal skje, men må kommersiell fordel fra arbeidet overskride "
+"kostnadene ved å gjøre arbeidet tilgjengelig for distribusjon."
-#. f12.
+#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the "
"Petitoners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See "
"also Brief of Amicus Curiae filed on behalf of Petitioners by the Internet "
-"Archive, Eldred v. Ashcroft, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>."
+"Archive, Eldred v. Ashcroft, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital "
"technology has lowered these costs substantially. While it cost more than "
"$10,000 to restore a ninety-minute black-and-white film in 1993, it can now "
-"cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of mm film.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of mm film.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. "
"Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In "
"opphavsrett, du trenger å finne eieren av opphavsretten."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Or more accurately, owners. As we've seen, there isn't only a single "
"copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't a single "
"kan holde rettigheter, som viser seg for å være et svært stort tall. dermed "
"kostnadene ved å fjerne rettighetene til disse filmene er usedvanlig høy."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the "
-"copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a "
-"felony. And even if you're not worried about committing a felony, when she "
-"does show up, she'll have the right to sue you for all the profits you have "
-"made. So, if you're successful, you can be fairly confident you'll be "
-"getting a call from someone's lawyer. And if you're not successful, you "
-"won't make enough to cover the costs of your own lawyer. Either way, you "
-"have to talk to a lawyer. And as is too often the case, saying you have to "
-"talk to a lawyer is the same as saying you won't make any money."
+"copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a felony. "
+"And even if you're not worried about committing a felony, when she does show "
+"up, she'll have the right to sue you for all the profits you have made. So, "
+"if you're successful, you can be fairly confident you'll be getting a call "
+"from someone's lawyer. And if you're not successful, you won't make enough "
+"to cover the costs of your own lawyer. Either way, you have to talk to a "
+"lawyer. And as is too often the case, saying you have to talk to a lawyer is "
+"the same as saying you won't make any money."
msgstr ""
"\"men ikke kan du bare gjenopprette filmen, distribuere den, og deretter "
"betale eieren av opphavsretten når hun viser?\" sikker, hvis du vil utføre "
"advokat. og som for ofte er tilfellet, sier du har til å snakke med en "
"advokat er det samme som å si du ikke gjøre noen penger."
-#. PAGE BREAK 232
+#. PAGE BREAK 232
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these "
"costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would "
"utløper."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have "
"expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock "
"tid. de vil være borte, og metall canisters der de er nå lagret bli fylt med "
"noe mer enn støv."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has "
"brøkdel fungerer opphavsretten som en \"motoren i fri ytring.\""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative "
"work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books "
-"go out of print within one year. The same is true of music and "
-"film. Commercial culture is sharklike. It must keep moving. And when a "
-"creative work falls out of favor with the commercial distributors, the "
-"commercial life ends."
+"go out of print within one year. The same is true of music and film. "
+"Commercial culture is sharklike. It must keep moving. And when a creative "
+"work falls out of favor with the commercial distributors, the commercial "
+"life ends."
msgstr ""
"men selv for at liten brøkdel, den faktiske tiden da skapende arbeid har en "
"kommersiell levetid er ekstremt kort. som jeg har angitt, vil de fleste "
-"bøker gå ut av Skriv ut innen ett år. det samme gjelder av musikk og "
-"film. kommersielle kultur er sharklike. Det må bevege. og når en skapende "
-"arbeid faller ut av tjeneste med kommersielle distributører, kommersiell "
-"levetid slutter."
+"bøker gå ut av Skriv ut innen ett år. det samme gjelder av musikk og film. "
+"kommersielle kultur er sharklike. Det må bevege. og når en skapende arbeid "
+"faller ut av tjeneste med kommersielle distributører, kommersiell levetid "
+"slutter."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep "
"libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't "
"have archives of films because we expect people to choose between spending "
"Friday night watching new movies and spending Friday night watching a 1930 "
"news documentary. The noncommercial life of culture is important and "
-"valuable--for entertainment but also, and more importantly, for "
+"valuable—for entertainment but also, and more importantly, for "
"knowledge. To understand who we are, and where we came from, and how we have "
"made the mistakes that we have, we need to have access to this history."
msgstr ""
"vi er, og der vi kom fra, og hvordan vi har gjort feil som vi har, trenger "
"vi å ha tilgang til denne historien."
-#. PAGE BREAK 233
+#. PAGE BREAK 233
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In "
"this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this "
"context do no good."
msgstr ""
"opphavsrettigheter i denne konteksten Kjør ikke en motor gratis "
-"uttrykksmåter. i denne sammenheng er det ikke behov for en eksklusiv "
-"rett. opphavsrettigheter i denne konteksten ikke nytter."
+"uttrykksmåter. i denne sammenheng er det ikke behov for en eksklusiv rett. "
+"opphavsrettigheter i denne konteksten ikke nytter."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our "
-"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no "
-"copyright-related use that would be inhibited by an exclusive right. When a "
-"book went out of print, you could not buy it from a publisher. But you "
-"could still buy it from a used book store, and when a used book store sells "
-"it, in America, at least, there is no need to pay the copyright owner "
-"anything. Thus, the ordinary use of a book after its commercial life ended "
-"was a use that was independent of copyright law."
+"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no copyright-"
+"related use that would be inhibited by an exclusive right. When a book went "
+"out of print, you could not buy it from a publisher. But you could still "
+"buy it from a used book store, and when a used book store sells it, in "
+"America, at least, there is no need to pay the copyright owner anything. "
+"Thus, the ordinary use of a book after its commercial life ended was a use "
+"that was independent of copyright law."
msgstr ""
"Likevel, for det meste av vår historie, de også gjorde lite skade. for de "
"fleste av vår historie, når et arbeid endte sin kommersielle liv, var det "
"levetid avsluttet en bruk som var uavhengig av lov om opphavsrett."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a "
-"film--the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs--were so high, it was "
-"never at all feasible to preserve or restore film. Like the remains of a "
-"great dinner, when it's over, it's over. Once a film passed out of its "
+"film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, "
+"it was never at all feasible to preserve or restore film. Like the remains "
+"of a great dinner, when it's over, it's over. Once a film passed out of its "
"commercial life, it may have been archived for a bit, but that was the end "
"of its life so long as the market didn't have more to offer."
msgstr ""
"det var slutten av sitt liv så lenge markedet ikke har mer å tilby."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our "
"history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost "
"interfered med noe."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "But this situation has now changed."
msgstr "men denne situasjonen er nå endret."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies "
"is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital "
"levetid. Det er nå mulig å bevare og forsikrer særlige til denne kunnskap og "
"kultur, mens før det ikke var."
-#. PAGE BREAK 234
+#. PAGE BREAK 234
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this "
"digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of "
"skrevet for en radikalt annen sammenheng."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that "
"technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in "
"expression. Copyright is a brake."
msgstr ""
"Her er kjernen av skade kommer fra utvide vilkår: nå som teknologi gjør det "
-"mulig for oss å gjenoppbygge biblioteket i alexandria, loven kommer i "
-"veien. og det ikke komme i veien for nyttig opphavsrett formål, med det "
-"formål å copyright er å aktivere det kommersielle markedet som sprer "
-"kultur. Nei, vi snakker om kultur etter at det har bodd sin kommersiell "
-"levetid. i denne sammenhengen er copyright serverer ingen formål på alle "
-"relatert til spredning av kunnskap. i denne sammenheng er copyright ikke en "
-"motor gratis uttrykksmåter. Copyright er en brems."
+"mulig for oss å gjenoppbygge biblioteket i alexandria, loven kommer i veien. "
+"og det ikke komme i veien for nyttig opphavsrett formål, med det formål å "
+"copyright er å aktivere det kommersielle markedet som sprer kultur. Nei, vi "
+"snakker om kultur etter at det har bodd sin kommersiell levetid. i denne "
+"sammenhengen er copyright serverer ingen formål på alle relatert til "
+"spredning av kunnskap. i denne sammenheng er copyright ikke en motor gratis "
+"uttrykksmåter. Copyright er en brems."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster "
"brewster kahle, deretter de vil lavere kostnader for random house, også. så "
"ikke random house gjøre samt brewster kahle i å spre kultur allment?\""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that "
"to lend books from its stores for a low price, would that eliminate the need "
"for libraries? Only if you think that the only role of a library is to serve "
"what \"the market\" would demand. But if you think the role of a library is "
-"bigger than this--if you think its role is to archive culture, whether "
-"there's a demand for any particular bit of that culture or not--then we "
+"bigger than this—if you think its role is to archive culture, whether "
+"there's a demand for any particular bit of that culture or not—then we "
"can't count on the commercial market to do our library work for us."
msgstr ""
"kanskje. en dag. men det er absolutt ingen bevis som tyder på at utgivere "
"etterspørsel etter en bestemt bit av denne kulturen eller ikke-- så vi ikke "
"stole på det kommersielle markedet å gjøre arbeidet vårt bibliotek for oss."
-#. f13.
+#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 "
-"December 2002, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #54</ulink>."
+"December 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #54</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
"gaps. As one researcher calculated for American culture, 94 percent of the "
"films, books, and music produced between and 1946 is not commercially "
"available. However much you love the commercial market, if access is a "
-"value, then 6 percent is a failure to provide that value.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"value, then 6 percent is a failure to provide that value.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal "
"krav, og (2) at utvide vilkårene ved en annen tjue år krenket first endring."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A "
"panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our "
"claims, though after hearing an extensive argument. But that decision at "
-"least had a dissent, by one of the most conservative judges on that "
-"court. That dissent gave our claims life."
+"least had a dissent, by one of the most conservative judges on that court. "
+"That dissent gave our claims life."
msgstr ""
"district court avvist påstander om våre uten å selv høre et argument. et "
"panel av court of appeals for DC-kretsen også oppsagt våre krav, men etter "
"en av de mest konservative dommerne på at domstolen. at ga dissens livet "
"vårt krav."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights "
"sentelle hevdet, ville være å nekte Kongressen makt til å utvide "
"eksisterende vilkår."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the "
"cases or cases that raise issues specific to the circuit as a whole, where "
"the court will sit \"en banc\" to hear the case."
msgstr ""
-"vi spurte court of appeals for DC-kretsen som helhet å høre "
-"tilfelle. tilfeller er vanligvis hørt i paneler med tre, med unntak av "
-"viktige saker eller tilfeller som øke problemer som er spesifikke for "
-"kretsen som helhet, der domstolen skal sitte \"no banc\" for å høre "
-"tilfelle."
+"vi spurte court of appeals for DC-kretsen som helhet å høre tilfelle. "
+"tilfeller er vanligvis hørt i paneler med tre, med unntak av viktige saker "
+"eller tilfeller som øke problemer som er spesifikke for kretsen som helhet, "
+"der domstolen skal sitte \"no banc\" for å høre tilfelle."
-#. PAGE BREAK 236
+#. PAGE BREAK 236
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This "
-"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the "
-"D.C. Circuit, Judge David Tatel. Both the most conservative and the most "
-"liberal judges in the D.C. Circuit believed Congress had overstepped its "
-"bounds."
+"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the D.C. "
+"Circuit, Judge David Tatel. Both the most conservative and the most liberal "
+"judges in the D.C. Circuit believed Congress had overstepped its bounds."
msgstr ""
"lagmannsrett avvist vår anmodning om å høre case no banc. Denne gangen "
"vurdere sentelle ble med seg mest liberale medlem av DC-krets, bedømme david "
"Kongressen hadde overstepped sin grensene."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme "
"Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one "
"court has yet reviewed the statute."
msgstr ""
"Det var her at de fleste forventet eldred v. ashcroft ville dø, for "
-"Høyesterett vurderinger sjelden noen avgjørelse av en domstol i "
-"appeller. (det hører rundt hundre tilfeller et år, ut av mer enn fem tusen "
-"appeller.) og det praktisk talt aldri vurderinger en beslutning som "
-"opprettholder en vedtekt når ingen andre domstolen har gjennomgått "
-"vedtektene."
+"Høyesterett vurderinger sjelden noen avgjørelse av en domstol i appeller. "
+"(det hører rundt hundre tilfeller et år, ut av mer enn fem tusen appeller.) "
+"og det praktisk talt aldri vurderinger en beslutning som opprettholder en "
+"vedtekt når ingen andre domstolen har gjennomgått vedtektene."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our "
"petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of "
"forberede for argumentet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly "
"hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been "
-"won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this "
-"story to myself, I can never escape believing that my own mistake lost it."
+"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been won. "
+"It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this story "
+"to myself, I can never escape believing that my own mistake lost it."
msgstr ""
-"men min klient og disse venner var galt. denne saken kunne ha blitt "
-"vunnet. Det burde ha blitt vunnet. og uansett hvor hardt jeg prøver å retell "
-"denne historien til meg selv, jeg kan aldri unnslippe å tro at min egen feil "
-"mistet den."
+"Men min klient og disse vennene tok feil. Denne saken kunne vært vunnet. Det "
+"burde ha vært vunnet. Og uansett hvor hardt jeg prøver å fortelle den "
+"historien til meg selv, kan jeg aldri unnslippe troen på at det er min feil "
+"at vi ikke vant."
-#. PAGE BREAK 237
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Steward, Geoffrey"
+msgstr "Steward, Geoffrey"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 237
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
-"The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very "
-"end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary "
+"The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very end. "
+"Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary "
"lawyer, Geoffrey Stewart, and by the law firm he had moved to, Jones, Day, "
-"Reavis and Pogue. Jones Day took a great deal of heat from its "
-"copyright-protectionist clients for supporting us. They ignored this "
-"pressure (something that few law firms today would ever do), and throughout "
-"the case, they gave it everything they could."
+"Reavis and Pogue. Jones Day took a great deal of heat from its copyright-"
+"protectionist clients for supporting us. They ignored this pressure "
+"(something that few law firms today would ever do), and throughout the case, "
+"they gave it everything they could."
msgstr ""
-"feil ble gjort tidlig, skjønt det ble åpenbart bare på til slutten. vårt "
-"tilfelle hadde vært støttes helt fra begynnelsen av en ekstraordinære "
-"advokat, geoffrey stewart, og ved advokatfirmaet hadde han flyttet til "
-"jones, dag, reavis og pogue. Jones dag tok mye varme fra klientene "
-"copyright-protectionist for å støtte oss. de ignorert dette presset (noe som "
-"noen advokatfirmaer i dag ville gjøre), og i hele saken, de ga det alt de "
-"kunne."
+"Feil ble gjort tidlig, skjønt den ble først åpenbart på slutten. Vår sak "
+"hadde støtte hos en ekstraordinær advokat, Geoffrey Stewart, helt fra "
+"starten, og hos advokatfirmaet hadde han flyttet til, Jones, Day, Reavis og "
+"Pogue. Jones Day mottok mye press fra sine opphavsrettsbeskyttende klienter "
+"på grunn av sin støtte til oss. De ignorert dette presset (noe veldig få "
+"advokatfirmaer noen sinne ville gjøre), og ga alt de hadde gjennom hele "
+"saken."
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Ayer, Don"
+msgstr "Ayer, Don"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Bromberg, Dan"
+msgstr "Bromberg, Dan"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was "
-"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite "
-"involved. Bromberg and Ayer in particular had a common view about how this "
-"case would be won: We would only win, they repeatedly told me, if we could "
-"make the issue seem \"important\" to the Supreme Court. It had to seem as if "
-"dramatic harm were being done to free speech and free culture; otherwise, "
-"they would never vote against \"the most powerful media companies in the "
-"world.\""
+"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite involved. "
+"Bromberg and Ayer in particular had a common view about how this case would "
+"be won: We would only win, they repeatedly told me, if we could make the "
+"issue seem \"important\" to the Supreme Court. It had to seem as if dramatic "
+"harm were being done to free speech and free culture; otherwise, they would "
+"never vote against \"the most powerful media companies in the world.\""
msgstr ""
-"Det var tre viktige advokater tilfelle fra jones dag. Geoff stewart var "
-"først, men deretter dan bromberg og don ayer ble ganske involvert. Bromberg "
-"og ayer spesielt hadde en felles oppfatning om hvordan dette tilfellet ville "
-"bli vunnet: vi ville bare vinne, de gjentatte ganger fortalte meg, hvis vi "
-"kunne gjøre problemet synes \"viktig\" til Høyesterett. det måtte synes som "
-"om dramatisk skade ble gjort til ytringsfriheten og fri kultur; ellers ville "
-"de aldri stemt mot \"de kraftigste media selskapene i verden.\""
+"Det var tre viktige advokater på saken fra Jones DaY. Geoff Stewart var den "
+"først, men siden ble Dan Bromberg og Don Ayer ganske involvert. Bromberg og "
+"Ayer spesielt hadde en felles oppfatning om hvordan denne saken ville bli "
+"vunnet: vi ville bare vinne, fortalte de gjentatte ganger til meg, hvis vi "
+"få problemet til å virke \"viktig\" for Høyesterett. Det måtte synes som om "
+"dramatisk skade ble gjort til ytringsfriheten og fri kultur, ellers ville de "
+"aldri stemt mot \"de mektigste mediaselskapene i verden\"."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a "
"Constitution, not based on whether they liked the values that the framers "
"put in the Constitution."
msgstr ""
-"Jeg hater denne visningen av loven. Selvfølgelig trodde jeg sonny bono loven "
-"var en dramatisk skade på ytringsfriheten og fri kultur. Selvfølgelig tror "
-"jeg fortsatt det er. men ideen om at Høyesterett bestemmer loven basert på "
-"hvor viktig de tror problemene er er bare galt. Det kan være \"riktig\" som "
-"i \"sann,\" jeg tenkte, men det er \"galt\" som i \"det bare bør ikke være "
-"den måten.\" som jeg mente at alle trofaste tolkning av forfatterne av vår "
+"Jeg hater dette synet på loven. Selvfølgelig trodde jeg Sonny Bono-loven var "
+"en dramatisk skade på ytringsfriheten og fri kultur. Selvfølgelig tror jeg "
+"fortsatt dette. Men ideen om at Høyesterett bestemmer loven basert på hvor "
+"viktig de tror problemene er er bare galt. Det kan være \"riktig\" som i "
+"\"sann,\" jeg tenkte, men det er \"galt\" som i \"det bare bør ikke være den "
+"måten.\" som jeg mente at alle trofaste tolkning av forfatterne av vår "
"grunnlov gjorde gi konklusjonen at ctea var forfatningsstridig, og som jeg "
"mente at alle trofaste tolkning av hva den første endring betyr ville gi "
"konklusjonen som strøm for å forlenge eksisterende opphavsrett vilkårene er "
"som underskrev de innlegge Grunnloven."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm "
"caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no "
"dem at denne loven var ille, vi trengte å vise hvorfor det var "
"forfatningsstridig."
-#. PAGE BREAK 238
+#. PAGE BREAK 238
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in "
"which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court "
"against a background of briefs that covered the full range of political "
"views. To show that this claim against the CTEA was grounded in law and not "
"politics, then, we tried to gather the widest range of credible "
-"critics--credible not because they were rich and famous, but because they, "
-"in the aggregate, demonstrated that this law was unconstitutional regardless "
-"of one's politics."
+"critics—credible not because they were rich and famous, but because "
+"they, in the aggregate, demonstrated that this law was unconstitutional "
+"regardless of one's politics."
msgstr ""
"Det var en måte, men i som jeg følte politikk ville saken og som jeg trodde "
"et svar var riktig. Jeg var overbevist om at domstolen ikke ville høre våre "
"ikke fordi de var rike og berømte, men fordi de, i samlet, vist at denne "
"loven var forfatningsstridig uavhengig av ens politikk."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
-"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. "
-"Mrs. Schlafly viewed the CTEA as a sellout by Congress. In November 1998, "
-"she wrote a stinging editorial attacking the Republican Congress for "
-"allowing the law to pass. As she wrote, \"Do you sometimes wonder why bills "
-"that create a financial windfall to narrow special interests slide easily "
-"through the intricate legislative process, while bills that benefit the "
-"general public seem to get bogged down?\" The answer, as the editorial "
-"documented, was the power of money. Schlafly enumerated Disney's "
-"contributions to the key players on the committees. It was money, not "
-"justice, that gave Mickey Mouse twenty more years in Disney's control, "
-"Schlafly argued."
+"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. Mrs. "
+"Schlafly viewed the CTEA as a sellout by Congress. In November 1998, she "
+"wrote a stinging editorial attacking the Republican Congress for allowing "
+"the law to pass. As she wrote, \"Do you sometimes wonder why bills that "
+"create a financial windfall to narrow special interests slide easily through "
+"the intricate legislative process, while bills that benefit the general "
+"public seem to get bogged down?\" The answer, as the editorial documented, "
+"was the power of money. Schlafly enumerated Disney's contributions to the "
+"key players on the committees. It was money, not justice, that gave Mickey "
+"Mouse twenty more years in Disney's control, Schlafly argued."
msgstr ""
"det første trinnet skjedde alt av seg selv. Phyllis schlafly organisasjon, "
"eagle forum, hadde vært motstander av ctea fra begynnelsen. Mrs. schlafly "
"fordelen allmennheten synes å komme bogged ned?\", som de redaksjonelle "
"dokumentert, var svaret strømmen av penger. schlafly nummerert disney's "
"bidrag til sentrale aktører på komiteene. Det var penger, ikke "
-"rettferdighet, som ga Mikke Mus tjue år i disney's kontroll, schlafly "
-"hevdet."
+"rettferdighet, som ga Mikke Mus tjue år i disney's kontroll, schlafly hevdet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting "
"our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in "
"grense for Kongressens makt til å angi vilkår. som sterkt konservativ "
"argumentet overtalt en sterk konservative dommer, dommer sentelle."
-#. PAGE BREAK 239
+#. PAGE BREAK 239
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, "
"there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including "
"biblioteker og den nasjonale forfattere unionen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've "
"already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law "
"ble truffet, en hel generasjon av american film ville forsvinne. den andre "
"gjort argumentet økonomiske helt klart."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Akerlof, George"
+msgstr "Akerlof, George"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Arrow, Kenneth"
+msgstr "Arrow, Kenneth"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Buchanan, James"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Coase, Ronald"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Friedman, Milton"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five "
"Nobel winners demonstrates, spanned the political spectrum. Their "
"conclusions were powerful: There was no plausible claim that extending the "
"terms of existing copyrights would do anything to increase incentives to "
-"create. Such extensions were nothing more than \"rent-seeking\"--the fancy "
-"term economists use to describe special-interest legislation gone wild."
+"create. Such extensions were nothing more than \"rent-seeking\"—the "
+"fancy term economists use to describe special-interest legislation gone wild."
msgstr ""
"Denne økonomer kort ble signert av sytten økonomer, inkludert fem "
"Nobelprisen vinnerne, inkludert ronald Coases, james buchanan, milton "
"friedman, kenneth pilen og george akerlof. økonomer, spredte som viser "
"listen over nobel vinnere, det politiske spektret. deres konklusjoner var "
"kraftig: det var ingen sannsynlig hevder at utvide vilkårene i eksisterende "
-"opphavsrettigheter ville gjøre noe for å øke insentiver til å "
-"opprette. slike utvidelser var ingenting mer enn \"leie-søker\"--fancy sikt "
-"økonomer bruk å beskrive spesielle interesser lovgivning gone wild."
+"opphavsrettigheter ville gjøre noe for å øke insentiver til å opprette. "
+"slike utvidelser var ingenting mer enn \"leie-søker\"--fancy sikt økonomer "
+"bruk å beskrive spesielle interesser lovgivning gone wild."
-#. PAGE BREAK 240
+#. PAGE BREAK 240
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to "
"write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from "
"konstitusjonelle historie med en rekke banebrytende seire i Høyesterett "
"forsvare rettigheter; Min kollega og dean, kathleen sullivan, som hadde "
"hevdet mange tilfeller i domstol, og som hadde informert oss tidlig om en "
-"første endring strategi; og endelig, tidligere advokat general charles "
-"stekt."
+"første endring strategi; og endelig, tidligere advokat general charles stekt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor "
"general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
"companies the special favor of extended copyright terms. Fried was the only "
"one who turned down that lucrative assignment to stand up for something he "
-"believed in. He had been Ronald Reagan's chief lawyer in the Supreme "
-"Court. He had helped craft the line of cases that limited Congress's power "
-"in the context of the Commerce Clause. And while he had argued many "
-"positions in the Supreme Court that I personally disagreed with, his joining "
-"the cause was a vote of confidence in our argument."
+"believed in. He had been Ronald Reagan's chief lawyer in the Supreme Court. "
+"He had helped craft the line of cases that limited Congress's power in the "
+"context of the Commerce Clause. And while he had argued many positions in "
+"the Supreme Court that I personally disagreed with, his joining the cause "
+"was a vote of confidence in our argument."
msgstr ""
"stekt var en spesiell seier for vår side. hver andre tidligere advokat "
"generelt ble ansatt av den andre siden, å forsvare congress's kraft til å gi "
"posisjoner i Høyesterett som jeg personlig uenige med, hans begynte årsaken "
"var en stemme av tilliten i vår argumentet."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as "
"or economists. The briefs on the other side of the case were written "
"exclusively by major media companies, congressmen, and copyright holders."
msgstr ""
-"regjeringen, i å forsvare statutten, hadde sin samling av venner, "
-"også. betydelig, men ingen av disse \"vennene\" inkludert historikere eller "
+"regjeringen, i å forsvare statutten, hadde sin samling av venner, også. "
+"betydelig, men ingen av disse \"vennene\" inkludert historikere eller "
"økonomer. truser på den andre siden av saken ble skrevet utelukkende av "
"store medieselskaper, congressmen og innehaver av opphavsrett."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the "
-"law. The congressmen were not surprising either--they were defending their "
-"power and, indirectly, the gravy train of contributions such power "
+"law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending "
+"their power and, indirectly, the gravy train of contributions such power "
"induced. And of course it was not surprising that the copyright holders "
"would defend the idea that they should continue to have the right to control "
"who did what with content they wanted to control."
msgstr ""
-"media selskapene var ikke overraskende. de har mest å tjene på "
-"loven. congressmen var ikke overraskende enten--de var å forsvare sin makt, "
-"og indirekte, Kjøttsaft tog av bidrag slik makt indusert. og selvfølgelig "
-"var det ikke overraskende at rettighetshavere ville forsvare ideen om at de "
-"bør fortsette å ha rett til å kontrollere hvem som gjorde hva med innhold de "
+"media selskapene var ikke overraskende. de har mest å tjene på loven. "
+"congressmen var ikke overraskende enten--de var å forsvare sin makt, og "
+"indirekte, Kjøttsaft tog av bidrag slik makt indusert. og selvfølgelig var "
+"det ikke overraskende at rettighetshavere ville forsvare ideen om at de bør "
+"fortsette å ha rett til å kontrollere hvem som gjorde hva med innhold de "
"ønsket å kontroll."
-#. f14.
+#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. "
"(2003) (No. 01-618), 19."
"kort av gikk dr. seuss enterprise et al., eldred v. ashcroft, 537 "
"amerikanske (2003) (nr 01-618), 19."
+#. f15.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins "
"dinitia smith, \"udødelig ord, udødelig royalties? selv Mikke Mus tiltrer "
"fray,\"new york times, 28 mars 1998, b7."
-#. PAGE BREAK 241
+#. PAGE BREAK 241
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
-"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work-- better than "
-"allowing it to fall into the public domain--because if this creativity were "
-"in the public domain, then people could use it to \"glorify drugs or to "
-"create pornography.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That was also "
-"the motive of the Gershwin estate, which defended its \"protection\" of the "
-"work of George Gershwin. They refuse, for example, to license Porgy and Bess "
-"to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the cast.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this part of American "
-"culture should be controlled, and they wanted this law to help them effect "
-"that control."
+"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better "
+"than allowing it to fall into the public domain—because if this "
+"creativity were in the public domain, then people could use it to \"glorify "
+"drugs or to create pornography.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"That was also the motive of the Gershwin estate, which defended its "
+"\"protection\" of the work of George Gershwin. They refuse, for example, to "
+"license Porgy and Bess to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the "
+"cast.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this "
+"part of American culture should be controlled, and they wanted this law to "
+"help them effect that control."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. "
"in a certain way, that's just what the First Amendment is traditionally "
"meant to block."
msgstr ""
-"Dette argumentet gjort klart et tema som er sjelden merke i denne "
-"debatten. Når Kongressen beslutter å forlenge eksisterende "
-"opphavsrettigheter, gjør Kongressen et valg om hvilke høyttalere det "
-"prioriteres. berømte og elskede opphavsrett eiere, for eksempel gershwin "
-"eiendom og dr. seuss, komme til Kongressen og si, \"gi oss tjue år å "
-"kontrollere tale om disse ikonene av den amerikanske kulturen. Vi vil gjøre "
-"bedre med dem enn noen andre.\"Kongressen liker selvfølgelig å belønne de "
-"populære og berømte ved å gi dem det de ønsker. men når Kongressen gir folk "
-"en eksklusiv rett til å snakke på en bestemt måte, det er akkurat hva den "
-"første endringen er tradisjonelt ment å blokkere."
+"Dette argumentet gjort klart et tema som er sjelden merke i denne debatten. "
+"Når Kongressen beslutter å forlenge eksisterende opphavsrettigheter, gjør "
+"Kongressen et valg om hvilke høyttalere det prioriteres. berømte og elskede "
+"opphavsrett eiere, for eksempel gershwin eiendom og dr. seuss, komme til "
+"Kongressen og si, \"gi oss tjue år å kontrollere tale om disse ikonene av "
+"den amerikanske kulturen. Vi vil gjøre bedre med dem enn noen andre."
+"\"Kongressen liker selvfølgelig å belønne de populære og berømte ved å gi "
+"dem det de ønsker. men når Kongressen gir folk en eksklusiv rett til å "
+"snakke på en bestemt måte, det er akkurat hva den første endringen er "
+"tradisjonelt ment å blokkere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean "
-"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend "
-"copyrights--extensions that would further concentrate the market; it would "
-"also mean that there was no limit to Congress's power to play favorites, "
-"through copyright, with who has the right to speak. Between February and "
-"October, there was little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as "
-"I said, I set the strategy."
+"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend copyrights—"
+"extensions that would further concentrate the market; it would also mean "
+"that there was no limit to Congress's power to play favorites, through "
+"copyright, with who has the right to speak. Between February and October, "
+"there was little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, "
+"I set the strategy."
msgstr ""
"Vi hevdet så mye i en endelige kort. ikke bare vil opprettholde ctea bety at "
-"det var ingen grense for strøm av Kongressen for å forlenge "
-"opphavsrett--utvidelser som ytterligere konsentrere seg markedet; det vil "
-"også bety at det var ingen grense congress's kraft til å spille favoritter, "
-"gjennom opphavsrett, med som har rett til å snakke. mellom februar og "
-"oktober var det lite jeg gjorde utover forbereder for denne saken. tidlig "
-"som jeg sa, satt jeg strategien."
+"det var ingen grense for strøm av Kongressen for å forlenge opphavsrett--"
+"utvidelser som ytterligere konsentrere seg markedet; det vil også bety at "
+"det var ingen grense congress's kraft til å spille favoritter, gjennom "
+"opphavsrett, med som har rett til å snakke. mellom februar og oktober var "
+"det lite jeg gjorde utover forbereder for denne saken. tidlig som jeg sa, "
+"satt jeg strategien."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives "
"included Chief Justice Rehnquist, Justice O'Connor, Justice Scalia, Justice "
"Kennedy, and Justice Thomas. These five had been the most consistent in "
-"limiting Congress's power. They were the five who had supported the "
-"Lopez/Morrison line of cases that said that an enumerated power had to be "
+"limiting Congress's power. They were the five who had supported the Lopez/"
+"Morrison line of cases that said that an enumerated power had to be "
"interpreted to assure that Congress's powers had limits."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 242
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Breyer, Stephen"
+msgstr "Breyer, Stephen"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 242
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on "
-"Congress's power. These four--Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
-"Ginsburg, and Justice Breyer--had repeatedly argued that the Constitution "
-"gives Congress broad discretion to decide how best to implement its "
-"powers. In case after case, these justices had argued that the Court's role "
-"should be one of deference. Though the votes of these four justices were the "
-"votes that I personally had most consistently agreed with, they were also "
-"the votes that we were least likely to get."
+"Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
+"Ginsburg, and Justice Breyer—had repeatedly argued that the "
+"Constitution gives Congress broad discretion to decide how best to implement "
+"its powers. In case after case, these justices had argued that the Court's "
+"role should be one of deference. Though the votes of these four justices "
+"were the votes that I personally had most consistently agreed with, they "
+"were also the votes that we were least likely to get."
msgstr ""
"resten var fire justiariusene som hadde sterkt imot begrensninger på "
"Kongressens makt. disse fire--rettferdighet stevens, rettferdighet souter, "
"implementere sin myndighet. i sak etter sak, hadde disse to andre "
"justiariusene hevdet at retten rolle bør være en av deference. om stemmene "
"til disse fire justiariusene var stemmene som jeg personlig hadde mest "
-"konsekvent avtalt med, var de også stemmene som vi var minst sannsynlig å "
-"få."
+"konsekvent avtalt med, var de også stemmene som vi var minst sannsynlig å få."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her "
"general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are "
"ønsket gjort lite fornuftig."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as "
"unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored "
msgstr ""
"Lukk bak rettferdighet ginsburg var to justiariusene hvem vi også sett på "
"som usannsynlig allierte, om mulig overraskelser. rettferdighet souter "
-"favoriserte sterkt deference Kongressen, som gjorde rettferdighet "
-"breyer. men begge var også svært sensitive til ytringsfriheten "
-"bekymringer. og som vi sterkt mente, det var en svært viktig ytringsfriheten "
-"argument mot disse retrospektiv utvidelser."
+"favoriserte sterkt deference Kongressen, som gjorde rettferdighet breyer. "
+"men begge var også svært sensitive til ytringsfriheten bekymringer. og som "
+"vi sterkt mente, det var en svært viktig ytringsfriheten argument mot disse "
+"retrospektiv utvidelser."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice "
-"Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges "
-"on this Court. His votes are consistently eclectic, which just means that no "
-"simple ideology explains where he will stand. But he had consistently argued "
-"for limits in the context of intellectual property generally. We were fairly "
+"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice Stevens. "
+"History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges on this "
+"Court. His votes are consistently eclectic, which just means that no simple "
+"ideology explains where he will stand. But he had consistently argued for "
+"limits in the context of intellectual property generally. We were fairly "
"confident he would recognize limits here."
msgstr ""
-"den eneste stemme som vi kan være trygg på var at for rettferdighet "
-"stevens. historie registrerer rettferdighet stevens som en av de største "
-"dommerne på denne retten. hans stemmer er konsekvent variert, som betyr bare "
-"at ingen enkel ideologi forklarer hvor han vil stå. men han hadde konsekvent "
+"den eneste stemme som vi kan være trygg på var at for rettferdighet stevens. "
+"historie registrerer rettferdighet stevens som en av de største dommerne på "
+"denne retten. hans stemmer er konsekvent variert, som betyr bare at ingen "
+"enkel ideologi forklarer hvor han vil stå. men han hadde konsekvent "
"argumentert for grenser i forbindelse med immaterielle generelt. Vi var "
"ganske trygg på han ville anerkjenne grenser her."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: "
"on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and "
"get at least a majority to go our way. Thus, the single overriding argument "
"that animated our claim rested on the Conservatives' most important "
-"jurisprudential innovation--the argument that Judge Sentelle had relied upon "
-"in the Court of Appeals, that Congress's power must be interpreted so that "
-"its enumerated powers have limits."
+"jurisprudential innovation—the argument that Judge Sentelle had relied "
+"upon in the Court of Appeals, that Congress's power must be interpreted so "
+"that its enumerated powers have limits."
msgstr ""
"Denne analysen av \"resten\" viste mest tydelig der vårt fokus måtte være: "
"på høyre. for å vinne dette tilfellet, vi hadde å sprekk åpne disse fem og "
"få minst et flertall å gå på vår måte. dermed enkelt overstyrende argument "
"som animert våre krav hvilte på Høyres viktigste jurisprudential innovasjon "
"- argumentet at dommer sentelle hadde grunnlag i lagmannsrett, at "
-"Kongressens makt må tolkes slik at dens nummerert kreftene har "
-"begrensninger."
+"Kongressens makt må tolkes slik at dens nummerert kreftene har begrensninger."
+#. PAGE BREAK 243
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"This then was the core of our strategy--a strategy for which I am "
+"This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am "
"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the Lopez case, "
"under the government's argument here, Congress would always have unlimited "
"power to extend existing terms. If anything was plain about Congress's power "
"Lopez: If Congress's power to regulate commerce was limited, then so, too, "
"must Congress's power to regulate copyright be limited."
msgstr ""
-"Dette var deretter kjernen i vår strategi--en strategi som jeg er "
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-"ubegrenset makt til å utvide eksisterende vilkår. Hvis noe var vanlig om "
-"Kongressens makt under setningsdelen fremdrift, det var at dette makt var "
-"ment for å være \"begrenset.\" vårt mål vil være å få retten å avstemme "
-"eldred med lopez: Hvis Kongressens makt til å regulere handel var begrenset, "
-"deretter så, også, congress's makt til å regulere copyright skal begrenses."
+"Dette var deretter kjernen i vår strategi--en strategi som jeg er ansvarlig. "
+"Vi ville få retten å se at akkurat som du er med under regjeringens argument "
+"her i tilfelle lopez, Kongressen ville alltid ha ubegrenset makt til å "
+"utvide eksisterende vilkår. Hvis noe var vanlig om Kongressens makt under "
+"setningsdelen fremdrift, det var at dette makt var ment for å være "
+"\"begrenset.\" vårt mål vil være å få retten å avstemme eldred med lopez: "
+"Hvis Kongressens makt til å regulere handel var begrenset, deretter så, "
+"også, congress's makt til å regulere copyright skal begrenses."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done "
"it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that "
msgstr ""
"argumentet på regjeringens side kom ned til dette: Kongressen har gjort det "
"før. det skal være tillatt å gjøre det igjen. regjeringen hevdet at helt fra "
-"starten, Kongressen har blitt utvidelse av eksisterende "
-"opphavsrettigheter. så regjeringen hevdet, domstolen bør ikke nå si at "
-"praksis er unconstitutional."
+"starten, Kongressen har blitt utvidelse av eksisterende opphavsrettigheter. "
+"så regjeringen hevdet, domstolen bør ikke nå si at praksis er "
+"unconstitutional."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly "
"agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of "
-"course, in 1962, Congress began extending existing terms regularly--eleven "
-"times in forty years."
+"course, in 1962, Congress began extending existing terms regularly—"
+"eleven times in forty years."
msgstr ""
"Det var noen sannhet til regjeringens krav, men ikke mye. Vi absolutt avtalt "
"at Kongressen hadde utvidet eksisterende vilkårene i og i 1909. og "
-"selvfølgelig, i 1962, Kongressen begynte utvide eksisterende "
-"regelmessig--betingelser elleve ganger i førti år."
+"selvfølgelig, i 1962, Kongressen begynte utvide eksisterende regelmessig--"
+"betingelser elleve ganger i førti år."
+#. PAGE BREAK 244
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended "
"existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then "
"extended existing terms once again in the next fifty. Those rare extensions "
-"are in contrast to the now regular practice of extending existing "
-"terms. Whatever restraint Congress had had in the past, that restraint was "
-"now gone. Congress was now in a cycle of extensions; there was no reason to "
+"are in contrast to the now regular practice of extending existing terms. "
+"Whatever restraint Congress had had in the past, that restraint was now "
+"gone. Congress was now in a cycle of extensions; there was no reason to "
"expect that cycle would end. This Court had not hesitated to intervene where "
"Congress was in a similar cycle of extension. There was no reason it "
"couldn't intervene here. Oral argument was scheduled for the first week in "
"lignende syklus av filtypen. Det var ingen grunn det ikke kunne gripe inn "
"her. muntlig argumentet var planlagt for den første uken i oktober. Jeg "
"ankom i DC to uker før argumentet. i løpet av de to ukene, ble jeg gjentatte "
-"ganger \"mooted\" av advokater som hadde frivillig til å hjelpe i "
-"tilfelle. slike \"moots\" er i utgangspunktet praksis runder, der wannabe "
+"ganger \"mooted\" av advokater som hadde frivillig til å hjelpe i tilfelle. "
+"slike \"moots\" er i utgangspunktet praksis runder, der wannabe "
"justiariusene brann spørsmål på wannabe vinnere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single "
"point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the "
"har funnet måter å ta alle spørsmål tilbake til dette sentrale ideen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He "
"had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles "
"stekt. Han hadde hevdet mange tilfeller før Høyesterett. og han la sin "
"bekymring snakke i sin anmeldelse av moot:"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be "
"willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a "
"consistent practice for two hundred years. You have to make them see the "
-"harm--passionately get them to see the harm. For if they don't see that, "
-"then we haven't any chance of winning.\""
+"harm—passionately get them to see the harm. For if they don't see "
+"that, then we haven't any chance of winning.\""
msgstr ""
"Jeg er bare redd at med mindre de ser virkelig skade, de ikke vil være "
"villig til å opprørt denne praksis som regjeringen sier har vært en "
-"konsekvent praksis for to hundre år. du har å gjøre dem se "
-"skade--passionately få dem til å se skaden. for hvis de ser ikke som, så vi "
-"har ikke noen sjanse til å vinne."
+"konsekvent praksis for to hundre år. du har å gjøre dem se skade--"
+"passionately få dem til å se skaden. for hvis de ser ikke som, så vi har "
+"ikke noen sjanse til å vinne."
-#. PAGE BREAK 245
+#. PAGE BREAK 245
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't "
"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right "
-"thing--not because of politics but because it was right. As a law professor, "
-"I had spent my life teaching my students that this Court does the right "
-"thing--not because of politics but because it is right. As I listened to "
-"Ayer's plea for passion in pressing politics, I understood his point, and I "
-"rejected it. Our argument was right. That was enough. Let the politicians "
-"learn to see that it was also good. The night before the argument, a line "
-"of people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a "
-"focus of the press and of the movement to free culture. Hundreds stood in "
-"line for the chance to see the proceedings. Scores spent the night on the "
-"Supreme Court steps so that they would be assured a seat."
+"thing—not because of politics but because it was right. As a law "
+"professor, I had spent my life teaching my students that this Court does the "
+"right thing—not because of politics but because it is right. As I "
+"listened to Ayer's plea for passion in pressing politics, I understood his "
+"point, and I rejected it. Our argument was right. That was enough. Let the "
+"politicians learn to see that it was also good. The night before the "
+"argument, a line of people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The "
+"case had become a focus of the press and of the movement to free culture. "
+"Hundreds stood in line for the chance to see the proceedings. Scores spent "
+"the night on the Supreme Court steps so that they would be assured a seat."
msgstr ""
"han kanskje har hevdet mange tilfeller før denne retten, jeg tenkte, men han "
"forstod ikke sin sjel. Jeg hadde sett justiariusene gjøre rette--ikke på "
"være trygg på et sete."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for "
"seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my "
"forbeholdt familie av de to andre justiariusene."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I "
"intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This "
"grense."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history "
"was bothering her."
"plaget henne."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, "
"and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions "
"utvidelser av tid? Jeg mener, dette synes å være en praksis som begynte med "
"svært første akt."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of "
"underskrev hadde i tankene.\", men mitt svar var igjen og igjen å "
"understreke begrensninger på Kongressens makt."
-#. PAGE BREAK 246
+#. PAGE BREAK 246
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, "
"then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives "
"hadde i tankene, og svaret er Ja."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the "
"Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed,"
"skulle. Først var et spørsmål av rettferdighet kennedy, som observert,"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, "
"too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone "
"og nyttig kunst. Jeg ser ikke noen empiriske bevis for dette."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I "
"answered,"
-msgstr "Her følger min klart feil. som professor korrigere en student, svarte jeg,"
+msgstr ""
+"Her følger min klart feil. som professor korrigere en student, svarte jeg,"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing "
"in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about "
"ikke tillates under lover om opphavsrett."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer "
"was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of "
"ha mattered. Dette var en softball; mitt svar var en swing og en glipp."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been "
-"crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez ruling, and we hoped "
-"that he would see this case as its second cousin."
+"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been crafted. "
+"For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez ruling, and we hoped that he "
+"would see this case as its second cousin."
msgstr ""
"andre kom fra sjefen, som hele saken hadde blitt utformet. for "
"justisministeren hadde utformet lopez avgjørelse, og vi håpet at ville han "
"se denne saken som sin andre fetter."
-#. PAGE BREAK 247
+#. PAGE BREAK 247
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. "
"To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:"
msgstr ""
-"Det var klart en andre i sin spørsmålet at han ikke var på alle "
-"sympatisk. til ham var vi en gjeng med anarkistene. så han spurte:"
+"Det var klart en andre i sin spørsmålet at han ikke var på alle sympatisk. "
+"til ham var vi en gjeng med anarkistene. så han spurte:"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy "
"verbatim other people's books, don't you?"
"ordrett andres bøker, ikke du?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the "
"public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that "
"lesing av grensene som er innebygd i setningsdelen opphavsrett."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the "
"Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor "
"generelt olson"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time "
"would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the "
"her, det en begrenset periode som er utvidbart er samme en ubegrenset tid."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's "
"flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the "
"first case ever to consider limits on Congress's Copyright and Patent Clause "
"power. Ever the professor and not the advocate, I closed by pointing out the "
"long history of the Court imposing limits on Congress's power in the name of "
-"the Copyright and Patent Clause-- indeed, the very first case striking a law "
-"of Congress as exceeding a specific enumerated power was based upon the "
-"Copyright and Patent Clause. All true. But it wasn't going to move the Court "
-"to my side."
-msgstr ""
-"Når olson var ferdig, var det min tur til å gi en avsluttende "
-"rebuttal. olson's flailing hadde gjenopplivet sinnet mitt. men min vrede "
-"fortsatt ble sendt til akademiske, ikke praktiske. regjeringen var kranglet "
-"som om dette var det første tilfellet noensinne å vurdere begrensninger på "
-"congress's copyright og patent-setningsdel makt. professoren og ikke "
-"talsmann, jeg lukket noensinne ved å peke på den lange historien av "
-"domstolen innføre begrensninger på Kongressens makt i navnet på opphavsrett "
-"og patent-setningsdel--faktisk, det aller første tilfellet støtning en lov "
-"av Kongressen som overskrider en bestemt, nummerert makt var basert på "
+"the Copyright and Patent Clause— indeed, the very first case striking "
+"a law of Congress as exceeding a specific enumerated power was based upon "
+"the Copyright and Patent Clause. All true. But it wasn't going to move the "
+"Court to my side."
+msgstr ""
+"Når olson var ferdig, var det min tur til å gi en avsluttende rebuttal. "
+"olson's flailing hadde gjenopplivet sinnet mitt. men min vrede fortsatt ble "
+"sendt til akademiske, ikke praktiske. regjeringen var kranglet som om dette "
+"var det første tilfellet noensinne å vurdere begrensninger på congress's "
+"copyright og patent-setningsdel makt. professoren og ikke talsmann, jeg "
+"lukket noensinne ved å peke på den lange historien av domstolen innføre "
+"begrensninger på Kongressens makt i navnet på opphavsrett og patent-"
+"setningsdel--faktisk, det aller første tilfellet støtning en lov av "
+"Kongressen som overskrider en bestemt, nummerert makt var basert på "
"opphavsrett og patent-setningsdel. alle sanne. men det var ikke til å flytte "
"retten til min side."
-#. PAGE BREAK 248
+#. PAGE BREAK 248
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I "
"could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered "
"meg optimistisk."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over "
"and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the "
"often I tried, I could not understand how the Court could find that "
"Congress's power under the Commerce Clause was limited, but under the "
"Copyright Clause, unlimited. In those rare moments when I let myself believe "
-"that we may have prevailed, it was because I felt this Court--in particular, "
-"the Conservatives--would feel itself constrained by the rule of law that it "
-"had established elsewhere."
+"that we may have prevailed, it was because I felt this Court—in "
+"particular, the Conservatives—would feel itself constrained by the "
+"rule of law that it had established elsewhere."
msgstr ""
"regjeringen hadde blitt spurt om og om igjen, hva er grensen? igjen og "
"igjen, det hadde besvart det er ingen begrensning. Dette var nettopp svaret "
"etablert andre steder."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and "
"missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the "
msgstr ""
"15. januar 2003, morgenen jeg var fem minutter for sent til kontoret og "
"ubesvarte anropet 7: 00 am fra Høyesterett kontorist. lytte til meldingen, "
-"jeg kunne fortelle på et øyeblikk at hun hadde dårlige nyheter til "
-"report.the hadde Høyesterett bekreftet avgjørelsen til court of appeals. syv "
+"jeg kunne fortelle på et øyeblikk at hun hadde dårlige nyheter til report."
+"the hadde Høyesterett bekreftet avgjørelsen til court of appeals. syv "
"justiariusene hadde stemt i fleste. Det var to Dissensene."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off "
"the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I "
"jakt etter resonnement."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the "
"principle in this case from the principle in Lopez. The argument was nowhere "
"funnet. saken ble ikke selv sitert. argumentet som ble argumentet kjernen i "
"vårt tilfelle ikke engang vises i retten mening."
-#. PAGE BREAK 249
+#. PAGE BREAK 249
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent "
"with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found "
"Congress's power not limited here."
msgstr ""
-"rettferdighet ginsburg ganske enkelt ignorert argumentet nummerert "
-"kreftene. konsekvent med hennes syn at Kongressen makt var ikke begrenset "
-"Generelt, hun hadde funnet Kongressens makt ikke begrenset her."
+"rettferdighet ginsburg ganske enkelt ignorert argumentet nummerert kreftene. "
+"konsekvent med hennes syn at Kongressen makt var ikke begrenset Generelt, "
+"hun hadde funnet Kongressens makt ikke begrenset her."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable--for her, and for Justice "
-"Souter. Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too much to expect them to "
-"write an opinion that recognized, much less explained, the doctrine they had "
-"worked so hard to defeat."
+"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice Souter. "
+"Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too much to expect them to write an "
+"opinion that recognized, much less explained, the doctrine they had worked "
+"so hard to defeat."
msgstr ""
-"hennes mening var helt rimelig--for henne, og for rettferdighet "
-"souter. Ingen av dem tror på lopez. det ville være for mye å forvente dem "
-"til å skrive en uttalelse som gjenkjennes, mye mindre forklart, doktrine som "
-"de hadde arbeidet så hardt for å beseire."
+"hennes mening var helt rimelig--for henne, og for rettferdighet souter. "
+"Ingen av dem tror på lopez. det ville være for mye å forvente dem til å "
+"skrive en uttalelse som gjenkjennes, mye mindre forklart, doktrine som de "
+"hadde arbeidet så hardt for å beseire."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was "
"reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited "
msgstr ""
"men som jeg hva som hadde skjedd, jeg kunne ikke helt tro hva jeg leser. Jeg "
"hadde sagt det var ingen måte denne retten kan avstemme begrenset krefter "
-"med handel-setningsdelen og ubegrensede krefter med "
-"fremgang-setningsdelen. det hadde aldri skjedd for meg at de kunne forene to "
-"ved adressering ikke argumentet. Det var ingen inkonsekvens fordi de ikke "
-"ville snakker om to sammen. Det ble derfor ingen prinsippet som fulgt av "
-"lopez tilfelle: i den sammenhengen, Kongressens makt ville være begrenset, "
-"men i denne sammenheng vil det ikke."
+"med handel-setningsdelen og ubegrensede krefter med fremgang-setningsdelen. "
+"det hadde aldri skjedd for meg at de kunne forene to ved adressering ikke "
+"argumentet. Det var ingen inkonsekvens fordi de ikke ville snakker om to "
+"sammen. Det ble derfor ingen prinsippet som fulgt av lopez tilfelle: i den "
+"sammenhengen, Kongressens makt ville være begrenset, men i denne sammenheng "
+"vil det ikke."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they "
-"would respect? By what right did they--the silent five--get to select the "
-"part of the Constitution they would enforce based on the values they thought "
-"important? We were right back to the argument that I said I hated at the "
-"start: I had failed to convince them that the issue here was important, and "
-"I had failed to recognize that however much I might hate a system in which "
-"the Court gets to pick the constitutional values that it will respect, that "
-"is the system we have."
+"would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to "
+"select the part of the Constitution they would enforce based on the values "
+"they thought important? We were right back to the argument that I said I "
+"hated at the start: I had failed to convince them that the issue here was "
+"important, and I had failed to recognize that however much I might hate a "
+"system in which the Court gets to pick the constitutional values that it "
+"will respect, that is the system we have."
msgstr ""
"ennå ved hvilken rett de fikk til å velge hvilke av de underskrev verdiene "
"de ville respekt? ved hvilken rett gjorde de--de stille fem--får å velge "
"der domstolen får velge konstitusjonelle verdiene som det vil respektere,."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion "
"was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of "
"intellectual property law should not support this unjustified extension of "
"terms. He based his argument on a parallel analysis that had governed in the "
"context of patents (so had we). But the rest of the Court discounted the "
-"parallel--without explaining how the very same words in the Progress Clause "
-"could come to mean totally different things depending upon whether the words "
-"were about patents or copyrights. The Court let Justice Stevens's charge go "
-"unanswered."
+"parallel—without explaining how the very same words in the Progress "
+"Clause could come to mean totally different things depending upon whether "
+"the words were about patents or copyrights. The Court let Justice Stevens's "
+"charge go unanswered."
msgstr ""
-"to andre justiariusene breyer og stevens skrev veldig sterk "
-"Dissensene. Stevens mening laget interne til loven: han hevdet at "
-"tradisjonen med lovgivning for immaterielle ikke bør støtter dette "
-"uberettiget forlengelse av vilkårene. han basert hans argument på en "
-"parallell analyse som hadde styrt i sammenheng med patenter (så hadde "
-"vi). men resten av domstolen nedsatte parallelt--uten å forklare hvordan de "
-"samme ord i fremgang-setningsdelen kan komme til å bety helt forskjellige "
-"ting som er avhengig av om ordene var om patenter eller opphavsrett. Retten "
-"la rettferdighet stevens kostnad gå ubesvart."
+"to andre justiariusene breyer og stevens skrev veldig sterk Dissensene. "
+"Stevens mening laget interne til loven: han hevdet at tradisjonen med "
+"lovgivning for immaterielle ikke bør støtter dette uberettiget forlengelse "
+"av vilkårene. han basert hans argument på en parallell analyse som hadde "
+"styrt i sammenheng med patenter (så hadde vi). men resten av domstolen "
+"nedsatte parallelt--uten å forklare hvordan de samme ord i fremgang-"
+"setningsdelen kan komme til å bety helt forskjellige ting som er avhengig av "
+"om ordene var om patenter eller opphavsrett. Retten la rettferdighet stevens "
+"kostnad gå ubesvart."
+#. PAGE BREAK 250
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was "
"forfatningsstridig."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because "
"neither believed in the Lopez case, neither was willing to push it as a "
"hamlet uten prinsen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression "
"gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the "
"depression. This anger was of two sorts."
msgstr ""
"tap bringer depresjon. de sier det er et tegn på helse når depresjon gir "
-"måte å sinne. min vrede kom raskt, men det gjorde ikke kurere "
-"depresjon. Dette sinne var inälvor."
+"måte å sinne. min vrede kom raskt, men det gjorde ikke kurere depresjon. "
+"Dette sinne var inälvor."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one "
"thing for them to have explained why the principle of Lopez didn't apply in "
"this case. That wouldn't have been a very convincing argument, I don't "
-"believe, having read it made by others, and having tried to make it "
-"myself. But it at least would have been an act of integrity. These justices "
-"in particular have repeatedly said that the proper mode of interpreting the "
-"Constitution is \"originalism\"--to first understand the framers' text, "
-"interpreted in their context, in light of the structure of the "
-"Constitution. That method had produced Lopez and many other \"originalist\" "
-"rulings. Where was their \"originalism\" now?"
+"believe, having read it made by others, and having tried to make it myself. "
+"But it at least would have been an act of integrity. These justices in "
+"particular have repeatedly said that the proper mode of interpreting the "
+"Constitution is \"originalism\"—to first understand the framers' text, "
+"interpreted in their context, in light of the structure of the Constitution. "
+"That method had produced Lopez and many other \"originalist\" rulings. Where "
+"was their \"originalism\" now?"
msgstr ""
"Det var første sinne på fem \"konservative.\" det ville ha vært en ting for "
-"dem å har forklart hvorfor prinsippet om lopez ikke bruk i dette "
-"tilfellet. ikke som ville vært et veldig overbevisende argument, jeg ikke "
-"tror, etter å ha lest det gjort av andre, og at de hadde prøvd å gjøre det "
-"selv. men i alle fall ville det ha vært en handling av integritet. disse to "
-"andre justiariusene spesielt har gjentatte ganger sagt at riktig tolke "
-"Grunnloven er \"originalism\"--å først forstå underskrev tekst, tolkes i sin "
+"dem å har forklart hvorfor prinsippet om lopez ikke bruk i dette tilfellet. "
+"ikke som ville vært et veldig overbevisende argument, jeg ikke tror, etter å "
+"ha lest det gjort av andre, og at de hadde prøvd å gjøre det selv. men i "
+"alle fall ville det ha vært en handling av integritet. disse to andre "
+"justiariusene spesielt har gjentatte ganger sagt at riktig tolke Grunnloven "
+"er \"originalism\"--å først forstå underskrev tekst, tolkes i sin "
"sammenheng, i lys av strukturen av Grunnloven. Denne metoden hadde produsert "
"lopez og mange andre \"originalist\" rulings. hvor var deres \"originalism\" "
"nå?"
-#. PAGE BREAK 251
+#. PAGE BREAK 251
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the "
"framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined "
"egen prinsipper."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I "
"had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as "
"visning av loven som jeg likte forstyrre en visning av loven som det er."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism "
"about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a "
"argument som fulgte i logikken. Jeg trengte ikke å kaste bort min tid viser "
"det bør også følge i popularitet."
-#. PAGE BREAK 252
+#. PAGE BREAK 252
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see "
"a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in "
"different directions, where the truth about the harm that this unchecked "
"power will cause could have been made clear to this Court. Justice Kennedy "
-"in good faith wanted to be shown. I, idiotically, corrected his "
-"question. Justice Souter in good faith wanted to be shown the First "
-"Amendment harms. I, like a math teacher, reframed the question to make the "
-"logical point. I had shown them how they could strike this law of Congress "
-"if they wanted to. There were a hundred places where I could have helped "
-"them want to, yet my stubbornness, my refusal to give in, stopped me. I have "
-"stood before hundreds of audiences trying to persuade; I have used passion "
-"in that effort to persuade; but I refused to stand before this audience and "
-"try to persuade with the passion I had used elsewhere. It was not the basis "
-"on which a court should decide the issue."
+"in good faith wanted to be shown. I, idiotically, corrected his question. "
+"Justice Souter in good faith wanted to be shown the First Amendment harms. "
+"I, like a math teacher, reframed the question to make the logical point. I "
+"had shown them how they could strike this law of Congress if they wanted to. "
+"There were a hundred places where I could have helped them want to, yet my "
+"stubbornness, my refusal to give in, stopped me. I have stood before "
+"hundreds of audiences trying to persuade; I have used passion in that effort "
+"to persuade; but I refused to stand before this audience and try to persuade "
+"with the passion I had used elsewhere. It was not the basis on which a court "
+"should decide the issue."
msgstr ""
"som jeg leste tilbake over transkripsjon fra argumentet i oktober, kan jeg "
"se hundre steder der svarene kan ha tatt samtalen i forskjellige retninger, "
"problemet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have "
"been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen "
"eller kathleen sullivan?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not "
"ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take "
"gjør det, vil vi være i stand til å vise at domstolen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing "
"anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little "
"hvis jeg hadde trappet ned fra denne pen bilde av dispassionate "
"rettferdighet, jeg kunne har overbevist."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in "
-"January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading "
-"intellectual property professors stated publicly that my bringing this case "
-"was a mistake. \"The Court is not ready,\" Peter Jaszi said; this issue "
-"should not be raised until it is."
+"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in January. "
+"For at the start of this case, one of America's leading intellectual "
+"property professors stated publicly that my bringing this case was a "
+"mistake. \"The Court is not ready,\" Peter Jaszi said; this issue should not "
+"be raised until it is."
msgstr ""
"og selv om jeg ikke kunne, deretter som unnskylde ikke hva som skjedde i "
"januar. for ved starten av dette tilfellet uttalt en av Amerikas ledende "
-"immaterielle professorer offentlig at mitt å bringe denne saken var en "
-"feil. -domstolen ikke er klar,\"sagt peter jaszi, Dette problemet bør ikke "
-"heves før det er."
+"immaterielle professorer offentlig at mitt å bringe denne saken var en feil. "
+"-domstolen ikke er klar,\"sagt peter jaszi, Dette problemet bør ikke heves "
+"før det er."
-#. PAGE BREAK 253
+#. PAGE BREAK 253
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, "
"that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, "
"then that is all the evidence that's needed to know that here again Peter "
"was right. Either I was not ready to argue this case in a way that would do "
"some good or they were not ready to hear this case in a way that would do "
-"some good. Either way, the decision to bring this case--a decision I had "
-"made four years before--was wrong. While the reaction to the Sonny Bono Act "
-"itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision "
-"was mixed. No one, at least in the press, tried to say that extending the "
-"term of copyright was a good idea. We had won that battle over ideas. Where "
-"the decision was praised, it was praised by papers that had been skeptical "
-"of the Court's activism in other cases. Deference was a good thing, even if "
-"it left standing a silly law. But where the decision was attacked, it was "
-"attacked because it left standing a silly and harmful law. The New York "
-"Times wrote in its editorial,"
+"some good. Either way, the decision to bring this case—a decision I "
+"had made four years before—was wrong. While the reaction to the Sonny "
+"Bono Act itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's "
+"decision was mixed. No one, at least in the press, tried to say that "
+"extending the term of copyright was a good idea. We had won that battle over "
+"ideas. Where the decision was praised, it was praised by papers that had "
+"been skeptical of the Court's activism in other cases. Deference was a good "
+"thing, even if it left standing a silly law. But where the decision was "
+"attacked, it was attacked because it left standing a silly and harmful law. "
+"The New York Times wrote in its editorial,"
msgstr ""
"etter argumentet og etter vedtaket sa peter til meg, og offentlig, at han "
"var galt. men hvis faktisk at domstolen ikke kunne er blitt overtalt, "
"beslutning om jeg hadde gjort fire år før--var galt. mens reaksjonen til "
"sonny bono handle selv var nesten enstemmig negativ, var reaksjonen til "
"domstolens avgjørelse blandet. Ingen, minst i pressen, prøvde å si at "
-"utvidelse av copyright var en god idé. Vi hadde vant den kampen over "
-"ideer. der beslutningen ble rost, ble det rost av papir som hadde vært "
-"skeptisk til retten aktivisme i andre tilfeller. ærbødighet var bra, selv om "
-"det igjen en dum lov. men der beslutningen ble angrepet, den ble angrepet "
-"fordi det igjen en dum og skadelig lov. new york times skrev i sin "
-"redaksjonell,"
+"utvidelse av copyright var en god idé. Vi hadde vant den kampen over ideer. "
+"der beslutningen ble rost, ble det rost av papir som hadde vært skeptisk til "
+"retten aktivisme i andre tilfeller. ærbødighet var bra, selv om det igjen en "
+"dum lov. men der beslutningen ble angrepet, den ble angrepet fordi det igjen "
+"en dum og skadelig lov. new york times skrev i sin redaksjonell,"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing "
"the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright "
"menneskeheten er en av grunnene til at vi lever i en tid med slike fruktbart "
"kreative gjære."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious "
-"images--of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the case, "
-"was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page. The \"powerful and "
+"images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the "
+"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page. The \"powerful and "
"wealthy\" line is a bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like "
"that."
msgstr ""
"bolling, gjengis på neste side. linjen \"kraftige og velstående\" er en "
"smule urettferdig. Men slag i ansiktet følte akkurat sånn."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from "
msgstr ""
"bildet som vil alltid holde i hodet mitt er som utløste ved sitat fra new "
"york times. at \"store eksperimentet\" vi kaller \"public domain\" er over? "
-"Når jeg kan gjøre lys av det, tror jeg, \"Elskling, jeg krympet "
-"Grunnloven.\", men jeg kan sjelden gjøre lyset av den. Vi hadde i vår "
-"grunnlov en engasjement for fri kultur. i tilfelle at jeg far, avkall "
-"Høyesterett effektivt at satsing. ha ville gjort en bedre advokat dem se "
-"annerledes."
+"Når jeg kan gjøre lys av det, tror jeg, \"Elskling, jeg krympet Grunnloven."
+"\", men jeg kan sjelden gjøre lyset av den. Vi hadde i vår grunnlov en "
+"engasjement for fri kultur. i tilfelle at jeg far, avkall Høyesterett "
+"effektivt at satsing. ha ville gjort en bedre advokat dem se annerledes."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II"
-msgstr "Kapittel fjorten: eldred ii"
+msgstr "Kapittel fjorten: Eldred II"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The day Eldred was decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to "
-"Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was "
-"denied--meaning the case was really finally over--fate would have it that I "
-"was giving a speech to technologists at Disney World.) This was a "
-"particularly long flight to my least favorite city. The drive into the city "
-"from Dulles was delayed because of traffic, so I opened up my computer and "
-"wrote an op-ed piece."
+"Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was denied—"
+"meaning the case was really finally over—fate would have it that I was "
+"giving a speech to technologists at Disney World.) This was a particularly "
+"long flight to my least favorite city. The drive into the city from Dulles "
+"was delayed because of traffic, so I opened up my computer and wrote an op-"
+"ed piece."
msgstr ""
"dag-eldred ble besluttet, men skjebnen ville at som jeg var å reise til "
"washington, DC (dagen rehearing protestskriv i eldred ble nektet--noe som "
"forsinket på grunn av trafikk, så jeg åpnet opp min datamaskin, og skrev en "
"op-ed brikke."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San "
"konstitusjonelle prinsippet, til slutt, jeg slått til et argument av "
"politikk."
-#. PAGE BREAK 256
+#. PAGE BREAK 256
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The New York Times published the piece. In it, I proposed a simple fix: "
"Fifty years after a work has been published, the copyright owner would be "
"gjorde bestått arbeidet i public domain."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric "
"Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said "
"eldred var slag nok å la hans navn brukes igjen, men som han sa tidlig, det "
"vil ikke få gått med mindre det er et annet navn."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either "
"av kunnskap. La det for så lenge Kongressen tillater for disse arbeider der "
"er verdt minst $1. men for alt annet, kan du la til innhold gå."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Forbes, Steve"
+msgstr "Forbes, Steve"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in "
"an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing "
"government regulation is simply getting in the way of innovation and "
"creativity. And as a good Democrat might say, here the government is "
"blocking access and the spread of knowledge for no good reason. Indeed, "
-"there is no real difference between Democrats and Republicans on this "
-"issue. Anyone can recognize the stupid harm of the present system."
+"there is no real difference between Democrats and Republicans on this issue. "
+"Anyone can recognize the stupid harm of the present system."
msgstr ""
"reaksjon på denne ideen var utrolig sterk. Steve forbes vedtok det i en "
-"redaksjonell. Jeg mottok en skred av e-post og brev som uttrykker "
-"støtte. Når du fokuserer problemet på tapt kreativitet, kan folk se "
-"opphavsretten til systemet gir ingen mening. som en god republikansk kan si, "
-"komme her regjeringen regulering bare i veien innovasjon og kreativitet. og "
-"som en god demokratisk kan si, regjeringen blokkerer her tilgang og "
-"spredning av kunnskap for ingen god grunn. faktisk, det er ingen reell "
-"forskjell mellom demokratene og republikanerne på dette problemet. noen kan "
-"gjenkjenne de dumme skader som dagens ordning."
+"redaksjonell. Jeg mottok en skred av e-post og brev som uttrykker støtte. "
+"Når du fokuserer problemet på tapt kreativitet, kan folk se opphavsretten "
+"til systemet gir ingen mening. som en god republikansk kan si, komme her "
+"regjeringen regulering bare i veien innovasjon og kreativitet. og som en god "
+"demokratisk kan si, regjeringen blokkerer her tilgang og spredning av "
+"kunnskap for ingen god grunn. faktisk, det er ingen reell forskjell mellom "
+"demokratene og republikanerne på dette problemet. noen kan gjenkjenne de "
+"dumme skader som dagens ordning."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration "
"requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for "
"or license their work. This system would lower these costs, by establishing "
"at least one registry where copyright owners could be identified."
msgstr ""
-"faktisk anerkjent mange den åpenbare fordelen med kravet om "
-"registrering. for en av de vanskeligste tingene om dagens system for folk "
-"som ønsker å lisens innholdet er at det er ingen åpenbare sted å lete etter "
-"gjeldende opphavsrett eierne. siden registrering ikke er nødvendig, siden "
-"merking innhold ikke er påkrevd, siden ingen formalitet i det hele tatt er "
+"faktisk anerkjent mange den åpenbare fordelen med kravet om registrering. "
+"for en av de vanskeligste tingene om dagens system for folk som ønsker å "
+"lisens innholdet er at det er ingen åpenbare sted å lete etter gjeldende "
+"opphavsrett eierne. siden registrering ikke er nødvendig, siden merking "
+"innhold ikke er påkrevd, siden ingen formalitet i det hele tatt er "
"nødvendig, er det ofte impossibly vanskelig å finne eiere av opphavsretter "
"for å be om tillatelse til å bruke eller lisensierer sitt arbeid. Dette "
"systemet vil redusere disse kostnadene ved å etablere minst én registret der "
"eiere av opphavsretter kan identifiseres."
-#. f1.
+#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"formalities such as registration, deposit, and affixation of notice of the "
"author's claim of copyright. However, starting with the 1908 act, every text "
"of the Convention has provided that \"the enjoyment and the exercise\" of "
-"rights guaranteed by the Convention \"shall not be subject to any "
-"formality.\" The prohibition against formalities is presently embodied in "
-"Article 5(2) of the Paris Text of the Berne Convention. Many countries "
-"continue to impose some form of deposit or registration requirement, albeit "
-"not as a condition of copyright. French law, for example, requires the "
-"deposit of copies of works in national repositories, principally the "
-"National Museum. Copies of books published in the United Kingdom must be "
-"deposited in the British Library. The German Copyright Act provides for a "
-"Registrar of Authors where the author's true name can be filed in the case "
-"of anonymous or pseudonymous works. Paul Goldstein, International "
-"Intellectual Property Law, Cases and Materials (New York: Foundation Press, "
-"2001), 15354."
+"rights guaranteed by the Convention \"shall not be subject to any formality."
+"\" The prohibition against formalities is presently embodied in Article 5(2) "
+"of the Paris Text of the Berne Convention. Many countries continue to impose "
+"some form of deposit or registration requirement, albeit not as a condition "
+"of copyright. French law, for example, requires the deposit of copies of "
+"works in national repositories, principally the National Museum. Copies of "
+"books published in the United Kingdom must be deposited in the British "
+"Library. The German Copyright Act provides for a Registrar of Authors where "
+"the author's true name can be filed in the case of anonymous or pseudonymous "
+"works. Paul Goldstein, International Intellectual Property Law, Cases and "
+"Materials (New York: Foundation Press, 2001), 153–54."
msgstr ""
"før det 1908 berlin handle av berne konvensjonen, nasjonal opphavsrett "
"lovgivning noen ganger gjort beskyttelse som er avhengige av samsvar med "
"formaliteter som registrering, innskudd og affixation av forfatterens "
"reklamasjon av opphavsrett. imidlertid, starter med 1908 act, hver tekst av "
-"konvensjonen gitt som \"få glede og øvelsen\" av rettigheter garanteres "
-"ved konvensjonen \"skal ikke være gjenstand for alle formalitet.\" "
-"forbud mot formaliteter gjenspeiles dag i 5 (2 artikkelen) av paris-teksten "
-"i berne konvensjonen. mange land fortsatt å innføre noen form for innskudd "
-"eller registrering kravet, om enn ikke som en betingelse for "
-"opphavsrett. Fransk lov, krever for eksempel innskudd på kopier av works i "
-"nasjonale, for, hovedsakelig nasjonalmuseet. Kopier av bøker som er utgitt i "
-"Storbritannia må settes i british library. tysk opphavsrett lov gir en "
-"registrar av forfattere der forfatterens sanne navn kan være arkivert i "
-"tilfelle av anonym eller pseudonymous fungerer. Paul goldstein, lovgivning "
-"for immaterielle, saker og materialer (new york: foundation press, 2001), "
-"15354."
+"konvensjonen gitt som \"få glede og øvelsen\" av rettigheter garanteres ved "
+"konvensjonen \"skal ikke være gjenstand for alle formalitet.\" forbud mot "
+"formaliteter gjenspeiles dag i 5 (2 artikkelen) av paris-teksten i berne "
+"konvensjonen. mange land fortsatt å innføre noen form for innskudd eller "
+"registrering kravet, om enn ikke som en betingelse for opphavsrett. Fransk "
+"lov, krever for eksempel innskudd på kopier av works i nasjonale, for, "
+"hovedsakelig nasjonalmuseet. Kopier av bøker som er utgitt i Storbritannia "
+"må settes i british library. tysk opphavsrett lov gir en registrar av "
+"forfattere der forfatterens sanne navn kan være arkivert i tilfelle av "
+"anonym eller pseudonymous fungerer. Paul goldstein, lovgivning for "
+"immaterielle, saker og materialer (new york: foundation press, 2001), 15354."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in "
"1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal "
-"requirement before a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> The Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" "
-"Natural rights don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the "
-"Anglo-American tradition that required copyright owners to follow form if "
-"their rights were to be protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly "
+"requirement before a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> The Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" "
+"Natural rights don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-"
+"American tradition that required copyright owners to follow form if their "
+"rights were to be protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly "
"respect the dignity of the author. My right as a creator turns on my "
"creativity, not upon the special favor of the government."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd "
"og hva som ikke."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in "
"1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, "
"Dickens character ran all copyright offices, and the failure to dot an i or "
"cross a t resulted in the loss of widows' only income."
msgstr ""
-"kampen mot formaliteter oppnådde sin første virkelige seier i berlin i "
-"1908. internasjonal opphavsrett advokater endret berne konvensjonen i 1908, "
-"til å kreve opphavsrett vilkårene i livet pluss femti år, i tillegg til "
+"kampen mot formaliteter oppnådde sin første virkelige seier i berlin i 1908. "
+"internasjonal opphavsrett advokater endret berne konvensjonen i 1908, til å "
+"kreve opphavsrett vilkårene i livet pluss femti år, i tillegg til "
"avskaffelse av opphavsrett formaliteter. formaliteter ble hatet fordi "
"historiene til utilsiktet tap var stadig vanligere. Det var som om et "
"charles dickens tegn kjørte alle opphavsrett kontorer, og unnlatelse av å "
"dot en i eller på tvers av en t ført til tap av enker eneste inntekt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the "
"formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should "
"system for registrering."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the "
"nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a "
"starving widows, but also to lighten an unnecessary regulatory burden "
"imposed upon creators."
msgstr ""
-"selv som ville har vært motstått, men fordi registrering i 1800 og "
-"1900-tallet var fortsatt dyrt. Det var også en problemfri. oppløsning av "
+"selv som ville har vært motstått, men fordi registrering i 1800 og 1900-"
+"tallet var fortsatt dyrt. Det var også en problemfri. oppløsning av "
"formaliteter lovet ikke bare å lagre sultende enker, men også å lette en "
"unødvendig regulatoriske belastning påtvang skapere."
+#. PAGE BREAK 258
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
-"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a "
-"second-class form of property. If a carpenter builds a table, his rights "
-"over the table don't depend upon filing a form with the government. He has "
-"a property right over the table \"naturally,\" and he can assert that right "
+"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a second-"
+"class form of property. If a carpenter builds a table, his rights over the "
+"table don't depend upon filing a form with the government. He has a "
+"property right over the table \"naturally,\" and he can assert that right "
"against anyone who would steal the table, whether or not he has informed the "
"government of his ownership of the table."
msgstr ""
"eierskap av tabellen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the "
"argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property "
"kan være effektivt og ganske spredt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because "
"you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be "
"effective. And few would think a car is second-class property just because "
"you must register the car with the state and tag it with a license. In both "
"of those cases, everyone sees that there is an important reason to secure "
-"registration--both because it makes the markets more efficient and because "
-"it better secures the rights of the owner. Without a registration system for "
-"land, landowners would perpetually have to guard their property. With "
-"registration, they can simply point the police to a deed. Without a "
+"registration—both because it makes the markets more efficient and "
+"because it better secures the rights of the owner. Without a registration "
+"system for land, landowners would perpetually have to guard their property. "
+"With registration, they can simply point the police to a deed. Without a "
"registration system for cars, auto theft would be much easier. With a "
"registration system, the thief has a high burden to sell a stolen car. A "
"slight burden is placed on the property owner, but those burdens produce a "
"eiendommen eier, men de byrdene produserer et mye bedre system av "
"beskyttelse for egenskapen generelt."
-#. PAGE BREAK 259
+#. PAGE BREAK 259
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in "
"copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that "
"makes it relatively obvious who might own a particular bit of creative "
"property. A recording of Lyle Lovett's latest album can exist in a billion "
-"places without anything necessarily linking it back to a particular "
-"owner. And like a car, there's no way to buy and sell creative property with "
+"places without anything necessarily linking it back to a particular owner. "
+"And like a car, there's no way to buy and sell creative property with "
"confidence unless there is some simple way to authenticate who is the author "
"and what rights he has. Simple transactions are destroyed in a world without "
"formalities. Complex, expensive, lawyer transactions take their place."
msgstr ""
"på samme måte er det spesielle fysikk som gjør formaliteter viktig i lov om "
"opphavsrett. i motsetning til en snekker tabell er det ingenting i naturen "
-"som gjør det relativt åpenbare som kan eie en bestemt bit av "
-"kreative-egenskapen. et opptak av lyle lovett siste albumet kan finnes i en "
-"milliard steder uten noe nødvendigvis knytte det tilbake til en bestemt "
-"eieren. og som en bil, det er ingen måte å kjøpe og selge kreative "
-"egenskapen med tillit med mindre det er noen enkel måte å godkjenne hvem er "
-"forfatter og hvilke rettigheter han har. enkle transaksjoner er ødelagt i en "
-"verden uten formaliteter. komplisert, dyrt, advokat transaksjoner ta sin "
-"plass."
+"som gjør det relativt åpenbare som kan eie en bestemt bit av kreative-"
+"egenskapen. et opptak av lyle lovett siste albumet kan finnes i en milliard "
+"steder uten noe nødvendigvis knytte det tilbake til en bestemt eieren. og "
+"som en bil, det er ingen måte å kjøpe og selge kreative egenskapen med "
+"tillit med mindre det er noen enkel måte å godkjenne hvem er forfatter og "
+"hvilke rettigheter han har. enkle transaksjoner er ødelagt i en verden uten "
+"formaliteter. komplisert, dyrt, advokat transaksjoner ta sin plass."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we "
"kontrolleres. etter fjorten år, ville det være presumptively ukontrollerte."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to "
"know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious "
"det er ingen formaliteter."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is "
-"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer "
-"term. Others will know how to contact you and, therefore, how to get your "
+"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer term. "
+"Others will know how to contact you and, therefore, how to get your "
"permission if they want to use your work. And you will get the benefit of an "
"extended copyright term."
msgstr ""
"opphavsrett sikt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended "
"term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your "
"basert på den. Det bør bli gratis hvis det ikke er verdt $1 for deg."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the "
"work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than "
"mener at $1 er egentlig misvisende? er ikke hassle verdt mer enn $1? er ikke "
"det virkelige problemet med registrering?"
-#. PAGE BREAK 260
+#. PAGE BREAK 260
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I "
"completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt "
"den virkelige problemet av regjeringer stående i kjernen av et system av "
"formaliteter. i denne boken tilby jeg en slik løsning. Denne løsningen "
"remakes hovedsak copyright kontoret. for nå, kan du anta at det var amazon "
-"som kjørte registreringssystemet. anta det var ett klikk "
-"registrering. eldred act ville foreslå en enkel, ett klikk registrering "
-"femti år etter et arbeid ble offentliggjort. basert på historiske data, at "
-"systemet ville flytte opptil 98 prosent av kommersielle arbeid, kommersielle "
-"fungerer som ikke lenger hadde en kommersiell levetid, i public domain innen "
-"femti år. hva tror du?"
+"som kjørte registreringssystemet. anta det var ett klikk registrering. "
+"eldred act ville foreslå en enkel, ett klikk registrering femti år etter et "
+"arbeid ble offentliggjort. basert på historiske data, at systemet ville "
+"flytte opptil 98 prosent av kommersielle arbeid, kommersielle fungerer som "
+"ikke lenger hadde en kommersiell levetid, i public domain innen femti år. "
+"hva tror du?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay "
"attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be "
"villig til å introdusere eldred act. og jeg hadde noen som direkte foreslo "
"at de kan være villige til å ta det første skrittet."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
"noe godt kan skje her."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the "
"MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of "
"viktigere, viser deres tykkelse noe klart om hva denne debatten er virkelig "
"om."
+#. PAGE BREAK 261
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central "
-"concept in the proposed bill\"--that copyrights be renewed. That was true, "
-"but irrelevant, as Congress's \"firm rejection\" had occurred long before "
-"the Internet made subsequent uses much more likely. Second, they argued "
-"that the proposal would harm poor copyright owners--apparently those who "
-"could not afford the $1 fee. Third, they argued that Congress had determined "
-"that extending a copyright term would encourage restoration work. Maybe in "
-"the case of the small percentage of work covered by copyright law that is "
-"still commercially valuable, but again this was irrelevant, as the proposal "
-"would not cut off the extended term unless the $1 fee was not paid. Fourth, "
-"the MPAA argued that the bill would impose \"enormous\" costs, since a "
-"registration system is not free. True enough, but those costs are certainly "
-"less than the costs of clearing the rights for a copyright whose owner is "
-"not known. Fifth, they worried about the risks if the copyright to a story "
-"underlying a film were to pass into the public domain. But what risk is "
-"that? If it is in the public domain, then the film is a valid derivative "
+"concept in the proposed bill\"—that copyrights be renewed. That was "
+"true, but irrelevant, as Congress's \"firm rejection\" had occurred long "
+"before the Internet made subsequent uses much more likely. Second, they "
+"argued that the proposal would harm poor copyright owners—apparently "
+"those who could not afford the $1 fee. Third, they argued that Congress had "
+"determined that extending a copyright term would encourage restoration work. "
+"Maybe in the case of the small percentage of work covered by copyright law "
+"that is still commercially valuable, but again this was irrelevant, as the "
+"proposal would not cut off the extended term unless the $1 fee was not paid. "
+"Fourth, the MPAA argued that the bill would impose \"enormous\" costs, since "
+"a registration system is not free. True enough, but those costs are "
+"certainly less than the costs of clearing the rights for a copyright whose "
+"owner is not known. Fifth, they worried about the risks if the copyright to "
+"a story underlying a film were to pass into the public domain. But what risk "
+"is that? If it is in the public domain, then the film is a valid derivative "
"use."
msgstr ""
"mpaa hevdet først at Kongressen hadde \"fast avvist sentrale konseptet i "
"filmen en gyldig avledet bruk."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do "
"this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of "
"copyright owners who don't even know they have a copyright to give. Whether "
-"they are free to give away their copyright or not--a controversial claim in "
-"any case--unless they know about a copyright, they're not likely to."
+"they are free to give away their copyright or not—a controversial "
+"claim in any case—unless they know about a copyright, they're not "
+"likely to."
msgstr ""
"Endelig, mpaa hevdet at eksisterende lov aktivert opphavsrett eiere til å "
"gjøre dette hvis de ville. men hele poenget er at det er tusenvis av "
"fall--hvis de ikke kjenner om opphavsretten, sannsynligvis de ikke."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to "
"changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, "
"common sense was delayed. The difference between the two stories was the "
-"power of the opposition--the power of the side that fought to defend the "
-"status quo. In both cases, a new technology threatened old interests. But in "
-"only one case did those interest's have the power to protect themselves "
-"against this new competitive threat."
+"power of the opposition—the power of the side that fought to defend "
+"the status quo. In both cases, a new technology threatened old interests. "
+"But in only one case did those interest's have the power to protect "
+"themselves against this new competitive threat."
msgstr ""
"i begynnelsen av denne boken fortalte jeg to historier om loven reagerer på "
"endringer i teknologi. i den prevailed sunn fornuft. i den andre, ble sunn "
"konkurransedyktig trusselen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been "
"about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And "
"her vi bør spørre, også, er loven etter eller motsette sunn fornuft? Hvis "
"sunn fornuft støtter loven, forklarer hva denne sunn fornuft?"
-#. PAGE BREAK 262
+#. PAGE BREAK 262
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright "
"owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the "
"hollywood: de fleste folk ikke gjenkjenner årsakene til å begrense "
"opphavsrett vilkår; Det er derfor fremdeles mulig å se god tro i motstanden."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, "
"spørsmål:"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "What does this industry really want?"
msgstr "Hva denne industrien virkelig vil?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the "
"effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting "
"innhold som ikke er kommersielt kontrollert, og at det vil være ingen "
"kommersiell bruk av innhold som ikke krever at deres tillatelse først."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The "
"is not simply to protect what is theirs. Their aim is to assure that all "
"there is is what is theirs."
msgstr ""
-"motstanden mot loven eldred avslører hvordan ekstreme den andre siden "
-"er. mektigste og sexy og godt elsket av lobbies virkelig har som målet ikke "
+"motstanden mot loven eldred avslører hvordan ekstreme den andre siden er. "
+"mektigste og sexy og godt elsket av lobbies virkelig har som målet ikke "
"beskyttelse av \"property\" men avvisningen av en tradisjon. deres mål er "
"ikke bare å beskytte hva er deres. deres mål er å sikre at alt er det er hva "
"er deres."
-#. PAGE BREAK 263
+#. PAGE BREAK 263
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard "
"to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain "
"dele sin egen etablering."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if "
"the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and "
"at disse eksterne og glemt innehaver av opphavsrett kan blokkere fremdriften "
"for andre."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "CONCLUSION"
-msgstr "konklusjon"
+msgstr "Konklusjon"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus "
-"worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. "
-"Seventeen million have already died. Seventeen million Africans is "
-"proportional percentage-wise to seven million Americans. More importantly, "
-"it is seventeen million Africans."
+"There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-"
+"five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. Seventeen million have "
+"already died. Seventeen million Africans is proportional percentage-wise to "
+"seven million Americans. More importantly, it is seventeen million Africans."
msgstr ""
-"Det er mer enn 35 millioner mennesker med aids-viruset over hele "
-"verden. tyve - fem millioner av dem bor i Subsaharisk Afrika. sytten "
-"millioner har allerede døde. sytten millioner afrikanere er proporsjonal "
-"percentage-wise syv millioner amerikanere. enda viktigere er det 17 "
-"millioner afrikanere."
+"Det er mer enn trettifem millioner mennesker over hele verden med AIDS-"
+"viruset. Tjuefem millioner av dem bor i Afrika sør for Sahara. Sytten "
+"millioner har allerede dødd. Sytten millioner afrikanere er prosentvis "
+"proporsjonalt med syv millioner amerikanere. Viktigere er det at dette er "
+"17 millioner afrikanere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"take a cocktail of these drugs increase their life expectancy by ten to "
"twenty years. For some, the drugs make the disease almost invisible."
msgstr ""
-"Det er ingen kur for aids, men det er narkotika å redusere sin "
-"progresjon. disse antiretroviral terapi er fortsatt eksperimentelle, men de "
-"har allerede hatt en dramatisk effekt. i USA øke aids-pasienter som "
-"regelmessig tar en cocktail av disse stoffene deres levealder ved ti til "
-"tjue år. for noen gjøre narkotika sykdommen nesten usynlig."
+"Det finnes ingen kur for AIDS, men det finnes medisiner som kan hemme "
+"sykdommens utvikling. Disse antiretrovirale terapiene er fortsatt "
+"eksperimentelle, men de har hatt en dramatisk effekt allerede. I USA øker "
+"AIDS-pasienter som regelmessig tar en cocktail av disse medisinene sin "
+"levealder med ti til tjue år. For noen gjøre medisinene sykdommen nesten "
+"usynlig."
-#. f1.
+#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating "
"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#55</ulink>. According to a World Health Organization press release issued 9 "
-"July 2002, only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in the developing "
-"world receive them--and half of them are in Brazil."
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #55</ulink>. "
+"According to a World Health Organization press release issued 9 July 2002, "
+"only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in the developing world receive "
+"them—and half of them are in Brazil."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"some cost $25,000 per year. At these prices, of course, no African nation "
"can afford the drugs for the vast majority of its population: $15,000 is "
"thirty times the per capita gross national product of Zimbabwe. At these "
-"prices, the drugs are totally unavailable.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. PAGE BREAK 265
+"prices, the drugs are totally unavailable.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Disse medisinene er dyre. Da de ble først introdusert i USA, kostet de "
+"melom $10 000 og $15 000 pr. person hvert år. I dag koster noen av dem $25 "
+"000 pr. år. Med disse prisene har, selvfølgelig, ingen afrikansk stat råd "
+"til medisinen for det store flertall av sine innbyggere: $15 000 er tredve "
+"ganger brutto nasjonalprodukt pr. innbygger i Zimbabwe. Med slike priser er "
+"disse medisinene fullstendig utilgjengelig.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 265
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
-"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by "
-"patents. The drug companies that produced these life-saving mixes enjoy at "
-"least a twenty-year monopoly for their inventions. They use that monopoly "
-"power to extract the most they can from the market. That power is in turn "
-"used to keep the prices high."
-msgstr ""
-"disse prisene er ikke høy fordi ingrediensene av narkotika er dyrt. disse "
-"prisene er høy fordi narkotika er beskyttet av patenter. stoffet selskaper "
-"som produsert disse livreddende blander nyte minst tjue år monopol på sine "
-"oppfinnelser. de bruker den monopol makten til å trekke ut mest de kan fra "
-"markedet. den kraften i sin tur til å holde prisene som er høy."
+"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by patents. "
+"The drug companies that produced these life-saving mixes enjoy at least a "
+"twenty-year monopoly for their inventions. They use that monopoly power to "
+"extract the most they can from the market. That power is in turn used to "
+"keep the prices high."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse prisene er ikke høye fordi ingrediensene til medisinene er dyre. "
+"Disse prisene er høye fordi medisinene er beskyttet av patenter. "
+"Farmasiselskapene som produserer disse livreddende blandingene nyter minst "
+"tjue års monopol på sine oppfinnelser. De bruker denne monopolmakten til å "
+"hente ut så mye de kan fra markedet. Ved hjelp av denne makten holder de "
+"prisene høye."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
"not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
"incentive. I am the last person who would argue that the law should abolish "
"it, at least without other changes."
msgstr ""
-"Det er mange som er skeptiske til patenter, spesielt narkotika patenter. jeg "
-"er ikke. faktisk av alle områder av forskning som kan være støttet av "
+"Det er mange som er skeptiske til patenter, spesielt medisinpatenter. Det er "
+"ikke jeg. faktisk av alle områder av forskning som kan være støttet av "
"patenter, er drug research, etter min mening, klareste tilfelle der patenter "
"er nødvendig. patent gir farmasøytisk firma noen forsikring om at hvis det "
"er vellykket i inventing et nytt medikament for å behandle en sykdom, vil "
"looking for ways to import HIV treatments at costs significantly below the "
"market price."
msgstr ""
-"men det er én ting å støtte patenter, selv stoffet patenter. Det er en annen "
-"ting å vurdere den beste måten å håndtere en krise. og som afrikanske ledere "
-"begynte å gjenkjenne ødeleggelsen aids var bringe, de begynte på utkikk "
-"etter måter å importere hiv behandlinger på kostnader betydelig under "
+"Men det er én ting å støtte patenter, selv medisinske patenter. Det er en "
+"annen ting å avgjøre hvordan en best skal håndtere en krise. Og i det "
+"afrikanske ledere begynte å erkjenne ødeleggelsen AIDS brakte, begynte de å "
+"se etter måter å importere HIV-medisiner til kostnader betydelig under "
"markedspris."
-#. f2.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Braithwaite, John"
+msgstr "Braithwaite, John"
+
+#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the "
"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37."
msgstr ""
-"se peter drahos med john braithwaite, informasjon Føydalisme: hvem som eier "
-"knowledge economy? (new york: ny press, 2003), 37."
+"Se Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the "
+"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Union.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. f3.
+#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and "
"Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared "
"for the World Intellectual Property Organization (Washington, D.C., 2000), "
-"14, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#56</ulink>. For a firsthand account of the struggle over South Africa, see "
+"14, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #56</"
+"ulink>. For a firsthand account of the struggle over South Africa, see "
"Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human "
-"Resources, House Committee on Government Reform, H. Rep., 1st sess., "
-"Ser. No. 106-126 (22 July 1999), 15057 (statement of James Love)."
+"Resources, House Committee on Government Reform, H. Rep., 1st sess., Ser. "
+"No. 106-126 (22 July 1999), 150–57 (statement of James Love)."
msgstr ""
-#. f4.
+#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and "
"for the World Intellectual Property Organization (Washington, D.C., 2000), "
"15."
msgstr ""
+"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and "
+"Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, en rapport "
+"forberedt for the World Intellectual Property Organization (Washington, D."
+"C., 2000), 15."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
"characterized it, \"The U.S. government pressured South Africa . . . not to "
-"permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States Trade "
-"Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the law--and to "
-"add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed South Africa for "
-"possible trade sanctions. That same year, more than forty pharmaceutical "
-"companies began proceedings in the South African courts to challenge the "
-"government's actions. The United States was then joined by other governments "
-"from the EU. Their claim, and the claim of the pharmaceutical companies, was "
-"that South Africa was violating its obligations under international law by "
-"discriminating against a particular kind of patent-- pharmaceutical "
-"patents. The demand of these governments, with the United States in the "
-"lead, was that South Africa respect these patents as it respects any other "
-"patent, regardless of any effect on the treatment of AIDS within South "
-"Africa.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States Trade "
+"Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the law—"
+"and to add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed South Africa "
+"for possible trade sanctions. That same year, more than forty "
+"pharmaceutical companies began proceedings in the South African courts to "
+"challenge the government's actions. The United States was then joined by "
+"other governments from the EU. Their claim, and the claim of the "
+"pharmaceutical companies, was that South Africa was violating its "
+"obligations under international law by discriminating against a particular "
+"kind of patent— pharmaceutical patents. The demand of these "
+"governments, with the United States in the lead, was that South Africa "
+"respect these patents as it respects any other patent, regardless of any "
+"effect on the treatment of AIDS within South Africa.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"affect price. And so, whether massive or marginal, there was an effect from "
"our government's intervention to stop the flow of medications into Africa."
msgstr ""
-"Vi bør sette intervensjon av USA i sammenheng. ingen tvil om er patenter "
-"ikke den viktigste grunnen at afrikanere ikke har tilgang til "
-"narkotika. fattigdom og det totale fraværet av en effektiv helsevesenet "
-"infrastruktur saken mer. men om patenter er den viktigste årsaken eller "
-"ikke, prisen på narkotika har en effekt på deres behov, og patenter påvirker "
-"prisen. og så, om massiv eller marginale, det var en effekt fra vår "
-"regjering intervensjon til å stoppe flyten av medikamenter i Afrika."
+"Vi bør sette intervensjonen til USA i sammenheng. Det er ingen tvil om at "
+"patenter ikke er den viktigste årsaken til at Afrikanere ikke har tilgang "
+"til medisiner. Fattigdom og den totale mangel på effektivt helsevesen betyr "
+"mer. Men uansett om patenter er en viktigste grunnen eller ikke, så har "
+"prisen på medisiner en effekt på etterspørselen, og patenter påvirker "
+"prisen. Så uansett, massiv eller marginal, så var det en effekt av våre "
+"myndigheters intervensjon for å stoppe flyten av medisiner inn til Afrika."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"about how to take chemicals that exist within Africa, and turn those "
"chemicals into drugs that would save 15 to 30 million lives."
msgstr ""
-"ved å stoppe flyten av hiv-behandling i Afrika, var myndighetene i USA ikke "
-"redde narkotika for USA borgere. Dette er ikke som hvete (Hvis de spise det, "
-"kan vi ikke); i stedet, som USA intervenerte for å stoppe flyten var "
-"faktisk, en flyt av kunnskap: informasjon om hvordan du ta kjemikalier som "
-"finnes i Afrika, og slå disse kjemikalier i stoffer som vil spare 15 til 30 "
-"millioner liv."
+"Ved å stoppe flyten av HIV-behandling til Afrika, sikret ikke myndighetene i "
+"USA medisiner til USA borgere. Dette er ikke som hvete (hvis de spise det så "
+"kan ikke vi spise det). Det som USA i effekt intervenerte for å stoppe, var "
+"flyten av kunnskap: Informasjon om hvordan en kan ta kjemikalier som finnes "
+"i Afrika og gjøre disse kjemikaliene om til medisiner som kan redde 15 til "
+"30 millioner liv."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
-"of United States drug companies--at least, not substantially. It was not as "
-"if these countries were in the position to buy the drugs for the prices the "
-"drug companies were charging. Again, the Africans are wildly too poor to "
-"afford these drugs at the offered prices. Stopping the parallel import of "
-"these drugs would not substantially increase the sales by U.S. companies."
+"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was "
+"not as if these countries were in the position to buy the drugs for the "
+"prices the drug companies were charging. Again, the Africans are wildly too "
+"poor to afford these drugs at the offered prices. Stopping the parallel "
+"import of these drugs would not substantially increase the sales by U.S. "
+"companies."
msgstr ""
"heller ikke var intervensjon av den USA kommer til å beskytte fortjeneste av "
-"USA stoffet selskaper--minst, ikke betydelig. Det var ikke som om disse "
+"USA stoffet selskaper—minst, ikke betydelig. Det var ikke som om disse "
"landene var i posisjon til å kjøpe narkotika for prisene stoffet selskaper "
"ble lading. igjen er afrikanere vill for dårlig til å ha råd til disse "
"stoffene til tilbys priser. stoppe parallellimport av disse stoffene ville "
"ikke øke betydelig salg etter amerikanske selskaper."
-#. f5.
-#. PAGE BREAK 333
+#. f5.
+#. PAGE BREAK 333
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at "
"(\"compulsory licenses and gray markets pose a threat to the entire system "
"of intellectual property protection\"); Robert Weissman, \"AIDS and "
"Developing Countries: Democratizing Access to Essential Medicines,\" Foreign "
-"Policy in Focus 4:23 (August 1999), available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #58</ulink> (describing "
-"U.S. policy); John A. Harrelson, \"TRIPS, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the "
-"HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property "
-"Rights and Compassion, a Synopsis,\" Widener Law Symposium Journal (Spring "
-"2001): 175."
+"Policy in Focus 4:23 (August 1999), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #58</ulink> (describing U.S. policy); John A. "
+"Harrelson, \"TRIPS, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding "
+"the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Compassion, a "
+"Synopsis,\" Widener Law Symposium Journal (Spring 2001): 175."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"against the South African response to AIDS."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a "
"certain patent policy not because of ideals, but because it is the policy "
"that makes them the most money. And it only makes them the most money "
-"because of a certain corruption within our political system-- a corruption "
-"the drug companies are certainly not responsible for."
+"because of a certain corruption within our political system— a "
+"corruption the drug companies are certainly not responsible for."
msgstr ""
-"Noen skylden stoffet selskaper. jeg gjør ikke. de er selskaper. deres ledere "
-"er organisert etter loven, å tjene penger for corporation. de push en "
-"bestemt patent policy ikke på grunn av idealer, men fordi det er politikken "
-"som gjør dem mest penger. og det bare gjør dem mest penger på grunn av en "
-"bestemt korrupsjon i våre politiske systemet--en skade stoffet selskaper "
-"ikke er absolutt ansvarlige for."
+"Noen skylder på farmasiselskapene. Det gjør ikke jeg. De er selskaper, og "
+"deres ledere er lovpålagt å sikre at selskapene tjener penger. De presser "
+"på for en bestemt patentpolitikk, ikke på grunn av idealer, men fordi det er "
+"dette som gjør at de tjener mest penger. Og dete gjør kun at de tjener mest "
+"penger på grunn av en slags korrupsjon i vårt politiske system— en "
+"korrupsjon som farmasiselskapene helt klart ikke er ansvarlige for."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
-"companies would love--they say, and I believe them--to sell their drugs as "
-"cheaply as they can to countries in Africa and elsewhere. There are issues "
-"they'd have to resolve to make sure the drugs didn't get back into the "
-"United States, but those are mere problems of technology. They could be "
-"overcome."
+"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their "
+"drugs as cheaply as they can to countries in Africa and elsewhere. There "
+"are issues they'd have to resolve to make sure the drugs didn't get back "
+"into the United States, but those are mere problems of technology. They "
+"could be overcome."
msgstr ""
"korrupsjon er vår egen politikeres svikt i integritet. for stoffet selskaper "
-"ville elske--de sier, og jeg tror dem – å selge sine narkotika så billig som "
-"de kan til land i Afrika og andre steder. Det er problemer de må løse å "
-"sikre at narkotika ikke komme tilbake i USA, men de er bare problemer av "
-"teknologi. de kan bli overvunnet."
+"ville elske—de sier, og jeg tror dem — å selge sine narkotika så "
+"billig som de kan til land i Afrika og andre steder. Det er problemer de må "
+"løse å sikre at narkotika ikke komme tilbake i USA, men de er bare problemer "
+"av teknologi. de kan bli overvunnet."
+#. PAGE BREAK 268
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
"the idea that property should be sacred. They adopt a rational strategy in "
"an irrational context, with the unintended consequence that perhaps millions "
"die. And that rational strategy thus becomes framed in terms of this "
-"ideal--the sanctity of an idea called \"intellectual property.\""
+"ideal—the sanctity of an idea called \"intellectual property.\""
msgstr ""
"et annet problem, men kunne ikke bli overvunnet. Dette er frykt for den "
"grandstanding politikeren som ville kalle presidenter av stoffet selskaper "
"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
"done, how will we justify what we have done? What is the argument?"
msgstr ""
-"så når at sunn fornuft til ditt barns konfronterer du, hva vil du si? Når "
-"felles-følelse av en generasjon endelig opprør mot hva vi har gjort, hvordan "
-"vil vi rettferdiggjøre hva vi har gjort? Hva er argumentet?"
+"Så når du konfronteres av den sunne fornuften til ditt barn, hva vil du si? "
+"Når den sunne fornuften hos en generasjon endelig gjør opprør mot hva vi har "
+"gjort, hvordan vil vi rettferdiggjøre hva vi har gjort? Hva er argumentet?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
-"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same "
-"way. Just as a sensible copyright policy could endorse and strongly support "
-"a copyright system without having to regulate the spread of culture "
-"perfectly and forever, a sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly "
-"support a patent system without having to block the spread of drugs to a "
-"country not rich enough to afford market prices in any case. A sensible "
-"policy, in other words, could be a balanced policy. For most of our history, "
-"both copyright and patent policies were balanced in just this sense."
+"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same way. "
+"Just as a sensible copyright policy could endorse and strongly support a "
+"copyright system without having to regulate the spread of culture perfectly "
+"and forever, a sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support a "
+"patent system without having to block the spread of drugs to a country not "
+"rich enough to afford market prices in any case. A sensible policy, in other "
+"words, could be a balanced policy. For most of our history, both copyright "
+"and patent policies were balanced in just this sense."
msgstr ""
"en fornuftig patent policy kan godkjenner og støtter patentsystemet uten å "
"nå alle overalt på nøyaktig samme måte. akkurat som en fornuftig copyright "
"policy. for de fleste av vår historie, var både om opphavsrett og patent "
"politikk balansert i bare denne forstand."
-#. PAGE BREAK 269
+#. PAGE BREAK 269
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. "
"A certain property fundamentalism, having no connection to our tradition, "
-"now reigns in this culture--bizarrely, and with consequences more grave to "
-"the spread of ideas and culture than almost any other single policy decision "
-"that we as a democracy will make. A simple idea blinds us, and under the "
-"cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us "
-"looked. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in ideas that we "
-"don't even notice how monstrous it is to deny ideas to a people who are "
-"dying without them. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in "
+"now reigns in this culture—bizarrely, and with consequences more grave "
+"to the spread of ideas and culture than almost any other single policy "
+"decision that we as a democracy will make. A simple idea blinds us, and "
+"under the cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if "
+"any of us looked. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in ideas "
+"that we don't even notice how monstrous it is to deny ideas to a people who "
+"are dying without them. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in "
"culture that we don't even question when the control of that property "
-"removes our ability, as a people, to develop our culture "
-"democratically. Blindness becomes our common sense. And the challenge for "
-"anyone who would reclaim the right to cultivate our culture is to find a way "
-"to make this common sense open its eyes."
+"removes our ability, as a people, to develop our culture democratically. "
+"Blindness becomes our common sense. And the challenge for anyone who would "
+"reclaim the right to cultivate our culture is to find a way to make this "
+"common sense open its eyes."
msgstr ""
"men vi som en kultur har mistet denne følelse av balanse. Vi har mistet blir "
"kritisk blikk som hjelper oss med å se forskjellen mellom sannheten og "
"ville gjenvinne retten til å dyrke vår kultur er å finne en måte å gjøre "
"dette sunn fornuft åpne sine øyne."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
"this debate fits with ideas that seem natural, and that fit is reinforced by "
"the RCAs of our day. They wage a frantic war to fight \"piracy,\" and "
"devastate a culture for creativity. They defend the idea of \"creative "
-"property,\" while transforming real creators into modern-day "
-"sharecroppers. They are insulted by the idea that rights should be balanced, "
-"even though each of the major players in this content war was itself a "
-"beneficiary of a more balanced ideal. The hypocrisy reeks. Yet in a city "
-"like Washington, hypocrisy is not even noticed. Powerful lobbies, complex "
-"issues, and MTV attention spans produce the \"perfect storm\" for free "
-"culture."
+"property,\" while transforming real creators into modern-day sharecroppers. "
+"They are insulted by the idea that rights should be balanced, even though "
+"each of the major players in this content war was itself a beneficiary of a "
+"more balanced ideal. The hypocrisy reeks. Yet in a city like Washington, "
+"hypocrisy is not even noticed. Powerful lobbies, complex issues, and MTV "
+"attention spans produce the \"perfect storm\" for free culture."
msgstr ""
"så langt, sunn fornuft sover. Det er ingen opprør. sunn fornuft ser ennå "
"ikke hva det kunne til opprør om. ekstremisme som dominerer nå denne "
"ikke engang merke til. kraftig lobbies, komplekse problemer og mtv "
"oppmerksomhet spenn produsere \"perfect storm\" gratis kultur."
-#. f6.
+#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, August "
"Spurs Stir,\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available "
"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; William "
"New, \"U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" National "
-"Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
+"Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 270
+#. PAGE BREAK 270
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by "
-"the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a "
-"meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> At the request of a wide "
-"range of interests, WIPO had decided to hold a meeting to discuss \"open and "
+"the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a meeting."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> At the request of a wide range of "
+"interests, WIPO had decided to hold a meeting to discuss \"open and "
"collaborative projects to create public goods.\" These are projects that "
"have been successful in producing public goods without relying exclusively "
"upon a proprietary use of intellectual property. Examples include the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
"holde access åpne, eller for å angi begrensninger for hvordan proprietære "
"krav kan brukes."
-#. f7.
+#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
"meeting."
-msgstr "Jeg skal formidle at jeg var en av folk som ba wipo for møtet."
+msgstr "Jeg bør avsløre at jeg var en av folkene som ba WIPO om dette møtet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was "
-"ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its "
-"scope included both commercial and noncommercial work. They primarily "
-"involved science, but from many perspectives. And WIPO was an ideal venue "
-"for this discussion, since WIPO is the preeminent international body dealing "
-"with intellectual property issues."
+"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its scope "
+"included both commercial and noncommercial work. They primarily involved "
+"science, but from many perspectives. And WIPO was an ideal venue for this "
+"discussion, since WIPO is the preeminent international body dealing with "
+"intellectual property issues."
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 271
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
"in intellectual property for the development of an information society. The "
"moderator for the event then promptly interrupted to inform me and the "
"assembled reporters that no question about intellectual property would be "
-"discussed by WSIS, since those questions were the exclusive domain of "
-"WIPO. In the talk that I had prepared, I had actually made the issue of "
+"discussed by WSIS, since those questions were the exclusive domain of WIPO. "
+"In the talk that I had prepared, I had actually made the issue of "
"intellectual property relatively minor. But after this astonishing "
"statement, I made intellectual property the sole focus of my talk. There was "
"no way to talk about an \"Information Society\" unless one also talked about "
"faktisk var jeg en gang offentlig scolded for ikke å kjenne igjen dette "
"faktum om wipo. i februar 2003 leveres jeg en keynote-adressen til en "
"forberedende konferanse for toppmøtet i verden på informasjonssamfunnet "
-"(wsis). på en pressekonferanse før adressen, ble jeg spurt hva jeg vil "
-"si. Jeg svarte at jeg skulle snakke litt om betydningen av balanse i "
+"(wsis). på en pressekonferanse før adressen, ble jeg spurt hva jeg vil si. "
+"Jeg svarte at jeg skulle snakke litt om betydningen av balanse i "
"immaterielle for utviklingen av en informasjonssamfunn. moderator for "
"hendelsen deretter umiddelbart avbrutt for å informere meg og sammensatte "
"journalister at ingen tvil om immaterielle vil bli diskutert av wsis, siden "
"disse spørsmålene var at et eksklusivt domene av wipo. i talk at jeg hadde "
-"forberedt, hadde jeg faktisk gjorde saken av åndsverk som er relativt "
-"små. men etter denne forbløffende erklæringen, jeg gjorde immaterielle "
-"eneste fokus på mitt snakk. Det var ikke mulig å snakke om en "
+"forberedt, hadde jeg faktisk gjorde saken av åndsverk som er relativt små. "
+"men etter denne forbløffende erklæringen, jeg gjorde immaterielle eneste "
+"fokus på mitt snakk. Det var ikke mulig å snakke om en "
"\"informasjonssamfunnet\", med mindre en også snakket om omfanget av "
"informasjon og kultur som vil være gratis. min snakk gjorde ikke min "
"immoderate moderator veldig glad. og hun var uten tvil riktig at omfanget av "
"immaterielle er nødvendig, siden etter mitt syn er selve ideen om balanse i "
"immaterielle hadde gått tapt."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
"prosjekter til å opprette offentlige varer\" virket perfekt passende innen "
"wipo-agendaen."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
"åpen kildekode eller gratis programvare, snarere enn \"proprietær "
"programvare,\" for sine egne interne bruk."
-#. f8.
+#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
"the Marketplace to Decide,\" Government Policy Toward Open Source Software "
"(Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, "
"American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#62</ulink>. See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, The "
-"Commercial Software Model, discussion at New York University Stern School of "
-"Business (3 May 2001), available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>."
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. "
+"See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, The Commercial "
+"Software Model, discussion at New York University Stern School of Business "
+"(3 May 2001), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"#63</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
-"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
-"software. There are many important companies that depend fundamentally upon "
-"open source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is "
-"increasingly shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the most "
-"famous bit of \"free software\"--and IBM is emphatically a commercial "
-"entity. Thus, to support \"open source and free software\" is not to oppose "
-"commercial entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software "
-"development that is different from Microsoft's.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial software. "
+"There are many important companies that depend fundamentally upon open "
+"source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is increasingly "
+"shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the most famous bit of "
+"\"free software\"—and IBM is emphatically a commercial entity. Thus, "
+"to support \"open source and free software\" is not to oppose commercial "
+"entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software development that is "
+"different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 272
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free "
-"software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is "
-"not software in the public domain. Instead, like Microsoft's software, the "
+"More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free software"
+"\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is not "
+"software in the public domain. Instead, like Microsoft's software, the "
"copyright owners of free and open source software insist quite strongly that "
"the terms of their software license be respected by adopters of free and "
"open source software. The terms of that license are no doubt different from "
"programvare, opphavsrett eierne av gratis og åpen kildekode programvare "
"insistere ganske sterkt at vilkårene i deres programvarelisens respekteres "
"av adoptert av ledig og åpen kilde-programvare. vilkårene i denne lisensen "
-"er ingen tvil om forskjellige fra vilkårene i en proprietær "
-"programvare-lisens. fri programvare lisensiert under general public license "
-"(gpl), krever for eksempel at kildekoden for programvaren gjøres "
-"tilgjengelig av alle som endrer og redistribuerer programvaren. men at "
-"kravet er effektivt bare hvis copyright styrer programvare. Hvis copyright "
-"ikke styre programvare, kan deretter fri programvare ikke pålegge samme type "
-"krav på sin adoptert. det dermed avhenger lov om opphavsrett på samme måte "
-"som microsoft."
-
-#. f9.
+"er ingen tvil om forskjellige fra vilkårene i en proprietær programvare-"
+"lisens. fri programvare lisensiert under general public license (gpl), "
+"krever for eksempel at kildekoden for programvaren gjøres tilgjengelig av "
+"alle som endrer og redistribuerer programvaren. men at kravet er effektivt "
+"bare hvis copyright styrer programvare. Hvis copyright ikke styre "
+"programvare, kan deretter fri programvare ikke pålegge samme type krav på "
+"sin adoptert. det dermed avhenger lov om opphavsrett på samme måte som "
+"microsoft."
+
+#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
-"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
+"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
msgstr ""
+"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
-"use its lobbyists to get the United States government to oppose it, as "
-"well. And indeed, that is just what was reported to have happened. According "
-"to Jonathan Krim of the Washington Post, Microsoft's lobbyists succeeded in "
-"getting the United States government to veto the meeting.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, the meeting was "
-"canceled."
+"use its lobbyists to get the United States government to oppose it, as well. "
+"And indeed, that is just what was reported to have happened. According to "
+"Jonathan Krim of the Washington Post, Microsoft's lobbyists succeeded in "
+"getting the United States government to veto the meeting.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, the meeting was canceled."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"terribly surprising about the most powerful software producer in the United "
"States having succeeded in its lobbying efforts."
msgstr ""
-"jeg klandre ikke microsoft for å gjøre det den kan for å fremme sine egne "
-"interesser, i samsvar med loven. og lobbyvirksomhet regjeringer er tydelig i "
-"samsvar med loven. Det var ikke noe overraskende om sin lobbyvirksomhet her, "
-"og ingenting veldig overraskende om den mektigste programvare produsenten i "
-"USA har lyktes i sin lobbyvirksomhet innsats."
+"Jeg klandrer ikke Microsoft for å gjøre det de kan for å fremme sine egne "
+"interesser i samsvar med loven. Og lobbyvirksomhet mot myndighetene er "
+"åpenbart i samsvar med loven. Det er ikke noe overraskende her med deres "
+"lobbyvirksomhet, og ikke veldig overraskende at den mektigste "
+"programvareprodusenten i USA har lyktes med sin lobbyvirksomhet."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
-msgstr "disse utsagnene er forbløffende på flere nivåer."
+msgstr "Disse utsagnene er forbløffende på flere nivåer."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
-"\"copyright.\" Without it, restrictions imposed by those licenses wouldn't "
+"\"copyright\". Without it, restrictions imposed by those licenses wouldn't "
"work. Thus, to say it \"runs counter\" to the mission of promoting "
"intellectual property rights reveals an extraordinary gap in "
-"understanding--the sort of mistake that is excusable in a first-year law "
-"student, but an embarrassment from a high government official dealing with "
-"intellectual property issues."
+"understanding—the sort of mistake that is excusable in a first-year "
+"law student, but an embarrassment from a high government official dealing "
+"with intellectual property issues."
msgstr ""
-"først, de er bare flatt feil. som jeg beskrevet, mest åpen kildekode og fri "
-"programvare avhengig fundamentalt immaterielle rett kalt \"copyright.\" uten "
-"den, restriksjoner pålagt av disse lisensene ikke ville fungere. Derfor, for "
-"å si det \"kjører teller\" til mission for å fremme immaterielle rettigheter "
-"avslører en ekstraordinære gapet i forståelse--slags feil som er "
-"unnskyldelig i jus første året, men en forlegenhet fra en høy "
-"statstjenesteperson håndtere intellektuell eiendom problemer."
+"For det første er de ganske enkelt greit feil. Som jeg beskrev, er det "
+"meste av åpen kildekode og fri programvare fundamentalt avhengig av den "
+"immaterielle retten kalt \"opphavsrett\". Uten den vil restriksjoner pålagt "
+"av disse lisensene ikke fungere. Dermed er det å si at det \"går imot\" "
+"formålet om å fremme immaterielle rettigheter å avsløre en ekstraordinær "
+"mangel på forståelse—den type feil som er tilgivelig hos en førsteårs "
+"jusstudent, men pinlig fra en høyt plassert statstjenesteperson som "
+"håndterer utfordringer rundt immaterielle rettigheter."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" "
"intellectual property, but also what the best balance of intellectual "
"property is. As every economist and lawyer knows, the hard question in "
"intellectual property law is to find that balance. But that there should be "
-"limits is, I had thought, uncontested. One wants to ask Ms. Boland, are "
+"limits is, I had thought, uncontested. One wants to ask Ms. Boland, are "
"generic drugs (drugs based on drugs whose patent has expired) contrary to "
"the WIPO mission? Does the public domain weaken intellectual property? Would "
"it have been better if the protocols of the Internet had been patented?"
msgstr ""
-"sekund, som noen gang sa at wipo eksklusive målet var å \"fremme\" "
-"immaterielle maksimalt? som jeg hadde vært scolded på forberedende "
-"konferansen av wsis, wipo er å vurdere hvordan man best kan beskytte "
-"åndsverk, men også hva beste balanse av åndsverk. som alle økonom og advokat "
-"vet, er det vanskelige spørsmålet i lovgivning for immaterielle å finne "
-"denne balansen. men at det bør være grensene er, jeg hadde tenkt, "
+"For det andre, hvem har noen gang hevdet at WIPOs eksklusive mål var å "
+"\"fremme\" immaterielle maksimalt? som jeg hadde vært scolded på "
+"forberedende konferansen av WSIS, WIPO er å vurdere hvordan man best kan "
+"beskytte åndsverk, men også hva beste balanse av åndsverk. som alle økonom "
+"og advokat vet, er det vanskelige spørsmålet i lovgivning for immaterielle å "
+"finne denne balansen. men at det bør være grensene er, jeg hadde tenkt, "
"ubestridt. man ønsker å spørre ms. Boland, er generiske legemidler "
-"(legemidler basert på narkotika med patent har utløpt) i strid med "
-"wipo-oppdrag? allemannseie svekke immaterielle? ville det ha vært bedre hvis "
+"(legemidler basert på narkotika med patent har utløpt) i strid med wipo-"
+"oppdrag? allemannseie svekke immaterielle? ville det ha vært bedre hvis "
"protokoller av Internett hadde vært patenterte?"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
"are held by individuals and corporations. They get to decide what to do with "
-"those rights because, again, they are their rights. If they want to "
-"\"waive\" or \"disclaim\" their rights, that is, within our tradition, "
-"totally appropriate. When Bill Gates gives away more than $20 billion to do "
-"good in the world, that is not inconsistent with the objectives of the "
-"property system. That is, on the contrary, just what a property system is "
-"supposed to be about: giving individuals the right to decide what to do with "
-"their property."
+"those rights because, again, they are their rights. If they want to \"waive"
+"\" or \"disclaim\" their rights, that is, within our tradition, totally "
+"appropriate. When Bill Gates gives away more than $20 billion to do good in "
+"the world, that is not inconsistent with the objectives of the property "
+"system. That is, on the contrary, just what a property system is supposed to "
+"be about: giving individuals the right to decide what to do with their "
+"property."
msgstr ""
"tredje, selv om en antatt at hensikten med wipo var å maksimere immaterielle "
"rettigheter, i vår tradisjon, immaterielle rettigheter er holdt av individer "
"være om: å gi enkeltpersoner retten til å avgjøre hva å gjøre med deres "
"eiendom."
+#. PAGE BREAK 274
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which "
"at immaterielle rettigheter er maksimert, men at de også kan vere mest "
"ekstreme og restriktiv mulig."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
"depended upon maximum control and concentration. It fought any freedom that "
"might interfere with that control."
msgstr ""
-"Det er en historie om bare slikt egenskapen system som er godt kjent i "
-"anglo-amerikanske tradisjonen. Det kalles \"føydalisme.\" under føydalisme, "
-"ikke bare var egenskapen holdt av et relativt lite antall individer og "
-"entiteter. og ikke bare var de samme rettighetene som kjørte med egenskapen "
-"kraftig og omfattende. men føydale systemet hadde en sterk interesse for å "
-"sikre at eiendom holders i dette systemet ikke svekke føydalisme av "
-"frigjørende personer eller egenskapen innenfor deres kontroll til det frie "
-"markedet. Føydalisme depended upon maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. det "
-"kjempet noen friheten som kan forstyrre denne kontrollen."
-
-#. f10.
+"Det er en historie om bare slikt egenskapen system som er godt kjent i anglo-"
+"amerikanske tradisjonen. Det kalles \"føydalisme.\" under føydalisme, ikke "
+"bare var egenskapen holdt av et relativt lite antall individer og entiteter. "
+"og ikke bare var de samme rettighetene som kjørte med egenskapen kraftig og "
+"omfattende. men føydale systemet hadde en sterk interesse for å sikre at "
+"eiendom holders i dette systemet ikke svekke føydalisme av frigjørende "
+"personer eller egenskapen innenfor deres kontroll til det frie markedet. "
+"Føydalisme depended upon maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. det kjempet "
+"noen friheten som kan forstyrre denne kontrollen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Drahos, Peter"
+msgstr "Drahos, Peter"
+
+#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
-msgid "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 21020."
-msgstr "se drahos med braithwaite, informasjon føydalisme, 21020."
+msgid "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20."
+msgstr "Se Drahos og Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
-"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> We will have an information society. That much is certain. Our "
-"only choice now is whether that information society will be free or "
-"feudal. The trend is toward the feudal."
+"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> We will have an information society. That much is certain. Our only "
+"choice now is whether that information society will be free or feudal. The "
+"trend is toward the feudal."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
"hennes Kommentarer gjort forstand. men det var en kommentar som var spesielt "
"deprimerende for meg. skrev en anonym plakat,"
+#. PAGE BREAK 275
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
"should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to "
"promote the right balance of intellectualproperty rights, not simply to "
"promote intellectual property rights\"), not as it is. If we were talking "
-"about the world as it is, then of course Boland didn't say anything "
-"wrong. But in the world as Lessig would have it, then of course she "
-"did. Always pay attention to the distinction between Lessig's world and "
-"ours."
+"about the world as it is, then of course Boland didn't say anything wrong. "
+"But in the world as Lessig would have it, then of course she did. Always pay "
+"attention to the distinction between Lessig's world and ours."
msgstr ""
"George, du misforstå lessig: han bare snakker om verden som den skal "
"(\"Målet med wipo og mål av enhver regjering, bør være å fremme den rette "
"mellom lessig's verden og vår."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
"regjering om republikaner eller demokrat. min eneste illusjon angivelig er "
"om om vår regjering bør snakke sannheten eller ikke.)"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
"utopianism. \"typisk for en akademiker,\" plakaten kan godt har fortsatt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
"everyone that the government does not seek balance, that the government is "
"simply the tool of the most powerful lobbyists, that the idea of holding the "
"government to a different standard is absurd, that the idea of demanding of "
-"the government that it speak truth and not lies is just naïve, then who have "
-"we, the most powerful democracy in the world, become?"
+"the government that it speak truth and not lies is just naïve, then who "
+"have we, the most powerful democracy in the world, become?"
msgstr ""
"men når det har blitt dum å anta at rollen som vår regjering bør være å "
-"\"søke balanse\", deretter teller meg med dum, for det betyr at dette "
-"har blitt ganske alvorlig faktisk. Hvis det skal være klart for alle at "
+"\"søke balanse\", deretter teller meg med dum, for det betyr at dette har "
+"blitt ganske alvorlig faktisk. Hvis det skal være klart for alle at "
"regjeringen ikke søker balanse, at regjeringen er ganske enkelt de mektigste "
"lobbyister verktøyet, at ideen om å holde regjeringen å en annen standard er "
"absurd, at ideen om krevende av regjeringen at det taler sannheten og ikke "
"løgn er bare naiv, og som har vi, det mektigste demokratiet i verden, bli?"
-#. PAGE BREAK 276
+#. PAGE BREAK 276
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the "
-"truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something "
-"more than the handmaiden of the most powerful interests. It might be crazy "
-"to argue that we should preserve a tradition that has been part of our "
-"tradition for most of our history--free culture."
+"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the truth. "
+"It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something more "
+"than the handmaiden of the most powerful interests. It might be crazy to "
+"argue that we should preserve a tradition that has been part of our "
+"tradition for most of our history—free culture."
msgstr ""
-"Det kan være gal å forvente en høy regjeringen offisielle å si "
-"sannheten. Det kan være gal å tro at regjeringens politikk blir noe mer enn "
-"handmaiden av de mektigste interessene. Det kan være gal å argumentere at vi "
-"skal bevare en tradisjon som har vært en del av vår tradisjon for de fleste "
-"av vår historie--fri kultur."
+"Det kan være gal å forvente en høy regjeringen offisielle å si sannheten. "
+"Det kan være gal å tro at regjeringens politikk blir noe mer enn handmaiden "
+"av de mektigste interessene. Det kan være gal å argumentere at vi skal "
+"bevare en tradisjon som har vært en del av vår tradisjon for de fleste av "
+"vår historie--fri kultur."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments "
"of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was "
"substantial support for the FCC's decision, and there was broad and "
"sustained support for fighting further concentration in the media."
msgstr ""
-"Denne aktivisme stoppe ikke fcc, men snart etter en bred koalisjon i Senatet "
-"stemte for å reversere fcc-beslutning. fiendtlige hearings fører opp til at "
-"stemme avslørte hvor kraftig denne bevegelsen hadde blitt. Det var ingen "
-"betydelig støtte for fcc beslutning, og det var bred og vedvarende støtte "
-"for å bekjempe ytterligere konsentrasjon i media."
+"Denne aktivismen stoppet ikke FCC, men like etter stemte en bred koalisjon i "
+"senatet for å reversere avgjørelsen i FCC. De fientlige høringene som ledet "
+"til avstemmingen avslørte hvor mektig denne bevegelsen hadde blitt. Det var "
+"ingen betydnigsfull støtte for FCCs avgjørelse, mens det var bred og "
+"vedvarende støtte for å bekjempe ytterligere konsentrasjon i media."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"of Big Macs or Quarter Pounders does not mean that you can't get a good "
"hamburger from somewhere else."
msgstr ""
-"men selv denne bevegelsen savner en viktig brikke i puslespillet. largeness "
-"er som sådan ikke ille. frihet er ikke truet bare fordi noen blir veldig "
-"rik, eller fordi det er bare en håndfull store spillere. den dårlige "
-"kvaliteten på big Mac eller kvartal pounders betyr ikke at du ikke kan få en "
-"god hamburger fra et annet sted."
+"Men selv denne bevegelsen går glipp av en viktig brikke i puslespillet. Å "
+"være stor er ikke ille i seg selv. Frihet er ikke truet bare på grunn av at "
+"noen blir veldig rik, eller på grunn av at det bare er en håndfull store "
+"aktører. Den dårlige kvaliteten til Big Macs eller Quartar Punders betyr "
+"ikke at du ikke kan få en god hamburger fra andre plasser."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
"copyright, produces. It is not just that there are a few powerful companies "
"that control an ever expanding slice of the media. It is that this "
-"concentration can call upon an equally bloated range of rights--property "
-"rights of a historically extreme form--that makes their bigness bad."
+"concentration can call upon an equally bloated range of rights—"
+"property rights of a historically extreme form—that makes their "
+"bigness bad."
msgstr ""
"faren i media konsentrasjon kommer ikke fra konsentrasjonen, men i stedet "
"fra føydalisme som denne konsentrasjonen knyttet til endring i copyright, "
"like oppsvulmet rekke rettigheter--eiendomsrettighetene til en historisk "
"ekstrem form--som gjør deres bigness dårlig."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
"Det er derfor viktig at så mange vil rally til etterspørselen konkurranse og "
"økt mangfold. Likevel, hvis rally er forstått som om bigness alene, det er "
"ikke veldig overraskende. Vi amerikanere har en lang historie med å slåss "
-"\"stort,\" klokt eller ikke. at vi kunne være motivert til å slåss er "
-"\"store\" igjen ikke noe nytt."
+"\"stort,\" klokt eller ikke. at vi kunne være motivert til å slåss er \"store"
+"\" igjen ikke noe nytt."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
"tradisjonen lenger."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
"tragedy."
"Hvis vi var achilles, ville dette være våre hæl. Dette ville være stedet for "
"våre tragedie."
-#. f11.
+#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September "
-"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, "
-"8 September 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and "
-"Phyllis Furman with Robert Gearty, \"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among "
-"261 Cited as Sharers,\" New York Daily News, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank "
-"Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., "
-"12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 September "
-"2003, E1; Katie Dean, \"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10 "
-"September 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. f12.
+"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #65</"
+"ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, 8 "
+"September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and Phyllis Furman with Robert Gearty, "
+"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" New York "
+"Daily News, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet "
+"Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among "
+"Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie Dean, "
+"\"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10 September 2003, available "
+"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 "
-"September 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #68</ulink>."
+"September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #68</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. f13.
-#. PAGE BREAK 334
+#. f13.
+#. PAGE BREAK 334
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan "
-"Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>."
+"Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA "
-"lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem has just been sued for \"sampling\" "
-"someone else's music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The story "
-"about Bob Dylan \"stealing\" from a Japanese author has just finished making "
-"
the rounds.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> An insider from "
-"Hollywood--who insists he must remain anonymous--reports \"an amazing "
-"conversation with these studio guys. They've got extraordinary [old] content "
-"that they'd love to use but can't because they can't begin to clear the "
-"rights. They've got scores of kids who could do amazing things with the "
+"lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem has just been sued for \"sampling\" someone "
+"else's music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The story about Bob "
+"Dylan \"stealing\" from a Japanese author has just finished making the "
+"rounds.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> An insider from "
+"Hollywood—who insists he must remain anonymous—reports \"an "
+"amazing conversation with these studio guys. They've got extraordinary [old] "
+"content that they'd love to use but can't because they can't begin to clear "
+"the rights. They've got scores of kids who could do amazing things with the "
"content, but it would take scores of lawyers to clean it first.\" "
"Congressmen are talking about deputizing computer viruses to bring down "
"computers thought to violate the law. Universities are threatening expulsion "
"for kids who use a computer to share content."
msgstr ""
-#. f14.
+#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 "
"#70</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. f15.
+#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, "
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 278
+#. PAGE BREAK 278
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
"will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download "
-"BBC content, and rip, mix, and burn it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> And in Brazil, the culture minister, Gilberto Gil, himself a folk "
+"BBC content, and rip, mix, and burn it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> And in Brazil, the culture minister, Gilberto Gil, himself a folk "
"hero of Brazilian music, has joined with Creative Commons to release content "
-"and free licenses in that Latin American country.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> I've told a dark story. The truth is more "
-"mixed. A technology has given us a new freedom. Slowly, some begin to "
-"understand that this freedom need not mean anarchy. We can carry a free "
-"culture into the twenty-first century, without artists losing and without "
-"the potential of digital technology being destroyed. It will take some "
-"thought, and more importantly, it will take some will to transform the RCAs "
-"of our day into the Causbys."
+"and free licenses in that Latin American country.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"1\"/> I've told a dark story. The truth is more mixed. A technology "
+"has given us a new freedom. Slowly, some begin to understand that this "
+"freedom need not mean anarchy. We can carry a free culture into the twenty-"
+"first century, without artists losing and without the potential of digital "
+"technology being destroyed. It will take some thought, and more importantly, "
+"it will take some will to transform the RCAs of our day into the Causbys."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 279
+#. PAGE BREAK 279
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
"potential is ever to be realized."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "AFTERWORD"
-msgstr "etterordet"
+msgstr "Etterord"
-#. PAGE BREAK 280
+#. PAGE BREAK 280
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must "
"be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what "
"kan gjøres."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
"which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
"tenker om det samme problemet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
"significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
-"musicians, filmmakers, scientists--all to tell this story in their own "
+"musicians, filmmakers, scientists—all to tell this story in their own "
"words, and to tell their neighbors why this battle is so important."
msgstr ""
"Det betyr at denne bevegelsen må begynne i gatene. Det må rekruttere et "
"og å fortelle sine naboer hvorfor denne kampen er så viktig."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
"an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
"kan gjøre for å sikre bedre en fri kultur."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "US, NOW"
msgstr "oss nå"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has "
-"been framed at the extremes--as a grand either/or: either property or "
+"been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or "
"anarchy, either total control or artists won't be paid. If that really is "
"the choice, then the warriors should win."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
-"believe in maximal copyright--\"All Rights Reserved\"-- and those who reject "
-"copyright--\"No Rights Reserved.\" The \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts believe "
-"that you should ask permission before you \"use\" a copyrighted work in any "
-"way. The \"No Rights Reserved\" sorts believe you should be able to do with "
-"content as you wish, regardless of whether you have permission or not."
+"believe in maximal copyright—\"All Rights Reserved\"— and those "
+"who reject copyright—\"No Rights Reserved.\" The \"All Rights Reserved"
+"\" sorts believe that you should ask permission before you \"use\" a "
+"copyrighted work in any way. The \"No Rights Reserved\" sorts believe you "
+"should be able to do with content as you wish, regardless of whether you "
+"have permission or not."
msgstr ""
"feil her er feil om den ekskluderte tredje. Det er ekstreme i denne "
"debatten, men ekstreme er ikke alt som det er. Det er de som tror på "
-"maksimal copyright--\"all rights reserved\"-- og de som avviser "
-"copyright--\"ingen rettigheter reservert\". \"all rights reserved\" sorterer "
-"mener at du bør spørre tillatelse før du \"Bruk\" en opphavsrettslig "
-"beskyttede verk som på noen måte. \"ingen rettigheter reservert\" sorterer "
-"tror du burde være i stand til å gjøre med innhold som du ønsker, uavhengig "
-"av om du har tillatelse eller ikke."
+"maksimal copyright--\"all rights reserved\"-- og de som avviser copyright--"
+"\"ingen rettigheter reservert\". \"all rights reserved\" sorterer mener at "
+"du bør spørre tillatelse før du \"Bruk\" en opphavsrettslig beskyttede verk "
+"som på noen måte. \"ingen rettigheter reservert\" sorterer tror du burde "
+"være i stand til å gjøre med innhold som du ønsker, uavhengig av om du har "
+"tillatelse eller ikke."
+#. PAGE BREAK 282
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
"Internett var \"ingen rettigheter reservert.\" innhold ble \"tatt\" "
"uavhengig av rettighetene. alle rettigheter som var effektivt ubeskyttet."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
"Internett i dag vil bli en \"få tillatelse til å klippe og lime\" verden som "
"er en creator mareritt."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle--neither \"all rights "
-"reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights reserved\"-- and "
-"thus a way to respect copyrights but enable creators to free content as they "
-"see fit. In other words, we need a way to restore a set of freedoms that we "
-"could just take for granted before."
+"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all "
+"rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights reserved"
+"\"— and thus a way to respect copyrights but enable creators to free "
+"content as they see fit. In other words, we need a way to restore a set of "
+"freedoms that we could just take for granted before."
msgstr ""
"Hva trenger er en måte å si noe i midten--verken \"all rights reserved\" "
"eller \"ingen rettigheter reservert\" men \"noen rettigheter reservert\"- og "
"gjenopprette et sett med andre friheter som vi bare kunne ta for gitt før."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr "å gjenoppbygge friheter tidligere antatt: eksempler"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
"var trygg på."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "What made it assured?"
msgstr "Hva gjorde det forsikret?"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your "
"normer (snooping og sladder er bare morsomt), men i stedet av kostnader som "
"friksjon pålegger på alle som ønsker å spy."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Amazon"
+msgstr "Amazon"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"enklere å samle inn data enn ikke. friksjonen har forsvunnet, og dermed alle "
"\"personvern\" beskyttet av friksjonen forsvinner, også."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
"sortere hvem gjør hva i elektronisk mellomrom, forsvinner personvern "
"friksjon i går."
-#. f1.
+#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the "
"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" Stanford Technology Law "
-"Review 1 (2001): par. 618, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink> (describing examples "
-"in which technology defines privacy policy). See also Jeffrey Rosen, The "
-"Naked Crowd: Reclaiming Security and Freedom in an Anxious Age (New York: "
-"Random House, 2004) (mapping tradeoffs between technology and privacy)."
+"Review 1 (2001): par. 6–18, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink> (describing examples in which "
+"technology defines privacy policy). See also Jeffrey Rosen, The Naked Crowd: "
+"Reclaiming Security and Freedom in an Anxious Age (New York: Random House, "
+"2004) (mapping tradeoffs between technology and privacy)."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 284
+#. PAGE BREAK 284
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on "
"the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction "
-"before gave us that leads many to push for laws to do what friction "
-"
did.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And whether you're in favor of "
+"before gave us that leads many to push for laws to do what friction did."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And whether you're in favor of "
"those laws or not, it is the pattern that is important here. We must take "
"affirmative steps to secure a kind of freedom that was passively provided "
"before. A change in technology now forces those who believe in privacy to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
-"movement. When computers with software were first made available "
-"commercially, the software--both the source code and the binaries-- was "
-"free. You couldn't run a program written for a Data General machine on an "
-"IBM machine, so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling "
-"their software."
+"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. "
+"When computers with software were first made available commercially, the "
+"software—both the source code and the binaries— was free. You "
+"couldn't run a program written for a Data General machine on an IBM machine, "
+"so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software."
msgstr ""
-"en liknende historie kan fortelles om fødselen av fri "
-"programvare-bevegelsen. Når datamaskiner med programvare ble først gjort "
-"tilgjengelig kommersielt, var programvaren--både kildekoden og "
-"binærfiler--gratis. Du kan ikke kjøre et program som er skrevet for en "
-"generell data-maskinen på en ibm-maskin, slik at data Generelt og ibm ikke "
-"vare mye om hvordan du styrer deres programvare."
+"en liknende historie kan fortelles om fødselen av fri programvare-"
+"bevegelsen. Når datamaskiner med programvare ble først gjort tilgjengelig "
+"kommersielt, var programvaren--både kildekoden og binærfiler--gratis. Du kan "
+"ikke kjøre et program som er skrevet for en generell data-maskinen på en ibm-"
+"maskin, slik at data Generelt og ibm ikke vare mye om hvordan du styrer "
+"deres programvare."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
"frihet til å legge til eller endre andre personers arbeid."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
"else?"
msgstr ""
"i akademiske omgivelser, minst, er det ikke en veldig radikale idé. noen "
-"ville være gratis å tinker med et bevis på at noen tilbys i en "
-"matematikk-avdeling. Hvis du trodde du hadde en bedre måte å bevise en "
-"teorem, kan du ta hva noen andre gjorde, og endre den. i en klassikere "
-"avdeling, hvis du trodde en kollega oversettelse av en nylig oppdagede tekst "
-"var feil, var du fri til å forbedre den. dermed til stallman syntes det "
-"åpenbart at du bør være gratis å tinker med og forbedre koden som kjørte en "
-"maskin. Dette, også, var kunnskap. Hvorfor bør ikke være åpen for kritikk "
-"som noe annet?"
+"ville være gratis å tinker med et bevis på at noen tilbys i en matematikk-"
+"avdeling. Hvis du trodde du hadde en bedre måte å bevise en teorem, kan du "
+"ta hva noen andre gjorde, og endre den. i en klassikere avdeling, hvis du "
+"trodde en kollega oversettelse av en nylig oppdagede tekst var feil, var du "
+"fri til å forbedre den. dermed til stallman syntes det åpenbart at du bør "
+"være gratis å tinker med og forbedre koden som kjørte en maskin. Dette, "
+"også, var kunnskap. Hvorfor bør ikke være åpen for kritikk som noe annet?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
"skriverdriveren og kopiere den, og deretter som ville gjøre det enklere for "
"meg å selge en skriver til markedet enn det var for deg."
-#. PAGE BREAK 285
+#. PAGE BREAK 285
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of "
msgstr ""
"dermed praksisen med proprietære koden begynte å spre seg, og 1980-tallet, "
"stallman fant seg selv omringet av proprietære koden. verden av fri "
-"programvare hadde blitt slettet av en endring i økonomien i "
-"databehandling. og som han mente, hvis han gjorde ikke noe om det, og frihet "
-"til å endre og dele programvare ville være grundig svekket."
+"programvare hadde blitt slettet av en endring i økonomien i databehandling. "
+"og som han mente, hvis han gjorde ikke noe om det, og frihet til å endre og "
+"dele programvare ville være grundig svekket."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
"koden var en byproduct."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
"beskytter hva før hadde vært passivt garantert."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
"historien om denne boken. Dette er skiftet i måten faglige og vitenskapelige "
"journaler er produsert."
-#. PAGE BREAK 286
+#. PAGE BREAK 286
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
-"libraries is perhaps not the most efficient way to distribute "
-"knowledge. Instead, journals are increasingly becoming electronic, and "
-"libraries and their users are given access to these electronic journals "
-"through password-protected sites. Something similar to this has been "
-"happening in law for almost thirty years: Lexis and Westlaw have had "
-"electronic versions of case reports available to subscribers to their "
-"service. Although a Supreme Court opinion is not copyrighted, and anyone is "
-"free to go to a library and read it, Lexis and Westlaw are also free to "
-"charge users for the privilege of gaining access to that Supreme Court "
-"opinion through their respective services."
+"libraries is perhaps not the most efficient way to distribute knowledge. "
+"Instead, journals are increasingly becoming electronic, and libraries and "
+"their users are given access to these electronic journals through password-"
+"protected sites. Something similar to this has been happening in law for "
+"almost thirty years: Lexis and Westlaw have had electronic versions of case "
+"reports available to subscribers to their service. Although a Supreme Court "
+"opinion is not copyrighted, and anyone is free to go to a library and read "
+"it, Lexis and Westlaw are also free to charge users for the privilege of "
+"gaining access to that Supreme Court opinion through their respective "
+"services."
msgstr ""
"som digitale teknologien blir bedre, blir det åpenbart for mange som skriver "
"ut tusenvis av kopier av journaler hver måned og sende dem til biblioteker "
"ikke er kanskje den mest effektive måten å distribuere kunnskap. i stedet, "
"journaler er stadig å bli elektronisk, og biblioteker og deres brukere gis "
-"tilgang til disse elektroniske journaler gjennom passordbeskyttede "
-"områder. noe som ligner på dette har foregått i loven for nesten tretti år: "
-"lexis og westlaw har hatt elektroniske versjoner av Saksrapporter som er "
-"tilgjengelig for abonnenter til deres tjeneste. Selv om en Høyesterett "
-"mening ikke er beskyttet av opphavsretten, og noen er fri til å gå til et "
-"bibliotek og lese den, er lexis og westlaw også gjerne Belast brukerne for "
-"privilegiet av å få tilgang til at Høyesterett mening gjennom sine "
-"respektive tjenester."
+"tilgang til disse elektroniske journaler gjennom passordbeskyttede områder. "
+"noe som ligner på dette har foregått i loven for nesten tretti år: lexis og "
+"westlaw har hatt elektroniske versjoner av Saksrapporter som er tilgjengelig "
+"for abonnenter til deres tjeneste. Selv om en Høyesterett mening ikke er "
+"beskyttet av opphavsretten, og noen er fri til å gå til et bibliotek og lese "
+"den, er lexis og westlaw også gjerne Belast brukerne for privilegiet av å få "
+"tilgang til at Høyesterett mening gjennom sine respektive tjenester."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
"med selger tilgang til materiale som ikke er allemannseie."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
"gjennom denne data unntatt ved å betale for et abonnement?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
"certain treatment could research those risks by reading all available "
"articles about that treatment. This freedom was therefore a function of the "
"institution of libraries (norms) and the technology of paper journals "
-"(architecture)--namely, that it was very hard to control access to a paper "
-"journal."
+"(architecture)—namely, that it was very hard to control access to a "
+"paper journal."
msgstr ""
"som mange begynner å legge merke til, er dette stadig virkeligheten med "
"vitenskapelige journaler. Når disse kladdene ble distribuert i papirskjema, "
"tilgangen til en papir-journal."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
msgstr ""
"Når journaler blir elektronisk, men er utgivere krevende at biblioteker ikke "
"gir generell offentlig tilgang til journalene. Dette betyr at frihetene som "
-"er levert av Skriv ut journaler i offentlige bibliotek begynner å "
-"forsvinne. Således, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende "
-"teknologi og markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før."
+"er levert av Skriv ut journaler i offentlige bibliotek begynner å forsvinne. "
+"Således, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende teknologi og "
+"markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før."
-#. PAGE BREAK 287
+#. PAGE BREAK 287
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
"Denne krympende friheten har ført mange å ta bekreftende trinnene for å "
"gjenopprette frihet som har gått tapt. public library of science (plos), for "
"eksempel er en nonprofit aksjeselskap som er dedikert til å gjøre "
-"vitenskapelig forskning tilgjengelig for alle som har en "
-"Webtilkobling. forfatterne av vitenskapelig arbeid sende det fungerer til "
-"public library of science. Dette arbeidet er deretter gjenstand for peer "
-"review. Dersom de blir akseptert, er arbeidet deretter oppbevart i et "
-"offentlig, elektronisk arkiv og gjort permanent tilgjengelig gratis. PLOs "
-"selger også en utskriftsversjon av sitt arbeid, men opphavsretten for "
-"utskrift journal forhindre ikke høyre for noen til å videredistribuere "
-"arbeidet gratis."
+"vitenskapelig forskning tilgjengelig for alle som har en Webtilkobling. "
+"forfatterne av vitenskapelig arbeid sende det fungerer til public library of "
+"science. Dette arbeidet er deretter gjenstand for peer review. Dersom de "
+"blir akseptert, er arbeidet deretter oppbevart i et offentlig, elektronisk "
+"arkiv og gjort permanent tilgjengelig gratis. PLOs selger også en "
+"utskriftsversjon av sitt arbeid, men opphavsretten for utskrift journal "
+"forhindre ikke høyre for noen til å videredistribuere arbeidet gratis."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no "
"doubt that this alternative competes with the traditional publishers and "
"their efforts to make money from the exclusive distribution of content. But "
-"competition in our tradition is presumptively a good--especially when it "
-"helps spread knowledge and science."
+"competition in our tradition is presumptively a good—especially when "
+"it helps spread knowledge and science."
msgstr ""
"Dette er ett av mange slike anstrengelser til å gjenopprette en frihet tatt "
"for gitt før, men nå truet av skiftende teknologi og markeder. Det er ingen "
"bidrar til å spre kunnskap og vitenskap."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
msgstr "å gjenoppbygge fri kultur: en idé"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
"increasing control effected through law and technology."
"berørt gjennom lov og teknologi."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
"aim is to build a layer of reasonable copyright on top of the extremes that "
"now reign. It does this by making it easy for people to build upon other "
"people's work, by making it simple for creators to express the freedom for "
-"others to take and build upon their work. Simple tags, tied to "
-"human-readable descriptions, tied to bulletproof licenses, make this "
-"possible."
+"others to take and build upon their work. Simple tags, tied to human-"
+"readable descriptions, tied to bulletproof licenses, make this possible."
msgstr ""
"Angi creative commons. creative commons er et nonprofit selskap etablert i "
"massachusetts, men med sitt hjem ved stanford university. Målet er å bygge "
-"et lag av rimelig opphavsrett på toppen av den ekstreme som nå "
-"regjere. Dette gjøres ved å gjøre det lett for folk å bygge på andres "
-"arbeid, ved å gjøre det enkelt for skaperne å uttrykke frihet for andre å "
-"ta, og bygge på sitt arbeid. Simple tags, knyttet til lesbar beskrivelser, "
-"knyttet til vanntett lisenser, gjør dette mulig."
-
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
-msgid ""
-"Simple--which means without a middleman, or without a lawyer. By developing "
-"a free set of licenses that people can attach to their content, Creative "
-"Commons aims to mark a range of content that can easily, and reliably, be "
-"built upon. These tags are then linked to machine-readable versions of the "
-"license that enable computers automatically to identify content that can "
-"easily be shared. These three expressions together--a legal license, a "
-"human-readable description, and machine-readable tags--constitute a Creative "
-"Commons license. A Creative Commons license constitutes a grant of freedom "
-"to anyone who accesses the license, and more importantly, an expression of "
-"the ideal that the person associated with the license believes in something "
-"different than the \"All\" or \"No\" extremes. Content is marked with the CC "
-"mark, which does not mean that copyright is waived, but that certain "
-"freedoms are given."
+"et lag av rimelig opphavsrett på toppen av den ekstreme som nå regjere. "
+"Dette gjøres ved å gjøre det lett for folk å bygge på andres arbeid, ved å "
+"gjøre det enkelt for skaperne å uttrykke frihet for andre å ta, og bygge på "
+"sitt arbeid. Simple tags, knyttet til lesbar beskrivelser, knyttet til "
+"vanntett lisenser, gjør dette mulig."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 288
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Simple—which means without a middleman, or without a lawyer. By "
+"developing a free set of licenses that people can attach to their content, "
+"Creative Commons aims to mark a range of content that can easily, and "
+"reliably, be built upon. These tags are then linked to machine-readable "
+"versions of the license that enable computers automatically to identify "
+"content that can easily be shared. These three expressions together—a "
+"legal license, a human-readable description, and machine-readable tags—"
+"constitute a Creative Commons license. A Creative Commons license "
+"constitutes a grant of freedom to anyone who accesses the license, and more "
+"importantly, an expression of the ideal that the person associated with the "
+"license believes in something different than the \"All\" or \"No\" extremes. "
+"Content is marked with the CC mark, which does not mean that copyright is "
+"waived, but that certain freedoms are given."
msgstr ""
"enkel, noe som betyr at uten en mellommann, eller uten en advokat. ved å "
"utvikle et gratis sett av lisenser som folk kan knytte til deres innhold, "
"\"all\" eller \"Nei\" ekstreme. innholdet er merket med kopi-merket, som "
"ikke betyr at copyright fratres, men at visse friheter er gitt."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"bruk."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
"use. And most importantly, they express these freedoms in a way that "
-"subsequent users can use and rely upon without the need to hire a "
-"lawyer. Creative Commons thus aims to build a layer of content, governed by "
-"a layer of reasonable copyright law, that others can build upon. Voluntary "
-"choice of individuals and creators will make this content available. And "
-"that content will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain."
+"subsequent users can use and rely upon without the need to hire a lawyer. "
+"Creative Commons thus aims to build a layer of content, governed by a layer "
+"of reasonable copyright law, that others can build upon. Voluntary choice of "
+"individuals and creators will make this content available. And that content "
+"will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain."
msgstr ""
"disse valgene dermed etablere en rekke friheter utover standard om "
"opphavsrett. de har også aktivere friheter som går utover tradisjonelle fair "
"enkeltpersoner og skaperne vil gjøre dette innholdet tilgjengelig. og at "
"innholdet i sin tur kan vi bygge et offentlig-domene."
+#. PAGE BREAK 289
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"kaller dem) hvem hjelpe bygge allemannseie, og ved deres arbeid, demonstrere "
"viktigheten av public domain til andre kreativitet."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to "
"ago, applied to a technology that only Jefferson could have imagined. The "
"rules may well have made sense against a background of technologies from "
"centuries ago, but they do not make sense against the background of digital "
-"technologies. New rules--with different freedoms, expressed in ways so that "
-"humans without lawyers can use them--are needed. Creative Commons gives "
-"people a way effectively to begin to build those rules."
-msgstr ""
-"Målet er ikke å kjempe \"med enerett\"-sorteringer. Målet er å utfylle "
-"dem. problemene som loven oppretter for oss som en kultur er produsert av "
-"galskap og utilsiktede konsekvenser av lover skrevet århundrer siden, brukt "
-"til en teknologi som bare jefferson kunne ha forestilt meg. reglene kan godt "
-"ha gjort følelse mot et bakteppe av teknologi fra århundrer siden, men de "
-"gjør ikke fornuftig på bakgrunn av digitale teknologier. nye regler--med "
+"technologies. New rules—with different freedoms, expressed in ways so "
+"that humans without lawyers can use them—are needed. Creative Commons "
+"gives people a way effectively to begin to build those rules."
+msgstr ""
+"Målet er ikke å kjempe \"med enerett\"-sorteringer. Målet er å utfylle dem. "
+"problemene som loven oppretter for oss som en kultur er produsert av galskap "
+"og utilsiktede konsekvenser av lover skrevet århundrer siden, brukt til en "
+"teknologi som bare jefferson kunne ha forestilt meg. reglene kan godt ha "
+"gjort følelse mot et bakteppe av teknologi fra århundrer siden, men de gjør "
+"ikke fornuftig på bakgrunn av digitale teknologier. nye regler--med "
"forskjellige friheter, uttrykt i måter slik at mennesker uten advokater kan "
"bruke dem – er nødvendig. Creative commons gir folk en måte for effektivt å "
"begynne å bygge disse reglene."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
"day that it went on sale in bookstores."
msgstr ""
"Hvorfor ville skaperne delta i å gi opp full kontroll? noen delta for å "
-"bedre spre innholdet. Cory doctorow, for eksempel er en science "
-"fiction-forfatter. hans første novelle, ned og ut i magiske riket, ble "
-"utgitt på nettet og gratis, under en creative commons-lisens på samme dag "
-"som det gikk på salg i bokhandler."
+"bedre spre innholdet. Cory doctorow, for eksempel er en science fiction-"
+"forfatter. hans første novelle, ned og ut i magiske riket, ble utgitt på "
+"nettet og gratis, under en creative commons-lisens på samme dag som det gikk "
+"på salg i bokhandler."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
"Cory's book whether or not it's on the Internet, and (2) those who may "
"never hear of Cory's book, if it isn't made available for free on the "
-"Internet. Some part of (1) will download Cory's book instead of buying "
-"it. Call them bad-(1)s. Some part of (2) will download Cory's book, like it, "
-"and then decide to buy it. Call them (2)-goods. If there are more (2)-goods "
+"Internet. Some part of (1) will download Cory's book instead of buying it. "
+"Call them bad-(1)s. Some part of (2) will download Cory's book, like it, and "
+"then decide to buy it. Call them (2)-goods. If there are more (2)-goods "
"than bad-(1)s, the strategy of releasing Cory's book free on-line will "
"probably increase sales of Cory's book."
msgstr ""
"hans publisher begrunnet som dette: det finnes to grupper av mennesker der "
"ute: (1) de som vil kjøpe cory bok om det er på Internett, og (2) de som kan "
"aldri høre av cory's bok, hvis det ikke er gjort tilgjengelig gratis på "
-"Internett. noen del av (1) laster ned cory bok i stedet for å kjøpe "
-"den. ringe dem dårlig-(1) s. noen del av (2) lastet ned cory's bok, liker "
-"det, og deretter bestemmer deg for å kjøpe den. kalle dem (2)-varer. Hvis "
-"det er mer (2)-varer enn dårlig-(1) s, strategien for lanserer cory bok "
-"gratis on-line trolig vil øke salg av cory's bok."
+"Internett. noen del av (1) laster ned cory bok i stedet for å kjøpe den. "
+"ringe dem dårlig-(1) s. noen del av (2) lastet ned cory's bok, liker det, og "
+"deretter bestemmer deg for å kjøpe den. kalle dem (2)-varer. Hvis det er mer "
+"(2)-varer enn dårlig-(1) s, strategien for lanserer cory bok gratis on-line "
+"trolig vil øke salg av cory's bok."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
"første utskrift er oppbrukt måneder før utgiveren hadde forventet. denne "
"første romanen av en science fiction-forfatteren var en total suksess."
-#. PAGE BREAK 290
+#. PAGE BREAK 290
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
"opplevelsen av en annen forfatter. Peter wayner, som skrev en bok om fri "
"programvare-bevegelsen med tittelen gratis for alle, en elektronisk versjon "
"av sin bok gratis on-line under en creative commons-lisens etter at boken "
-"gikk ut av print. han overvåket deretter brukt boka store priser for "
-"boken. som spådd, som antall nedlastinger økt, brukte boken-pris for sin bok "
-"øker også."
+"gikk ut av print. han overvåket deretter brukt boka store priser for boken. "
+"som spådd, som antall nedlastinger økt, brukte boken-pris for sin bok øker "
+"også."
-#. f2.
+#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real Culture Wars "
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
"are others who use Creative Commons licenses for other reasons. Many who use "
-"the \"sampling license\" do so because anything else would be "
-"hypocritical. The sampling license says that others are free, for commercial "
-"or noncommercial purposes, to sample content from the licensed work; they "
-"are just not free to make full copies of the licensed work available to "
-"others. This is consistent with their own art--they, too, sample from "
-"others. Because the legal costs of sampling are so high (Walter Leaphart, "
-"manager of the rap group Public Enemy, which was born sampling the music of "
-"others, has stated that he does not \"allow\" Public Enemy to sample "
-"anymore, because the legal costs are so high<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>), these artists release into the creative environment content "
-"that others can build upon, so that their form of creativity might grow."
+"the \"sampling license\" do so because anything else would be hypocritical. "
+"The sampling license says that others are free, for commercial or "
+"noncommercial purposes, to sample content from the licensed work; they are "
+"just not free to make full copies of the licensed work available to others. "
+"This is consistent with their own art—they, too, sample from others. "
+"Because the legal costs of sampling are so high (Walter Leaphart, manager of "
+"the rap group Public Enemy, which was born sampling the music of others, has "
+"stated that he does not \"allow\" Public Enemy to sample anymore, because "
+"the legal costs are so high<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), these "
+"artists release into the creative environment content that others can build "
+"upon, so that their form of creativity might grow."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
"balance in this debate. If you just go along with the system as it is, you "
-"are effectively saying you believe in the \"All Rights Reserved\" "
-"model. Good for you, but many do not. Many believe that however appropriate "
-"that rule is for Hollywood and freaks, it is not an appropriate description "
-"of how most creators view the rights associated with their content. The "
+"are effectively saying you believe in the \"All Rights Reserved\" model. "
+"Good for you, but many do not. Many believe that however appropriate that "
+"rule is for Hollywood and freaks, it is not an appropriate description of "
+"how most creators view the rights associated with their content. The "
"Creative Commons license expresses this notion of \"Some Rights Reserved,\" "
"and gives many the chance to say it to others."
msgstr ""
"dette begrepet \"noen rettigheter reservert\", og gir mange sjansen til å si "
"det til andre."
-#. PAGE BREAK 291
+#. PAGE BREAK 291
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
"som bygger innhold basert på innhold satt fri."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
-"showing people how important that domain is to creativity and "
-"innovation. Creative Commons relies upon voluntary steps to achieve this "
-"rebuilding. They will lead to a world in which more than voluntary steps are "
-"possible."
+"showing people how important that domain is to creativity and innovation. "
+"Creative Commons relies upon voluntary steps to achieve this rebuilding. "
+"They will lead to a world in which more than voluntary steps are possible."
msgstr ""
"Dette er første trinn å gjenoppbygge et frivare. de er ikke bare argumenter; "
"de er handlingen. bygge et offentlig-domene er det første skrittet til viser "
"vil føre til en verden der flere frivillige trinnene er mulig."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
"difference, we believe, will enable creativity to spread more easily."
msgstr ""
"Creative commons er bare ett eksempel på frivillig innsats av enkeltpersoner "
-"og skaperne å endre blanding av rettigheter som nå styrer feltet "
-"kreative. prosjektet ikke stiller til Start med copyright; det utfyller "
-"det. Målet er ikke å beseire rettighetene til forfattere, men å gjøre det "
-"enklere for forfattere og skaperne å utøve sine rettigheter, mer fleksibelt "
-"og billig. at vi tror forskjellen, aktiverer kreativitet å spre lettere."
+"og skaperne å endre blanding av rettigheter som nå styrer feltet kreative. "
+"prosjektet ikke stiller til Start med copyright; det utfyller det. Målet er "
+"ikke å beseire rettighetene til forfattere, men å gjøre det enklere for "
+"forfattere og skaperne å utøve sine rettigheter, mer fleksibelt og billig. "
+"at vi tror forskjellen, aktiverer kreativitet å spre lettere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "THEM, SOON"
msgstr "dem snart"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also "
"take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the "
"har tid til å bygge opp bevisstheten rundt endringene som vi trenger."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
"til vår side."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "1. More Formalities"
msgstr "1. mer formaliteter"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If "
"en bil, kan du få en regning for salg og registrere bilen. Hvis du kjøper en "
"flybillett, har navnet ditt på den."
-#. PAGE BREAK 293
+#. PAGE BREAK 293
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
"disse er alle formaliteter knyttet til egenskapen. de er krav som vi alle må "
"bære hvis vi ønsker vår eiendom skal beskyttes."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"kontrollen, og \"formaliteter\" er kastet ut."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Why?"
msgstr "hvorfor?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a "
"good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a "
"beskytte og sikre hans arbeid. disse formaliteter var komme i veien."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
-"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
-"creativity. Today, there is no simple way to know who owns what, or with "
-"whom one must deal in order to use or build upon the creative work of "
-"others. There are no records, there is no system to trace-- there is no "
-"simple way to know how to get permission. Yet given the massive increase in "
-"the scope of copyright's rule, getting permission is a necessary step for "
-"any work that builds upon our past. And thus, the lack of formalities forces "
-"many into silence where they otherwise could speak."
+"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a burden. "
+"Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens creativity. "
+"Today, there is no simple way to know who owns what, or with whom one must "
+"deal in order to use or build upon the creative work of others. There are no "
+"records, there is no system to trace— there is no simple way to know "
+"how to get permission. Yet given the massive increase in the scope of "
+"copyright's rule, getting permission is a necessary step for any work that "
+"builds upon our past. And thus, the lack of formalities forces many into "
+"silence where they otherwise could speak."
msgstr ""
"men Internett endrer alt dette. formaliteter trenger i dag ikke være en "
"byrde. verden uten formaliteter er heller verden som byrder kreativitet. i "
"som bygger på vår fortid. og dermed mangel på formaliteter styrker mange i "
"stillhet der de ellers kunne snakke."
-#. f1.
+#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>--but it should not change it by going back to "
-"the old, broken system. We should require formalities, but we should "
-"establish a system that will create the incentives to minimize the burden of "
-"these formalities."
+"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back to the old, "
+"broken system. We should require formalities, but we should establish a "
+"system that will create the incentives to minimize the burden of these "
+"formalities."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
"prosessen, unntatt for formålet å godkjenne standarder utviklet av andre."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
msgstr "registrering og fornyelse"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
"the Copyright Office is not a main target of government policymaking, the "
"office has historically been terribly underfunded. Thus, when people who "
"know something about the process hear this idea about formalities, their "
-"first reaction is panic--nothing could be worse than forcing people to deal "
-"with the mess that is the Copyright Office."
+"first reaction is panic—nothing could be worse than forcing people to "
+"deal with the mess that is the Copyright Office."
msgstr ""
"under det gamle systemet hadde en opphavsrettighetene til filen en "
-"registrering med opphavsrett office registrere eller fornye "
-"opphavsretten. Når innlevering at registrering, betales eieren av "
-"opphavsretten en avgift. som med de fleste myndigheter hadde opphavsrett "
-"kontoret få insentiver til å minimere byrden av registrering; det hadde også "
-"få insentiver til å minimere gebyret. og så opphavsrett kontoret ikke er "
-"hovedmålet for regjeringen policymaking, kontoret har historisk sett vært "
-"veldig underfunded. Således, når folk som vet noe om prosessen hører denne "
-"ideen om formaliteter, deres første reaksjon er panikk--ingenting kunne være "
-"verre enn tvinge folk til å håndtere rotet som er copyright kontoret."
+"registrering med opphavsrett office registrere eller fornye opphavsretten. "
+"Når innlevering at registrering, betales eieren av opphavsretten en avgift. "
+"som med de fleste myndigheter hadde opphavsrett kontoret få insentiver til å "
+"minimere byrden av registrering; det hadde også få insentiver til å minimere "
+"gebyret. og så opphavsrett kontoret ikke er hovedmålet for regjeringen "
+"policymaking, kontoret har historisk sett vært veldig underfunded. Således, "
+"når folk som vet noe om prosessen hører denne ideen om formaliteter, deres "
+"første reaksjon er panikk--ingenting kunne være verre enn tvinge folk til å "
+"håndtere rotet som er copyright kontoret."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
"angir."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name "
"i sammenheng med registrering er en opplagt modell Internett. Det finnes "
"minst 32 millioner web-områder som er registrert i verden. domeneeiere navn "
"for disse web-områder må betale en avgift for å holde sine registrering "
-"Live. Det er et sentralt register i de viktigste domenene (.com, .org, "
-".net). de faktiske registreringene utføres imidlertid av mange konkurrerende "
+"Live. Det er et sentralt register i de viktigste domenene (.com, .org, ."
+"net). de faktiske registreringene utføres imidlertid av mange konkurrerende "
"registrarer. at konkurransen stasjoner kostnadene for å registrere ned, og "
"enda viktigere, det stasjoner brukervennligheten som registrering oppstår "
"opp."
-#. PAGE BREAK 295
+#. PAGE BREAK 295
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
"registrars that meet its standards. Those registrars would then compete with "
"one another to deliver the cheapest and simplest systems for registering and "
"renewing copyrights. That competition would substantially lower the burden "
-"of this formality--while producing a database of registrations that would "
-"facilitate the licensing of content."
+"of this formality—while producing a database of registrations that "
+"would facilitate the licensing of content."
msgstr ""
"vi alle bør vedtas en lignende modell for registrering og fornying av "
"opphavsretten. opphavsrett kontoret kan også tjene som sentrale registret, "
"ville forenkler lisensiering av innhold."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "MARKING"
msgstr "merking"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
-"failing to comply with a regulatory rule--akin to imposing the death penalty "
-"for a parking ticket in the world of creative rights. Here again, there is "
-"no reason that a marking requirement needs to be enforced in this way. And "
-"more importantly, there is no reason a marking requirement needs to be "
-"enforced uniformly across all media."
+"failing to comply with a regulatory rule—akin to imposing the death "
+"penalty for a parking ticket in the world of creative rights. Here again, "
+"there is no reason that a marking requirement needs to be enforced in this "
+"way. And more importantly, there is no reason a marking requirement needs to "
+"be enforced uniformly across all media."
msgstr ""
"Det pleide å være at å inkludere en opphavsrett på en skapende arbeid "
"betydde at opphavsretten ble forkastet. Det var en streng straff for ikke å "
"alle medier."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
"to locate a copyright owner to secure permission to use the work."
msgstr ""
"Målet med merking er med signal til publikum at dette arbeidet er "
-"opphavsrettsbeskyttet, og at forfatteren ønsker å håndheve sine "
-"rettigheter. mark gjør det også enkelt å finne en som har "
-"opphavsrettighetene for å sikre tillatelse til å bruke arbeidet."
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet, og at forfatteren ønsker å håndheve sine rettigheter. "
+"mark gjør det også enkelt å finne en som har opphavsrettighetene for å sikre "
+"tillatelse til å bruke arbeidet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
"marking requirement could solve these problems by recognizing the "
"differences in media, and by allowing the system of marking to evolve as "
"technologies enable it to. The system could enable a special signal from the "
-"failure to mark--not the loss of the copyright, but the loss of the right to "
-"punish someone for failing to get permission first."
+"failure to mark—not the loss of the copyright, but the loss of the "
+"right to punish someone for failing to get permission first."
msgstr ""
"ett av problemene opphavsretten til systemet konfrontert tidlig var at ulike "
"opphavsrettslig beskyttet verk måtte være annerledes merket. Det var ikke "
"spesiell signalet fra å merke--ikke tap av opphavsretten, men tap av retten "
"til å straffe noen for ikke å få tillatelse først."
-#. f2.
+#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
"her. etter mitt syn er oppretter loven av derivater et mer komplisert system "
"enn er rettferdiggjort av marginale incitament opprettes."
-#. PAGE BREAK 296
+#. PAGE BREAK 296
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
"not be that the copyright is lost. The consequence could instead be that "
"anyone has the right to use this work, until the copyright owner complains "
-"and demonstrates that it is his work and he doesn't give "
-"permission.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The meaning of an "
-"unmarked work would therefore be \"use unless someone complains.\" If "
-"someone does complain, then the obligation would be to stop using the work "
-"in any new work from then on though no penalty would attach for existing "
-"uses. This would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark "
-"their work."
+"and demonstrates that it is his work and he doesn't give permission."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The meaning of an unmarked work "
+"would therefore be \"use unless someone complains.\" If someone does "
+"complain, then the obligation would be to stop using the work in any new "
+"work from then on though no penalty would attach for existing uses. This "
+"would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark their work."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
"that of approving standards for marking content that have been crafted "
"elsewhere."
msgstr ""
-"som i sin tur reiser spørsmålet om hvordan arbeidet best bør være "
-"merket. Her igjen, må systemet justere som teknologien utvikler seg. den "
-"beste måten å sikre at systemet utvikler seg er å begrense opphavsrett "
-"kontorets rolle for å godkjenne standarder for å merke innhold som har vært "
-"laget andre steder."
+"som i sin tur reiser spørsmålet om hvordan arbeidet best bør være merket. "
+"Her igjen, må systemet justere som teknologien utvikler seg. den beste måten "
+"å sikre at systemet utvikler seg er å begrense opphavsrett kontorets rolle "
+"for å godkjenne standarder for å merke innhold som har vært laget andre "
+"steder."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
"innovasjon i tråd med sin andre viktige funksjoner."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
"fotografier var preget av forfatteren og år, ville det være liten grunn til "
"ikke å tillate en fotograf å registrere på nytt, for eksempel alle bildene "
"som er tatt i et bestemt år i ett trinn. Målet med formalitet er å unngå "
-"unødige belastninger skaperen; selve systemet bør holdes så enkelt som "
-"mulig."
+"unødige belastninger skaperen; selve systemet bør holdes så enkelt som mulig."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
"som er uklart."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It "
"påstanden på riktig tidspunkt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
msgstr "2. kortere vilkår"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
"corporate forfattere og livet forfatter pluss sytti år for naturlig "
"forfattere."
-#. f3.
+#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"\"A Radical Rethink,\" Economist, 366:8308 (25 January 2003): 15, available "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"In The Future of Ideas, I proposed a seventy-five-year term, granted in "
-"five-year increments with a requirement of renewal every five years. That "
-"seemed radical enough at the time. But after we lost Eldred v. Ashcroft, "
-"the proposals became even more radical. The Economist endorsed a proposal "
-"fo
r a fourteen-year copyright term.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"In The Future of Ideas, I proposed a seventy-five-year term, granted in five-"
+"year increments with a requirement of renewal every five years. That seemed "
+"radical enough at the time. But after we lost Eldred v. Ashcroft, the "
+"proposals became even more radical. The Economist endorsed a proposal for a "
+"fourteen-year copyright term.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
"Others have proposed tying the term to the term for patents."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
"sikt. men om fjorten år eller sytti-fem, finnes det fire prinsipper som er "
"viktig å huske på om opphavsrett terms."
-#. (1)
+#. (1)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Keep it short: The term should be as long as necessary to give incentives to "
"create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong protections for "
"(ikke avledede) utvides ytterligere. nøkkelen er ikke å knytte arbeidet opp "
"med forskrifter når det ikke lenger fordeler en forfatter."
-#. (2)
-#. PAGE BREAK 298
+#. (2)
+#. PAGE BREAK 298
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Keep it simple: The line between the public domain and protected content "
"and \"idea/expression\" less necessary to navigate."
msgstr ""
-#. f4.
+#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
-"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
-"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
-"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>."
+"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/"
+"or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
"minutes every fifty years to file a single form."
msgstr ""
-#. (4)
+#. (4)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Keep it prospective: Whatever the term of copyright should be, the clearest "
"lesson that economists teach is that a term once given should not be "
"kan ha vært en feil i 1923 for lov å tilby forfattere bare en femti-seks års "
"sikt. Jeg tror ikke det, men det er mulig. Hvis det var en feil, da var "
"konsekvensen at vi fikk færre forfattere å opprette i 1923 enn vi ellers "
-"ville ha. men vi kan ikke korrigere at feil i dag ved å øke "
-"begrepet. Uansett hva vi gjør i dag, vil vi ikke øke antall forfattere som "
-"skrev i 1923. Selvfølgelig, kan vi øke belønning som dem som skriver nå få "
-"(eller eventuelt øke opphavsrett byrden som smothers mange fungerer som i "
-"dag er usynlig). men øke deres belønning vil ikke øke sin kreativitet i "
-"1923. Hva er ikke gjort er ikke gjort, og det er ingenting vi kan gjøre med "
-"det nå."
+"ville ha. men vi kan ikke korrigere at feil i dag ved å øke begrepet. "
+"Uansett hva vi gjør i dag, vil vi ikke øke antall forfattere som skrev i "
+"1923. Selvfølgelig, kan vi øke belønning som dem som skriver nå få (eller "
+"eventuelt øke opphavsrett byrden som smothers mange fungerer som i dag er "
+"usynlig). men øke deres belønning vil ikke øke sin kreativitet i 1923. Hva "
+"er ikke gjort er ikke gjort, og det er ingenting vi kan gjøre med det nå."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an average copyright term that is much "
"shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the average term was just 32.2 "
"som er mye kortere enn gjeldende begrepet. frem til 1976 var gjennomsnittlig "
"begrepet bare 32.2 år. Vi bør være sikter for samme."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I "
"om en mer sjenerøs opphavsrettighet enn richard nixon presided over?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr "3. gratis bruk vs. fair use"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
"gjorde ingen sans lenger for å gi så mye kontroll, gitt fremveksten av den "
"nye teknologien."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive "
-"right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right "
-"to \"their writings\" plus any derivative writings (made by others) that are "
+"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive right"
+"\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right to "
+"\"their writings\" plus any derivative writings (made by others) that are "
"sufficiently close to the author's original work. Thus, if I write a book, "
"and you base a movie on that book, I have the power to deny you the right to "
"release that movie, even though that movie is not \"my writing.\""
"skrive en bok og en film basert på boken, jeg har makt til å nekte deg rett "
"til å frigi den filmen, selv om filmen ikke er \"min skrive.\""
-#. f5.
+#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, An Unhurried View of Copyright (New York: Columbia "
"University Press, 1967), 32."
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
"dramatizations of a work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The "
-"courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever "
-"since. This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest "
-"judges, Judge Benjamin Kaplan."
+"courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever since. "
+"This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest judges, "
+"Judge Benjamin Kaplan."
msgstr ""
-#. f6.
+#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr "ibid., 56."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
-"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
-"sense. More precisely, they don't make sense for the period of time that a "
+"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make sense. "
+"More precisely, they don't make sense for the period of time that a "
"copyright runs. And they don't make sense as an amorphous grant. Consider "
"each limitation in turn."
msgstr ""
"Jeg tror det er på tide å anerkjenne at det er fly i dette feltet og "
-"expansiveness av disse rettigheter til avledede bruk ikke lenger "
-"fornuftig. mer presist, fornuftig de ikke for hvor lang tid som en copyright "
-"kjører. og de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver "
-"begrensning igjen."
+"expansiveness av disse rettigheter til avledede bruk ikke lenger fornuftig. "
+"mer presist, fornuftig de ikke for hvor lang tid som en copyright kjører. og "
+"de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver begrensning "
+"igjen."
-#. PAGE BREAK 300
+#. PAGE BREAK 300
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Term: If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, then that right should "
"be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect John Grisham's right "
"inducing kreativitet; Det er ikke viktig lenge etter skapende arbeid er "
"gjort."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Scope: Likewise should the scope of derivative rights be narrowed. Again, "
"material was within the control of businesses, perhaps it made sense to "
"require lawyers to negotiate the lines. It no longer makes sense for lawyers "
"to negotiate the lines. Think about all the creative possibilities that "
-"digital technologies enable; now imagine pouring molasses into the "
-"machines. That's what this general requirement of permission does to the "
-"creative process. Smothers it."
+"digital technologies enable; now imagine pouring molasses into the machines. "
+"That's what this general requirement of permission does to the creative "
+"process. Smothers it."
msgstr ""
-"område: på samme måte bør omfanget av avledede rettigheter bli "
-"innsnevret. igjen, det er noen tilfeller der avledede rettigheter er "
-"viktig. de skal angis. men loven skal tegne klare linjer rundt regulert og "
-"unregulated bruk av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. Når alle \"gjenbruk\" "
-"av kreative materiale var har kontroll over bedrifter, kanskje gjort det "
-"fornuftig å kreve advokater å forhandle linjene. Det er ikke lenger "
-"fornuftig for jurister å forhandle linjene. Tenk alle de kreative "
-"mulighetene som digital teknologi aktivere; Nå forestille pouring molasses "
-"til maskinene. Det er hva denne generelle krav om tillatelse betyr for den "
-"kreative prosessen. Smothers det."
+"område: på samme måte bør omfanget av avledede rettigheter bli innsnevret. "
+"igjen, det er noen tilfeller der avledede rettigheter er viktig. de skal "
+"angis. men loven skal tegne klare linjer rundt regulert og unregulated bruk "
+"av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. Når alle \"gjenbruk\" av kreative "
+"materiale var har kontroll over bedrifter, kanskje gjort det fornuftig å "
+"kreve advokater å forhandle linjene. Det er ikke lenger fornuftig for "
+"jurister å forhandle linjene. Tenk alle de kreative mulighetene som digital "
+"teknologi aktivere; Nå forestille pouring molasses til maskinene. Det er hva "
+"denne generelle krav om tillatelse betyr for den kreative prosessen. "
+"Smothers det."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
-"derivative rights--turning a book into a movie, or a poem into a musical "
-"score--it doesn't make sense to require negotiation for the "
+"derivative rights—turning a book into a movie, or a poem into a "
+"musical score—it doesn't make sense to require negotiation for the "
"unforeseeable. Here, a statutory right would make much more sense."
msgstr ""
-"Dette var poenget som alben gjort når beskriver inngåelse av clint "
-"eastwood-cd. mens det er fornuftig å kreve forhandling for overskuelig "
-"avledede rettigheter--snu en bok i en film eller et dikt i en musikalsk "
-"poengsum--det ikke fornuftig å kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. her, "
-"ville en lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig."
+"Dette var poenget som alben gjort når beskriver inngåelse av clint eastwood-"
+"cd. mens det er fornuftig å kreve forhandling for overskuelig avledede "
+"rettigheter--snu en bok i en film eller et dikt i en musikalsk poengsum--det "
+"ikke fornuftig å kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. her, ville en "
+"lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig."
-#. f7.
+#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial Jukebox "
-"(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187216."
+"(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187–216."
msgstr ""
"Paul goldstein, copyright's highway: fra gutenberg til den himmelske "
"jukeboksen (stanford: stanford university press, 2003), 187216."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
"arkitekturer av inntekt, kombinert med en sterk copyright svekke prosessen "
"med innovasjon."
-#. PAGE BREAK 301
+#. PAGE BREAK 301
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
"gjenbruk ville tjene artister mer inntekter."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
-msgid "4. Liberate the Music--Again"
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr "4. frigjøre musikk--på nytt"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
-"most pressing--music. There is no other policy issue that better teaches the "
-"lessons of this book than the battles around the sharing of music."
+"most pressing—music. There is no other policy issue that better "
+"teaches the lessons of this book than the battles around the sharing of "
+"music."
msgstr ""
"Slaget som fikk dette hele krigen går var om musikk, så det ikke ville være "
"rettferdig å avslutte denne boken uten å ta opp problemet som er, for "
"lærer erfaringene fra denne boken enn slagene rundt deling av musikk."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
-"other single application. It was the Internet's killer app--possibly in two "
-"senses of that word. It no doubt was the application that drove demand for "
-"bandwidth. It may well be the application that drives demand for regulations "
-"that in the end kill innovation on the network."
+"other single application. It was the Internet's killer app—possibly in "
+"two senses of that word. It no doubt was the application that drove demand "
+"for bandwidth. It may well be the application that drives demand for "
+"regulations that in the end kill innovation on the network."
msgstr ""
"Anken av fildelings-musikken var crack-kokain av internetts vekst. den "
"kjørte behov for tilgang til Internett mer kraftfullt enn andre enkelt "
"forskrifter som til slutt drepe innovasjon på nettverket."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
"kontrollere kopier av hennes ytelse."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
"alle fildeling nettverk gjør. som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 5, aktivere de "
"fire forskjellige typer deling:"
-#. A.
+#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
-msgstr "Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for å kjøpe CDer."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for å kjøpe CDer."
-#. B.
+#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"purchasing CDs."
"Det er også noen som bruker deling nettverk for å prøve, på vei til å kjøpe "
"CDer."
-#. PAGE BREAK 302
-#. C.
+#. PAGE BREAK 302
+#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
"innhold som selges ikke lenger, men er fortsatt under opphavsrett eller som "
"ville ha vært altfor tunge å kjøpe fra nettet."
-#. D.
+#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
"eieren av opphavsretten tydelig godkjenner."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
"with which the law aims to eliminate type A, moreover, should depend upon "
"the magnitude of type B. As with VCRs, if the net effect of sharing is "
-"actually not very harmful, the need for regulation is significantly "
-"weakened."
+"actually not very harmful, the need for regulation is significantly weakened."
msgstr ""
"noen reform av loven behov for å holde disse ulike bruksområder i fokus. den "
"må unngå bebyrde type d selv om formålet er å eliminere type a. den iver "
"etter med som loven sikte på å eliminere type a, videre bør avhenger "
"omfanget av typen b. som med videospillere, hvis netto effekt av en deling "
-"er faktisk ikke svært skadelige, behovet for regulering er betydelig "
-"svekket."
+"er faktisk ikke svært skadelige, behovet for regulering er betydelig svekket."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
"For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I "
"type B, and is the dominant use of sharing networks."
msgstr ""
"som jeg sa i kapittel 5, er den faktiske skaden forårsaket av deling "
-"kontroversielt. i hensikt av dette kapitlet, men antar jeg skaden er "
-"reell. Jeg antar, med andre ord, denne typen en deling er betydelig større "
-"enn type b, og er dominerende bruk av deling av nettverk."
+"kontroversielt. i hensikt av dette kapitlet, men antar jeg skaden er reell. "
+"Jeg antar, med andre ord, denne typen en deling er betydelig større enn type "
+"b, og er dominerende bruk av deling av nettverk."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
-"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
-"respond."
+"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should respond."
msgstr ""
"Likevel, det er en avgjørende faktor om gjeldende teknologiske kontekst som "
"vi må huske på at vi skal forstå hvordan loven skal reagere."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
"content. It won't be the easiest way to get access to a broad range of "
"content in ten years. Today, access to the Internet is cumbersome and "
-"slow--we in the United States are lucky to have broadband service at 1.5 "
-"MBs, and very rarely do we get service at that speed both up and "
-"down. Although wireless access is growing, most of us still get access "
-"across wires. Most only gain access through a machine with a keyboard. The "
-"idea of the always on, always connected Internet is mainly just an idea."
+"slow—we in the United States are lucky to have broadband service at "
+"1.5 MBs, and very rarely do we get service at that speed both up and down. "
+"Although wireless access is growing, most of us still get access across "
+"wires. Most only gain access through a machine with a keyboard. The idea of "
+"the always on, always connected Internet is mainly just an idea."
msgstr ""
"i dag, er fildeling addictive. i ti år, vil ikke det være. Det er addictive "
"i dag fordi det er den enkleste måten å få tilgang til et bredt spekter av "
"innhold. det vil ikke være den enkleste måten å få tilgang til et bredt "
-"spekter av innhold i ti år. i dag, tilgang til Internett er tunge og "
-"sakte--vi i USA er heldig å ha bredbåndstjeneste på 1,5 mbs og svært sjelden "
-"får vi service på den hastigheten som er både opp og ned. Selv om trådløs "
-"tilgang er økende, få de fleste av oss fortsatt tilgang på tvers av "
-"ledninger. de fleste bare få tilgang gjennom en maskin med et "
-"tastatur. ideen om den alltid på, alltid tilkoblet Internett er hovedsakelig "
-"bare en idé."
+"spekter av innhold i ti år. i dag, tilgang til Internett er tunge og sakte--"
+"vi i USA er heldig å ha bredbåndstjeneste på 1,5 mbs og svært sjelden får vi "
+"service på den hastigheten som er både opp og ned. Selv om trådløs tilgang "
+"er økende, få de fleste av oss fortsatt tilgang på tvers av ledninger. de "
+"fleste bare få tilgang gjennom en maskin med et tastatur. ideen om den "
+"alltid på, alltid tilkoblet Internett er hovedsakelig bare en idé."
-#. PAGE BREAK 303
+#. PAGE BREAK 303
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
"should the law regulate sharing in this world? The question should be, what "
"law will we require when the network becomes the network it is clearly "
"becoming? That network is one in which every machine with electricity is "
-"essentially on the Net; where everywhere you are--except maybe the desert or "
-"the Rockies--you can instantaneously be connected to the Internet. Imagine "
-"the Internet as ubiquitous as the best cell-phone service, where with the "
-"flip of a device, you are connected."
+"essentially on the Net; where everywhere you are—except maybe the "
+"desert or the Rockies—you can instantaneously be connected to the "
+"Internet. Imagine the Internet as ubiquitous as the best cell-phone service, "
+"where with the flip of a device, you are connected."
msgstr ""
"men det vil bli en realitet, og det betyr at måten vi får tilgang til "
"Internett i dag er en teknologi i overgangen. beslutningstakere må ikke "
"Internett. Tenk deg så allestedsnærværende som beste mobiltelefonen "
"tjenesten, der med flippen på en enhet, du er tilkoblet Internett."
-#. f8.
+#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April "
-"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#76</ulink>."
+"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #76</"
+"ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
-"you access to content on the fly--such as Internet radio, content that is "
-"streamed to the user when the user demands. Here, then, is the critical "
+"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
+"is streamed to the user when the user demands. Here, then, is the critical "
"point: When it is extremely easy to connect to services that give access to "
"content, it will be easier to connect to services that give you access to "
"content than it will be to download and store content on the many devices "
"services will compete with content sharing, even if the services charge "
"money for the content they give access to. Already cell-phone services in "
"Japan offer music (for a fee) streamed over cell phones (enhanced with plugs "
-"for headphones). The Japanese are paying for this content even though "
-"\"free\" content is available in the form of MP3s across the "
-"Web.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"for headphones). The Japanese are paying for this content even though \"free"
+"\" content is available in the form of MP3s across the Web.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 304
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
-"present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file sharing--to "
-"the extent there is a real problem--is a problem that will increasingly "
-"disappear as it becomes easier to connect to the Internet. And thus it is "
-"an extraordinary mistake for policy makers today to be \"solving\" this "
-"problem in light of a technology that will be gone tomorrow. The question "
-"should not be how to regulate the Internet to eliminate file sharing (the "
-"Net will evolve that problem away). The question instead should be how to "
-"assure that artists get paid, during this transition between "
-"twentieth-century models for doing business and twenty-first-century "
-"technologies."
+"present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file "
+"sharing—to the extent there is a real problem—is a problem that "
+"will increasingly disappear as it becomes easier to connect to the "
+"Internet. And thus it is an extraordinary mistake for policy makers today "
+"to be \"solving\" this problem in light of a technology that will be gone "
+"tomorrow. The question should not be how to regulate the Internet to "
+"eliminate file sharing (the Net will evolve that problem away). The question "
+"instead should be how to assure that artists get paid, during this "
+"transition between twentieth-century models for doing business and twenty-"
+"first-century technologies."
msgstr ""
"dette punktet om fremtiden er ment å foreslå et perspektiv på stede: det er "
"spesielt midlertidig. \"problemet\" med fildeling--i den grad det er et "
"betalt, under denne overgangen mellom 1900-tallet modeller for å gjøre "
"forretnings- og tyve-første-tallet teknologier."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" "
-"here to solve. Let's start with type D content--uncopyrighted content or "
-"copyrighted content that the artist wants shared. The \"problem\" with this "
-"content is to make sure that the technology that would enable this kind of "
-"sharing is not rendered illegal. You can think of it this way: Pay phones "
+"here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content "
+"or copyrighted content that the artist wants shared. The \"problem\" with "
+"this content is to make sure that the technology that would enable this kind "
+"of sharing is not rendered illegal. You can think of it this way: Pay phones "
"are used to deliver ransom demands, no doubt. But there are many who need "
"to use pay phones who have nothing to do with ransoms. It would be wrong to "
"ban pay phones in order to eliminate kidnapping."
"innholdet er å sørge for at teknologien som ville gjøre det mulig for denne "
"type deling ikke gjengis ulovlig. Du kan tenke på det på denne måten: betal "
"telefoner brukes til å levere løsepenger krav, ingen tvil. men det er mange "
-"som trenger å bruke betale telefoner som har ingenting å gjøre med "
-"ransoms. det ville være feil å utestenge betale telefoner for å eliminere "
-"kidnapping."
+"som trenger å bruke betale telefoner som har ingenting å gjøre med ransoms. "
+"det ville være feil å utestenge betale telefoner for å eliminere kidnapping."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at "
"arbeidet er glemt. Uansett bør sikte på loven å forenkle tilgang til dette "
"innholdet, ideelt på en måte som returnerer noe til kunstneren."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"perspektiv, denne \"deling\" av hans innhold uten hans blir kompensert er "
"mindre enn ideell."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
-"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
-"music available for sale, then commercial and noncommercial providers would "
-"be free, under this rule, to \"share\" that content, even though the sharing "
+"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem out-of-"
+"print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the music "
+"available for sale, then commercial and noncommercial providers would be "
+"free, under this rule, to \"share\" that content, even though the sharing "
"involved making a copy. The copy here would be incidental to the trade; in a "
"context where commercial publishing has ended, trading music should be as "
"free as trading books."
"sammenheng der kommersielle publisering er avsluttet, bør handel musikk være "
"gratis som handel bøker."
-#. PAGE BREAK 305
+#. PAGE BREAK 305
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
"denne handelen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
"subject to this license. Thus, publishers could protect the right to charge "
-"whatever they want for content if they kept the work commercially "
-"available. But if they don't keep it available, and instead, the computer "
-"hard disks of fans around the world keep it alive, then any royalty owed for "
-"such copying should be much less than the amount owed a commercial "
-"publisher."
+"whatever they want for content if they kept the work commercially available. "
+"But if they don't keep it available, and instead, the computer hard disks of "
+"fans around the world keep it alive, then any royalty owed for such copying "
+"should be much less than the amount owed a commercial publisher."
msgstr ""
"Dette systemet vil også skape et insentiv for utgivere å holde works "
"tilgjengelig kommersielt. verk som er kommersielt tilgjengelige ville ikke "
"en kommersiell utgiver."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
"for å levere og tilgang til innhold."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
"krigen, men som på refleksjon, jeg foreslå, bør gjøre noe fornuftig."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
"så har også, teknologien for digitale nettverk skadet interessene til "
"innhold industrien."
-#. PAGE BREAK 306
+#. PAGE BREAK 306
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
msgstr ""
"Jeg elsker Internett, og så jeg ikke liker likening det til tobakk eller "
"asbest. men analogien er en rettferdig en fra et perspektiv av loven. og det "
-"antyder en virkelig svar: i stedet for søker å ødelegge Internett eller "
-"p2p-teknologier som er tiden skade innholdsleverandører på Internett, må vi "
+"antyder en virkelig svar: i stedet for søker å ødelegge Internett eller p2p-"
+"teknologier som er tiden skade innholdsleverandører på Internett, må vi "
"finne en relativt enkel måte å kompensere de som er skadet."
-#. f9.
+#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"William Fisher, Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities (last revised: 10 "
-"October 2000), available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, "
-"Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of Entertainment "
-"(forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), ch. 6, available "
-"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #78</ulink>. Professor "
-"Netanel has proposed a related idea that would exempt noncommercial sharing "
-"from the reach of copyright and would establish compensation to artists to "
-"balance any loss. See Neil Weinstock Netanel, \"Impose a Noncommercial Use "
-"Levy to Allow Free P2P File Sharing,\" available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #79</ulink>. For other proposals, "
-"see Lawrence Lessig, \"Who's Holding Back Broadband?\" Washington Post, 8 "
-"January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman Networks, A Letter "
-"to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations "
-"Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, A "
-"Quick Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF), 3 March 2002, available "
-"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson "
+"October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and "
+"the Future of Entertainment (forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University "
+"Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel has proposed a related idea that "
+"would exempt noncommercial sharing from the reach of copyright and would "
+"establish compensation to artists to balance any loss. See Neil Weinstock "
+"Netanel, \"Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P File Sharing,\" "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #79</ulink>. "
+"For other proposals, see Lawrence Lessig, \"Who's Holding Back Broadband?\" "
+"Washington Post, 8 January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman "
+"Networks, A Letter to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate "
+"Foreign Relations Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, A Quick "
+"Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF), 3 March 2002, available at "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson "
"Graham, \"Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly,\" USA Today, 13 "
"May 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
"#82</ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, \"Getting Copyright Right,\" IEEE Spectrum "
-"Online, 1 July 2002, available at <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, "
-"\"Verizon's Copyright Campaign,\" CNET News.com, 27 August 2002, available "
-"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's "
-"proposal is very similar to Richard Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike "
-"Fisher's, Stallman's proposal would not pay artists directly proportionally, "
-"though more popular artists would get more than the less popular. As is "
-"typical with Stallman, his proposal predates the current debate by about a "
-"decade. See <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>."
+"Online, 1 July 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, \"Verizon's Copyright Campaign,\" "
+"CNET News.com, 27 August 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's proposal is very similar to Richard "
+"Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike Fisher's, Stallman's proposal would not "
+"pay artists directly proportionally, though more popular artists would get "
+"more than the less popular. As is typical with Stallman, his proposal "
+"predates the current debate by about a decade. See <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
-"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> Fisher suggests a very clever way around the current impasse of "
-"the Internet. Under his plan, all content capable of digital transmission "
-"would (1) be marked with a digital watermark (don't worry about how easy it "
-"is to evade these marks; as you'll see, there's no incentive to evade "
-"them). Once the content is marked, then entrepreneurs would develop (2) "
-"systems to monitor how many items of each content were distributed. On the "
-"basis of those numbers, then (3) artists would be compensated. The "
-"compensation would be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax."
+"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> Fisher suggests a very clever way around the current impasse of the "
+"Internet. Under his plan, all content capable of digital transmission would "
+"(1) be marked with a digital watermark (don't worry about how easy it is to "
+"evade these marks; as you'll see, there's no incentive to evade them). Once "
+"the content is marked, then entrepreneurs would develop (2) systems to "
+"monitor how many items of each content were distributed. On the basis of "
+"those numbers, then (3) artists would be compensated. The compensation would "
+"be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, Promises to "
"system of controlling access."
msgstr ""
"fisher's forslag er grundige og omfattende. det reiser en million "
-"spørsmålene, mest av som han svarer godt i hans kommende bok, lover å "
-"holde. endring som jeg ville gjøre er relativt enkel: fisher bilder hans "
-"forslag erstatte eksisterende opphavsretten til systemet. Jeg antar det "
-"utfyller det eksisterende systemet. Målet med forslaget vil være å forenkle "
-"kompensasjon i den grad at skade kan bli vist. Denne kompensasjon skulle "
-"være midlertidig, som tar sikte på å lette en overgang mellom regimer. og "
-"det ville kreve fornyelse etter en periode med årene. Hvis den fortsetter å "
-"gi mening å forenkle gratis utveksling av innhold, støttet gjennom en "
+"spørsmålene, mest av som han svarer godt i hans kommende bok, lover å holde. "
+"endring som jeg ville gjøre er relativt enkel: fisher bilder hans forslag "
+"erstatte eksisterende opphavsretten til systemet. Jeg antar det utfyller det "
+"eksisterende systemet. Målet med forslaget vil være å forenkle kompensasjon "
+"i den grad at skade kan bli vist. Denne kompensasjon skulle være "
+"midlertidig, som tar sikte på å lette en overgang mellom regimer. og det "
+"ville kreve fornyelse etter en periode med årene. Hvis den fortsetter å gi "
+"mening å forenkle gratis utveksling av innhold, støttet gjennom en "
"skattesystemet, så det kan fortsettes. Hvis denne typen beskyttelse ikke "
"lenger er nødvendig, kan systemet lapse i det gamle systemet å kontrollere "
"tilgangen."
+#. PAGE BREAK 307
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
"supports the widest range of \"semiotic democracy\" possible. But the aims "
"of semiotic democracy would be satisfied if the other changes I described "
-"were accomplished--in particular, the limits on derivative uses. A system "
-"that simply charges for access would not greatly burden semiotic democracy "
-"if there were few limitations on what one was allowed to do with the content "
-"itself."
+"were accomplished—in particular, the limits on derivative uses. A "
+"system that simply charges for access would not greatly burden semiotic "
+"democracy if there were few limitations on what one was allowed to do with "
+"the content itself."
msgstr ""
"Fisher vil balk på ideen om å la systemet synker. hans mål er ikke bare for "
"å sikre at kunstnere er betalt, men også å sikre at systemet støtter en "
"ville ikke sterkt belaster semiotic demokrati Hvis det var noen "
"begrensninger på hva en var tillatt å gjøre med selve innholdet."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" "
"proven correct: Apple has sold millions of songs at even the very high price "
"of 99 cents a song. (At 99 cents, the cost is the equivalent of a per-song "
"CD price, though the labels have none of the costs of a CD to pay.) Apple's "
-"move was countered by Real Networks, offering music at just 79 cents a "
-"song. And no doubt there will be a great deal of competition to offer and "
-"sell music on-line."
+"move was countered by Real Networks, offering music at just 79 cents a song. "
+"And no doubt there will be a great deal of competition to offer and sell "
+"music on-line."
msgstr ""
"ingen tvil om ville det være vanskelig å beregne riktig mål for \"skade\" "
"til en industri. men vanskeligheten av å gjøre multiplikasjonene ville være "
"oppveies av fordel for tilrettelegging innovasjon. Dette bakgrunn-systemet "
"for å kompensere ville ikke må også forstyrre nyskapende forslag for "
"eksempel Apples musicstore. som eksperter spådd når apple lanserte "
-"musicstore, vil det kunne slå \"gratis\" ved å være enklere enn er "
-"gratis. Dette har vist riktig: apple har solgt flere millioner sanger på "
-"selv svært høy pris på 99 cents en sang. (på 99 cents, kostnaden tilsvarer "
-"en per sang cd pris, men etikettene har ingen av kostnadene for en cd for å "
-"betale.) Apple nå går ble motvirket av real networks, tilbyr musikk på bare "
-"79 cents en sang. og ingen tvil om det vil være mye konkurranse å tilby og "
-"selge musikk på nettet."
+"musicstore, vil det kunne slå \"gratis\" ved å være enklere enn er gratis. "
+"Dette har vist riktig: apple har solgt flere millioner sanger på selv svært "
+"høy pris på 99 cents en sang. (på 99 cents, kostnaden tilsvarer en per sang "
+"cd pris, men etikettene har ingen av kostnadene for en cd for å betale.) "
+"Apple nå går ble motvirket av real networks, tilbyr musikk på bare 79 cents "
+"en sang. og ingen tvil om det vil være mye konkurranse å tilby og selge "
+"musikk på nettet."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" "
"thirty years, and the sellers of bottled water for much more than that, "
"there is nothing impossible at all about \"competing with free.\" Indeed, if "
"anything, the competition spurs the competitors to offer new and better "
-"products. This is precisely what the competitive market was to be "
-"about. Thus in Singapore, though piracy is rampant, movie theaters are often "
-"luxurious--with \"first class\" seats, and meals served while you watch a "
-"movie--as they struggle and succeed in finding ways to compete with "
+"products. This is precisely what the competitive market was to be about. "
+"Thus in Singapore, though piracy is rampant, movie theaters are often "
+"luxurious—with \"first class\" seats, and meals served while you watch "
+"a movie—as they struggle and succeed in finding ways to compete with "
"\"free.\""
msgstr ""
"Denne konkurransen har allerede skjedd på bakgrunn av \"gratis\" musikk fra "
"finne måter å konkurrere med \"gratis\"."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
"content. That competition would continue to shrink type A sharing. It would "
-"inspire an extraordinary range of new innovators--ones who would have a "
+"inspire an extraordinary range of new innovators—ones who would have a "
"right to the content, and would no longer fear the uncertain and "
"barbarically severe punishments of the law."
msgstr ""
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr "Oppsummert, så er mitt forslag dette:"
-#. PAGE BREAK 308
+#. PAGE BREAK 308
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
"effektive teknologien vi kan opprette."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
-msgstr "Vi kan minimere den skade samtidig maksimere fordelen til innovasjon av"
+msgstr ""
+"Vi kan minimere den skade samtidig maksimere fordelen til innovasjon av"
-#. 1.
+#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr "garantere retten til å engasjere seg i type-d dele;"
-#. 2.
+#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
"tillater ikke-kommersiell type c deling uten erstatningsansvar og "
"kommersielle type c deling med en lav og fast hastighet ved lov;"
-#. 3.
+#. 3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
"mens du er i denne overgangen, taxing og kompensere for typen en deling, i "
"grad er faktiske skade vist."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive "
"deretter?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
"sikre kunstneres kompensasjon uten å bryte Internett. Når som er trygg, kan "
"deretter det godt være riktig å finne måter å spore opp smålig pirates."
-#. PAGE BREAK 309
+#. PAGE BREAK 309
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
-msgstr "5. brann masse advokater"
+msgstr "5. Spark en masse advokater"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"not because there are big bucks at the end but because there are ideals at "
"the end that I would love to live."
msgstr ""
-"Jeg er en advokat. jeg gjøre advokater for en lever. Jeg tror på loven. Jeg "
-"tror på loven om opphavsrett. Jeg har faktisk viet livet til arbeider i lov, "
-"ikke fordi det er stor bukk på slutten, men fordi det er idealer på slutten "
-"som jeg ville elske å leve."
+"Jeg er en advokat. Jeg lever av å lage advokater. Jeg tror på loven. Jeg "
+"tror på opphavsrettsloven. Jeg har faktisk viet livet til å jobbe med loven, "
+"ikke fordi det er mye penger å tjene, men fordi det innebærer idealer som "
+"jeg elsker å leve opp til."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
"rike klientene har en sterk visning, yrke å spørsmålet eller telleren uvilje "
"mot en sterk visningen queers loven."
-#. f10.
+#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer "
-"Memorial Lecture), UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 106970."
+"Memorial Lecture), UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069–70."
msgstr ""
-"Lawrence lessig, \"copyright's first endring\" (melville b. nimmer "
-"memorial lecture), ucla lov gå gjennom 48 (2001): 1057, 106970."
+"Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer "
+"Memorial Lecture), UCLA law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069–70."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"in the history of this branch of the law. Many, for example, thought crazy "
"the challenge that we brought to the Copyright Term Extension Act. Yet just "
"thirty years ago, the dominant scholar and practitioner in the field of "
-"copyright, Melville Nimmer, thought it obvious.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"copyright, Melville Nimmer, thought it obvious.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
"to actually reckon the costs of the law."
msgstr ""
-"min kritikk av rollen som advokater har spilt i denne debatten er imidlertid "
-"ikke bare om en profesjonell skjevhet. Det er enda viktigere om vår "
-"manglende evne til å faktisk regner med kostnadene for loven."
+"Min kritikk av rollen som advokater har spilt i denne debatten handler "
+"imidlertid ikke bare om en profesjonell skjevhet. Det handler enda viktigere "
+"om vår manglende evne til å faktisk ta inn over oss hva loven koster."
-#. f11.
+#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
-"question his own publicly stated position--twice. He initially predicted "
-"that downloading would substantially harm the industry. He then revised his "
-"view in light of the data, and he has since revised his view again. Compare "
-"Stan J. Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy: The True Forces That "
-"Drive the Digital Marketplace (New York: Amacom, 2002), (reviewing his "
-"original view but expressing skepticism) with Stan J. Liebowitz, \"Will "
-"MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" working paper, June 2003, available "
-"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. "
-"Liebowitz's careful analysis is extremely valuable in estimating the effect "
-"of file-sharing technology. In my view, however, he underestimates the costs "
-"of the legal system. See, for example, Rethinking, 17476."
+"question his own publicly stated position—twice. He initially "
+"predicted that downloading would substantially harm the industry. He then "
+"revised his view in light of the data, and he has since revised his view "
+"again. Compare Stan J. Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy: The True "
+"Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace (New York: Amacom, 2002), "
+"(reviewing his original view but expressing skepticism) with Stan J. "
+"Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" working paper, June "
+"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</"
+"ulink>. Liebowitz's careful analysis is extremely valuable in estimating "
+"the effect of file-sharing technology. In my view, however, he "
+"underestimates the costs of the legal system. See, for example, Rethinking, "
+"174–76."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
"the way their elementary school civics class taught them it works."
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 310
+#. PAGE BREAK 310
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
"astonishingly høyt som rettferdighet praktisk talt aldri kan gjøres."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
"høyprofilerte og kostbare tilfeller."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
-"to change the way the law works--or better, to change the law so that it "
-"works. It is wrong that the system works well only for the top 1 percent of "
-"the clients. It could be made radically more efficient, and inexpensive, and "
-"hence radically more just."
+"to change the way the law works—or better, to change the law so that "
+"it works. It is wrong that the system works well only for the top 1 percent "
+"of the clients. It could be made radically more efficient, and inexpensive, "
+"and hence radically more just."
msgstr ""
"costliness og clumsiness og tilfeldigheten til dette systemet håne vår "
"tradisjon. og advokater, samt akademikere, bør vurdere det deres plikt til å "
"radikalt mer rettferdig."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
"altfor ofte gjøre hvis for mye av vår kultur er igjen til gjennomgangen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
-"technology--the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about the "
-"amazing things your community could facilitate with digital technology--a "
-"wiki, a barn raising, activism to change something. Think about all those "
-"creative things, and then imagine cold molasses poured onto the "
-"machines. This is what any regime that requires permission produces. Again, "
-"this is the reality of Brezhnev's Russia."
+"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
+"the amazing things your community could facilitate with digital "
+"technology—a wiki, a barn raising, activism to change something. "
+"Think about all those creative things, and then imagine cold molasses poured "
+"onto the machines. This is what any regime that requires permission "
+"produces. Again, this is the reality of Brezhnev's Russia."
msgstr ""
"Tenk på de fantastiske tingene barnet kan gjøre eller gjøre med digital "
"teknologi--filmen, musikken, web-siden, bloggen. eller Tenk på de "
"hva noen regime som krever tillatelse produserer. igjen, dette er "
"virkeligheten av brezhnev's Russland."
+#. PAGE BREAK 311
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture--but it should regulate "
-"culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely test their "
-"power, or the power they promote, against this simple pragmatic question: "
-"\"Will it do good?\" When challenged about the expanding reach of the law, "
-"the lawyer answers, \"Why not?\""
+"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
+"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
+"test their power, or the power they promote, against this simple pragmatic "
+"question: \"Will it do good?\" When challenged about the expanding reach of "
+"the law, the lawyer answers, \"Why not?\""
msgstr ""
"loven skal regulere i visse områder av kultur-- men det skal regulere kultur "
"bare der den reguleringen gjør bra. men advokater sjelden teste deres makt, "
"det gjøre gode?\" når utfordret om det utvider nå av loven, advokat-svar, "
"\"Hvorfor ikke?\""
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
-"We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is "
-"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
-"lawyers away."
+"We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is needed. "
+"Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your lawyers "
+"away."
msgstr ""
-"Vi bør spørre: \"Hvorfor?\" Vis meg hvorfor din regulering av kultur er "
-"nødvendig. Vis meg hvordan det fungerer bra. og før du kan vise meg begge, "
-"holde advokater din unna."
+"Vi burde spørre: \"Hvorfor?\" Vis meg hvorfor din regulering av kultur er "
+"nødvendig og vis meg hvordan reguleringen fungerer bra. Før du kan vise meg "
+"begge, holde advokatene din unna."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "NOTES"
-msgstr "notater"
+msgstr "Notater"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
-"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
+"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide Web. "
+"As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
"unstable. I have tried to remedy the instability by redirecting readers to "
"the original source through the Web site associated with this book. For each "
"link below, you can go to http://free-culture.cc/notes and locate the "
"link has disappeared, you will be redirected to an appropriate reference for "
"the material."
msgstr ""
+"I denne teksten er det referanser til lenker på verdensveven. Og som alle "
+"som har forsøkt å bruke nettet vet, så vil disse lenkene være svært "
+"ustabile. Jeg har forsøkt å motvirke denne ustabiliteten ved å omdirigere "
+"lesere til den originale kilden gjennom en nettside som hører til denne "
+"boken. For hver lenke under, så kan du gå til http://free-culture.cc/notes "
+"og finne den originale kilden ved å klikke på nummeret etter #-tegnet. If "
+"den originale lenken fortsatt er i live, så vil du bli omdirigert til den "
+"lenken. Hvis den originale lenken har forsvunnet, så vil du bli omdirigert "
+"til en passende referanse til materialet."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
-msgstr "bekreftelser"
+msgstr "Takk til"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"helped launch a movement, the free culture movement, and it is to him that "
"this book is dedicated."
msgstr ""
-"Denne boken er produktet av en lang og ennå mislykkede kamp som begynte da "
-"jeg leste av eric eldred krig å holde bøker gratis. eldred's arbeid bidro "
-"til å lansere en bevegelse, fri kultur, og det er til ham at denne boken er "
-"dedikert."
+"Denne boken er produktet av en lang og så langt mislykket kamp som begynte "
+"da jeg leste om Eric Eldreds krig for å sørge for at bøker forble frie. "
+"Eldreds innsats bidro til å lansere en bevegelse, fri kultur-bevegelsen, og "
+"denne boken er tilegnet ham."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
"Jeg fikk veiledning i forskjellige steder fra venner og akademikere, "
"inkludert glenn brun, peter dicola, jennifer mnookin, richard posner, "
"markere rose og kathleen sullivan. og jeg fikk korreksjon og veiledning fra "
-"mange fantastiske studenter ved stanford law school og stanford "
-"university. de inkludert andrew b. coan, john eden, james p. fellers, "
-"christopher guzelian, erica goldberg, robert hallman, andrew harris, matthew "
-"kahn, brian-kobling, ohad mayblum, alina ng og erica platt. Jeg er særlig "
-"takknemlig overfor catherine crump og harry surden, som hjalp direkte deres "
-"forskning og til laura lynch, som briljant klarte hæren at de samlet, og ga "
-"sin egen kritisk blikk på mye av dette."
-
-#. PAGE BREAK 337
+"mange fantastiske studenter ved stanford law school og stanford university. "
+"de inkludert andrew b. coan, john eden, james p. fellers, christopher "
+"guzelian, erica goldberg, robert hallman, andrew harris, matthew kahn, brian-"
+"kobling, ohad mayblum, alina ng og erica platt. Jeg er særlig takknemlig "
+"overfor catherine crump og harry surden, som hjalp direkte deres forskning "
+"og til laura lynch, som briljant klarte hæren at de samlet, og ga sin egen "
+"kritisk blikk på mye av dette."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 337
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
"Tadashi Shiraishi and Kiyokazu Yamagami for their generous help while I was "
"there."
msgstr ""
-"Yuko noguchi hjalp meg å forstå lovene i japan, så vel som sin kultur. Jeg "
+"Yuko Noguchi hjalp meg å forstå lovene i japan, så vel som sin kultur. Jeg "
"er takknemlig til henne, og til mange i japan som hjalp meg med å forberede "
"denne boken: joi ito, alt matsutani, naoto misaki, michihiro sasaki "
"hiromichi tanaka, hiroo yamagata og yoshihiro yonezawa. Jeg er takknemlig så "
"for å gi meg muligheten til å bruke tid i japan, og tadashi shiraishi og "
"kiyokazu yamagami for deres sjenerøs hjelp mens jeg var der."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
-"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
-"advice and correction from many whom I have never even met. Among those who "
-"have responded with extremely helpful advice to requests on my blog about "
-"the book are Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli, David Gerstein, and Peter DiMauro, as "
-"well as a long list of those who had specific ideas about ways to develop my "
+"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw upon. "
+"But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive advice "
+"and correction from many whom I have never even met. Among those who have "
+"responded with extremely helpful advice to requests on my blog about the "
+"book are Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli, David Gerstein, and Peter DiMauro, as well "
+"as a long list of those who had specific ideas about ways to develop my "
"argument. They included Richard Bondi, Steven Cherry, David Coe, Nik "
"Cubrilovic, Bob Devine, Charles Eicher, Thomas Guida, Elihu M. Gerson, "
"Jeremy Hunsinger, Vaughn Iverson, John Karabaic, Jeff Keltner, James "
"Dette er de tradisjonelle former for hjelp som akademikere regelmessig "
"trekke på. men i tillegg til dem, Internett har gjort det mulig å motta råd "
"og korrigering fra mange hvem jeg har aldri møtt. blant de som har svart med "
-"svært nyttig råd til forespørsler på bloggen min om boken er dr. Muhammed "
-"al-ubaydli, david gerstein og peter dimauro, samt en lang liste med de som "
+"svært nyttig råd til forespørsler på bloggen min om boken er dr. Muhammed al-"
+"ubaydli, david gerstein og peter dimauro, samt en lang liste med de som "
"hadde spesifikke ideer om måter å utvikle mitt argument. de inkludert "
"richard bondi, steven cherry, david coe, nik cubrilovic, bob devine, charles "
"eicher, thomas fjord, elihu m gerson, jeremy hunsinger, vaughn iverson, john "
"jeg mistet en haug med stor svar.)"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
"in part inspired by Stallman's, he does not agree with me in important "
"places throughout this book."
msgstr ""
-"Richard stallman og michael carroll hver lese hele boken i utkast, og hver "
-"forutsatt svært nyttig korreksjon og råd. Michael hjalp meg å se mer tydelig "
-"betydningen av regulering av derivitive works. og richard rettet en "
-"embarrassingly stort antall feil. mens mitt arbeid er delvis inspirert av "
-"Stallmans, enig han ikke med meg viktige steder i denne boken."
+"Richard Stallman og Michael Carroll har begge lest utkast av hele denne "
+"boken, og hver av dem har bidratt med svært nyttige korreksjoner og råd "
+"Michael hjalp meg å se mer tydelig betydningen av regulering av avledede "
+"verk. og Richard korrigerte en pinlig stor mengde feil. Selv om mitt "
+"arbeid er delvis inspirert av Stallmans, enig han ikke med meg viktige "
+"steder i denne boken."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"always been right. This slow learner is, as ever, grateful for her perpetual "
"patience and love."
msgstr ""
-"til slutt, og for evig, jeg er takknemlig til bettina, som har alltid "
-"insisterte på at det ville være unending lykke fra disse kampene, og som har "
-"alltid vært riktig. Denne slow elev er som alltid takknemlig for hennes "
+"Til slutt, og for evig, er jeg Bettina takknemlig, som alltid har insistert "
+"på at det ville være endeløs lykke utenfor disse kampene, og som alltid har "
+"hatt rett. Denne trege eleven er som alltid takknemlig for hennes "
"evigvarende tålmodighet og kjærlighet."
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / blobdiff