msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls "
-#| "of it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the "
-#| "basis of its simplicity. \"You press the button and we do the rest."
-#| "\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As he described in "
-#| "<citetitle>The Kodak Primer</citetitle>: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-#| "id=\"1\"/>"
msgid ""
"Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of "
"it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis "
msgstr ""
"Eastman utviklet bøyelig, emulsjons-belagt papirfilm og plasserte ruller med "
"dette i små, enkle kameraer: Kodaken. Enheten ble markedsfør med grunnlag "
-"dens enkelhet.
\"Du trykker på knappen og vi fikser resten.\"<placeholder "
+"dens enkelhet.
<quote>Du trykker på knappen og vi fikser resten.</quote><placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Som han beskrev det i <citetitle>The Kodak "
"Primer</citetitle>: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr "Coe, 58."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. "
-#| "It was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of "
-#| "places they would never otherwise see. Amateur photography gave them the "
-#| "ability to record their own lives in a way they had never been able to do "
-#| "before. As author Brian Coe notes, \"For the first time the snapshot "
-#| "album provided the man on the street with a permanent record of his "
-#| "family and its activities. … For the first time in history there "
-#| "exists an authentic visual record of the appearance and activities of the "
-#| "common man made without [literary] interpretation or bias.\"<placeholder "
-#| "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgid ""
"The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It "
"was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places "
"økonomisk. Den var sosial. Profesjonell fotografering ga individer et "
"glimt av steder de ellers aldri ville se. Amatørfotografering ga dem "
"muligheten til å arkivere deres liv på en måte som de aldri hadde vært i "
-"stand til tidligere. Som forfatter Brian Coe skriver, \"For første gang "
+"stand til tidligere. Som forfatter Brian Coe skriver, <quote>For første gang "
"tilbød fotoalbumet mannen i gata et permanent arkiv over hans familie og "
"dens aktiviteter. … For første gang i historien fantes det en "
"autentisk visuell oppføring av utseende og aktivitet til vanlige mennesker "
-"laget uten [skrivefør] tolkning eller forutinntatthet.
\"<placeholder type="
+"laget uten [skrivefør] tolkning eller forutinntatthet.
</quote><placeholder type="
"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. "
-#| "The pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. "
-#| "But it took years of training before they could be deployed by amateurs "
-#| "in any useful or effective way. With the Kodak, expression was possible "
-#| "much sooner and more simply. The barrier to expression was lowered. Snobs "
-#| "would sneer at its \"quality\"; professionals would discount it as "
-#| "irrelevant. But watch a child study how best to frame a picture and you "
-#| "get a sense of the experience of creativity that the Kodak enabled. "
-#| "Democratic tools gave ordinary people a way to express themselves more "
-#| "easily than any tools could have before."
msgid ""
"In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The "
"pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it "
"malepenselen var selvfølgelig også en uttrykksteknologi. Men det tok årevis "
"med trening før de kunne bli brukt nyttig og effektiv av amatører. Med "
"Kodaken var uttrykk mulig mye raskere og enklere. Barrièren for å uttrykke "
-"seg var senket. Snobber ville fnyse over \"kvaliteten\", profesjonelle "
+"seg var senket. Snobber ville fnyse over <quote>kvaliteten</quote>, profesjonelle "
"ville avvise den som irrelevant. Men se et barn studere hvordan best velge "
"bildemotiv og du får følelsen av hva slags kreativitetserfaring som Kodaken "
"muliggjorde. Demokratiske verktøy ga vanlige folk en måte å uttrykke dem "
#. PAGE BREAK 47
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly "
-#| "familiar. The photographer was \"taking\" something from the person or "
-#| "building whose photograph he shot—pirating something of value. Some "
-#| "even thought he was taking the target's soul. Just as Disney was not free "
-#| "to take the pencils that his animators used to draw Mickey, so, too, "
-#| "should these photographers not be free to take images that they thought "
-#| "valuable."
msgid ""
"The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly "
"familiar. The photographer was <quote>taking</quote> something from the "
"valuable."
msgstr ""
"Argumentene til fordel for å kreve tillatelser vil høres overraskende kjent "
-"ut. Fotografen \"tok\" noe fra personen eller bygningen som ble "
+"ut. Fotografen <quote>tok</quote> noe fra personen eller bygningen som ble "
"fotografert—røvet til seg noe av verdi. Noen trodde til og med at han "
"tok målets sjel. På samme måte som Disney ikke var fri til å ta blyantene "
"som hans animatører brukte til å tegne Mikke, så skulle heller ikke disse "
msgstr "Warren, Samuel D."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" "
-#| "<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder "
-#| "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgid ""
"Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder type="
"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Samuel D. Warren og Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" "
+"Samuel D. Warren og Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy</quote>, "
"<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder type="
"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "See Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" <citetitle>Law and "
-#| "Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, "
-#| "\"Privacy,\" <citetitle>California Law Review</citetitle> 48 (1960) "
-#| "398–407; <citetitle>White</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Samsung "
-#| "Electronics America, Inc</citetitle>., 971 F. 2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), "
-#| "cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)."
msgid ""
"See Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William "
"<citetitle>Samsung Electronics America, Inc</citetitle>., 971 F. 2d 1395 "
"(9th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)."
msgstr ""
-"Se Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" <citetitle>Law and "
+"Se Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity</quote>, <citetitle>Law and "
"Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, "
-"\"Privacy,\" <citetitle>California Law Review</citetitle> 48 (1960) "
+"<quote>Privacy</quote>, <citetitle>California Law Review</citetitle> 48 (1960) "
"398–407; <citetitle>White</citetitle> mot <citetitle>Samsung "
"Electronics America, Inc</citetitle>., 971 F. 2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), "
"sert. nektet, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)."
"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>)"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the "
-#| "law gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the "
-#| "photographer, then the photographer would have had to demonstrate "
-#| "permission. Perhaps Eastman Kodak would have had to demonstrate "
-#| "permission, too, before it developed the film upon which images were "
-#| "captured. After all, if permission were not granted, then Eastman Kodak "
-#| "would be benefiting from the \"theft\" committed by the photographer. "
-#| "Just as Napster benefited from the copyright infringements committed by "
-#| "Napster users, Kodak would be benefiting from the \"image-right\" "
-#| "infringement of its photographers. We could imagine the law then "
-#| "requiring that some form of permission be demonstrated before a company "
-#| "developed pictures. We could imagine a system developing to demonstrate "
-#| "that permission."
msgid ""
"We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law "
"gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, "
"ville fotografen måttet dokumentere at tillatelse var på plass. Kanskje "
"Eastman Kodak også måtte ha dokumentert at tillatelse var gitt, før de "
"utviklet filmen som bildene ble fanget på. Tross alt, hvis tillatelse ikke "
-"var gitt, da ville Eastman Kodak ha nytt fordeler fra \"tyveriet\" begått av "
+"var gitt, da ville Eastman Kodak ha nytt fordeler fra <quote>tyveriet</quote> begått av "
"fotografer. På samme måte som Napster nøt fordeler fra opphavsrettsbrudd "
-"utført av Napster-brukere, så ville Kodak nytt fordeler fra \"bilde-"
-"rettighets\"-brudd til deres fotografer. Vi kan forestille oss at loven da "
+"utført av Napster-brukere, så ville Kodak nytt fordeler fra <quote>bilde-"
+"rettighets</quote>-brudd til deres fotografer. Vi kan forestille oss at loven da "
"krevede at en form for tillatelse ble vist frem før et selskap fremkalte "
"bildene. Vi kan forestille oss et system bli utviklet for å legge frem "
"slike tillatelser."
#. PAGE BREAK 48
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very "
-#| "hard to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the "
-#| "requirement for permission had been built into the rules that govern it. "
-#| "Photography would have existed. It would have grown in importance over "
-#| "time. Professionals would have continued to use the technology as they "
-#| "did—since professionals could have more easily borne the burdens of "
-#| "the permission system. But the spread of photography to ordinary people "
-#| "would not have occurred. Nothing like that growth would have been "
-#| "realized. And certainly, nothing like that growth in a democratic "
-#| "technology of expression would have been realized. If you drive through "
-#| "San Francisco's Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses "
-#| "painted over with colorful and striking images, and the logo \"Just Think!"
-#| "\" in place of the name of a school. But there's little that's \"just\" "
-#| "cerebral in the projects that these busses enable. These buses are "
-#| "filled with technologies that teach kids to tinker with film. Not the "
-#| "film of Eastman. Not even the film of your VCR. Rather the \"film\" of "
-#| "digital cameras. Just Think! is a project that enables kids to make "
-#| "films, as a way to understand and critique the filmed culture that they "
-#| "find all around them. Each year, these busses travel to more than thirty "
-#| "schools and enable three hundred to five hundred children to learn "
-#| "something about media by doing something with media. By doing, they "
-#| "think. By tinkering, they learn."
msgid ""
"But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard "
"to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement "
"ville uten tvil aldri vært realisert en slik vekst i demokratisk "
"uttrykksteknologi. Hvis du kjører gjennom området Presidio i San Francisco, "
"kan det hende du ser to gusjegule skolebusser overmalt med fargefulle og "
-"iøynefallende bilder, og logoen \"Just Think!\" i stedet for navnet på en "
-"skole. Men det er lite som er \"bare\" mentalt i prosjektene som disse "
+"iøynefallende bilder, og logoen <quote>Just Think!</quote> i stedet for navnet på en "
+"skole. Men det er lite som er <quote>bare</quote> mentalt i prosjektene som disse "
"bussene muliggjør. Disse bussene er fylt med teknologi som lærer unger å "
"fikle med film. Ikke filmen til Eastman. Ikke en gang filmen i din "
-"videospiller. I stedet er det snakk om \"filmen\" til digitale kamera. "
+"videospiller. I stedet er det snakk om <quote>filmen</quote> til digitale kamera. "
"Just Think! er et prosjekt som gjør det mulig for unger å lage filmer, som "
"en måte å forstå og kritisere den filmede kulturen som de finner over alt "
"rundt seg. Hvert år besøker disse bussene mer enn tredve skoler og gir "
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "H. Edward Goldberg, \"Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software "
-#| "You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,\" cadalyst, February "
-#| "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #7</"
-#| "ulink>."
msgid ""
"H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and "
"Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> "
"cadalyst, February 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
"notes/\">link #7</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"H. Edward Goldberg, \"Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software "
-"You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,\" cadalyst, februar "
+"H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software "
+"You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> cadalyst, februar "
"2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #7</"
"ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly "
-#| "so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen "
-#| "dramatically. As one analyst puts it, \"Five years ago, a good real-time "
-#| "digital video editing system cost $25,000. Today you can get professional "
-#| "quality for $595.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These buses "
-#| "are filled with technology that would have cost hundreds of thousands "
-#| "just ten years ago. And it is now feasible to imagine not just buses like "
-#| "this, but classrooms across the country where kids are learning more and "
-#| "more of something teachers call \"media literacy.\""
msgid ""
"These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly so. "
"The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen dramatically. As "
msgstr ""
"Disse bussene er ikke billige, men teknologien de har med seg blir billigere "
"og billigere. Kostnaden til et høykvalitets digitalt videosystem har falt "
-"dramatisk. Som en analytiker omtalte det, \"for fem år siden kostet et godt "
+"dramatisk. Som en analytiker omtalte det, <quote>for fem år siden kostet et godt "
"sanntids redigerinssystem for digital video $25 000. I dag kan du få "
-"profesjonell kvalitet for $595.
\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"profesjonell kvalitet for $595.
</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
"Disse bussene er fylt med teknologi som ville kostet hundre-tusenvis av "
"dollar for bare ti år siden. Og det er nå mulig å forestille seg ikke bare "
"slike busser, men klasserom rundt om i landet hvor unger kan lære mer og mer "
-"av det lærerne kaller \"medie-skriveføre\" eller \"mediekompetanse\"."
+"av det lærerne kaller <quote>medie-skriveføre</quote> eller <quote>mediekompetanse</quote>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Yanofsky, Dave"
msgstr "Yanofsky, Dave"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "\"Media literacy,\" as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of Just "
-#| "Think!, puts it, \"is the ability … to understand, analyze, and "
-#| "deconstruct media images. Its aim is to make [kids] literate about the "
-#| "way media works, the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and "
-#| "the way people access it.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgid ""
"<quote>Media literacy,</quote> as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of "
"Just Think!, puts it, <quote>is the ability … to understand, analyze, "
"way media works, the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and the "
"way people access it.</quote> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"\"Media-skriveføre,\" eller \"mediekompetanse\" som administrerende direktør "
-"Dave Yanofsky i Just Think!, sier det, \"er evnen til … å forstå, "
+"<quote>Media-skriveføre,</quote> eller <quote>mediekompetanse</quote> som administrerende direktør "
+"Dave Yanofsky i Just Think!, sier det, <quote>er evnen til … å forstå, "
"analysere og dekonstruere mediebilder. Dets mål er å gjøre [unger] i stand "
"til å forstå hvordan mediene fungerer, hvordan de er konstruert, hvordan de "
-"blir levert, og hvordan folk bruker dem
\". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"blir levert, og hvordan folk bruker dem
</quote>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "This may seem like an odd way to think about \"literacy.\" For most "
-#| "people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway and "
-#| "noticing split infinitives are the things that \"literate\" people know "
-#| "about."
msgid ""
"This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For "
"most people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway "
"and noticing split infinitives are the things that <quote>literate</quote> "
"people know about."
msgstr ""
-"Dette kan virke som en litt rar måte å tenke på \"skrivefør\". For de fleste "
-"handler skrivefør å kunne lese og skrive. \"Skriveføre folk kjenner ting "
+"Dette kan virke som en litt rar måte å tenke på <quote>skrivefør</quote>. For de fleste "
+"handler skrivefør å kunne lese og skrive. <quote>Skriveføre</quote> folk kjenner ting "
"som Faulkner, Hemingway og å kjenne igjen delte infinitiver."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> "
-#| "(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); \"Findings on "
-#| "Family and TV Study,\" <citetitle>Denver Post</citetitle>, 25 May 1997, "
-#| "B6."
msgid ""
"Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> "
"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on "
"1997, B6."
msgstr ""
"Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> "
-"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); \"Findings on Family "
-"and TV Study,\" <citetitle>Denver Post</citetitle>, 25. mai 1997, B6."
+"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on Family "
+"and TV Study</quote>, <citetitle>Denver Post</citetitle>, 25. mai 1997, B6."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of "
-#| "television commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials "
-#| "generally,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> it is increasingly "
-#| "important to understand the \"grammar\" of media. For just as there is a "
-#| "grammar for the written word, so, too, is there one for media. And just "
-#| "as kids learn how to write by writing lots of terrible prose, kids learn "
-#| "how to write media by constructing lots of (at least at first) terrible "
-#| "media."
msgid ""
"Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television "
"commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials generally,"
"Mulig det. Men i en verden hvor barn ser i gjennomsnitt 390 timer med TV-"
"reklaager i året, eller generelt mellom 20 000 og 45 000 reklameinnslag,"
"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> så er det mer og mer viktig å "
-"forstå \"gramatikken\" til media. For på samme måte som det er en gramatikk "
+"forstå <quote>gramatikken</quote> til media. For på samme måte som det er en gramatikk "
"for det skrevne ord, så er det også en for media. Og akkurat slik som unger "
"lærer å skrive ved å skrive masse grusom prosa, så lærer unger å skrive "
"media ved å konstruere masse (i hvert fall i begynnelsen) grusom media."
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 "
-#| "November 2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-#| "\">link #8</ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22 November 2000, available at <ulink "
-#| "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>."
msgid ""
"See Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,</quote> E!online, "
"4 November 2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
"\">link #8</ulink>; <quote>Timeline,</quote> 22 November 2000, available at "
"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"Se Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4. november "
+"Se Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs</quote>, E!online, 4. november "
"2000, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #8</"
-"ulink>;
\"Timeline,\" 22. november 2000, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
+"ulink>;
<quote>Timeline</quote>, 22. november 2000, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as "
-#| "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern "
-#| "California's Annenberg Center for Communication and dean of the USC "
-#| "School of Cinema-Television, explained to me, the grammar was about \"the "
-#| "placement of objects, color, … rhythm, pacing, and texture."
-#| "\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But as computers open up an "
-#| "interactive space where a story is \"played\" as well as experienced, "
-#| "that grammar changes. The simple control of narrative is lost, and so "
-#| "other techniques are necessary. Author Michael Crichton had mastered the "
-#| "narrative of science fiction. But when he tried to design a computer "
-#| "game based on one of his works, it was a new craft he had to learn. How "
-#| "to lead people through a game without their feeling they have been led "
-#| "was not obvious, even to a wildly successful author.<placeholder type="
-#| "\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgid ""
"This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as "
"Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern "
"det kun var film, som Elizabeth Daley, administrerende direktør ved "
"Universitetet i Sør-Califorias Anneberg-senter for kommunkasjon og rektor "
"ved USC skole for Kino-Televisjon, forklarte for meg, var gramatikken om "
-"\"plasseringen av objekter, farger, … rytme, skritt og tekstur\"."
+"<quote>plasseringen av objekter, farger, … rytme, skritt og tekstur</quote>."
"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Men etter hvert som datamaskiner "
-"åpner opp et interaktivt rom hvor en historie blir \"spillt\" i tillegg til "
+"åpner opp et interaktivt rom hvor en historie blir <quote>spillt</quote> i tillegg til "
"opplevd, endrer gramatikken seg. Den enkle kontrollen til forstellerstemmen "
"er forsvunnet, og dermed er andre teknikker nødvendig. Forfatter Michael "
"Crichton hadde mestret fortellerstemmen til science fiction. Men da han "
msgstr "dataspill"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, "
-#| "\"people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t "
-#| "is perfectly constructed to keep you from seeing it, so you have no idea. "
-#| "If a filmmaker succeeds you do not know how you were led.\" If you know "
-#| "you were led through a film, the film has failed."
msgid ""
"This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, "
"<quote>people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t "
"you were led through a film, the film has failed."
msgstr ""
"Akkurat denne ferdigheten er håndverket en lærer til de som lager filmer. "
-"Som Daley skriver, \"folk er svært overrasket over hvordan de blir ledet "
+"Som Daley skriver, <quote>folk er svært overrasket over hvordan de blir ledet "
"gjennom en film. Den er perfekt konstruert for å hindre deg fra å se det, "
"så du aner det ikke. Hvis en som lager filmer lykkes så vet du ikke at du "
-"har vært ledet.\" Hvis du vet at du ble ledet igjennom en film, så har "
+"har vært ledet.</quote> Hvis du vet at du ble ledet igjennom en film, så har "
"filmen feilet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"skrive."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "\"Read-only.\" Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. Couch "
-#| "potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth "
-#| "century."
msgid ""
"<quote>Read-only.</quote> Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. "
"Couch potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth "
"century."
msgstr ""
-"\"ikke kunne skrive.\" Passive mottakerne av kultur produsert andre steder. "
+"<quote>ikke kunne skrive.</quote> Passive mottakerne av kultur produsert andre steder. "
"Sofapoteter. Forbrukere. Dette er medieverden fra det tjuende århundre."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgstr "ibid."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: "
-#| "It could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better "
-#| "understanding the craft of writing. Or best, reading and understanding "
-#| "the tools that enable the writing to lead or mislead. The aim of any "
-#| "literacy, and this literacy in particular, is to \"empower people to "
-#| "choose the appropriate language for what they need to create or express."
-#| "\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It is to enable students \"to "
-#| "communicate in the language of the twenty-first century.\"<placeholder "
-#| "type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgid ""
"The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It "
"could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding "
"kan bli både lesing og skriving. Eller i det minste lesing og bedre "
"forståelse for håndverket å skrive. Eller det beste, lesing og forstå "
"verktøyene som gir skriving mulighet til å veilede eller villede. Målet med "
-"enhver skriveførhet, og denne skriveførheten spesielt, er å \"gi folket "
+"enhver skriveførhet, og denne skriveførheten spesielt, er å <quote>gi folket "
"myndighet til å velge det språket som passer for det de trenger å lage eller "
-"uttrykke
\".<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det gir studenter "
-"mulighet \"til å kommunisere i språket til det tjueførste århundret\"."
+"uttrykke
</quote>.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det gir studenter "
+"mulighet <quote>til å kommunisere i språket til det tjueførste århundret</quote>."
"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"om—våpen-relatert vold."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new "
-#| "problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting "
-#| "the kids to come, the challenge in this class was keeping them away. The "
-#| "\"kids were showing up at 6 A.M. and leaving at 5 at night,\" said "
-#| "Barish. They were working harder than in any other class to do what "
-#| "education should be about—learning how to express themselves."
msgid ""
"The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new "
"problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the "
msgstr ""
"Klassen møttes fredag ettermiddag, og skapte et relativt nytt problem for "
"skolen. Mens utfordringen i de fleste klasser var å få ungene til å dukke "
-"opp, var utfordringen for denne klassen å holde dem unna. \"Ungene dukket "
-"opp 06:00, og dro igjen 05:00 på natta\", sa Barish. De jobbet hardere enn i "
+"opp, var utfordringen for denne klassen å holde dem unna. <quote>Ungene dukket "
+"opp 06:00, og dro igjen 05:00 på natta</quote>, sa Barish. De jobbet hardere enn i "
"noen annen klasse for å gjøre det utdanning burde handle om—å lære "
"hvordan de skulle uttrykke seg."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Using whatever \"free web stuff they could find,\" and relatively simple "
-#| "tools to enable the kids to mix \"image, sound, and text,\" Barish said "
-#| "this class produced a series of projects that showed something about gun "
-#| "violence that few would otherwise understand. This was an issue close to "
-#| "the lives of these students. The project \"gave them a tool and empowered "
-#| "them to be able to both understand it and talk about it,\" Barish "
-#| "explained. That tool succeeded in creating expression—far more "
-#| "successfully and powerfully than could have been created using only text. "
-#| "\"If you had said to these students, `you have to do it in text,' they "
-#| "would've just thrown their hands up and gone and done something else,\" "
-#| "Barish described, in part, no doubt, because expressing themselves in "
-#| "text is not something these students can do well. Yet neither is text a "
-#| "form in which <emphasis>these</emphasis> ideas can be expressed well. The "
-#| "power of this message depended upon its connection to this form of "
-#| "expression."
msgid ""
"Using whatever <quote>free web stuff they could find,</quote> and relatively "
"simple tools to enable the kids to mix <quote>image, sound, and text,</"
"in which <emphasis>these</emphasis> ideas can be expressed well. The power "
"of this message depended upon its connection to this form of expression."
msgstr ""
-"Ved å bruke hva som helst av \"fritt tilgjengelig web-stoff de kunne finne"
-"\", og relativt enkle verktøy som gjorde det mulig for ungene å blande "
-"\"bilde, lyd og tekst\", sa Barish at denne klassen produserte en serie av "
+"Ved å bruke hva som helst av <quote>fritt tilgjengelig web-stoff de kunne finne"
+"</quote>, og relativt enkle verktøy som gjorde det mulig for ungene å blande "
+"<quote>bilde, lyd og tekst</quote>, sa Barish at denne klassen produserte en serie av "
"prosjekter som viste noe om våpen-basert vold som få ellers ville forstå. "
-"Dette var et tema veldig nært livene til disse studentene. Prosjektet \"ga "
+"Dette var et tema veldig nært livene til disse studentene. Prosjektet <quote>ga "
"dem et verktøy og bemyndiget dem slik at de både ble i stand til å forstå "
-"det og snakke om det\", forklarer Barish. Dette verktøyet lyktes med å "
+"det og snakke om det</quote>, forklarer Barish. Dette verktøyet lyktes med å "
"skape uttrykk—mye mer vellykket og kraffylt enn noe som hadde blitt "
-"laget ved å kun bruke tekst. \"Hvis du hadde sagt til disse studentene at "
+"laget ved å kun bruke tekst. <quote>Hvis du hadde sagt til disse studentene at "
"'du må gjøre dette i tekstform', så hadde de bare kastet hendene i været og "
-"gått og gjort noe annet\", forklarer Barish. Delvis, uten tvil, fordi å "
+"gått og gjort noe annet</quote>, forklarer Barish. Delvis, uten tvil, fordi å "
"uttrykke seg selv i tekstform ikke er noe disse studentene gjør godt. Heller "
"ikke er tekstform en form som kan uttrykke <emphasis>disse</emphasis> idéene "
"godt. Kraften i denne meldingen avhenger av dens forbindelse med denne for "
#. PAGE BREAK 52
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "\"But isn't education about teaching kids to write?\" I asked. In part, "
-#| "of course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, Daley "
-#| "explained, is about giving students a way of \"constructing meaning.\" To "
-#| "say that that means just writing is like saying teaching writing is only "
-#| "about teaching kids how to spell. Text is one part—and "
-#| "increasingly, not the most powerful part—of constructing meaning. "
-#| "As Daley explained in the most moving part of our interview,"
msgid ""
"<quote>But isn't education about teaching kids to write?</quote> I asked. In "
"part, of course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, "
"increasingly, not the most powerful part—of constructing meaning. As "
"Daley explained in the most moving part of our interview,"
msgstr ""
-"\"Men handler ikke utdanning om å lære unger å skrive?\" spurte jeg. Jo "
+"<quote>Men handler ikke utdanning om å lære unger å skrive?</quote> spurte jeg. Jo "
"delvis, naturligvis. Men hvorfor lærer vi unger å skrive? Utdanning, "
-"forklarer Daley, handler om å gi studentene en måte å \"konstruere mening"
-"\". Å si at det kun betyr skriving er som å si at å lære bort skriving kun "
+"forklarer Daley, handler om å gi studentene en måte å <quote>konstruere mening"
+"</quote>. Å si at det kun betyr skriving er som å si at å lære bort skriving kun "
"handler om å lære ungene å stave. Tekstforming er bare en del—og i "
"større grad ikke den kraftigste delen—for å konstruere mening. Som "
"Daley forklarte i den mest rørende delen av vårt intervju,"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If "
-#| "all you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they "
-#| "can't. You know, you've got Johnny who can look at a video, he can play a "
-#| "video game, he can do graffiti all over your walls, he can take your car "
-#| "apart, and he can do all sorts of other things. He just can't read your "
-#| "text. So Johnny comes to school and you say, \"Johnny, you're illiterate. "
-#| "Nothing you can do matters.\" Well, Johnny then has two choices: He can "
-#| "dismiss you or he [can] dismiss himself. If his ego is healthy at all, "
-#| "he's going to dismiss you. [But i]nstead, if you say, \"Well, with all "
-#| "these things that you can do, let's talk about this issue. Play for me "
-#| "music that you think reflects that, or show me images that you think "
-#| "reflect that, or draw for me something that reflects that.\" Not by "
-#| "giving a kid a video camera and … saying, \"Let's go have fun with "
-#| "the video camera and make a little movie.\" But instead, really help you "
-#| "take these elements that you understand, that are your language, and "
-#| "construct meaning about the topic.…"
msgid ""
"What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all "
"you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You "
"Du vet, du har Johnny som kan se på en video, han kan spille på et TV-spill, "
"han kan spre grafitti over alle dine vegger, han kan ta fra hverandre bilen "
"din, og han kan gjøre alle mulige andre ting. Men han kan ikke lese teksten "
-"din. Så Jonny kommer på skolen og du sier \"Johnny, du er analfabet. "
-"Ingenting du gjør betyr noe\". Vel, da har Johnny to valg: Han kan avvise "
+"din. Så Jonny kommer på skolen og du sier <quote>Johnny, du er analfabet. "
+"Ingenting du gjør betyr noe</quote>. Vel, da har Johnny to valg: Han kan avvise "
"deg eller han kan avvise seg selv. Hvis han har et sunt ego så vil han "
-"avvise deg. Men hvis du i stedet sier, \"Well, med alle disse tingene som "
+"avvise deg. Men hvis du i stedet sier, <quote>Vel, med alle disse tingene som "
"du kan gjøre, la oss snakke om dette temaet. Spill musikk til meg som du "
"mener reflekterer over temaet, eller vis meg bilder som du mener reflekterer "
-"over temaet, eller tegn noe til meg som reflektere temaet\". Ikke ved å gi "
-"en unge et videokamera og … si \"La oss dra å ha det morsomt med "
-"videokameraet og lage en liten film\". Men istedet, virkelig hjelpe deg å ta "
+"over temaet, eller tegn noe til meg som reflektere temaet</quote>. Ikke ved å gi "
+"en unge et videokamera og … si <quote>La oss dra å ha det morsomt med "
+"videokameraet og lage en liten film</quote>. Men istedet, virkelig hjelpe deg å ta "
"disse elementene som du forstår, som er ditt språk, og konstruer mening om "
"temaet.…"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is "
-#| "eventually, as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against "
-#| "the fact, \"I need to explain this and I really need to write something."
-#| "\" And as one of the teachers told Stephanie, they would rewrite a "
-#| "paragraph 5, 6, 7, 8 times, till they got it right."
msgid ""
"That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, "
"as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, "
msgstr ""
"Dette bemyndiger enormt. Og det som skjer til slutt, selvfølgelig, som det "
"har skjedd i alle disse klassene, er at de stopper opp når de treffer "
-"faktumet \"jeg trenger å forklare dette, og da trenger jeg virkelig å skrive "
-"noe\". Og som en av lærerne fortalte Stephanie, de vil skrive om avsnittet "
+"faktumet <quote>jeg trenger å forklare dette, og da trenger jeg virkelig å skrive "
+"noe</quote>. Og som en av lærerne fortalte Stephanie, de vil skrive om avsnittet "
"5, 6, 7, 8 ganger, helt til det blir riktig."
#. PAGE BREAK 53
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to "
-#| "say something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They "
-#| "actually needed to use a language that they didn't speak very well. But "
-#| "they had come to understand that they had a lot of power with this "
-#| "language.\""
msgid ""
"Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say "
"something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually "
"Fordi de trengte det. Det var en grunn til å gjøre det. De trengte å si "
"noe, i motsetning til å kun danse etter din pipe. De trengte faktisk å "
"bruke det språket de ikke håndterte veldig bra. Men de hadde begynt å "
-"forstå at de hadde mye gjennomslagskraft med dette språket.\""
+"forstå at de hadde mye gjennomslagskraft med dette språket."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"perfekt tidsatt for å sikre at hele verden ville være der for å se på."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music "
-#| "scored for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the "
-#| "screen. There was a formula to interviews. There was \"balance,\" and "
-#| "seriousness. This was news choreographed in the way we have increasingly "
-#| "come to expect it, \"news as entertainment,\" even if the entertainment "
-#| "is tragedy."
msgid ""
"These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored "
"for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the screen. "
msgstr ""
"Disse gjenfortellingene ga en økende familiær følelse. Det var musikk "
"spesiallaget for mellom-innslagene, og avansert grafikk som blinket tvers "
-"over skjermen. Det var en formel for intervjuer. Det var \"balanse\" og "
+"over skjermen. Det var en formel for intervjuer. Det var <quote>balanse</quote> og "
"seriøsitet. Dette var nyheter koreaografert slik vi i stadig større grad "
-"forventer det, \"nyheter som underholdning\", selv om underholdningen er en "
+"forventer det, <quote>nyheter som underholdning</quote>, selv om underholdningen er en "
"tragedie."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgstr "CBS"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "But in addition to this produced news about the \"tragedy of September 11,"
-#| "\" those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different "
-#| "production as well. The Internet was filled with accounts of the same "
-#| "events. Yet these Internet accounts had a very different flavor. Some "
-#| "people constructed photo pages that captured images from around the world "
-#| "and presented them as slide shows with text. Some offered open letters. "
-#| "There were sound recordings. There was anger and frustration. There were "
-#| "attempts to provide context. There was, in short, an extraordinary "
-#| "worldwide barn raising, in the sense Mike Godwin uses the term in his "
-#| "book <citetitle>Cyber Rights</citetitle>, around a news event that had "
-#| "captured the attention of the world. There was ABC and CBS, but there was "
-#| "also the Internet."
msgid ""
"But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September "
"11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different "
"Rights</citetitle>, around a news event that had captured the attention of "
"the world. There was ABC and CBS, but there was also the Internet."
msgstr ""
-"Men i tillegg til disse produserte nyhetene om \"tragedien 11. september\", "
+"Men i tillegg til disse produserte nyhetene om <quote>tragedien 11. september</quote>, "
"kunne de av oss som er knyttet til internettet i tillegg se en svært "
"annerledes produksjon. Internettet er fullt av fortellinger om de samme "
"hendelsene. Men disse internet-fortellingene hadde en veldig annerledes "
#. PAGE BREAK 54
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the "
-#| "people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean "
-#| "instead to point to a significance in this form of speech. For like a "
-#| "Kodak, the Internet enables people to capture images. And like in a movie "
-#| "by a student on the \"Just Think!\" bus, the visual images could be mixed "
-#| "with sound or text."
msgid ""
"I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the "
"people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead "
"jeg mener at folkene som støtter denne formen for tale bør lovprises. Jeg "
"ønsker i stedet å peke på viktigheten av denne formen for tale. For på "
"samme måte som en Kodak, gjør internettet folk i stand til å fange bilder. "
-"Og på samme måte som med en film laget av en av studentene på \"Just Think!"
-"\"-bussen, kan visuelle bilder bli blandet med lyd og tekst."
+"Og på samme måte som med en film laget av en av studentene på <quote>Just Think!"
+"</quote>-bussen, kan visuelle bilder bli blandet med lyd og tekst."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"16."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule "
-#| "by the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our "
-#| "tradition, it also means control through reasoned discourse. This was "
-#| "the idea that captured the imagination of Alexis de Tocqueville, the "
-#| "nineteenth-century French lawyer who wrote the most important account of "
-#| "early \"Democracy in America.\" It wasn't popular elections that "
-#| "fascinated him—it was the jury, an institution that gave ordinary "
-#| "people the right to choose life or death for other citizens. And most "
-#| "fascinating for him was that the jury didn't just vote about the outcome "
-#| "they would impose. They deliberated. Members argued about the \"right\" "
-#| "result; they tried to persuade each other of the \"right\" result, and in "
-#| "criminal cases at least, they had to agree upon a unanimous result for "
-#| "the process to come to an end.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgid ""
"But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by "
"the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our "
"styrer, og å styre betyr noe mer enn kun valg. I vår tradisjon betyr det "
"også kontroll gjennom gjennomtenkt meningsbrytning. Dette var idéen som "
"fanget fantasien til Alexis de Tocqueville, den franske nittenhundretalls-"
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"juryen, en institusjon som ga vanlige folk retten til å velge liv eller død "
"før andre borgere. Og det som fascinerte han mest var at juryen ikke bare "
"stemte over hvilket resultat de ville legge frem. De diskuterte. "
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-"overbevise hverandre om \"riktig\"resultat, og i hvert fall i kriminalsaker "
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"måtte de bli enige om et enstemming resultat for at prosessen skulle "
"avsluttes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" "
-#| "<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129."
msgid ""
"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129."
msgstr ""
-"Bruce Ackerman og James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" <citetitle>Journal of "
+"Bruce Ackerman og James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day</quote>, <citetitle>Journal of "
"Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, "
-#| "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are "
-#| "pushing to create just such an institution.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-#| "id=\"0\"/> And in some towns in New England, something close to "
-#| "deliberation remains. But for most of us for most of the time, there is "
-#| "no time or place for \"democratic deliberation\" to occur."
msgid ""
"Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, "
"there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are "
"innsats for å lage en slik institusjon.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
"\"0\"/> Og i noen landsbyer i New England er det noe i nærheten av diskusjon "
"igjen. Men for de fleste av oss mesteparten av tiden, er det ingen tid og "
-"sted for å gjennomføre \"demokratisk diskusjon\"."
+"sted for å gjennomføre <quote>demokratisk diskusjon</quote>."
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Noah Shachtman, \"With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,\" New "
-#| "York Times, 16 January 2003, G5."
msgid ""
"Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,</"
"quote> New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5."
msgstr ""
-"Noah Shachtman, \"With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,\" New "
+"Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot</quote>, New "
"York Times, 16. januar 2003, G5."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
msgstr "Lott, Trent"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the "
-#| "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott "
-#| "\"misspoke\" at a party for Senator Strom Thurmond, essentially praising "
-#| "Thurmond's segregationist policies, he calculated correctly that this "
-#| "story would disappear from the mainstream press within forty-eight hours. "
-#| "It did. But he didn't calculate its life cycle in blog space. The "
-#| "bloggers kept researching the story. Over time, more and more instances "
-#| "of the same \"misspeaking\" emerged. Finally, the story broke back into "
-#| "the mainstream press. In the end, Lott was forced to resign as senate "
-#| "majority leader.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
-#| "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgid ""
"One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the "
"mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott "
"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
"En direkte effekt er på historier som hadde en annerledes livssyklus i de "
-"store mediene. Trend Lott-affæren er et eksempel. Da Logg \"sa feil\" på "
+"store mediene. Trend Lott-affæren er et eksempel. Da Logg <quote>sa feil</quote> på "
"en fest for senator Storm Thurmond, og essensielt lovpriste "
"segregeringspolitikken til Thurmond, regnet han ganske riktig med at "
"historien ville forsvinne fra de store mediene i løpet av førtiåtte timer. "
"Det skjedde. Men han regnet ikke med dens livssyklus i bloggsfæren. "
"Bloggerne fortsatte å undersøke historien. Etter hvert dukket flere og "
-"flere tilfeller av tilsvarende \"feiluttalelser\" opp. Så dukket historien "
+"flere tilfeller av tilsvarende <quote>feiluttalelser</quote> opp. Så dukket historien "
"opp igjen hos de store mediene. Lott ble til slutt tvinget til å trekke seg "
"som leder for senatets flertall.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
#. PAGE BREAK 57
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from "
-#| "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement "
-#| "and a software author for many decades, told me, another difference is "
-#| "the absence of a financial \"conflict of interest.\" \"I think you have "
-#| "to take the conflict of interest\" out of journalism, Winer told me. "
-#| "\"An amateur journalist simply doesn't have a conflict of interest, or "
-#| "the conflict of interest is so easily disclosed that you know you can "
-#| "sort of get it out of the way.\""
msgid ""
"There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from "
"the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and "
"Det er også en annen måte, hvor blogger har en annen syklus enn de store "
"mediene. Som Dave Winer, en av fedrene til denne bevegelsen og en "
"programvareutvikler i mange tiår fortalte meg, er en annen forskjell "
-"fraværet av finansiell \"interessekonflikt\". \"Jeg tror du må ta "
-"interessekonflikten\" ut av journalismen, fortalte Winer meg. \"En "
+"fraværet av finansiell <quote>interessekonflikt</quote>. <quote>Jeg tror du må ta "
+"interessekonflikten</quote> ut av journalismen, fortalte Winer meg. <quote>En "
"amatørjournalist har ganske enkelt ikke interessekonflikt, eller "
"interessekonflikten er så enkelt å avsløre at du liksom vet du kan rydde den "
-"av veien.\""
+"av veien.</quote>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "CNN"
msgstr "Telefonintervju med David Winer, 16. april 2003."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated "
-#| "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public "
-#| "than an unconcentrated media can—as CNN admitted it did after the "
-#| "Iraq war because it was afraid of the consequences to its own employees."
-#| "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also needs to sustain a more "
-#| "coherent account. (In the middle of the Iraq war, I read a post on the "
-#| "Internet from someone who was at that time listening to a satellite "
-#| "uplink with a reporter in Iraq. The New York headquarters was telling the "
-#| "reporter over and over that her account of the war was too bleak: She "
-#| "needed to offer a more optimistic story. When she told New York that "
-#| "wasn't warranted, they told her that <emphasis>they</emphasis> were "
-#| "writing \"the story.\")"
msgid ""
"These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated "
"(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public "
"reporteren gang på gang at hennes rapport om krigen var for trist: Hun måtte "
"tilby en mer optimistisk historie. Når hun fortalte New York at det ikke var "
"grunnlag for det, fortalte de henne at det var <emphasis>dem</emphasis> som "
-"skrev \"historien\".)"
+"skrev <quote>historien</quote>.)"
#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of "
-#| "Information Online,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 February "
-#| "2003, A28; Staci D. Kramer, \"Shuttle Disaster Coverage Mixed, but Strong "
-#| "Overall,\" Online Journalism Review, 2 February 2003, available at <ulink "
-#| "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</ulink>."
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of "
"Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 "
"but Strong Overall,</quote> Online Journalism Review, 2 February 2003, "
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information "
-"Online,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 februar 2003, A28; Staci "
-"D. Kramer, \"Shuttle Disaster Coverage Mixed, but Strong Overall,\" Online "
+"John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information "
+"Online</quote>, <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 februar 2003, A28; Staci "
+"D. Kramer, <quote>Shuttle Disaster Coverage Mixed, but Strong Overall</quote>, Online "
"Journalism Review, 2. februar 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://"
"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate—\"amateur\" not "
-#| "in the sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, "
-#| "meaning not paid by anyone to give their reports. It allows for a much "
-#| "broader range of input into a story, as reporting on the Columbia "
-#| "disaster revealed, when hundreds from across the southwest United States "
-#| "turned to the Internet to retell what they had seen.<placeholder type="
-#| "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And it drives readers to read across the range of "
-#| "accounts and \"triangulate,\" as Winer puts it, the truth. Blogs, Winer "
-#| "says, are \"communicating directly with our constituency, and the middle "
-#| "man is out of it\"—with all the benefits, and costs, that might "
-#| "entail."
msgid ""
"Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate—<quote>amateur</"
"quote> not in the sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic "
"middle man is out of it</quote>—with all the benefits, and costs, that "
"might entail."
msgstr ""
-"Blogg-sfæren gir amatører en måte å bli med i debatten—\"amatør\" ikke "
+"Blogg-sfæren gir amatører en måte å bli med i debatten—<quote>amatør</quote> ikke "
"i betydningen uerfaren, men i betydningen til en Olympisk atlet, det vil si "
"ikke betalt av noen for å komme med deres rapport. Det tillater en mye "
"bredere rekke av innspill til en historie, slik rapporteringen Columbia-"
"katastrofen avdekket, når hundrevis fra hele sørvest-USA vendte seg til "
"internettet for å gjenfortelle hva de hadde sett.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
"\" id=\"0\"/> Og det får lesere til å lese på tvers av en rekke fortellinger "
-"og \"triangulere\", som Winer formulerer det, sannheten. Blogger, sier "
-"Winer, \"kommunserer direkte med vår velgermasse, og mellommannen er fjernet"
-"\"— med alle de fordeler og ulemper det kan føre med seg."
+"og <quote>triangulere</quote>, som Winer formulerer det, sannheten. Blogger, sier "
+"Winer, <quote>kommunserer direkte med vår velgermasse, og mellommannen er fjernet"
+"</quote>— med alle de fordeler og ulemper det kan føre med seg."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" "
-#| "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29 September 2003, C4. (\"Not all "
-#| "news organizations have been as accepting of employees who blog. Kevin "
-#| "Sites, a CNN correspondent in Iraq who started a blog about his reporting "
-#| "of the war on March 9, stopped posting 12 days later at his bosses' "
-#| "request. Last year Steve Olafson, a <citetitle>Houston Chronicle</"
-#| "citetitle> reporter, was fired for keeping a personal Web log, published "
-#| "under a pseudonym, that dealt with some of the issues and people he was "
-#| "covering.\") <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgid ""
"See Michael Falcone, <quote>Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?</quote> "
"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29 September 2003, C4. (<quote>Not "
"pseudonym, that dealt with some of the issues and people he was covering.</"
"quote>) <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Se Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" "
-"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29. september 2003, C4. (\"Ikke alle "
+"Se Michael Falcone, <quote>Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?</quote> "
+"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29. september 2003, C4. (<quote>Ikke alle "
"nyhetsorganisasjoner har hatt like stor aksept for ansatte som blogger. "
"Kevin Sites, en CNN-korrespondent i Irak som startet en blogg om sin "
"rapportering av krigen 9. mars, stoppet å publisere 12 dager senere på "
"forespørsel fra sine sjefer. I fjor fikk Steve Olafson, en "
"<citetitle>Houston Chronicle</citetitle>-reporter, sparken for å ha hatt en "
"personlig web-logg, publisert under pseudonym, som handlet om noen av "
-"temaene og folkene som han dekket
\") <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"temaene og folkene som han dekket
</quote>) <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
"\"0\"/>"
#. PAGE BREAK 58
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with blogs. "
-#| "\"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for public "
-#| "figures and increasingly for private figures as well. It's not clear that "
-#| "\"journalism\" is happy about this—some journalists have been told "
-#| "to curtail their blogging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But "
-#| "it is clear that we are still in transition. \"A lot of what we are doing "
-#| "now is warm-up exercises,\" Winer told me. There is a lot that must "
-#| "mature before this space has its mature effect. And as the inclusion of "
-#| "content in this space is the least infringing use of the Internet "
-#| "(meaning infringing on copyright), Winer said, \"we will be the last "
-#| "thing that gets shut down.\""
msgid ""
"Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with blogs. "
"<quote>It's going to become an essential skill,</quote> Winer predicts, for "
"the last thing that gets shut down.</quote>"
msgstr ""
"Winer er optimistisk når det gjelder en journalistfremtid infisert av "
-"blogger. \"Det kommer til å bli en nødvendig ferdighet\", spår Winer, for "
+"blogger. <quote>Det kommer til å bli en nødvendig ferdighet</quote>, spår Winer, for "
"offentlige aktører og også i større grad for private aktører. Det er ikke "
-"klart at \"journalismen\" er glad for dette—noen journalister har "
+"klart at <quote>journalismen</quote> er glad for dette—noen journalister har "
"blitt bedt om å kutte ut sin blogging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
-"\"0\"/> Men det er klart at vi fortsatt er i en overgangsfase. \"Mye av det "
-"vi gjør nå er oppvarmingsøvelser\", fortalte Winer meg. Det er mye som må "
+"\"0\"/> Men det er klart at vi fortsatt er i en overgangsfase. <quote>Mye av det "
+"vi gjør nå er oppvarmingsøvelser</quote>, fortalte Winer meg. Det er mye som må "
"modne før dette området har sin modne effekt. Og etter som inkludering av "
"innhold i dette området er det området med minst opphavsrettsbrudd på "
-"internettet, sa Wiener at \"vi vil være den siste tingen som blir skutt ned"
-"\"."
+"internettet, sa Wiener at <quote>vi vil være den siste tingen som blir skutt ned"
+"</quote>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because \"you "
-#| "don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.\" That "
-#| "is true. But it affects democracy in another way as well. As more and "
-#| "more citizens express what they think, and defend it in writing, that "
-#| "will change the way people understand public issues. It is easy to be "
-#| "wrong and misguided in your head. It is harder when the product of your "
-#| "mind can be criticized by others. Of course, it is a rare human who "
-#| "admits that he has been persuaded that he is wrong. But it is even rarer "
-#| "for a human to ignore when he has been proven wrong. The writing of "
-#| "ideas, arguments, and criticism improves democracy. Today there are "
-#| "probably a couple of million blogs where such writing happens. When there "
-#| "are ten million, there will be something extraordinary to report."
msgid ""
"This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you "
"don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote> "
"blogs where such writing happens. When there are ten million, there will be "
"something extraordinary to report."
msgstr ""
-"Slik tale påvirker demokratiet. Winer mener dette skjer fordi \"du trenger "
-"ikke jobber for noen som kontrollerer, [for] en portvokter\". Det er sant. "
+"Slik tale påvirker demokratiet. Winer mener dette skjer fordi <quote>du trenger "
+"ikke jobber for noen som kontrollerer, [for] en portvokter</quote>. Det er sant. "
"Men det påvirker demokratiet også på en annen måte. Etter hvert som flere og "
"flere borgere uttrykker hva de mener, og forsvarer det skriftlig, så vil det "
"endre hvordan folk forstår offentlige temaer. Det er enkelt å ha feil og "
msgstr "Brown, John Seely"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His "
-#| "work, as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and … the "
-#| "creation of knowledge ecologies for creating … innovation.\""
msgid ""
"John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, "
"as his Web site describes it, is <quote>human learning and … the "
"creation of knowledge ecologies for creating … innovation.</quote>"
msgstr ""
"John Seely Brown er sjefsforsker ved Xerox Corporation. Hans arbeid, i "
-"følge hans eget nettsted, er \"menneskelig læring og … å skape "
-"kunnskapsøkologier for å skape … innovasjon\"."
+"følge hans eget nettsted, er <quote>menneskelig læring og … å skape "
+"kunnskapsøkologier for å skape … innovasjon</quote>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
#. PAGE BREAK 59
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When \"a lot of us grew up,\" "
-#| "he explains, that tinkering was done \"on motorcycle engines, lawnmower "
-#| "engines, automobiles, radios, and so on.\" But digital technologies "
-#| "enable a different kind of tinkering—with abstract ideas though in "
-#| "concrete form. The kids at Just Think! not only think about how a "
-#| "commercial portrays a politician; using digital technology, they can take "
-#| "the commercial apart and manipulate it, tinker with it to see how it does "
-#| "what it does. Digital technologies launch a kind of bricolage, or \"free "
-#| "collage,\" as Brown calls it. Many get to add to or transform the "
-#| "tinkering of many others."
msgid ""
"As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When <quote>a lot of us grew up,</"
"quote> he explains, that tinkering was done <quote>on motorcycle engines, "
"<quote>free collage,</quote> as Brown calls it. Many get to add to or "
"transform the tinkering of many others."
msgstr ""
-"Brown tror vi lærer med å fikle. Da \"mange av oss vokste opp\", forklarer "
-"han, ble fiklingen gjort \"pa motorsykkelmotorer, gressklippermotorer, "
-"biler, radioer og så videre\". Men digitale teknologier muliggjør en annen "
+"Brown tror vi lærer med å fikle. Da <quote>mange av oss vokste opp</quote>, forklarer "
+"han, ble fiklingen gjort <quote>pa motorsykkelmotorer, gressklippermotorer, "
+"biler, radioer og så videre</quote>. Men digitale teknologier muliggjør en annen "
"type fikling—med abstrakte idéer i sin konkrete form. Ungene i Just "
"Think! tenker ikke bare på hvordan et reklameinnslag fremstiller en "
"politiker. Ved å bruke digital teknologi kan de ta reklameinnslaget fra "
"hverandre og manipulerer det, fikle med det, og se hvordan det blir gjort. "
-"Digitale teknologier setter igang en slags *bricolage* eller \"fritt "
-"tilgjengelig sammenstilling\", som Brown kaller det. Mange får mulighet til "
+"Digitale teknologier setter igang en slags *bricolage* eller <quote>fritt "
+"tilgjengelig sammenstilling</quote>, som Brown kaller det. Mange får mulighet til "
"å legge til på eller endre på fiklingen til mange andre."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgstr "Black, Jane"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 "
-#| "February 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-#| "\">link #17</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgid ""
"Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, "
"13 February 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
"\">link #17</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13. februar "
+"Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record</quote>, BusinessWeek online, 13. februar "
"2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
"#17</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
"denne balansen blir funnet bare med tid."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target "
-#| "just what you call type A sharing?\""
msgid ""
"<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the "
"target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>"
msgstr ""
-"Men er ikke krigen bare en krig mot ulovlig deling? Er ikke angrepsmålet "
-"bare det du kaller type A-deling?"
+"<quote>Men er ikke krigen bare en krig mot ulovlig deling? Er ikke angrepsmålet "
+"bare det du kaller type-A-deling?</quote>"
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgstr "Tilfelle"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\""
msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>"
-msgstr "Hvems verdi ble \"røvet\""
+msgstr "Hvems verdi ble <quote>røvet</quote>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "\"It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,\" the warriors insist. \"And "
-#| "it should be protected just as any other property is protected.\""
msgid ""
"<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors insist. "
"<quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is protected.</"
"quote>"
msgstr ""
-"\"Det er <emphasis>vår eiendom</emphasis>,\" insisterer krigerne. \"og den "
-"bør være beskyttet på samme måte som all annen eiendom er beskyttet.\""
+"<quote>Det er <emphasis>vår eiendom</emphasis>,</quote> insisterer krigerne. <quote>og den "
+"bør være beskyttet på samme måte som all annen eiendom er beskyttet.</quote>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
msgid "<quote>PROPERTY</quote>"
"kan få."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a "
-#| "bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of "
-#| "property. Indeed, the very idea of property in any idea or any "
-#| "expression is very odd. I understand what I am taking when I take the "
-#| "picnic table you put in your backyard. I am taking a thing, the picnic "
-#| "table, and after I take it, you don't have it. But what am I taking when "
-#| "I take the good <emphasis>idea</emphasis> you had to put a picnic table "
-#| "in the backyard—by, for example, going to Sears, buying a table, "
-#| "and putting it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?"
msgid ""
"But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> "
"right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of "
"backyard—by, for example, going to Sears, buying a table, and putting "
"it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?"
msgstr ""
-"Men i vanlig språk er det å kalle opphavsrett for en \"eiendoms\"-rett litt "
+"Men i vanlig språk er det å kalle opphavsrett for en <quote>eiendoms</quote>-rett litt "
"misvisende, for eindommen i opphavsretten er en merkelig type eiendom. "
"Selve ideen om eienrettigheter til en ide eller et uttrykk er nemlig veldig "
"merkelig. Jeg forstår hva jeg tar når jeg tar en picnic-bord som du "
msgstr "Henry V"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "William Shakespeare wrote <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in "
-#| "1595. The play was first published in 1597. It was the eleventh major "
-#| "play that Shakespeare had written. He would continue to write plays "
-#| "through 1613, and the plays that he wrote have continued to define Anglo-"
-#| "American culture ever since. So deeply have the works of a sixteenth-"
-#| "century writer seeped into our culture that we often don't even recognize "
-#| "their source. I once overheard someone commenting on Kenneth Branagh's "
-#| "adaptation of Henry V: \"I liked it, but Shakespeare is so full of "
-#| "clichés.\""
msgid ""
"William Shakespeare wrote <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. "
"The play was first published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play that "
"og stykkene han skrevhar fortsatt å definere angloamerikansk kultur siden. "
"Så dypt har verkene av en 1500-talls forfatter sunket inn i vår kultur at vi "
"ofte ikke engang kjenner kilden. Jeg overhørte en gang noen som kommentere "
-"Kenneth Branaghs utgave av Henry V: \"Jeg likte det, men Shakespeare er så "
-"full av klisjeer.\""
+"Kenneth Branaghs utgave av Henry V: <quote>Jeg likte det, men Shakespeare er så "
+"full av klisjeer.</quote>"
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent "
-#| "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his "
-#| "handsome \"definitive editions\" of classic works. In addition to "
-#| "<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle>, he published an astonishing "
-#| "array of works that still remain at the heart of the English canon, "
-#| "including collected works of Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, and "
-#| "John Dryden. See Keith Walker, \"Jacob Tonson, Bookseller,\" "
-#| "<citetitle>American Scholar</citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424–31."
msgid ""
"Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent "
"eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his "
"<citetitle>American Scholar</citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424–31."
msgstr ""
"Jacob Tonson er vanligvis husket for sin omgang med 1700-tallets litterære "
-"storheter, spesielt John Dryden, og for hans kjekke\"ferdige versjoner\" av "
+"storheter, spesielt John Dryden, og for hans kjekke<quote>ferdige versjoner</quote> av "
"klassiske verk. I tillegg til <citetitle>Romeo og Julie</citetitle>, utga "
"han en utrolig rekke liste av verk som ennå er hjertet av den engelske "
"kanon, inkludert de samlede verk av Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, og "
-"John Dryden. Se Keith Walker: \"Jacob Tonson, Bookseller,\" "
+"John Dryden. Se Keith Walker: <quote>Jacob Tonson, Bookseller</quote>, "
"<citetitle>American Scholar</citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424-31."
#. f2
#. PAGE BREAK 97
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> "
-#| "was written, the \"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to "
-#| "be the exclusive right of a single London publisher, Jacob Tonson."
-#| "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tonson was the most prominent "
-#| "of a small group of publishers called the Conger<placeholder type="
-#| "\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> who controlled bookselling in England during the "
-#| "eighteenth century. The Conger claimed a perpetual right to control the "
-#| "\"copy\" of books that they had acquired from authors. That perpetual "
-#| "right meant that no one else could publish copies of a book to which they "
-#| "held the copyright. Prices of the classics were thus kept high; "
-#| "competition to produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated."
msgid ""
"In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was "
"written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by "
"produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated."
msgstr ""
"I 1774, nesten 180 år etter at <citetitle>Romeo og Julie</citetitle> ble "
-"skrevet, mente mange at \"opphavsretten\" kun tilhørte én eneste utgiver i "
+"skrevet, mente mange at <quote>opphavsretten</quote> kun tilhørte én eneste utgiver i "
"London, John Tonson. <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tonson var "
-"den mest fremstående av en liten gruppe utgivere kalt \"the Conger"
-"
\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>, som kontrollerte boksalget i "
+"den mest fremstående av en liten gruppe utgivere kalt <quote>the Conger"
+"
</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>, som kontrollerte boksalget i "
"England gjennom hele 1700-tallet. The Conger hevdet at de hadde en "
-"evigvarende rett over \"kopier\" av bøker de hadde fått av forfatterne. "
+"evigvarende rett over <quote>kopier</quote> av bøker de hadde fått av forfatterne. "
"Denne evigvarende retten innebar at ingen andre kunne publisere kopier av "
"disse bøkene. Slik ble prisen på klassiske bøker holdt oppe; alle "
"konkurrenter som lagde bedre eller billigere utgaver, ble fjernet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a "
-#| "\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
-#| "Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgid ""
"As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a "
"<quote>copyright law.</quote> See Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
"Som Siva Vaidhyanathan så pent argumenterer, er det feilaktige å kalle dette "
-"en \"opphavsrettslov.\" Se Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
+"en <quote>opphavsrettslov</quote>. Se Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a "
-#| "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of "
-#| "copyright is 1710, the year that the British Parliament adopted the first "
-#| "\"copyright\" act. Known as the Statute of Anne, the act stated that all "
-#| "published works would get a copyright term of fourteen years, renewable "
-#| "once if the author was alive, and that all works already published by "
-#| "1710 would get a single term of twenty-one additional years.<placeholder "
-#| "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Under this law, <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</"
-#| "citetitle> should have been free in 1731. So why was there any issue "
-#| "about it still being under Tonson's control in 1774?"
msgid ""
"Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a "
"little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of "
"Men altså, det er noe spennende med året 1774 for alle som vet litt om "
"opphavsretts-lovgivning. Det mest kjente året for opphavsrett er 1710, da "
"det britiske parlamentet vedtok den første loven. Denne loven er kjent som "
-"\"Statute of Anne\" og sa at alle publiserte verk skulle være beskyttet i "
+"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> og sa at alle publiserte verk skulle være beskyttet i "
"fjorten år, en periode som kunne fornyes én gang dersom forfatteren ennå "
"levde, og at alle verk publisert i eller før 1710 skulle ha en ekstraperiode "
"på 22 tillegsår.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> På grunn av denne "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" "
-#| "was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute "
-#| "of Anne, there was no other legislation governing copyrights. The last "
-#| "law regulating publishers, the Licensing Act of 1662, had expired in "
-#| "1695. That law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as a way to "
-#| "make it easier for the Crown to control what was published. But after it "
-#| "expired, there was no positive law that said that the publishers, or "
-#| "\"Stationers,\" had an exclusive right to print books. <placeholder type="
-#| "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgid ""
"The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a <quote>copyright</"
"quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the "
msgstr ""
"Årsaken var ganske enkelt at engelskmennene ennå ikke hadde bestemt hva "
"opphavsrett innebar -- faktisk hadde ingen i verden det. På den tiden da "
-"engelskmennene vedtok \"Statute of Anne\", var det ingen annen lovgivning om "
+"engelskmennene vedtok <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, var det ingen annen lovgivning om "
"opphavsrett. Den siste loven som regulerte utgivere var lisensieringsloven "
"av 1662, utløpt i 1695. At loven ga utgiverne monopol over publiseringen, "
"noe som gjorde det enklere for kronen å kontrollere hva ble publisert. Men "
"\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that "
-#| "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the "
-#| "words of legislatures and the words of judges to know the rules that are "
-#| "to govern how people are to behave. We call the words from legislatures "
-#| "\"positive law.\" We call the words from judges \"common law.\" The "
-#| "common law sets the background against which legislatures legislate; the "
-#| "legislature, ordinarily, can trump that background only if it passes a "
-#| "law to displace it. And so the real question after the licensing statutes "
-#| "had expired was whether the common law protected a copyright, independent "
-#| "of any positive law."
msgid ""
"There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that "
"there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words "
"til lover skapt av politikere (det lovgivende statsorgen)og til lover "
"(prejudikater) skapt av domstolene for å bestemme hvordan folket skal leve. "
"Vi kaller politikernes lover for positiv lov og vi kaller lovene fra "
-"dommerne sedvanerett.\"Common law\" angir bakgrunnen for de lovgivendes "
+"dommerne sedvanerett.<quote>Common law</quote> angir bakgrunnen for de lovgivendes "
"lovgivning; retten til lovgiving, vanligvis kan trumfe at bakgrunnen bare "
"hvis det går gjennom en lov til å forskyve den. Og så var det virkelige "
"spørsmålet etter lisensiering lover hadde utløpt om felles lov beskyttet "
#. PAGE BREAK 98
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as "
-#| "they were called, because there was growing competition from foreign "
-#| "publishers. The Scottish, in particular, were increasingly publishing and "
-#| "exporting books to England. That competition reduced the profits of the "
-#| "Conger, which reacted by demanding that Parliament pass a law to again "
-#| "give them exclusive control over publishing. That demand ultimately "
-#| "resulted in the Statute of Anne."
msgid ""
"This question was important to the publishers, or <quote>booksellers,</"
"quote> as they were called, because there was growing competition from "
"to again give them exclusive control over publishing. That demand ultimately "
"resulted in the Statute of Anne."
msgstr ""
-"Dette spørsmålet var viktig for utgiverne eller \"bokselgere,\" som de ble "
+"Dette spørsmålet var viktig for utgiverne eller <quote>bokselgere</quote>, som de ble "
"kalt, fordi det var økende konkurranse fra utenlandske utgivere, Særlig fra "
"Skottland hvor publiseringen og eksporten av bøker til England hadde økt "
-"veldig. Denne konkurransen reduserte fortjenesten til \"The Conger\", som "
+"veldig. Denne konkurransen reduserte fortjenesten til <quote>The Conger</quote>, som "
"derfor krevde at parlamentet igjen skulle vedta en lov for å gi dem "
-"eksklusiv kontroll over publisering. Dette kravet resulterte i \"Statute of "
-"Anne\"."
+"eksklusiv kontroll over publisering. Dette kravet resulterte i <quote>Statute of "
+"Anne</quote>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an "
-#| "exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, however, "
-#| "and to the horror of the booksellers, the law gave the bookseller that "
-#| "right for a limited term. At the end of that term, the copyright "
-#| "\"expired,\" and the work would then be free and could be published by "
-#| "anyone. Or so the legislature is thought to have believed."
msgid ""
"The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a "
"book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, "
"<quote>expired,</quote> and the work would then be free and could be "
"published by anyone. Or so the legislature is thought to have believed."
msgstr ""
-"\"Statute of Anne\" ga forfatteren eller \"eieren\" av en bok en eksklusiv "
+"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> ga forfatteren eller <quote>eieren</quote> av en bok en eksklusiv "
"rett til å publisere denne boken. Men det var, til bokhandernes forferdelse "
"en viktig begrensning, nemlig hvor lenge denne retten skulle vare. Etter "
"dette gikk trykkeretten bort og verket falt i det fri og kunne trykkes av "
"men hvorfor ville de begrense retten <emphasis>i det hele tatt?</emphasis>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very "
-#| "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: "
-#| "That play was written by Shakespeare. It was his genius that brought it "
-#| "into the world. He didn't take anybody's property when he created this "
-#| "play (that's a controversial claim, but never mind), and by his creating "
-#| "this play, he didn't make it any harder for others to craft a play. So "
-#| "why is it that the law would ever allow someone else to come along and "
-#| "take Shakespeare's play without his, or his estate's, permission? What "
-#| "reason is there to allow someone else to \"steal\" Shakespeare's work?"
msgid ""
"For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very "
"strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: "
"han verket, han gjorde det ikke noe vanskeligere for andre til å lage "
"skuespill. Så hvorfor skulle loven tillate at noen annen kunne komme og ta "
"Shakespeares verkuten hans, eller hans arvingers, tillatelse? Hvilke grunner "
-"finnes for å tillate at noen \"stjeler\" Shakespeares verk?"
+"finnes for å tillate at noen <quote>stjeler</quote> Shakespeares verk?"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special "
-#| "about the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute "
-#| "of Anne. Second, we have to see something important about \"booksellers.\""
msgid ""
"The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about "
"the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the "
"<quote>booksellers.</quote>"
msgstr ""
"Svaret er todel. Først må vi se på noe spesielt med oppfatningen av "
-"opphavsrett som fantes på tidspunktet da \"Statute of Anne\" ble vedtatt. "
+"opphavsrett som fantes på tidspunktet da <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> ble vedtatt. "
"Deretter må vi se på noe spesielt med bokhandlerne."
#. PAGE BREAK 99
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to "
-#| "apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it "
-#| "wasn't so much a concept as it was a very particular right. The copyright "
-#| "was born as a very specific set of restrictions: It forbade others from "
-#| "reprinting a book. In 1710, the \"copy-right\" was a right to use a "
-#| "particular machine to replicate a particular work. It did not go beyond "
-#| "that very narrow right. It did not control any more generally how a work "
-#| "could be <emphasis>used</emphasis>. Today the right includes a large "
-#| "collection of restrictions on the freedom of others: It grants the author "
-#| "the exclusive right to copy, the exclusive right to distribute, the "
-#| "exclusive right to perform, and so on."
msgid ""
"First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to "
"apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in "
"exclusive right to perform, and so on."
msgstr ""
"Først om opphavsretten. I de siste tre hundre år har vi kommet til å bruke "
-"begrepet \"copyright\" i stadig videre forstand. Men i 1710 var det ikke så "
+"begrepet <quote>copyright</quote> i stadig videre forstand. Men i 1710 var det ikke så "
"mye et konsept som det var en bestemt rett. Opphavsretten ble født som et "
"svært spesifikt sett med begrensninger: den forbød andre å reprodusere en "
-"bok. I 1710 var \"kopi-rett\" en rett til å bruke en bestemt maskin til å "
+"bok. I 1710 var <quote>kopi-rett</quote> en rett til å bruke en bestemt maskin til å "
"replikere en bestemt arbeid. Den gikk ikke utover dette svært smale "
"formålet. Den kontrollerte ikke mer generelt hvordan et verk kunne "
"<emphasis>brukes</emphasis>. Idag inkluderer retten en stor samling av "
"så videre."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were "
-#| "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the "
-#| "term was that no one could reprint Shakespeare's work without the "
-#| "permission of the Shakespeare estate. It would not have controlled "
-#| "anything, for example, about how the work could be performed, whether the "
-#| "work could be translated, or whether Kenneth Branagh would be allowed to "
-#| "make his films. The \"copy-right\" was only an exclusive right to "
-#| "print—no less, of course, but also no more."
msgid ""
"So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were "
"perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term "
"trykke Shakespeares arbeid uten tillatelse fra Shakespeares arvinger. Den "
"ville ikke ha kontrollert noe mer, for eksempel om hvordan verket kunne "
"fremføres, om verket kunne oversettes eller om Kenneth Branagh ville hatt "
-"lov til å lage filmer. \"Kopi-retten\" var bare en eksklusiv rett til å "
+"lov til å lage filmer. <quote>Kopi-retten</quote> var bare en eksklusiv rett til å "
"trykke--ikke noe mindre, selvfølgelig, men heller ikke mer."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgstr "Henry VIII, Konge av England"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They "
-#| "had had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially "
-#| "\"exclusive rights\" granted by the Crown. The English had fought a civil "
-#| "war in part about the Crown's practice of handing out monopolies—"
-#| "especially monopolies for works that already existed. King Henry VIII "
-#| "granted a patent to print the Bible and a monopoly to Darcy to print "
-#| "playing cards. The English Parliament began to fight back against this "
-#| "power of the Crown. In 1656, it passed the Statute of Monopolies, "
-#| "limiting monopolies to patents for new inventions. And by 1710, "
-#| "Parliament was eager to deal with the growing monopoly in publishing."
msgid ""
"Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had "
"had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> "
"to deal with the growing monopoly in publishing."
msgstr ""
"Selv dnne begrensede retten ble møtt med skepsis av britene. De hadde hatt "
-"en lang og stygg erfaring med \"eksklusive rettigheter,\" spesielt \"enerett"
-"\" gitt av kronen. Engelskmennene hadde utkjempet en borgerkrig delvis mot "
+"en lang og stygg erfaring med <quote>eksklusive rettigheter</quote>, spesielt <quote>enerett"
+"</quote> gitt av kronen. Engelskmennene hadde utkjempet en borgerkrig delvis mot "
"kronens praksis med å dele ut monopoler--spesielt monopoler for verk som "
"allerede eksisterte. Kong Henrik VIII hadde gitt patent til å trykke Bibelen "
"og monopol til Darcy for å lage spillkort. Det engelske parlamentet begynte "
-"å kjempe tilbake mot denne makten hos kronen. I 1656 ble \"Statute of "
-"Monopolis\" vedtatt for å begrense monopolene på patenter for nye "
+"å kjempe tilbake mot denne makten hos kronen. I 1656 ble <quote>Statute of "
+"Monopolis</quote> vedtatt for å begrense monopolene på patenter for nye "
"oppfinnelser. Og i 1710 var parlamentet ivrig etter å håndtere det voksende "
"monopolet på publisering."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally "
-#| "viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the claim "
-#| "that \"it's my property, and I should have it forever,\" try sounding "
-#| "convincing when uttering, \"It's my monopoly, and I should have it "
-#| "forever.\") The state would protect the exclusive right, but only so long "
-#| "as it benefited society. The British saw the harms from specialinterest "
-#| "favors; they passed a law to stop them."
msgid ""
"Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was "
"naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the "
"only so long as it benefited society. The British saw the harms from "
"specialinterest favors; they passed a law to stop them."
msgstr ""
-"Dermed ble \"kopi-retten\", når den sees på som en monopolrett, en rettighet "
-"som bør være begrenset. (Uansett hvor overbevisende påstanden om at \"det er "
-"min eiendom, og jeg skal ha for alltid,\" prøv hvor overbevisende det er når "
-"men sier \"det er mitt monopol, og jeg skal ha det for alltid.\") Staten "
+"Dermed ble <quote>kopi-retten</quote>, når den sees på som en monopolrett, en rettighet "
+"som bør være begrenset. (Uansett hvor overbevisende påstanden om at <quote>det er "
+"min eiendom, og jeg skal ha for alltid,</quote> prøv hvor overbevisende det er når "
+"men sier <quote>det er mitt monopol, og jeg skal ha det for alltid.</quote>) Staten "
"ville beskytte eneretten, men bare så lenge det gavnet samfunnet. Britene så "
"skadene særinteresserte kunne skape; de vedtok en lov for å stoppe dem."
"Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a "
-#| "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. "
-#| "Booksellers sound quaint and harmless to us. They were not viewed as "
-#| "harmless in seventeenth-century England. Members of the Conger were "
-#| "increasingly seen as monopolists of the worst kind—tools of the "
-#| "Crown's repression, selling the liberty of England to guarantee "
-#| "themselves a monopoly profit. The attacks against these monopolists were "
-#| "harsh: Milton described them as \"old patentees and monopolizers in the "
-#| "trade of book-selling\"; they were \"men who do not therefore labour in "
-#| "an honest profession to which learning is indetted.\"<placeholder type="
-#| "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgid ""
"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a monopoly. "
"It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. Booksellers "
"Dernest, om bokhandlerne. Det var ikke bare at kopiretten var et monopol. "
"Det var også et monopol holdt av bokhandlerne. En bokhandler høres greie og "
"ufarlige ut for oss, men slik var det ikke i syttenhundretallets England. "
-"Medlemmene i \"the Conger\" ble av en voksende mengde sett på som "
+"Medlemmene i <quote>the Conger</quote> ble av en voksende mengde sett på som "
"monopolister av verste sort - et verktøy for kronens undertrykkelse, de "
"solgte Englands frihet mot å være garantert en monopolskinntekt. Men "
-"monopolistene ble kvast kritisert: Milton beskrev dem som \"gamle "
-"patentholdere og monopolister i bokhandlerkunsten\"; de var \"menn som "
+"monopolistene ble kvast kritisert: Milton beskrev dem som <quote>gamle "
+"patentholdere og monopolister i bokhandlerkunsten</quote>; de var <quote>menn som "
"derfor ikke hadde et ærlig arbeide hvor utdanning er nødvendig."
-"
\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"
</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Når 1731 (1710+21) kom, ble bokhandlerne engstelige. De så konsekvensene av "
"mer konkurranse, og som alle konkurrenter, likte de det ikke. Først "
-"ignorerte bokhandlere ganske enkelt \"Statute of Anne\", og fortsatte å "
+"ignorerte bokhandlere ganske enkelt <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, og fortsatte å "
"kreve en evigvarende rett til å kontrollere publiseringen. Men i 1735 og "
"1737 de prøvde å tvinge Parlamentet til å utvide periodene. Tjueen år var "
"ikke nok, sa de; de trengte mer tid."
"bokhandlernes personlige rikdom.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a "
-#| "series of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of "
-#| "Anne gave authors certain protections through positive law, but those "
-#| "protections were not intended as replacements for the common law. "
-#| "Instead, they were intended simply to supplement the common law. Under "
-#| "common law, it was already wrong to take another person's creative "
-#| "\"property\" and use it without his permission. The Statute of Anne, the "
-#| "booksellers argued, didn't change that. Therefore, just because the "
-#| "protections of the Statute of Anne expired, that didn't mean the "
-#| "protections of the common law expired: Under the common law they had the "
-#| "right to ban the publication of a book, even if its Statute of Anne "
-#| "copyright had expired. This, they argued, was the only way to protect "
-#| "authors."
msgid ""
"Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series "
"of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave "
"the only way to protect authors."
msgstr ""
"Etter å ha mislyktes i Parlamentet gikk utgiverne til rettssalen i en rekke "
-"saker. Deres argument var enkelt og direkte: \"Statute of Anne\" ga "
+"saker. Deres argument var enkelt og direkte: <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> ga "
"forfatterne en viss beskyttelse gjennom positiv loven, men denne "
"beskyttelsenvar ikke ment som en erstatning for felles lov. Istedet var de "
"ment å supplere felles lov. Ifølge sedvanerett var det galt å ta en annen "
-"persons kreative eiendom og bruke den uten hans tillatelse. \"Statute of Anne"
-"\", hevdet bokhandlere, endret ikke dette faktum. Derfor betydde ikke det at "
-"beskyttelsen gitt av \"Statute of Anne\" utløp, at beskyttelsen fra "
+"persons kreative eiendom og bruke den uten hans tillatelse. <quote>Statute of Anne"
+"</quote>, hevdet bokhandlere, endret ikke dette faktum. Derfor betydde ikke det at "
+"beskyttelsen gitt av <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> utløp, at beskyttelsen fra "
"sedvaneretten utløp: Ifølge sedvaneretten hadde de rett til å fordømme "
-"publiseringen av en bok, selv følgelig om \"Statute of Anne\" sa at de var "
+"publiseringen av en bok, selv følgelig om <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> sa at de var "
"falt i det fri. Dette, mente de, var den eneste måten å beskytte forfatterne."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" "
-#| "<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a "
-#| "wonderfully compelling account, see Vaidhyanathan, 37–48. "
-#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a "
"wonderfully compelling account, see Vaidhyanathan, 37–48. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" "
+"Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use</quote>, "
"<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For en "
"fantastisk overbevisende fortelling, se Vaidhyanathan, 37–48. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the "
-#| "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. "
-#| "Until then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, \"The "
-#| "publishers … had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher "
-#| "has for cattle.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The bookseller "
-#| "didn't care squat for the rights of the author. His concern was the "
-#| "monopoly profit that the author's work gave."
msgid ""
"This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the "
"leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until "
msgstr ""
"Dette var et godt argument, og hadde støtte fra flere av den tidens ledende "
"jurister. Det viste også en ekstraordinær chutzpah. Inntail da, som "
-"jusprofessor Raymond Pattetson har sagt, \"var utgiverne … like "
-"bekymret for forfatterne som en gjeter for sine lam.
\"<placeholder type="
+"jusprofessor Raymond Pattetson har sagt, <quote>var utgiverne … like "
+"bekymret for forfatterne som en gjeter for sine lam.
</quote><placeholder type="
"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Bokselgerne brydde seg ikke det spor om forfatternes "
"rettigheter. Deres bekymring var den monopolske inntekten forfatterens verk "
"ga."
msgstr "Erskine, Andrew"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in "
-#| "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints "
-#| "\"of standard works whose copyright term had expired,\" at least under "
-#| "the Statute of Anne.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldson's "
-#| "publishing house prospered and became \"something of a center for "
-#| "literary Scotsmen.\" \"[A]mong them,\" Professor Mark Rose writes, was "
-#| "\"the young James Boswell who, together with his friend Andrew Erskine, "
-#| "published an anthology of contemporary Scottish poems with Donaldson."
-#| "\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
-#| "\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
msgid ""
"Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in "
"Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"3\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Donaldson var en fremmed for Londons \"the Conger\". Han startet in karriere "
+"Donaldson var en fremmed for Londons <quote>the Conger</quote>. Han startet in karriere "
"i Edinburgh i 1750. Hans forretningsidé var billige kopier av standardverk "
-"falt i det fri, ihvertfall fri ifølge
\"Statute of Anne\".<placeholder type="
-"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldsons forlag vokste og ble \"et sentrum for "
-"litterære skotter.\" \"Blant dem,\" skriver professor Mark Rose, var \"den "
+"falt i det fri, ihvertfall fri ifølge
<quote>Statute of Anne</quote>.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldsons forlag vokste og ble <quote>et sentrum for "
+"litterære skotter.</quote> <quote>Blant dem,</quote> skriver professor Mark Rose, var <quote>den "
"unge James Boswell som, sammen med sin venn Andrew Erskine, publiserte en "
-"hel antologi av skotsk samtidspoesi sammen med Donaldson.
\"<placeholder type="
+"hel antologi av skotsk samtidspoesi sammen med Donaldson.
</quote><placeholder type="
"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
"citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in "
-#| "Scotland, he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold "
-#| "inexpensive editions \"of the most popular English books, in defiance of "
-#| "the supposed common law right of Literary Property.\"<placeholder type="
-#| "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> His books undercut the Conger prices by 30 to 50 "
-#| "percent, and he rested his right to compete upon the ground that, under "
-#| "the Statute of Anne, the works he was selling had passed out of "
-#| "protection."
msgid ""
"When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, "
"he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive "
"Statute of Anne, the works he was selling had passed out of protection."
msgstr ""
"Da Londons bokselgere prøvde å få stengt Donaldsons butikk i Skottland, så "
-"flyttet han butikken til London. Her solgte han billige utgaver av \"de mest "
+"flyttet han butikken til London. Her solgte han billige utgaver av <quote>de mest "
"populære, engelske bøker, i kamp mot sedvanerettens rett til litterær "
-"eiendom.
\" <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Bøkene hans var mellom "
-"30% og 50% billigere enn \"the Conger\"s, og han baserte sin rett til denne "
-"konkurransen på at bøkene, takket være \"Statute of Anne\", var falt i det "
+"eiendom.
</quote> <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Bøkene hans var mellom "
+"30% og 50% billigere enn <quote>the Conger</quote>s, og han baserte sin rett til denne "
+"konkurransen på at bøkene, takket være <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, var falt i det "
"fri."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like "
-#| "Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" "
-#| "the most important early victory being <citetitle>Millar</citetitle> v. "
-#| "<citetitle>Taylor</citetitle>."
msgid ""
"The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> "
"like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the "
"<quote>pirates,</quote> the most important early victory being "
"<citetitle>Millar</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Taylor</citetitle>."
msgstr ""
-"Londons bokselgere begynte straks å slå ned mot \"pirater\" som Donaldson. "
+"Londons bokselgere begynte straks å slå ned mot <quote>pirater</quote> som Donaldson. "
"Flere tiltak var vellykkede, den viktigste var den tidlig seieren i kampen "
"mellom <citetitle>Millar</citetitle> og <citetitle>Taylor</citetitle>."
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
-#| "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" <citetitle>Wayne Law "
-#| "Review</citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152."
msgid ""
"Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law "
"Review</citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152."
msgstr ""
-"Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
-"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" <citetitle>Wayne Law Review</"
+"Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
+"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright</quote>, <citetitle>Wayne Law Review</"
"citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James "
-#| "Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of "
-#| "the Statute of Anne, and therefore received the full protection of the "
-#| "statute. After the term of copyright ended, Robert Taylor began printing "
-#| "a competing volume. Millar sued, claiming a perpetual common law right, "
-#| "the Statute of Anne notwithstanding.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
-#| "\"0\"/>"
msgid ""
"Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James "
"Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the "
"\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
"Millar var en bokhandler som i 1729 hadde kjøpt opp rettighetene til James "
-"Thomsons dikt \"The Seasons\". Millar hadde da full beskyttelse gjennom "
-"\"Statute of Anne\", men etter at denne beskyttelsen var uløpt, begynte "
+"Thomsons dikt <quote>The Seasons</quote>. Millar hadde da full beskyttelse gjennom "
+"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, men etter at denne beskyttelsen var uløpt, begynte "
"Robert Taylor å trykke et konkurrerende bind. Millar gikk til sak, og hevdet "
-"han hadde en evig rett gjennom sedvaneretten, uansett hva \"Statute of Anne"
-"
\" sa.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"han hadde en evig rett gjennom sedvaneretten, uansett hva <quote>Statute of Anne"
+"
</quote> sa.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English "
-#| "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection "
-#| "the Statute of Anne gave booksellers, it did not, he held, extinguish any "
-#| "common law right. The question was whether the common law would protect "
-#| "the author against subsequent \"pirates.\" Mansfield's answer was yes: "
-#| "The common law would bar Taylor from reprinting Thomson's poem without "
-#| "Millar's permission. That common law rule thus effectively gave the "
-#| "booksellers a perpetual right to control the publication of any book "
-#| "assigned to them."
msgid ""
"Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English "
"history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection "
msgstr ""
"Til moderne juristers forbløffelse, var en av, ikke bare datidens, men en av "
"de største dommere i engelsk historie, Lord Mansfield, enig med "
-"bokhandlerne. Uansett hvilken beskyttelse \"Statute of Anne\" gav "
+"bokhandlerne. Uansett hvilken beskyttelse <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> gav "
"bokhandlerne, så sa han at den ikke fortrengte noe fra sedvaneretten. "
-"Spørsmålet var hvorvidt sedvaneretten beskyttet forfatterne mot pirater. "
+"Spørsmålet var hvorvidt sedvaneretten beskyttet forfatterne mot <quote>pirater</quote>. "
"Mansfield svar var ja: Sedvaneretten nektet Taylor å reprodusere Thomsons "
"dikt uten Millars tillatelse. Slik gav sedvaneretten bokselgerne en evig "
"publiseringsrett til bøker solgt til dem."
"The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, "
"however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix."
msgstr ""
-"Kampen for å forsvare \"Statute of Anne\"s begrensninger sluttet uansett "
+"Kampen for å forsvare <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>s begrensninger sluttet uansett "
"ikke der, for nå kommer Donaldson."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
"Rettssaken <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> mot <citetitle>Beckett</"
"citetitle> fikk en enorm oppmerksomhet i hele Storbritannia. Donaldsons "
"advokater mente at selv om det før fantes en del rettigheter i "
-"sedvaneretten, så var disse fortrengt av \"Statute of Anne\". Etter at "
-"\"Statute of Anne\" var blitt vedtatt, skulle den eneste lovlige beskyttelse "
+"sedvaneretten, så var disse fortrengt av <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>. Etter at "
+"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> var blitt vedtatt, skulle den eneste lovlige beskyttelse "
"for trykkerett kom derfra. Og derfor, mente de, i tråd med vilkårene i "
-"\"Statute of Anne\", falle i det fri så fort beskyttelsesperioden var over."
+"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, falle i det fri så fort beskyttelsesperioden var over."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented "
-#| "to the House and voted upon first by the \"law lords,\" members of "
-#| "special legal distinction who functioned much like the Justices in our "
-#| "Supreme Court. Then, after the law lords voted, the House of Lords "
-#| "generally voted."
msgid ""
"The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to "
"the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of "
"voted."
msgstr ""
"Overhuset var en merkelig institusjon. Juridiske spørsmål ble presentert for "
-"huset, og ble først stemt over av \"juslorder\", medlemmer av enspesiell "
+"huset, og ble først stemt over av <quote>juslorder</quote>, medlemmer av enspesiell "
"rettslig gruppe som fungerte nesten slik som justiariusene i vår "
-"Høyesterett. Deretter, etter at \"juslordene\" hadde stemt, stemte resten av "
+"Høyesterett. Deretter, etter at <quote>juslordene</quote> hadde stemt, stemte resten av "
"Overhuset."
#. PAGE BREAK 104
msgstr "Shakespeare, William"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "\"The public domain.\" Before the case of <citetitle>Donaldson</"
-#| "citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there was no clear idea of "
-#| "a public domain in England. Before 1774, there was a strong argument that "
-#| "common law copyrights were perpetual. After 1774, the public domain was "
-#| "born. For the first time in Anglo-American history, the legal control "
-#| "over creative works expired, and the greatest works in English "
-#| "history—including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and "
-#| "Bunyan—were free of legal restraint. <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
-#| "\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder "
-#| "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> "
-#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>"
msgid ""
"<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of <citetitle>Donaldson</"
"citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there was no clear idea of a "
"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type="
"\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"\"Å falle i det fri\". Før rettssaken <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> mot "
+"<quote>Å falle i det fri</quote>. Før rettssaken <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> mot "
"<citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> var det ingen klar oppfatning om hva å falle "
"i det fri innebar. Før 1774 var det jo en allmenn oppfatning om at "
"kopiretten var evigvarende. Men etter 1774 ble Public Domain født.For første "
msgstr "Rose, 97."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords "
-#| "fueled an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, "
-#| "where most of the \"pirate publishers\" did their work, people celebrated "
-#| "the decision in the streets. As the <citetitle>Edinburgh Advertiser</"
-#| "citetitle> reported, \"No private cause has so much engrossed the "
-#| "attention of the public, and none has been tried before the House of "
-#| "Lords in the decision of which so many individuals were interested.\" "
-#| "\"Great rejoicing in Edinburgh upon victory over literary property: "
-#| "bonfires and illuminations.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgid ""
"It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled "
"an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most "
"Vi kan knapt forestille oss det, men denne avgjørelsen fra Overhuset fyrte "
"opp under en svært populær og politisk reaksjon. I Skottland, hvor de fleste "
"piratugiverne hadde holdt til, ble avgjørelsen feiret i gatene. Som "
-"<citetitle>Edinburgh Advertiser</citetitle> skrev \"Ingen privatsak har noen "
+"<citetitle>Edinburgh Advertiser</citetitle> skrev <quote>Ingen privatsak har noen "
"gang fått slik oppmerksomhet fra folket, og ingen sak som har blitt prøvet i "
-"Overhuset har interessert så mange enkeltmennesker.\" \"Stor glede i "
-"Edinburgh etter seieren over litterær eiendom: bål og *illuminations*."
+"Overhuset har interessert så mange enkeltmennesker.</quote> <quote>Stor glede i "
+"Edinburgh etter seieren over litterær eiendom: bål og *illuminations*.</quote>"
"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / blobdiff