Generated.

[text-free-culture-lessig.git] / freeculture.xml

diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml
index 771cd12448972f73efd7640209f560fb6df028e9..886b3e3bc79a07cd5f17dcee4089e0ff1ca3b614 100644 (file)
--- a/freeculture.xml
+++ b/freeculture.xml
@@ -1,27 +1,29 @@
 <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8' ?>
 <?xml-stylesheet href="docbook-css-0.4/driver.css" type="text/css"?>
 <!-- Converted to DocBook by Hans Schou 2004-03-29.  Updated and improved
 <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8' ?>
 <?xml-stylesheet href="docbook-css-0.4/driver.css" type="text/css"?>
 <!-- Converted to DocBook by Hans Schou 2004-03-29.  Updated and improved

-     by Petter Reinholdtsen 2012 with input from Martin Borg. -->
+     by Petter Reinholdtsen 2012-2015 with input from Martin Borg. -->

 <!--
   TODO
 <!--
   TODO

-  * indexterm primary
+  * Add missing indexterm entries by comparing with the 2004 edition.

 -->
 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" 
 [
    <!ENTITY copy "©">
 -->
 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" 
 [
    <!ENTITY copy "©">

-   <!ENTITY translationblock "">

 ]>
 ]>

+

 <book id="index" lang="en">
 <bookinfo>
  <title>Free Culture</title>
 
  <abbrev>"freeculture"</abbrev>
 
 <book id="index" lang="en">
 <bookinfo>
  <title>Free Culture</title>
 
  <abbrev>"freeculture"</abbrev>
 

- <subtitle>HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN
- CULTURE AND CONTROL CREATIVITY</subtitle>
+ <subtitle>How big media uses technology and the law to lock down
+ culture and control creativity</subtitle>
+
+ <pubdate>2015-10-15</pubdate>

 
 

- <pubdate>2004-03-25</pubdate>
+ <edition>1</edition>

 
  <releaseinfo>Version 2004-02-10</releaseinfo>
 
 
  <releaseinfo>Version 2004-02-10</releaseinfo>
 


@@ -30,6 +32,20 @@
    <firstname>Lawrence</firstname>
    <surname>Lessig</surname>
   </author>
    <firstname>Lawrence</firstname>
    <surname>Lessig</surname>
   </author>

+<!--
+  Keep these out to avoid showing up as author in the PDF.
+
+  <editor>
+   <firstname>Petter</firstname>
+   <surname>Reinholdtsen</surname>
+  </editor>
+
+  <othercredit role='converter'>
+    <firstname>Petter</firstname>
+    <surname>Reinholdtsen</surname>
+    <contrib>Created this Docbook version from an earlier version</contrib>
+  </othercredit>
+-->

  </authorgroup>
 
 <!-- <subjectset> and cover <mediaobject> Based on example from
  </authorgroup>
 
 <!-- <subjectset> and cover <mediaobject> Based on example from


@@ -52,8 +68,8 @@
 
 
  <publisher>
 
 
  <publisher>

-   <publishername>The Penguin Press</publishername>
-   <address><city>New York</city></address>
+   <publishername>Petter Reinholdtsen</publishername>
+   <address><city>Oslo</city></address>

  </publisher>
 
  <copyright>
  </publisher>
 
  <copyright>


@@ -76,21 +92,20 @@
    </para>
 
    <para>
    </para>
 
    <para>

-This version of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is licensed under
-a Creative Commons license. This license permits non-commercial use of
-this work, so long as attribution is given.  For more information
-about the license, click the icon above, or visit
-<ulink url="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/</ulink>
+This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license
+permits non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is
+given.  For more information about the license visit
+<ulink url="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/"/>.

    </para>
  </legalnotice>
 
  <abstract>
    </para>
  </legalnotice>
 
  <abstract>

-  <title>ABOUT THE AUTHOR</title>
+  <title>About the author</title>

   <para>
   <para>

-LAWRENCE LESSIG 
+Lawrence Lessig

 (<ulink url="http://www.lessig.org">http://www.lessig.org</ulink>),
 (<ulink url="http://www.lessig.org">http://www.lessig.org</ulink>),

-professor of law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty Scholar
-at Stanford Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for Internet
+professor of law and a Roy L. Furman Professor of Law and Leadership
+at Harvard Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for Internet

 and Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons
 (<ulink url="http://creativecommons.org">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>).
 The author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And
 and Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons
 (<ulink url="http://creativecommons.org">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>).
 The author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And


@@ -98,162 +113,82 @@ Other Laws of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of
 the boards of the Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier
 Foundation, and Public Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free
 Software Foundation's Award for the Advancement of Free Software,
 the boards of the Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier
 Foundation, and Public Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free
 Software Foundation's Award for the Advancement of Free Software,

-twice listed in BusinessWeek's <quote>e.biz 25,</quote> and named one of Scientific
-American's <quote>50 visionaries.</quote> A graduate of the University of
-Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, and Yale Law School, Lessig
-clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of
-Appeals.
+twice listed in BusinessWeek's <quote>e.biz 25,</quote> and named one
+of Scientific American's <quote>50 visionaries.</quote> A graduate of
+the University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, and Yale Law
+School, Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Seventh
+Circuit Court of Appeals.

   </para>
  </abstract>
 
 <!-- testing different ways to tag the cover page -->
  <mediaobject role="cover">
    <imageobject remap="lrg" role="front-large">
   </para>
  </abstract>
 
 <!-- testing different ways to tag the cover page -->
  <mediaobject role="cover">
    <imageobject remap="lrg" role="front-large">

-     <imagedata fileref="images/cover.png" format="PNG" width="444" />
+     <imagedata fileref="images/cover-front-72dpi.png" format="PNG" width="444" />

    </imageobject>
    </imageobject>

-<!--

    <imageobject remap="s" role="front">
    <imageobject remap="s" role="front">

-     <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" />
+     <imagedata fileref="images/cover-front-10dpi.png" format="PNG" width="444" />

    </imageobject>
    <imageobject remap="xs" role="front-small">
    </imageobject>
    <imageobject remap="xs" role="front-small">

-     <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" />
+     <imagedata fileref="images/cover-front-10dpi.png" format="PNG" width="444" />

    </imageobject>
    <imageobject remap="cs" role="thumbnail">
    </imageobject>
    <imageobject remap="cs" role="thumbnail">

-     <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" />
+     <imagedata fileref="images/cover-front-10dpi.png" format="PNG" width="444" />

    </imageobject>
    </imageobject>

--->

  </mediaobject>
 
  </mediaobject>
 

- <biblioid class="isbn">1-59420-006-8</biblioid>
+ <biblioid class="isbn">978-82-8067-010-6</biblioid>

 
 <!-- LCCN from
      http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+2003063276&CNT=10+records+per+page
      -->
   <biblioid class="libraryofcongress">2003063276</biblioid>
 
 
 <!-- LCCN from
      http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+2003063276&CNT=10+records+per+page
      -->
   <biblioid class="libraryofcongress">2003063276</biblioid>
 

+  <biblioid class="uri">http://free-culture.cc/</biblioid>
+

 </bookinfo>
 </bookinfo>

-<!--PAGE BREAK 1-->
-<dedication id="salespoints">
-<title></title>
-<para>
-You can buy a copy of this book by clicking on one of the links below:
-</para>
-<itemizedlist mark="number" spacing="compact">
-<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.amazon.com/">Amazon</ulink></para></listitem>
-<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.barnesandnoble.com/">B&amp;N</ulink></para></listitem>
-<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.penguin.com/">Penguin</ulink></para></listitem>
-<!-- <ulink url="">Local Bookstore</ulink> -->
-</itemizedlist>
-</dedication>
-<!-- PAGE BREAK 2 -->

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 3 -->
 <dedication id="alsobylessig">
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 3 -->
 <dedication id="alsobylessig">

-<title></title>
-<para>
-ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG
-</para>
-<para>
-The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World
-</para>
-<para>
-Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace
-</para>
+<title>
+Also by Lawrence Lessig
+</title>
+
+<itemizedlist>
+
+<listitem><para>
+The USA is lesterland: The nature of congressional corruption (2014)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para>
+Republic, lost: How money corrupts Congress - and a plan to stop it  (2011)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para>
+Remix: Making art and commerce thrive in the hybrid economy (2008)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para>
+Code: Version 2.0 (2006)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para>
+The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World (2001)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para>
+Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace (1999)
+</para></listitem>
+</itemizedlist>

 </dedication>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 4 -->
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 5 -->
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 6 -->
 </dedication>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 4 -->
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 5 -->
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 6 -->

-<colophon>
-<para>
-THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.  375 Hudson Street New
-York, New York
-</para>
-<para>
-Copyright &copy; Lawrence Lessig.  All rights reserved.
-</para>
-<para>
-Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,</quote>
-<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, 2003. Copyright
-&copy; 2003 by The New York Times Co.  Reprinted with permission.
-</para>
-<para>
-Cartoon in <xref linkend="fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright Tribune
-Media Services, Inc.  All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission.
-</para>
-<para>
-Diagram in <xref linkend="fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership"/> courtesy of the office of FCC
-Commissioner, Michael J. Copps.
-</para>
-<para>
-Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
-</para>
-<para>
-Lessig, Lawrence.
-Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law to lock down 
-culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig.
-</para>
-<para>
-p. cm.
-</para>
-<para>
-Includes index.
-</para>
-<para>
-ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)
-</para>
-
-<para>
-1. Intellectual property&mdash;United States. 2. Mass media&mdash;United States.
-</para>
-<para>
-3. Technological innovations&mdash;United States. 4. Art&mdash;United States. I. Title.
-</para>
-<para>
-KF2979.L47
-</para>
-<para>
-343.7309'9&mdash;dc22
-</para>
-<para>
-This book is printed on acid-free paper.
-</para>
-<para>
-Printed in the United States of America
-</para>
-<para>
-1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4
-</para>
-<para>
-Designed by Marysarah Quinn
-</para>
-
-<para>
-&translationblock;
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of
-this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a
-retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means
-(electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise),
-without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and
-the above publisher of this book.
-</para>
-<para>
-The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the
-Internet or via any other means without the permission of the
-publisher is illegal and punishable by law.  Please purchase only
-authorized electronic editions and do not participate in or encourage
-electronic piracy of copyrighted materials. Your support of the
-author's rights is appreciated.
-</para>
-</colophon>
-

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 7 -->
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 7 -->

-<dedication><title></title>
+<dedication id='dedication'><title></title>
+<!-- FIXME figure out how to do this better in dblatex and docbook-xsl -->
+<?latex {\huge \centering
+?>

 <para>
 <para>

-To Eric Eldred&mdash;whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom
+To Eric Eldred &mdash; whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom

 it continues still.
 </para>
 it continues still.
 </para>

+<?latex } % \huge \centering
+?>

 </dedication>
 
 <toc id="toc"></toc>
 </dedication>
 
 <toc id="toc"></toc>


@@ -321,8 +256,9 @@ c      INDEX
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 11 -->
 
 <preface id="preface">
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 11 -->
 
 <preface id="preface">

-<title>PREFACE</title>
+<title>Preface</title>

 <indexterm id='idxpoguedavid' class='startofrange'><primary>Pogue, David</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxpoguedavid' class='startofrange'><primary>Pogue, David</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Code (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis role="bold">At the end</emphasis> of his review of my first
 book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David
 <para>
 <emphasis role="bold">At the end</emphasis> of his review of my first
 book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David


@@ -475,8 +411,8 @@ book is written.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 15 -->
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 16 -->
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 15 -->
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 16 -->

-<chapter label="0" id="c-introduction">
-<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
+<chapter label="" id="c-introduction">
+<title>Introduction</title>

 <indexterm id='idxwrightbrothers' class='startofrange'><primary>Wright brothers</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <emphasis role="strong">On December 17</emphasis>, 1903, on a windy North Carolina beach for just
 <indexterm id='idxwrightbrothers' class='startofrange'><primary>Wright brothers</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <emphasis role="strong">On December 17</emphasis>, 1903, on a windy North Carolina beach for just


@@ -764,6 +700,8 @@ stepped out of a thirteenth-story window to his death.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxfmradio' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxarmstrongedwinhoward' class='endofrange'/>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxfmradio' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxarmstrongedwinhoward' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm><primary>Causby, Thomas Lee</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Causby, Tinie</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and
 rarely with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From
 <para>
 This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and
 rarely with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From


@@ -820,6 +758,7 @@ has introduced.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxinternetdevelopmentof' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm><primary>Barlow, Joel</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxinternetdevelopmentof' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm><primary>Barlow, Joel</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>culture</primary><seealso>free culture</seealso></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxculturecommercialvsnoncommercial' class='startofrange'><primary>culture</primary><secondary>commercial vs. noncommercial</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Webster, Noah</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm id='idxculturecommercialvsnoncommercial' class='startofrange'><primary>culture</primary><secondary>commercial vs. noncommercial</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Webster, Noah</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -859,8 +798,8 @@ State copyright law historically protected not just the commercial interest in
 publication, but also a privacy interest. By granting authors the exclusive
 right to first publication, state copyright law gave authors the power to
 control the spread of facts about them. See Samuel D. Warren and Louis
 publication, but also a privacy interest. By granting authors the exclusive
 right to first publication, state copyright law gave authors the power to
 control the spread of facts about them. See Samuel D. Warren and Louis

-D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> Harvard Law Review 4 (1890): 193,
-198&ndash;200.
+D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> <citetitle>Harvard
+Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193, 198&ndash;200.

 <indexterm><primary>Brandeis, Louis D.</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 This is also, of course, an important part of creativity and culture,
 <indexterm><primary>Brandeis, Louis D.</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 This is also, of course, an important part of creativity and culture,


@@ -889,6 +828,8 @@ been undone.  The consequence is that we are less and less a free
 culture, more and more a permission culture.
 </para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 24 -->
 culture, more and more a permission culture.
 </para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 24 -->

+<indexterm><primary>Causby, Thomas Lee</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Causby, Tinie</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>protection of artists vs. business interests</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial
 <indexterm><primary>protection of artists vs. business interests</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial


@@ -996,9 +937,9 @@ independent. We have built a kind of cultural nobility; those within
 the noble class live easily; those outside it don't. But it is
 nobility of any form that is alien to our tradition.
 </para>
 the noble class live easily; those outside it don't. But it is
 nobility of any form that is alien to our tradition.
 </para>

-<!-- PAGE BREAK 26. FIXME: Should "Is it" be "It is" ? -->
+<!-- PAGE BREAK 26. -->

 <para>
 <para>

-The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the
+The story that follows is about this war. It is not about the

 <quote>centrality of technology</quote> to ordinary life. I don't believe in gods,
 digital or otherwise. Nor is it an effort to demonize any individual
 or group, for neither do I believe in a devil, corporate or
 <quote>centrality of technology</quote> to ordinary life. I don't believe in gods,
 digital or otherwise. Nor is it an effort to demonize any individual
 or group, for neither do I believe in a devil, corporate or


@@ -1128,7 +1069,7 @@ to which most of us remain oblivious.
 </chapter>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 29 -->
 <part id="c-piracy">
 </chapter>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 29 -->
 <part id="c-piracy">

-<title><quote>PIRACY</quote></title>
+<title><quote>Piracy</quote></title>

 <partintro>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 30 -->
 <indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>English</secondary></indexterm>
 <partintro>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 30 -->
 <indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>English</secondary></indexterm>


@@ -1203,6 +1144,7 @@ piracy.
 <indexterm><primary>ASCAP</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Dreyfuss, Rochelle</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Girl Scouts</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>ASCAP</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Dreyfuss, Rochelle</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Girl Scouts</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>creative property</primary><seealso>intellectual property rights</seealso></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxcreativepropertyifvaluethenrighttheoryof' class='startofrange'><primary>creative property</primary><secondary><quote>if value, then right</quote> theory of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxifvaluethenrighttheory' class='startofrange'><primary><quote>if value, then right</quote> theory</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm id='idxcreativepropertyifvaluethenrighttheoryof' class='startofrange'><primary>creative property</primary><secondary><quote>if value, then right</quote> theory of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxifvaluethenrighttheory' class='startofrange'><primary><quote>if value, then right</quote> theory</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -1239,6 +1181,7 @@ creative property.  It has never taken hold within our law.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxifvaluethenrighttheory' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawonrepublishingvstransformationoforiginalwork' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>on republishing vs. transformation of original work</secondary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxifvaluethenrighttheory' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawonrepublishingvstransformationoforiginalwork' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>on republishing vs. transformation of original work</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>creativity</primary><seealso>innovation</seealso></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxcreativitylegalrestrictionson' class='startofrange'><primary>creativity</primary><secondary>legal restrictions on</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It
 <indexterm id='idxcreativitylegalrestrictionson' class='startofrange'><primary>creativity</primary><secondary>legal restrictions on</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It


@@ -1311,7 +1254,7 @@ context the current battles about behavior labeled <quote>piracy.</quote>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 34 -->
 <chapter label="1" id="creators">
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 34 -->
 <chapter label="1" id="creators">

-<title>CHAPTER ONE: Creators</title>
+<title>Chapter One: Creators</title>

 <indexterm id='idxanimatedcartoons' class='startofrange'><primary>animated cartoons</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcartoonfilms' class='startofrange'><primary>cartoon films</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxfilmsanimated' class='startofrange'><primary>films</primary><secondary>animated</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxanimatedcartoons' class='startofrange'><primary>animated cartoons</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcartoonfilms' class='startofrange'><primary>cartoon films</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxfilmsanimated' class='startofrange'><primary>films</primary><secondary>animated</secondary></indexterm>


@@ -1487,6 +1430,7 @@ culture around us and makes it something different.
 <indexterm startref='idxderivativeworkspiracyvs' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxcreativitybytransformingpreviousworks' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxderivativeworkspiracyvs' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxcreativitybytransformingpreviousworks' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><seealso>copyright law</seealso></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxcopyrightdurationof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxpublicdomaindefined' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>defined</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxpublicdomaintraditionaltermforconversionto' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>traditional term for conversion to</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcopyrightdurationof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxpublicdomaindefined' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>defined</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxpublicdomaintraditionaltermforconversionto' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>traditional term for conversion to</secondary></indexterm>


@@ -1632,7 +1576,7 @@ flourish. As American graphic novelist Judd Winick said to me, <quote>The
 early days of comics in America are very much like what's going on
 in Japan now. &hellip; American  comics were born out of copying each
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 40 -->
 early days of comics in America are very much like what's going on
 in Japan now. &hellip; American  comics were born out of copying each
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 40 -->

-other. &hellip; That's how [the artists] learn to draw&mdash;by going into comic
+other. &hellip; That's how [the artists] learn to draw &mdash; by going into comic

 books and not tracing them, but looking at them and copying them</quote>
 and building from them.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f5 -->
 books and not tracing them, but looking at them and copying them</quote>
 and building from them.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f5 -->


@@ -1728,8 +1672,8 @@ The term <citetitle>intellectual property</citetitle> is of relatively recent or
 Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 11 (New York: New York
 University Press, 2001). See also Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>
 (New York: Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. The term accurately
 Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 11 (New York: New York
 University Press, 2001). See also Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>
 (New York: Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. The term accurately

-describes a set of <quote>property</quote> rights&mdash;copyright, patents,
-trademark, and trade-secret&mdash;but the nature of those rights is
+describes a set of <quote>property</quote> rights &mdash; copyright, patents,
+trademark, and trade-secret &mdash; but the nature of those rights is

 very different.
 </para></footnote>
 A large, diverse society cannot survive without property; a large,
 very different.
 </para></footnote>
 A large, diverse society cannot survive without property; a large,


@@ -1840,7 +1784,7 @@ free culture. It is becoming much less so.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 44 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="2" id="mere-copyists">
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 44 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="2" id="mere-copyists">

-<title>CHAPTER TWO: <quote>Mere Copyists</quote></title>
+<title>Chapter Two: <quote>Mere Copyists</quote></title>

 <indexterm><primary>Daguerre, Louis</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcameratechnology' class='startofrange'><primary>camera technology</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxphotography' class='startofrange'><primary>photography</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Daguerre, Louis</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcameratechnology' class='startofrange'><primary>camera technology</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxphotography' class='startofrange'><primary>photography</primary></indexterm>


@@ -2074,6 +2018,8 @@ realized.
 <indexterm startref='idxeastmangeorge' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxpermissionsphotographyexemptedfrom' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idximagesownershipof' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxeastmangeorge' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxpermissionsphotographyexemptedfrom' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idximagesownershipof' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm><primary>digital cameras</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxjustthink' class='startofrange'><primary>Just Think!</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San
 Francisco's Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San
 Francisco's Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses


@@ -2090,6 +2036,9 @@ schools and enable three hundred to five hundred children to learn
 something about media by doing something with media.  By doing, they
 think. By tinkering, they learn.
 </para>
 something about media by doing something with media.  By doing, they
 think. By tinkering, they learn.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxeducationinmedialiteracy' class='startofrange'><primary>education</primary><secondary>in media literacy</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmedialiteracy' class='startofrange'><primary>media literacy</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxexpressiontechnologiesofmedialiteracyand' class='startofrange'><primary>expression, technologies of</primary><secondary>media literacy and</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is
 increasingly so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has
 <para>
 These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is
 increasingly so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has


@@ -2116,6 +2065,7 @@ deconstruct media images. Its aim is to make [kids] literate about the
 way media works, the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and
 the way people access it.</quote>
 </para>
 way media works, the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and
 the way people access it.</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxjustthink' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For most
 people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway
 <para>
 This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For most
 people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway


@@ -2159,8 +2109,8 @@ from reading a book about it. One learns to write by writing and then
 reflecting upon what one has written. One learns to write with images
 by making them and then reflecting upon what one has created.
 </para>
 reflecting upon what one has written. One learns to write with images
 by making them and then reflecting upon what one has created.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Crichton, Michael</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxdaleyelizabeth' class='startofrange'><primary>Daley, Elizabeth</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxdaleyelizabeth' class='startofrange'><primary>Daley, Elizabeth</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Crichton, Michael</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film,
 as Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern
 <para>
 This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film,
 as Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern


@@ -2272,8 +2222,8 @@ close to the lives of these students. The project <quote>gave them a tool
 and empowered them to be able to both understand it and talk about
 it,</quote> Barish explained. That tool succeeded in creating
 expression&mdash;far more successfully and powerfully than could have
 and empowered them to be able to both understand it and talk about
 it,</quote> Barish explained. That tool succeeded in creating
 expression&mdash;far more successfully and powerfully than could have

-been created using only text. <quote>If you had said to these students, `you
-have to do it in text,' they would've just thrown their hands up and
+been created using only text. <quote>If you had said to these students, <quote>you
+have to do it in text,</quote> they would've just thrown their hands up and

 gone and done something else,</quote> Barish described, in part, no doubt,
 because expressing themselves in text is not something these students
 can do well. Yet neither is text a form in which
 gone and done something else,</quote> Barish described, in part, no doubt,
 because expressing themselves in text is not something these students
 can do well. Yet neither is text a form in which


@@ -2281,6 +2231,7 @@ can do well. Yet neither is text a form in which
 this message depended upon its connection to this form of expression.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxbarishstephanie' class='endofrange'/>
 this message depended upon its connection to this form of expression.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxbarishstephanie' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm id='idxdaleyelizabeth2' class='startofrange'><primary>Daley, Elizabeth</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 52 -->
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 52 -->


@@ -2313,6 +2264,7 @@ make a little movie.</quote> But instead, really help you take these elements
 that you understand, that are your language, and construct meaning
 about the topic.&hellip;
 </para>
 that you understand, that are your language, and construct meaning
 about the topic.&hellip;
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Barish, Stephanie</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of
 course, is eventually, as it has happened in all these classes, they
 <para>
 That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of
 course, is eventually, as it has happened in all these classes, they


@@ -2328,9 +2280,11 @@ your hoops. They actually needed to use a language that they
 didn't speak very well. But they had come to understand that they
 had a lot of power with this language.
 </para>
 didn't speak very well. But they had come to understand that they
 had a lot of power with this language.
 </para>

-<!-- FIXME removed a " from the end of the previous paragraph that did
-     not match with any start quote. -->

 </blockquote>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxeducationinmedialiteracy' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxmedialiteracy' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxexpressiontechnologiesofmedialiteracyand' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdaleyelizabeth2' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm id='idxseptemberterroristattacksof' class='startofrange'><primary>September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>World Trade Center</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxnewscoverage' class='startofrange'><primary>news coverage</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxseptemberterroristattacksof' class='startofrange'><primary>September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>World Trade Center</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxnewscoverage' class='startofrange'><primary>news coverage</primary></indexterm>


@@ -2356,6 +2310,9 @@ entertainment is tragedy.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>ABC</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>CBS</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>ABC</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>CBS</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Cyber Rights (Godwin)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Godwin, Mike</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetnewseventson' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>news events on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September
 11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different
 <para>
 But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September
 11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different


@@ -2403,6 +2360,7 @@ such as in Japan, it functions very much like a diary. In those
 cultures, it records private facts in a public way&mdash;it's a kind
 of electronic <citetitle>Jerry Springer</citetitle>, available anywhere in the world.
 </para>
 cultures, it records private facts in a public way&mdash;it's a kind
 of electronic <citetitle>Jerry Springer</citetitle>, available anywhere in the world.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxinternetnewseventson' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>political discourse</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxinternetpublicdiscourseconductedon' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>public discourse conducted on</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>political discourse</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxinternetpublicdiscourseconductedon' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>public discourse conducted on</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -2535,8 +2493,8 @@ more instances of the same <quote>misspeaking</quote> emerged. Finally, the stor
 broke back into the mainstream press. In the end, Lott was forced to
 resign as senate majority leader.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f18 -->
 broke back into the mainstream press. In the end, Lott was forced to
 resign as senate majority leader.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f18 -->

-Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,</quote> New
-York Times, 16 January 2003, G5.
+Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the
+Pot,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 16 January 2003, G5.

 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 <indexterm id='idxmediacommercialimperativesof' class='startofrange'><primary>media</primary><secondary>commercial imperatives of</secondary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 <indexterm id='idxmediacommercialimperativesof' class='startofrange'><primary>media</primary><secondary>commercial imperatives of</secondary></indexterm>


@@ -2776,13 +2734,14 @@ natural tendencies of today's digital kids. &hellip; We're building an
 architecture that unleashes 60 percent of the brain [and] a legal
 system that closes down that part of the brain.</quote>
 </para>
 architecture that unleashes 60 percent of the brain [and] a legal
 system that closes down that part of the brain.</quote>
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxbrownjohnseely' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes
 moving images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an
 opportunity to spread that creativity everywhere. But we're building
 the law to close down that technology.
 </para>
 <para>
 We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes
 moving images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an
 opportunity to spread that creativity everywhere. But we're building
 the law to close down that technology.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Kahle, Brewster</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm startref='idxbrownjohnseely' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 <quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in
 chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber" linkend="collectors"/>,
 <para>
 <quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in
 chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber" linkend="collectors"/>,


@@ -2791,7 +2750,7 @@ quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 61 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="3" id="catalogs">
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 61 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="3" id="catalogs">

-<title>CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs</title>
+<title>Chapter Three: Catalogs</title>

 <indexterm><primary>Jordan, Jesse</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>RPI</primary><see>Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)</see></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxrensselaer' class='startofrange'><primary>Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Jordan, Jesse</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>RPI</primary><see>Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)</see></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxrensselaer' class='startofrange'><primary>Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)</primary></indexterm>


@@ -2835,7 +2794,6 @@ access to material from that institution.  Businesses do this all the
 time, enabling employees to have access to material that people
 outside the business can't get. Universities do it as well.
 </para>
 time, enabling employees to have access to material that people
 outside the business can't get. Universities do it as well.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxuniversitycomputernetworksppsharingon' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm id='idxjordanjesse' class='startofrange'><primary>Jordan, Jesse</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxmicrosoftnetworkfilesystemof' class='startofrange'><primary>Microsoft</primary><secondary>network file system of</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm id='idxjordanjesse' class='startofrange'><primary>Jordan, Jesse</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxmicrosoftnetworkfilesystemof' class='startofrange'><primary>Microsoft</primary><secondary>network file system of</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -3050,7 +3008,7 @@ wrong message. And he wants to correct the record.</quote>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 66 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="4" id="pirates">
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 66 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="4" id="pirates">

-<title>CHAPTER FOUR: <quote>Pirates</quote></title>
+<title>Chapter Four: <quote>Pirates</quote></title>

 <indexterm id='idxpiracyindevelopmentofcontentindustry' class='startofrange'><primary>piracy</primary><secondary>in development of content industry</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary><quote>if value, then right</quote> theory</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm id='idxpiracyindevelopmentofcontentindustry' class='startofrange'><primary>piracy</primary><secondary>in development of content industry</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary><quote>if value, then right</quote> theory</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -3066,6 +3024,9 @@ now.
 </para>
 <section id="film">
 <title>Film</title>
 </para>
 <section id="film">
 <title>Film</title>

+<indexterm><primary>Hollywood film industry</primary><seealso>film industry</seealso></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxhollywoodfilmindustry' class='startofrange'><primary>Hollywood film industry</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpatentsonfilmtechnology' class='startofrange'><primary>patents</primary><secondary>on film technology</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f1 -->
 <para>
 The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f1 -->


@@ -3128,11 +3089,12 @@ Working Paper No. 159.
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 <para>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 <para>

-The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies like
-Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously
-resisted.  <quote>Shooting was disrupted by machinery stolen, and
-`accidents' resulting in loss of negatives, equipment, buildings and
-sometimes life and limb frequently occurred.</quote><footnote><para>
+The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were
+companies like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were
+vigorously resisted.  <quote>Shooting was disrupted by machinery
+stolen, and <quote>accidents</quote> resulting in loss of negatives,
+equipment, buildings and sometimes life and limb frequently
+occurred.</quote><footnote><para>

 <!-- f3 -->
 Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents Majority</citetitle>, archived at
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #12</ulink>.
 <!-- f3 -->
 Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents Majority</citetitle>, archived at
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #12</ulink>.


@@ -3143,6 +3105,7 @@ filmmakers there could pirate his inventions without fear of the
 law. And the leaders of Hollywood filmmaking, Fox most prominently,
 did just that.
 </para>
 law. And the leaders of Hollywood filmmaking, Fox most prominently,
 did just that.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxhollywoodfilmindustry' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement
 of federal law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the
 <para>
 Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement
 of federal law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the


@@ -3153,6 +3116,7 @@ time), by the time enough federal marshals appeared, the patents had
 expired. A new industry had been born, in part from the piracy of
 Edison's creative property.
 </para>
 expired. A new industry had been born, in part from the piracy of
 Edison's creative property.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxpatentsonfilmtechnology' class='endofrange'/>

 </section>
 <section id="recordedmusic">
 <title>Recorded Music</title>
 </section>
 <section id="recordedmusic">
 <title>Recorded Music</title>


@@ -3193,6 +3157,8 @@ then, I could effectively pirate someone else's song without paying
 its composer anything.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxfourneauxhenri' class='endofrange'/>
 its composer anything.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxfourneauxhenri' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm id='idxkittredgealfred' class='startofrange'><primary>Kittredge, Alfred</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmusicpublishing' class='startofrange'><primary>music publishing</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 69 -->
 <para>
 The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 69 -->


@@ -3210,7 +3176,7 @@ composer and publisher without any regard for [their]
 rights.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f4 -->
 To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on
 rights.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f4 -->
 To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on

-S. 6330 and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th
+S. 6330 and H.R. 19853 Before the (Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th

 Cong. 59, 1st sess. (1906) (statement of Senator Alfred B. Kittredge,
 of South Dakota, chairman), reprinted in <citetitle>Legislative History of the
 Copyright Act</citetitle>, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South
 Cong. 59, 1st sess. (1906) (statement of Senator Alfred B. Kittredge,
 of South Dakota, chairman), reprinted in <citetitle>Legislative History of the
 Copyright Act</citetitle>, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South


@@ -3219,6 +3185,7 @@ Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976).
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxkittredgealfred' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Sousa, John Philip</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 The innovators who developed the technology to record other
 <indexterm><primary>Sousa, John Philip</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 The innovators who developed the technology to record other


@@ -3242,9 +3209,14 @@ To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23
 (statement of John Philip Sousa, composer).
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 (statement of John Philip Sousa, composer).
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxmusicpublishing' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>American Graphophone Company</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>player pianos</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>sheet music</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>American Graphophone Company</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>player pianos</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>sheet music</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on copyright laws</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressusonrecordingindustry' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on recording industry</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawstatutorylicensesin' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>statutory licenses in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustrystatutorylicensesystemin' class='startofrange'><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>statutory license system in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too,
 do the arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the
 <para>
 These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too,
 do the arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the


@@ -3260,7 +3232,7 @@ Perforating Company of New York).
 </para></footnote> In any case, the innovators argued, the job of
 Congress was <quote>to consider first the interest of [the public], whom
 they represent, and whose servants they are.</quote> <quote>All talk about
 </para></footnote> In any case, the innovators argued, the job of
 Congress was <quote>to consider first the interest of [the public], whom
 they represent, and whose servants they are.</quote> <quote>All talk about

-`theft,'</quote> the general counsel of the American Graphophone Company
+<quote>theft,</quote></quote> the general counsel of the American Graphophone Company

 wrote, <quote>is the merest claptrap, for there exists no property in ideas
 musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by
 statute.</quote><footnote><para>
 wrote, <quote>is the merest claptrap, for there exists no property in ideas
 musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by
 statute.</quote><footnote><para>


@@ -3270,6 +3242,7 @@ memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American
 Graphophone Company Association).
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 Graphophone Company Association).
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>cover songs</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer
 <emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the
 <para>
 The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer
 <emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the


@@ -3285,6 +3258,8 @@ copyright law that makes cover songs possible. Once a composer
 authorizes a recording of his song, others are free to record the same
 song, so long as they pay the original composer a fee set by the law.
 </para>
 authorizes a recording of his song, others are free to record the same
 song, so long as they pay the original composer a fee set by the law.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcompulsorylicense' class='startofrange'><primary>compulsory license</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxstatutorylicenses' class='startofrange'><primary>statutory licenses</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but I will
 refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory license is a license
 <para>
 American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but I will
 refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory license is a license


@@ -3293,7 +3268,7 @@ Copyright Act in 1909, record companies were free to distribute copies
 of recordings so long as they paid the composer (or copyright holder)
 the fee set by the statute.
 </para>
 of recordings so long as they paid the composer (or copyright holder)
 the fee set by the statute.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Grisham, John</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxgrishamjohn' class='startofrange'><primary>Grisham, John</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham
 writes a novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if
 <para>
 This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham
 writes a novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if


@@ -3304,6 +3279,7 @@ have no permission to use Grisham's work except with permission of
 Grisham.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawonmusicrecordings' class='endofrange'/>
 Grisham.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawonmusicrecordings' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm><primary>Beatles</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And
 thus, in effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording
 <para>
 But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And
 thus, in effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording


@@ -3320,13 +3296,15 @@ creativity.<footnote><para>
 
 <!-- f10 -->
 Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and
 
 <!-- f10 -->
 Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and

-H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st
+H.R. 11794 Before the (Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st

 sess., 217 (1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted
 in <citetitle>Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act</citetitle>, E. Fulton Brylawski and
 Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976).
 </para></footnote>
 sess., 217 (1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted
 in <citetitle>Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act</citetitle>, E. Fulton Brylawski and
 Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976).
 </para></footnote>

-<indexterm><primary>Beatles</primary></indexterm>

 </para>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusonrecordingindustry' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxgrishamjohn' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently,
 historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for
 <para>
 While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently,
 historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for


@@ -3356,6 +3334,10 @@ March 1967). I am grateful to Glenn Brown for drawing my attention to
 this report.</para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 this report.</para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawstatutorylicensesin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustrystatutorylicensesystemin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcompulsorylicense' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxstatutorylicenses' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their
 creative work, the record producers, and the public, benefit.
 <para>
 By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their
 creative work, the record producers, and the public, benefit.


@@ -3363,7 +3345,8 @@ creative work, the record producers, and the public, benefit.
 </section>
 <section id="radio">
 <title>Radio</title>
 </section>
 <section id="radio">
 <title>Radio</title>

-<indexterm id='idxartistspayments1' class='startofrange'><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryradiobroadcastand' class='startofrange'><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>radio broadcast and</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxartistsrecordingindustrypaymentsto' class='startofrange'><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Radio was also born of piracy.
 </para>
 <para>
 Radio was also born of piracy.
 </para>


@@ -3387,6 +3370,7 @@ As I described above, the law gives the composer (or copyright holder)
 an exclusive right to public performances of his work. The radio
 station thus owes the composer money for that performance.
 </para>
 an exclusive right to public performances of his work. The radio
 station thus owes the composer money for that performance.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxradiomusicrecordingsplayedon' class='startofrange'><primary>radio</primary><secondary>music recordings played on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a
 copy of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is
 <para>
 But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a
 copy of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is


@@ -3427,6 +3411,8 @@ the sale of her CDs. The public performance of her recording is not a
 <emphasis>pirate</emphasis> the value of Madonna's work without paying
 her anything.
 </para>
 <emphasis>pirate</emphasis> the value of Madonna's work without paying
 her anything.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxartistsrecordingindustrypaymentsto' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxradiomusicrecordingsplayedon' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm startref='idxmadonna' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists
 <indexterm startref='idxmadonna' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists


@@ -3436,7 +3422,7 @@ ordinarily gives the creator the right to make this choice. By making
 the choice for him or her, the law gives the radio station the right
 to take something for nothing.
 </para>
 the choice for him or her, the law gives the radio station the right
 to take something for nothing.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxartistspayments1' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryradiobroadcastand' class='endofrange'/>

 </section>
 <section id="cabletv">
 <title>Cable TV</title>
 </section>
 <section id="cabletv">
 <title>Cable TV</title>


@@ -3582,7 +3568,7 @@ last. Every generation&mdash;until now.
 </section>
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="5" id="piracy">
 </section>
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="5" id="piracy">

-<title>CHAPTER FIVE: <quote>Piracy</quote></title>
+<title>Chapter Five: <quote>Piracy</quote></title>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted
 material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted
 material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most


@@ -3735,6 +3721,7 @@ permission of a property owner. That is exactly what <quote>property</quote> mea
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Asia, commercial piracy in</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>piracy</primary><secondary>in Asia</secondary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Asia, commercial piracy in</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>piracy</primary><secondary>in Asia</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>open-source software</primary><see>free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)</see></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>GNU/Linux operating system</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Linux operating system</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>GNU/Linux operating system</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Linux operating system</primary></indexterm>


@@ -3833,9 +3820,11 @@ and how much p2p sharing harms before we know how strongly the
 law should seek to either prevent it or find an alternative to assure the
 author of his profit.
 </para>
 law should seek to either prevent it or find an alternative to assure the
 author of his profit.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>innovation</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Fanning, Shawn</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <para>

+<indexterm><primary>Fanning, Shawn</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>innovation</primary><seealso>creativity</seealso></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>innovation</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxnapster' class='startofrange'><primary>Napster</primary></indexterm>

 Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of
 the Napster technology had not made any major technological
 innovations.  Like every great advance in innovation on the Internet
 Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of
 the Napster technology had not made any major technological
 innovations.  Like every great advance in innovation on the Internet


@@ -3856,6 +3845,9 @@ Christensen's ideas, see Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>Future</citetitle>, 89&ndas
 put together components that had been developed independently.
 </para>
 <para>
 put together components that had been developed independently.
 </para>
 <para>

+<indexterm><primary>Kazaa</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>number of registrations on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>replacement of</secondary></indexterm>

 The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999,
 Napster amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After
 eighteen months, there were close to 80 million registered users of the
 The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999,
 Napster amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After
 eighteen months, there were close to 80 million registered users of the


@@ -3876,6 +3868,7 @@ users to make content available to any number of other users. With a
 p2p system, you can share your favorite songs with your best friend&mdash;
 or your 20,000 best friends.
 </para>
 p2p system, you can share your favorite songs with your best friend&mdash;
 or your 20,000 best friends.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxnapster' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans
 have tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in
 <para>
 According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans
 have tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in


@@ -3909,6 +3902,8 @@ carefully than the polarized voices around this debate usually
 do&mdash;the kinds of sharing that file sharing enables, and the kinds
 of harm it entails.
 </para>
 do&mdash;the kinds of sharing that file sharing enables, and the kinds
 of harm it entails.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxpeertopeerppfilesharingfourtypesof' class='startofrange'><primary>peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing</primary><secondary>four types of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>range of content on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 81 -->
 File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 81 -->
 File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these


@@ -3962,6 +3957,7 @@ to content that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner
 wants to give away.
 </para></listitem>
 </orderedlist>
 wants to give away.
 </para></listitem>
 </orderedlist>

+<indexterm startref='idxpeertopeerppfilesharingfourtypesof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 How do these different types of sharing balance out?
 </para>
 <para>
 How do these different types of sharing balance out?
 </para>


@@ -3999,6 +3995,7 @@ cassette recording is a good example. As a study by Cap Gemini Ernst
 technology, the labels fought it.</quote><footnote><para>
 <!-- f10 -->
 <indexterm><primary>cassette recording</primary></indexterm>
 technology, the labels fought it.</quote><footnote><para>
 <!-- f10 -->
 <indexterm><primary>cassette recording</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>DAT (digital audio tape)</primary></indexterm>

 See Cap Gemini Ernst &amp; Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution and the
 Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report
 describes the music industry's effort to stigmatize the budding
 See Cap Gemini Ernst &amp; Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution and the
 Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report
 describes the music industry's effort to stigmatize the budding


@@ -4018,10 +4015,11 @@ regulating technology was the answer.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>MTV</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>MTV</primary></indexterm>
 <para>

-Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity
-to enact regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record
-turnaround. <quote>In the end,</quote> Cap Gemini concludes, <quote>the `crisis' &hellip; was
-not the fault of the tapers&mdash;who did not [stop after MTV came into
+Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to
+enact regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record
+turnaround. <quote>In the end,</quote> Cap Gemini concludes,
+<quote>the <quote>crisis</quote> &hellip; was not the fault of the
+tapers&mdash;who did not [stop after MTV came into

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 83 -->
 being]&mdash;but had to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical
 innovation at the major labels.</quote><footnote><para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 83 -->
 being]&mdash;but had to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical
 innovation at the major labels.</quote><footnote><para>


@@ -4154,6 +4152,7 @@ publisher or the distributor has decided it no longer makes economic
 sense <emphasis>to the company</emphasis> to make it available.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>resales of</secondary></indexterm>
 sense <emphasis>to the company</emphasis> to make it available.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>resales of</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>used record sales</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In real space&mdash;long before the Internet&mdash;the market had a simple
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 85 -->
 <para>
 In real space&mdash;long before the Internet&mdash;the market had a simple
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 85 -->


@@ -4182,8 +4181,9 @@ money from the content they sell; but as with cable companies before
 statutory licensing, they don't have to pay the copyright owner for
 the content they sell.
 </para>
 statutory licensing, they don't have to pay the copyright owner for
 the content they sell.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Bernstein, Leonard</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>out of print</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>out of print</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Bernstein, Leonard</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetbookson' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>books on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used
 record stores. It is different, of course, because the person making
 <para>
 Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used
 record stores. It is different, of course, because the person making


@@ -4206,6 +4206,8 @@ stopped, do you think that libraries and used book stores should be
 shut as well?
 </para>
 <indexterm id='idxbooksfreeonline1' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>free on-line releases of</secondary></indexterm>
 shut as well?
 </para>
 <indexterm id='idxbooksfreeonline1' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>free on-line releases of</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Doctorow, Cory</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable
 type D sharing to occur&mdash;the sharing of content that copyright owners
 <para>
 Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable
 type D sharing to occur&mdash;the sharing of content that copyright owners


@@ -4237,6 +4239,7 @@ understandably says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also as
 efficiencies?  What is the content that otherwise would be
 unavailable?</quote>
 </para>
 efficiencies?  What is the content that otherwise would be
 unavailable?</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxinternetbookson' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this
 chapter, much of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly
 <para>
 For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this
 chapter, much of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly


@@ -4255,15 +4258,17 @@ found only with time.
 <quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target
 just what you call type A sharing?</quote>
 </para>
 <quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target
 just what you call type A sharing?</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitszerotolerancein' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>zero tolerance in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxnapsterinfringingmaterialblockedby' class='startofrange'><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>infringing material blocked by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpeertopeerppfilesharinginfringementprotectionsin' class='startofrange'><primary>peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing</primary><secondary>infringement protections in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <para>

-You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The 
-               effect
+You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect

 of the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far
 of the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far

-beyond that one class of sharing. That much is obvious from the 
-               Napster
-case itself. When Napster told the district court that it had 
-               developed
-a technology to block the transfer of 99.4 percent of identified
+beyond that one class of sharing. That much is obvious from the
+Napster case itself. When Napster told the district court that it had
+developed a technology to block the transfer of 99.4 percent of
+identified
+

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 87 -->
 infringing material, the district court told counsel for Napster 99.4
 percent was not good enough. Napster had to push the infringements
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 87 -->
 infringing material, the district court told counsel for Napster 99.4
 percent was not good enough. Napster had to push the infringements


@@ -4279,6 +4284,8 @@ account of the litigation and its toll on Napster, see Joseph Menn,
 York: Crown Business, 2003), 269&ndash;82.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 York: Crown Business, 2003), 269&ndash;82.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxnapsterinfringingmaterialblockedby' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpeertopeerppfilesharinginfringementprotectionsin' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing
 technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to
 <para>
 If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing
 technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to


@@ -4290,6 +4297,7 @@ The court's ruling means that we as a society must lose the benefits of
 p2p, even for the totally legal and beneficial uses they serve, simply to
 assure that there are zero copyright infringements caused by p2p.
 </para>
 p2p, even for the totally legal and beneficial uses they serve, simply to
 assure that there are zero copyright infringements caused by p2p.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitszerotolerancein' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the
 content industry that we know today. The history of American law has
 <para>
 Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the
 content industry that we know today. The history of American law has


@@ -4333,6 +4341,7 @@ companies the right to the content, so long as they paid the statutory
 price.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxcongressusonrecordingindustry2' class='endofrange'/>
 price.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxcongressusonrecordingindustry2' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>two central goals of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 88 -->
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 88 -->


@@ -4354,8 +4363,9 @@ Congress chose a path that would assure
 <indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawonmusicrecordings2' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawstatutorylicensesin2' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxcabletv2' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawonmusicrecordings2' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawstatutorylicensesin2' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxcabletv2' class='endofrange'/>

-<indexterm><primary>Betamax</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbetamax' class='startofrange'><primary>Betamax</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxcassettevcrs1' class='startofrange'><primary>cassette recording</primary><secondary>VCRs</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcassettevcrs1' class='startofrange'><primary>cassette recording</primary><secondary>VCRs</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxsonybetamaxtechnologydevelopedby' class='startofrange'><primary>Sony</primary><secondary>Betamax technology developed by</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major
 producers and distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against
 <para>
 In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major
 producers and distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against


@@ -4387,13 +4397,14 @@ for the architecture it chose.
 </para>
 <indexterm id='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws3' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on copyright laws</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on VCR technology</secondary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm id='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws3' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on copyright laws</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on VCR technology</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxvalentijackonvcrtechnology' class='startofrange'><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>on VCR technology</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal
 <para>
 MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal

-champion. Valenti called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are
-20, 30, 40 million of these VCRs in the land, we will be invaded by
-millions of `tapeworms,' eating away at the very heart and essence of
-the most precious asset the copyright owner has, his
-copyright.</quote><footnote><para>
+champion. Valenti called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned,
+<quote>When there are 20, 30, 40 million of these VCRs in the land, we
+will be invaded by millions of <quote>tapeworms,</quote> eating away
+at the very heart and essence of the most precious asset the copyright
+owner has, his copyright.</quote><footnote><para>

 <!-- f18 -->
 Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on
 S. 1758 Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st
 <!-- f18 -->
 Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on
 S. 1758 Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st


@@ -4427,6 +4438,8 @@ Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony
 of Jack Valenti).
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 of Jack Valenti).
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxbetamax' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxsonybetamaxtechnologydevelopedby' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme
 Court. In the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which
 <para>
 It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme
 Court. In the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which


@@ -4445,6 +4458,7 @@ technology.<footnote><para>
 </para></footnote>
 <indexterm><primary>Kozinski, Alex</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 </para></footnote>
 <indexterm><primary>Kozinski, Alex</primary></indexterm>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxvalentijackonvcrtechnology' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit.
 
 <para>
 But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit.
 


@@ -4520,6 +4534,7 @@ together, a pattern is clear:
 <para>
 In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the
 way content was distributed.<footnote><para>
 <para>
 In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the
 way content was distributed.<footnote><para>

+<indexterm><primary>DAT (digital audio tape)</primary></indexterm>

 <!-- f24 -->
 These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other
 cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example,
 <!-- f24 -->
 These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other
 cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example,


@@ -4616,10 +4631,11 @@ argument. <quote>All this hand waving about balance and
 incentives,</quote> they say, <quote>misses a fundamental point. Our
 content,</quote> the warriors insist, <quote>is our
 <emphasis>property</emphasis>. Why should we wait for Congress to
 incentives,</quote> they say, <quote>misses a fundamental point. Our
 content,</quote> the warriors insist, <quote>is our
 <emphasis>property</emphasis>. Why should we wait for Congress to

-`rebalance' our property rights? Do you have to wait before calling
-the police when your car has been stolen? And why should Congress
-deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask whether
-the car thief had a good use for the car before we arrest him?</quote>
+<quote>rebalance</quote> our property rights? Do you have to wait
+before calling the police when your car has been stolen? And why
+should Congress deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do
+we ask whether the car thief had a good use for the car before we
+arrest him?</quote>

 </para>
 <para>
 <quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors
 </para>
 <para>
 <quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors


@@ -4631,7 +4647,7 @@ is protected.</quote>
 </chapter>
 </part>
 <part id="c-property">
 </chapter>
 </part>
 <part id="c-property">

-<title><quote>PROPERTY</quote></title>
+<title><quote>Property</quote></title>

 <partintro>
 <para>
 
 <partintro>
 <para>
 


@@ -4712,8 +4728,12 @@ from the implications that the copyright warriors would have us draw.
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 96 -->
 <chapter label="6" id="founders">
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 96 -->
 <chapter label="6" id="founders">

-<title>CHAPTER SIX: Founders</title>
+<title>Chapter Six: Founders</title>

 <indexterm id='idxbooksenglishcopyrightlawdevelopedfor' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>English copyright law developed for</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxbooksenglishcopyrightlawdevelopedfor' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>English copyright law developed for</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawdevelopmentof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>development of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawenglish' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>English</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxenglandcopyrightlawsdevelopedin' class='startofrange'><primary>England, copyright laws developed in</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxunitedkingdomhistoryofcopyrightlawin' class='startofrange'><primary>United Kingdom</primary><secondary>history of copyright law in</secondary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Branagh, Kenneth</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Henry V</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Shakespeare, William</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Branagh, Kenneth</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Henry V</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Shakespeare, William</primary></indexterm>


@@ -4762,7 +4782,9 @@ one else could publish copies of a book to which they held the
 copyright.  Prices of the classics were thus kept high; competition to
 produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated.
 </para>
 copyright.  Prices of the classics were thus kept high; competition to
 produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated.
 </para>

-<indexterm id='idxbritishparliament' class='startofrange'><primary>British Parliament</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>British Parliament</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightdurationof2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>renewability of</secondary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Statute of Anne (1710)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who
 <indexterm><primary>Statute of Anne (1710)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who


@@ -4783,6 +4805,8 @@ Tonson's control in 1774?
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxromeoandjulietshakespeare' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxtonsonjacob' class='endofrange'/>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxromeoandjulietshakespeare' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxtonsonjacob' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm id='idxlawcommonvspositive' class='startofrange'><primary>law</primary><secondary>common vs. positive</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>positive law</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Licensing Act (1662)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a <quote>copyright</quote>
 <indexterm><primary>Licensing Act (1662)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a <quote>copyright</quote>


@@ -4795,6 +4819,8 @@ published.  But after it expired, there was no positive law that said
 that the publishers, or <quote>Stationers,</quote> had an exclusive right to print
 books.
 </para>
 that the publishers, or <quote>Stationers,</quote> had an exclusive right to print
 books.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightdurationof2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>common law</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean
 that there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to
 <para>
 There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean
 that there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to


@@ -4807,6 +4833,11 @@ background only if it passes a law to displace it. And so the real
 question after the licensing statutes had expired was whether the
 common law protected a copyright, independent of any positive law.
 </para>
 question after the licensing statutes had expired was whether the
 common law protected a copyright, independent of any positive law.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxlawcommonvspositive' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>Conger</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbritishparliament' class='startofrange'><primary>British Parliament</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Scottish publishers</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxstatuteofanne' class='startofrange'><primary>Statute of Anne (1710)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This question was important to the publishers, or <quote>booksellers,</quote> as
 they were called, because there was growing competition from foreign
 <para>
 This question was important to the publishers, or <quote>booksellers,</quote> as
 they were called, because there was growing competition from foreign


@@ -4819,6 +4850,7 @@ to again give them exclusive control over publishing. That demand
                ultimately
 resulted in the Statute of Anne.
 </para>
                ultimately
 resulted in the Statute of Anne.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightasnarrowmonopolyright' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>as narrow monopoly right</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a book an
 exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation,
 <para>
 The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a book an
 exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation,


@@ -4828,12 +4860,16 @@ copyright <quote>expired,</quote> and the work would then be free and could be
 published by anyone. Or so the legislature is thought to have
 believed.
 </para>
 published by anyone. Or so the legislature is thought to have
 believed.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxstatuteofanne' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would
 Parliament limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to
 the particular limit they set, but why would they limit the right
 <emphasis>at all?</emphasis>
 </para>
 <para>
 Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would
 Parliament limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to
 the particular limit they set, but why would they limit the right
 <emphasis>at all?</emphasis>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxbritishparliament' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>Shakespeare, William</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very
 strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: That play
 <para>
 For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very
 strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: That play


@@ -4852,6 +4888,7 @@ about the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the
 Statute of Anne. Second, we have to see something important about
 <quote>booksellers.</quote>
 </para>
 Statute of Anne. Second, we have to see something important about
 <quote>booksellers.</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>usage restrictions attached to</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come
 to apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in 1710, it
 <para>
 First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come
 to apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in 1710, it


@@ -4868,6 +4905,7 @@ the author the exclusive right to copy, the exclusive right to
 distribute, the exclusive right to perform, and so on.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Branagh, Kenneth</primary></indexterm>
 distribute, the exclusive right to perform, and so on.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Branagh, Kenneth</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Shakespeare, William</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were
 perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the
 <para>
 So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were
 perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the


@@ -4879,6 +4917,7 @@ allowed to make his films. The <quote>copy-right</quote> was only an exclusive
 right to print&mdash;no less, of course, but also no more.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Henry VIII, King of England</primary></indexterm>
 right to print&mdash;no less, of course, but also no more.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Henry VIII, King of England</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxmonopolycopyrightas' class='startofrange'><primary>monopoly, copyright as</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Statute of Monopolies (1656)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British.
 <indexterm><primary>Statute of Monopolies (1656)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British.


@@ -4902,7 +4941,10 @@ have it forever.</quote>) The state would protect the exclusive right, but
 only so long as it benefited society. The British saw the harms from
 specialinterest favors; they passed a law to stop them.
 </para>
 only so long as it benefited society. The British saw the harms from
 specialinterest favors; they passed a law to stop them.
 </para>

-<indexterm id='idxbooksellers' class='startofrange'><primary>booksellers, English</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Milton, John</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbooksellersenglish' class='startofrange'><primary>booksellers, English</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Conger</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightdurationof3' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a
 monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers.
 <para>
 Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a
 monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers.


@@ -4923,6 +4965,8 @@ Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary
 Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Enlightenment</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>knowledge, freedom of</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of
 knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment
 <para>
 Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of
 knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment


@@ -4931,6 +4975,7 @@ generally. The idea that knowledge should be free was a hallmark of
 the time, and these powerful commercial interests were interfering
 with that idea.
 </para>
 the time, and these powerful commercial interests were interfering
 with that idea.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxbritishparliament2' class='startofrange'><primary>British Parliament</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition
 among booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the
 <para>
 To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition
 among booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the


@@ -4943,6 +4988,9 @@ to fight the power of the booksellers. The limitation on terms was
 an indirect way to assure competition among publishers, and thus the
 construction and spread of culture.
 </para>
 an indirect way to assure competition among publishers, and thus the
 construction and spread of culture.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxstatuteofanne2' class='startofrange'><primary>Statute of Anne (1710)
+</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinperpetuity' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>in perpetuity</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were
 getting anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and
 <para>
 When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were
 getting anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and


@@ -4978,6 +5026,11 @@ al., 8, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxstatuteofanne2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinperpetuity' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>common law</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>law</primary><secondary>common vs. positive</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>positive law</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a
 series of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of
 <para>
 Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a
 series of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of


@@ -4993,7 +5046,7 @@ they had the right to ban the publication of a book, even if its
 Statute of Anne copyright had expired. This, they argued, was the only
 way to protect authors.
 </para>
 Statute of Anne copyright had expired. This, they argued, was the only
 way to protect authors.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Patterson, Raymond</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm startref='idxbritishparliament2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of
 the leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary
 <para>
 This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of
 the leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary


@@ -5010,6 +5063,9 @@ Vaidhyanathan, 37&ndash;48.
 The bookseller didn't care squat for the rights of the author.  His
 concern was the monopoly profit that the author's work gave.
 </para>
 The bookseller didn't care squat for the rights of the author.  His
 concern was the monopoly profit that the author's work gave.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxdonaldsonalexander' class='startofrange'><primary>Donaldson, Alexander</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Patterson, Raymond</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxscottishpublishers' class='startofrange'><primary>Scottish publishers</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight.
 The hero of this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander
 <para>
 The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight.
 The hero of this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander


@@ -5019,6 +5075,8 @@ For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and Copyrigh
 (London: Routledge, 1992), 62&ndash;69.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 (London: Routledge, 1992), 62&ndash;69.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxstatuteofanne3' class='startofrange'><primary>Statute of Anne (1710)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxconger' class='startofrange'><primary>Conger</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Boswell, James</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Erskine, Andrew</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>Boswell, James</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Erskine, Andrew</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -5041,6 +5099,7 @@ of contemporary Scottish poems with Donaldson.</quote><footnote><para>
 Ibid., 93.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 Ibid., 93.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcommonlaw' class='startofrange'><primary>common law</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in
 Scotland, he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold
 <para>
 When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in
 Scotland, he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold


@@ -5056,11 +5115,17 @@ His books undercut the Conger prices by 30 to 50 percent, and he
 rested his right to compete upon the ground that, under the Statute of
 Anne, the works he was selling had passed out of protection.
 </para>
 rested his right to compete upon the ground that, under the Statute of
 Anne, the works he was selling had passed out of protection.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxconger' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxmillarvtaylor' class='startofrange'><primary>Millar v. Taylor</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> like
 Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the <quote>pirates,</quote>
 the most important early victory being <citetitle>Millar</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Taylor</citetitle>.
 </para>
 <para>
 The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> like
 Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the <quote>pirates,</quote>
 the most important early victory being <citetitle>Millar</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Taylor</citetitle>.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxdonaldsonalexander' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxscottishpublishers' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxthomsonjames' class='startofrange'><primary>Thomson, James</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinperpetuity2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>in perpetuity</secondary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Seasons, The (Thomson)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Taylor, Robert</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>Seasons, The (Thomson)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Taylor, Robert</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -5088,6 +5153,10 @@ reprinting Thomson's poem without Millar's permission. That common law
 rule thus effectively gave the booksellers a perpetual right to
 control the publication of any book assigned to them.
 </para>
 rule thus effectively gave the booksellers a perpetual right to
 control the publication of any book assigned to them.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcommonlaw' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxthomsonjames' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinperpetuity2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxbritishparliament3' class='startofrange'><primary>British Parliament</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Considered as a matter of abstract justice&mdash;reasoning as if
 justice were just a matter of logical deduction from first
 <para>
 Considered as a matter of abstract justice&mdash;reasoning as if
 justice were just a matter of logical deduction from first


@@ -5103,11 +5172,16 @@ believed, Britain would mature from the controlled culture that the
 Crown coveted to the free culture that we inherited.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxmansfieldwilliammurraylord2' class='endofrange'/>
 Crown coveted to the free culture that we inherited.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxmansfieldwilliammurraylord2' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm id='idxdonaldsonalexander2' class='startofrange'><primary>Donaldson, Alexander</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxscottishpublishers2' class='startofrange'><primary>Scottish publishers</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end
 there, however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix.
 </para>
 <para>
 The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end
 there, however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Thomson, James</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Beckett, Thomas</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Beckett, Thomas</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxhouseoflords' class='startofrange'><primary>House of Lords</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsupremecourtushouseoflordsvs' class='startofrange'><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>House of Lords vs.</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His
 estate sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included
 <para>
 Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His
 estate sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included


@@ -5122,6 +5196,10 @@ the House of Lords, which functioned much like our own Supreme
 Court. In February of 1774, that body had the chance to interpret the
 meaning of Parliament's limits from sixty years before.
 </para>
 Court. In February of 1774, that body had the chance to interpret the
 meaning of Parliament's limits from sixty years before.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxmillarvtaylor' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxbritishparliament3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxdonaldsonvbeckett' class='startofrange'><primary>Donaldson v. Beckett</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcommonlaw2' class='startofrange'><primary>common law</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an
 enormous amount of attention throughout Britain. Donaldson's lawyers
 <para>
 As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an
 enormous amount of attention throughout Britain. Donaldson's lawyers


@@ -5132,6 +5210,7 @@ publication came from that statute. Thus, they argued, after the term
 specified in the Statute of Anne expired, works that had been
 protected by the statute were no longer protected.
 </para>
 specified in the Statute of Anne expired, works that had been
 protected by the statute were no longer protected.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxstatuteofanne3' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were
 presented to the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote>
 <para>
 The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were
 presented to the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote>


@@ -5139,6 +5218,9 @@ members of special legal distinction who functioned much like the
 Justices in our Supreme Court. Then, after the law lords voted, the
 House of Lords generally voted.
 </para>
 Justices in our Supreme Court. Then, after the law lords voted, the
 House of Lords generally voted.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxsupremecourtushouseoflordsvs' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinperpetuity3' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>in perpetuity</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpublicdomainenglishlegalestablishmentof' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>English legal establishment of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts,
 it looks as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity
 <para>
 The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts,
 it looks as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity


@@ -5149,6 +5231,11 @@ Whatever one's understanding of the common law, now a copyright was
 fixed for a limited time, after which the work protected by copyright
 passed into the public domain.
 </para>
 fixed for a limited time, after which the work protected by copyright
 passed into the public domain.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Bacon, Francis</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Bunyan, John</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Johnson, Samuel</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Milton, John</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Shakespeare, William</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle>
 v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there was no clear idea of a public domain in
 <para>
 <quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle>
 v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there was no clear idea of a public domain in


@@ -5158,12 +5245,13 @@ born. For the first time in Anglo-American history, the legal control
 over creative works expired, and the greatest works in English
 history&mdash;including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson,
 and Bunyan&mdash;were free of legal restraint.
 over creative works expired, and the greatest works in English
 history&mdash;including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson,
 and Bunyan&mdash;were free of legal restraint.

-<indexterm><primary>Bacon, Francis</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Bunyan, John</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Johnson, Samuel</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Milton, John</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Shakespeare, William</primary></indexterm>

 </para>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxdonaldsonalexander2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxscottishpublishers2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcommonlaw2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinperpetuity3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpublicdomainenglishlegalestablishmentof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>Scottish publishers</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords
 fueled an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland,
 <para>
 It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords
 fueled an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland,


@@ -5178,6 +5266,7 @@ and illuminations.</quote><footnote><para>
 Rose, 97.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 Rose, 97.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxhouseoflords' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was
 equally strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning Chronicle</citetitle>
 <para>
 In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was
 equally strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning Chronicle</citetitle>


@@ -5198,6 +5287,8 @@ Ibid.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm><primary>House of Lords</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>free culture</primary><secondary>English legal establishment of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 105 -->
 <quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 105 -->
 <quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to


@@ -5220,19 +5311,32 @@ context</emphasis>, not a context in which the choices about what
 culture is available to people and how they get access to it are made
 by the few despite the wishes of the many.
 </para>
 culture is available to people and how they get access to it are made
 by the few despite the wishes of the many.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxbooksellers' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxbooksellersenglish' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>British Parliament</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is
 antimonopoly, resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a
 world where the Parliament is more pliant, free culture would be less
 protected.
 </para>
 <para>
 At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is
 antimonopoly, resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a
 world where the Parliament is more pliant, free culture would be less
 protected.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxbritishparliament' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm startref='idxbooksenglishcopyrightlawdevelopedfor' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxbooksenglishcopyrightlawdevelopedfor' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawdevelopmentof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawenglish' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxenglandcopyrightlawsdevelopedin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxunitedkingdomhistoryofcopyrightlawin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightasnarrowmonopolyright' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxmonopolycopyrightas' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightdurationof3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdonaldsonvbeckett' class='endofrange'/>

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 106 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="7" id="recorders">
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 106 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="7" id="recorders">

-<title>CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders</title>
+<title>Chapter Seven: Recorders</title>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawfairuseand' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>fair use and</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxdocumentaryfilm' class='startofrange'><primary>documentary film</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxelsejon' class='startofrange'><primary>Else, Jon</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfairuseindocumentaryfilm' class='startofrange'><primary>fair use</primary><secondary>in documentary film</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfilmsfairuseofcopyrightedmaterialin' class='startofrange'><primary>films</primary><secondary>fair use of copyrighted material in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best
 known for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best
 known for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading


@@ -5245,6 +5349,8 @@ Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break,
 he told me a story about the freedom to create with film in America
 today.
 </para>
 he told me a story about the freedom to create with film in America
 today.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxwagnerrichard' class='startofrange'><primary>Wagner, Richard</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>San Francisco Opera</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring
 Cycle. The focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera.
 <para>
 In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring
 Cycle. The focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera.


@@ -5252,8 +5358,8 @@ Stagehands are a particularly funny and colorful element of an opera.
 During a show, they hang out below the stage in the grips' lounge and
 in the lighting loft. They make a perfect contrast to the art on the
 stage.
 During a show, they hang out below the stage in the grips' lounge and
 in the lighting loft. They make a perfect contrast to the art on the
 stage.

-<indexterm><primary>San Francisco Opera</primary></indexterm>

 </para>
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxsimpsonsthe' class='startofrange'><primary>Simpsons, The</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands
 playing checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set.
 <para>
 During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands
 playing checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set.


@@ -5263,6 +5369,8 @@ and the opera company played Wagner, was <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. As
 it, this touch of cartoon helped capture the flavor of what was special
 about the scene.
 </para>
 it, this touch of cartoon helped capture the flavor of what was special
 about the scene.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxwagnerrichard' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>films</primary><secondary>multiple copyrights associated with</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else
 attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>.
 <para>
 Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else
 attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>.


@@ -5270,7 +5378,8 @@ For of course, those few seconds are copyrighted; and of course, to use
 copyrighted material you need the permission of the copyright owner,
 unless <quote>fair use</quote> or some other privilege applies.
 </para>
 copyrighted material you need the permission of the copyright owner,
 unless <quote>fair use</quote> or some other privilege applies.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Gracie Films</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxgraciefilms' class='startofrange'><primary>Gracie Films</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxgroeningmatt' class='startofrange'><primary>Groening, Matt</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office to get permission.
 Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-halfsecond image
 <para>
 Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office to get permission.
 Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-halfsecond image


@@ -5278,7 +5387,7 @@ on a tiny television set in the corner of the room. How could it hurt?
 Groening was happy to have it in the film, but he told Else to contact
 Gracie Films, the company that produces the program.
 </para>
 Groening was happy to have it in the film, but he told Else to contact
 Gracie Films, the company that produces the program.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Gracie Films</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfoxfilmcompany' class='startofrange'><primary>Fox (film company)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted
 to be careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company.
 <para>
 Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted
 to be careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company.


@@ -5286,6 +5395,7 @@ Else called Fox and told them about the clip in the corner of the one
 room shot of the film. Matt Groening had already given permission,
 Else said. He was just confirming the permission with Fox.
 </para>
 room shot of the film. Matt Groening had already given permission,
 Else said. He was just confirming the permission with Fox.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxgraciefilms' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered
 &hellip; that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation&mdash;or at
 <para>
 Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered
 &hellip; that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation&mdash;or at


@@ -5294,7 +5404,7 @@ And second, Fox <quote>wanted ten thousand dollars as a licensing fee for us
 to use this four-point-five seconds of &hellip; entirely unsolicited
 <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.</quote>
 </para>
 to use this four-point-five seconds of &hellip; entirely unsolicited
 <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.</quote>
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Herrera, Rebecca</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxherrerarebecca' class='startofrange'><primary>Herrera, Rebecca</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone
 he thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera.  He
 <para>
 Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone
 he thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera.  He


@@ -5303,6 +5413,7 @@ asking for your educational rate on this.</quote> That was the educational
 rate, Herrera told Else. A day or so later, Else called again to
 confirm what he had been told.
 </para>
 rate, Herrera told Else. A day or so later, Else called again to
 confirm what he had been told.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Wagner, Richard</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told me. <quote>Yes, you
 have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the
 <para>
 <quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told me. <quote>Yes, you
 have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the


@@ -5315,6 +5426,7 @@ if you quote me, I'll turn you over to our attorneys.</quote> As an assistant
 to Herrera told Else later on, <quote>They don't give a shit. They just want
 the money.</quote>
 </para>
 to Herrera told Else later on, <quote>They don't give a shit. They just want
 the money.</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxherrerarebecca' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>San Francisco Opera</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Day After Trinity, The</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>San Francisco Opera</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Day After Trinity, The</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -5359,11 +5471,14 @@ Else's use of just 4.5 seconds of an indirect shot of a <citetitle>Simpsons</cit
 episode is clearly a fair use of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>&mdash;and fair use does
 not require the permission of anyone.
 </para>
 episode is clearly a fair use of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>&mdash;and fair use does
 not require the permission of anyone.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxfoxfilmcompany' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxgroeningmatt' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 109 -->
 So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's his reply:
 </para>
 <blockquote>
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 109 -->
 So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's his reply:
 </para>
 <blockquote>

+<indexterm id='idxfairuselegalintimidationtacticsagainst' class='startofrange'><primary>fair use</primary><secondary>legal intimidation tactics against</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the gulf between what
 lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what is crushingly
 <para>
 The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the gulf between what
 lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what is crushingly


@@ -5373,7 +5488,9 @@ fair use</quote> in an absolute legal sense. But I couldn't rely on the
 concept in any concrete way. Here's why:
 </para>
 <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
 concept in any concrete way. Here's why:
 </para>
 <orderedlist numeration="arabic">

-<listitem><para>
+<listitem>
+<indexterm><primary>Errors and Omissions insurance</primary></indexterm>
+<para>

 <!-- 1. -->
 Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy
 Errors and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed
 <!-- 1. -->
 Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy
 Errors and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed


@@ -5382,8 +5499,10 @@ shot in the film. They take a dim view of <quote>fair use,</quote> and a claim o
 <quote>fair use</quote> can grind the application process to a halt.
 </para></listitem>
 <listitem>
 <quote>fair use</quote> can grind the application process to a halt.
 </para></listitem>
 <listitem>

-<indexterm><primary><citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfoxfilmcompany3' class='startofrange'><primary>Fox (film company)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Groening, Matt</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Lucas, George</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Lucas, George</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary><citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle></primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- 2. -->
 I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first
 <para>
 <!-- 2. -->
 I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first


@@ -5405,7 +5524,9 @@ life,</quote> regardless of the merits of my claim. He made clear that it
 would boil down to who had the bigger legal department and the deeper
 pockets, me or them.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 110 -->
 would boil down to who had the bigger legal department and the deeper
 pockets, me or them.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 110 -->

-</para></listitem>
+</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxfoxfilmcompany3' class='endofrange'/>
+</listitem>

 <listitem><para>
 <!-- 4. -->
 The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the
 <listitem><para>
 <!-- 4. -->
 The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the


@@ -5414,6 +5535,7 @@ money.
 </para></listitem>
 </orderedlist>
 </blockquote>
 </para></listitem>
 </orderedlist>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxsimpsonsthe' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore
 supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture.  But
 <para>
 In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore
 supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture.  But


@@ -5429,10 +5551,16 @@ publishers' profits against the unfair competition of a pirate. It has
 matured into a sword that interferes with any use, transformative or
 not.
 </para>
 matured into a sword that interferes with any use, transformative or
 not.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawfairuseand' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdocumentaryfilm' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxelsejon' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfairuseindocumentaryfilm' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfilmsfairuseofcopyrightedmaterialin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfairuselegalintimidationtacticsagainst' class='endofrange'/>

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 111 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="8" id="transformers">
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 111 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="8" id="transformers">

-<title>CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers</title>
+<title>Chapter Eight: Transformers</title>

 <indexterm><primary>Allen, Paul</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxalbenalex1' class='startofrange'><primary>Alben, Alex</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Microsoft</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Allen, Paul</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxalbenalex1' class='startofrange'><primary>Alben, Alex</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Microsoft</primary></indexterm>


@@ -5678,9 +5806,12 @@ room of over 250 well-entertained judges. Taking an ominous tone, he
 began his talk with a question: <quote>Do you know how many federal laws
 were just violated in this room?</quote>
 </para>
 began his talk with a question: <quote>Do you know how many federal laws
 were just violated in this room?</quote>
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Boies, David</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Alben, Alex</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <para>

+<indexterm><primary>Alben, Alex</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Boies, David</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Court of Appeals</primary><secondary>Ninth Circuit</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Napster</primary></indexterm>

 For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this
 film hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the
 rights to these clips; technically, what they had done violated the
 For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this
 film hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the
 rights to these clips; technically, what they had done violated the


@@ -5790,7 +5921,7 @@ curse, reserved for the few.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 119 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="9" id="collectors">
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 119 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="9" id="collectors">

-<title>CHAPTER NINE: Collectors</title>
+<title>Chapter Nine: Collectors</title>

 <indexterm id='idxarchivesdigital1' class='startofrange'><primary>archives, digital</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>bots</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm id='idxarchivesdigital1' class='startofrange'><primary>archives, digital</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>bots</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -5844,6 +5975,7 @@ perhaps, you also have the power to find what you don't remember and
 what others might prefer you forget.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f1 -->
 <indexterm><primary>Iraq war</primary></indexterm>
 what others might prefer you forget.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f1 -->
 <indexterm><primary>Iraq war</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Kahle, Brewster</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>White House press releases</primary></indexterm>
 The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White
 House changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003,
 <indexterm><primary>White House press releases</primary></indexterm>
 The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White
 House changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003,


@@ -5884,6 +6016,7 @@ think that we have scads of archives of newspapers from tiny towns
 around the world, yet there is but one copy of the Internet&mdash;the
 one kept by the Internet Archive.
 </para>
 around the world, yet there is but one copy of the Internet&mdash;the
 one kept by the Internet Archive.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxkahlebrewster' class='startofrange'><primary>Kahle, Brewster</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very
 successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer
 <para>
 Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very
 successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer


@@ -5964,7 +6097,7 @@ all&mdash;in the library archive of the film company.<footnote><para>
 Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at
 the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library Quarterly</citetitle> 13 nos. 2&ndash;3
 (1980): 5; Anthony Slide, <citetitle>Nitrate Won't Wait: A History of Film
 Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at
 the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library Quarterly</citetitle> 13 nos. 2&ndash;3
 (1980): 5; Anthony Slide, <citetitle>Nitrate Won't Wait: A History of Film

-Preservation in the United States</citetitle> ( Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland &amp;
+Preservation in the United States</citetitle> (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland &amp;

 Co., 1992), 36.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 Co., 1992), 36.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>


@@ -6112,6 +6245,10 @@ Kahle describes,
 </para>
 <blockquote>
 <indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>total number of</secondary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <blockquote>
 <indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>total number of</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>films</primary><secondary>total number of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>music recordings</primary><see>peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing</see></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>music recordings</primary><see>recording industry</see></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>music recordings</primary><secondary>total number of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music.
 Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of
 <para>
 It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music.
 Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of


@@ -6151,12 +6288,14 @@ someone's <quote>property.</quote> And the law of property restricts the freedom
 that Kahle and others would exercise.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxarchivesdigital1' class='endofrange'/>
 that Kahle and others would exercise.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxarchivesdigital1' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm startref='idxkahlebrewster' class='endofrange'/>

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 127 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="10" id="property-i">
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 127 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="10" id="property-i">

-<title>CHAPTER TEN: <quote>Property</quote></title>
+<title>Chapter Ten: <quote>Property</quote></title>

 <indexterm><primary>Johnson, Lyndon</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Kennedy, John F.</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Johnson, Lyndon</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Kennedy, John F.</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxvalentijackbackgroundof' class='startofrange'><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>background of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president
 of the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president
 of the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came


@@ -6168,10 +6307,10 @@ running the MPAA, Valenti has established himself as perhaps the most
 prominent and effective lobbyist in Washington.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Disney, Inc.</primary></indexterm>
 prominent and effective lobbyist in Washington.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Disney, Inc.</primary></indexterm>

-<indexterm><primary>Sony Pictures Entertainment</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>MGM</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Paramount Pictures</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Twentieth Century Fox</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>MGM</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Paramount Pictures</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Twentieth Century Fox</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Sony Pictures Entertainment</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Universal Pictures</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Warner Brothers</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>Universal Pictures</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Warner Brothers</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -6255,6 +6394,7 @@ have <emphasis>no</emphasis> reasonable connection to our actual legal
 tradition, even if the subtle pull of his Texan charm has slowly
 redefined that tradition, at least in Washington.
 </para>
 tradition, even if the subtle pull of his Texan charm has slowly
 redefined that tradition, at least in Washington.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxvalentijackbackgroundof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> in a nerdy and
 precise sense that lawyers are trained to understand,<footnote><para>
 <para>
 While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> in a nerdy and
 precise sense that lawyers are trained to understand,<footnote><para>


@@ -6381,6 +6521,12 @@ ought to be. Not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> artists should be paid,
 but whether institutions designed to assure that artists get paid need
 also control how culture develops.
 </para>
 but whether institutions designed to assure that artists get paid need
 also control how culture develops.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Code (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfreeculturefourmodalitiesofconstrainton' class='startofrange'><primary>free culture</primary><secondary>four modalities of constraint on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxregulationfourmodalitiesof' class='startofrange'><primary>regulation</primary><secondary>four modalities of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawasexpostregulationmodality' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>as ex post regulation modality</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxlawasconstraintmodality' class='startofrange'><primary>law</primary><secondary>as constraint modality</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 132 -->
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 132 -->


@@ -6393,9 +6539,10 @@ how four different modalities of regulation interact to support or
 weaken the right or regulation. I represented it with this diagram:
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1331">
 weaken the right or regulation. I represented it with this diagram:
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1331">

-<title>How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken the right or regulation.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1331.png"></graphic>
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>

 </figure>
 </figure>

+<indexterm><primary>Madonna</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or
 group that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In
 <para>
 At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or
 group that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In


@@ -6425,7 +6572,7 @@ could easily be more harsh than many of the punishments imposed by the
 state. The mark of the difference is not the severity of the rule, but
 the source of the enforcement.
 </para>
 state. The mark of the difference is not the severity of the rule, but
 the source of the enforcement.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmarketconstraints' class='startofrange'><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected
 through conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you
 <para>
 The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected
 through conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you


@@ -6452,6 +6599,10 @@ blocks your way, it is the law of gravity that enforces this
 constraint. If a $500 airplane ticket stands between you and a flight
 to New York, it is the market that enforces this constraint.
 </para>
 constraint. If a $500 airplane ticket stands between you and a flight
 to New York, it is the market that enforces this constraint.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawasexpostregulationmodality' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxlawasconstraintmodality' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxmarketconstraints' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxlawasconstraintmodality2' class='startofrange'><primary>law</primary><secondary>as constraint modality</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 134 -->
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 134 -->


@@ -6469,10 +6620,11 @@ be; my claim is not about comprehensiveness), these four are among the
 most significant, and any regulator (whether controlling or freeing)
 must consider how these four in particular interact.
 </para>
 most significant, and any regulator (whether controlling or freeing)
 must consider how these four in particular interact.
 </para>

-<indexterm id='idxdrivespeed' class='startofrange'><primary>driving speed, constraints on</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>norms, regulatory influence of</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>norms, regulatory influence of</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxdrivingspeedconstraintson' class='startofrange'><primary>driving speed, constraints on</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxspeedingconstraintson' class='startofrange'><primary>speeding, constraints on</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a high
 speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that
 <para>
 So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a high
 speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that


@@ -6500,6 +6652,7 @@ other three is more timidly expressed.  See Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>Code: An
 Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle> (New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90&ndash;95;
 Lawrence Lessig, <quote>The New Chicago School,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Legal Studies</citetitle>,
 June 1998.
 Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle> (New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90&ndash;95;
 Lawrence Lessig, <quote>The New Chicago School,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Legal Studies</citetitle>,
 June 1998.

+<indexterm><primary>Code (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>

 </para></footnote>
 The law, in other words, sometimes operates to increase or decrease
 the constraint of a particular modality.  Thus, the law might be used
 </para></footnote>
 The law, in other words, sometimes operates to increase or decrease
 the constraint of a particular modality.  Thus, the law might be used


@@ -6513,11 +6666,12 @@ strict&mdash;a federal requirement that states decrease the speed
 limit, for example&mdash;so as to decrease the attractiveness of fast
 driving.
 </para>
 limit, for example&mdash;so as to decrease the attractiveness of fast
 driving.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxdrivespeed' class='endofrange'/>
-
+<indexterm startref='idxdrivingspeedconstraintson' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxspeedingconstraintson' class='endofrange'/>

 <figure id="fig-1361">
 <figure id="fig-1361">

-<title>Law has a special role in affecting the three.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1361.png"></graphic>
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/1361.svg" align="center" width="12em"></graphic>
+

 </figure>
 <indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 </figure>
 <indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -6562,10 +6716,13 @@ effective liberty that each of these groups might face.
 <indexterm><primary>Commons, John R.</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Commons, John R.</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Code (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>

 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxlawasconstraintmodality2' class='endofrange'/>

 <section id="hollywood">
 <title>Why Hollywood Is Right</title>
 <section id="hollywood">
 <title>Why Hollywood Is Right</title>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightfourregulatorymodalitieson' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>four regulatory modalities on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just
 how, Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress
 <para>
 The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just
 how, Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress


@@ -6577,11 +6734,13 @@ Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the
 Internet:
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1371">
 Internet:
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1371">

-<title>Copyright's regulation before the Internet.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1331.png"></graphic>
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>
+

 </figure>
 </figure>

-<indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>norms, regulatory influence of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxarchitectureconstrainteffectedthrough' class='startofrange'><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>law</primary><secondary>as constraint modality</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxnormsregulatoryinfluenceof2' class='startofrange'><primary>norms, regulatory influence of</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 136 -->
 There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 136 -->
 There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law


@@ -6595,6 +6754,10 @@ uses of copyrighted material may well be infringement, but the norms
 of our society (before the Internet, at least) had no problem with
 this form of infringement.
 </para>
 of our society (before the Internet, at least) had no problem with
 this form of infringement.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxinternetcopyrightregulatorybalancelostwith' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>copyright regulatory balance lost with</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing</primary><secondary>regulatory balance lost in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>MP3s</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and
 p2p sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically,
 <para>
 Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and
 p2p sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically,


@@ -6603,6 +6766,9 @@ architecture relax the regulation of copyright, norms pile on. The
 happy balance (for the warriors, at least) of life before the Internet
 becomes an effective state of anarchy after the Internet.
 </para>
 happy balance (for the warriors, at least) of life before the Internet
 becomes an effective state of anarchy after the Internet.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxarchitectureconstrainteffectedthrough' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxnormsregulatoryinfluenceof2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>technology</primary><secondary>established industries threatened by changes in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response.
 Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this
 <para>
 Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response.
 Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this


@@ -6614,9 +6780,12 @@ after the fall of Saddam, but this time no government is justifying the
 looting that results.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1381">
 looting that results.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1381">

-<title>effective state of anarchy after the Internet.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1381.png"></graphic>
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/1381.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>
+

 </figure>
 </figure>

+<indexterm><primary>Commerce, U.S. Department of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxregulationasestablishmentprotectionism' class='startofrange'><primary>regulation</primary><secondary>as establishment protectionism</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the
 warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce
 <para>
 Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the
 warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce


@@ -6629,6 +6798,9 @@ innovative marketing techniques, (3) technologists should push to
 develop code to protect copyrighted material, and (4) educators should
 educate kids to better protect copyright.
 </para>
 develop code to protect copyrighted material, and (4) educators should
 educate kids to better protect copyright.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxfreeculturefourmodalitiesofconstrainton' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxregulationfourmodalitiesof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>farming</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>steel industry</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed&mdash;if it was to
 <indexterm><primary>steel industry</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed&mdash;if it was to


@@ -6647,6 +6819,9 @@ to bail them out when a virus (architecture) devastates their
 crop. Unions have no hesitation appealing to the government to bail
 them out when imports (market) wipe out the U.S. steel industry.
 </para>
 crop. Unions have no hesitation appealing to the government to bail
 them out when imports (market) wipe out the U.S. steel industry.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightfourregulatorymodalitieson' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetcopyrightregulatorybalancelostwith' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>Brown, John Seely</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's
 campaign to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a
 <para>
 Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's
 campaign to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a


@@ -6655,9 +6830,14 @@ the changing technology of the Internet has not had a profound effect
 on the content industry's way of doing business, or as John Seely
 Brown describes it, its <quote>architecture of revenue.</quote>
 </para>
 on the content industry's way of doing business, or as John Seely
 Brown describes it, its <quote>architecture of revenue.</quote>
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>railroad industry</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>television</primary><secondary>advertising on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>commercials</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>camera technology</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>camera technology</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>digital cameras</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Kodak cameras</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>railroad industry</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>remote channel changers</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it
 doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because
 <para>
 But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it
 doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because


@@ -6682,14 +6862,19 @@ railroads. Does anyone think we should ban trucks from roads
 <emphasis>for the purpose of</emphasis> protecting the railroads?
 Closer to the subject of this book, remote channel changers have
 weakened the <quote>stickiness</quote> of television advertising (if a boring
 <emphasis>for the purpose of</emphasis> protecting the railroads?
 Closer to the subject of this book, remote channel changers have
 weakened the <quote>stickiness</quote> of television advertising (if a boring

-commercial comes on the TV, the remote makes it easy to surf ), and it
+commercial comes on the TV, the remote makes it easy to surf), and it

 may well be that this change has weakened the television advertising
 market. But does anyone believe we should regulate remotes to
 reinforce commercial television?  (Maybe by limiting them to function
 only once a second, or to switch to only ten channels within an hour?)
 </para>
 may well be that this change has weakened the television advertising
 market. But does anyone believe we should regulate remotes to
 reinforce commercial television?  (Maybe by limiting them to function
 only once a second, or to switch to only ten channels within an hour?)
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxfreemarkettechnologicalchangesin' class='startofrange'><primary>free market, technological changes in</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Brezhnev, Leonid</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Brezhnev, Leonid</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>FM radio</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>radio</primary><secondary>FM spectrum of</secondary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Gates, Bill</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Gates, Bill</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>market competition</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>RCA</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no.
 In a free society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and
 <para>
 The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no.
 In a free society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and


@@ -6721,6 +6906,9 @@ changes they create, in response to the request of those hurt by
 changing technology, are changes that preserve the incentives and
 opportunities for innovation and change.
 </para>
 changing technology, are changes that preserve the incentives and
 opportunities for innovation and change.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>First Amendment to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>First Amendment</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>speech, freedom of</primary><secondary>constitutional guarantee of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In the context of laws regulating speech&mdash;which include,
 obviously, copyright law&mdash;that duty is even stronger. When the
 <para>
 In the context of laws regulating speech&mdash;which include,
 obviously, copyright law&mdash;that duty is even stronger. When the


@@ -6735,6 +6923,8 @@ Congress is being asked to pass laws that would <quote>abridge</quote> the freed
 of speech, it should ask&mdash; carefully&mdash;whether such
 regulation is justified.
 </para>
 of speech, it should ask&mdash; carefully&mdash;whether such
 regulation is justified.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxregulationasestablishmentprotectionism' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfreemarkettechnologicalchangesin' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 140 -->
 <para>
 My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 140 -->


@@ -6747,8 +6937,10 @@ effect of the changes the content industry wants.
 <para>
 Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow.
 </para>
 <para>
 Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxmllerpaulhermann' class='startofrange'><primary>Müller, Paul Hermann</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxddt' class='startofrange'><primary>DDT</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxddt' class='startofrange'><primary>DDT</primary></indexterm>

-<indexterm><primary>Müller, Paul Hermann</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinsecticideenvironmentalconsequencesof' class='startofrange'><primary>insecticide, environmental consequences of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfarming' class='startofrange'><primary>farming</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss
 chemist Paul Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work
 <para>
 In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss
 chemist Paul Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work


@@ -6762,7 +6954,8 @@ production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was
 important and valuable and probably saved lives, possibly millions.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Carson, Rachel</primary></indexterm>
 important and valuable and probably saved lives, possibly millions.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Carson, Rachel</primary></indexterm>

-<indexterm><primary>Silent Sprint (Carson)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Silent Spring (Carson)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxenvironmentalism' class='startofrange'><primary>environmentalism</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, which argued that
 DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having unintended
 <para>
 But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, which argued that
 DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having unintended


@@ -6778,7 +6971,9 @@ problems DDT caused were worse than the problems it solved, at least
 when considering the other, more environmentally friendly ways to
 solve the problems that DDT was meant to solve.
 </para>
 when considering the other, more environmentally friendly ways to
 solve the problems that DDT was meant to solve.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxmllerpaulhermann' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Boyle, James</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Boyle, James</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawinnovativefreedombalancedwithfaircompensationin2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James
 Boyle appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for
 <para>
 It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James
 Boyle appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for


@@ -6800,6 +6995,7 @@ protecting copyright not an endorsement of anarchy or an attack on
 authors.  It is an environment of creativity that we seek, and we
 should be aware of our actions' effects on the environment.
 </para>
 authors.  It is an environment of creativity that we seek, and we
 should be aware of our actions' effects on the environment.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxfarming' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly
 this effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic
 <para>
 My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly
 this effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic


@@ -6811,32 +7007,48 @@ not be only that copyrighted work is effectively protected. Also, and
 generally missed, the net effect of this massive increase in protection
 will be devastating to the environment for creativity.
 </para>
 generally missed, the net effect of this massive increase in protection
 will be devastating to the environment for creativity.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawinnovativefreedombalancedwithfaircompensationin2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences
 for free culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will
 be lost.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxddt' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences
 for free culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will
 be lost.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxddt' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm startref='idxinsecticideenvironmentalconsequencesof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxenvironmentalism' class='endofrange'/>

 </section>
 <section id="beginnings">
 <title>Beginnings</title>
 </section>
 <section id="beginnings">
 <title>Beginnings</title>

+<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>on creative property</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxconstitutionuscopyrightpurposeestablishedin' class='startofrange'><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>copyright purpose established in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxconstitutionusprogressclauseof' class='startofrange'><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>Progress Clause of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>constitutional purpose of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcreativepropertyconstitutionaltraditionon2' class='startofrange'><primary>creative property</primary><secondary>constitutional tradition on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxprogressclause' class='startofrange'><primary>Progress Clause</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved
 English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative
 property</quote> rights clear; its express limitations reinforce the English
 aim to avoid overly powerful publishers.
 </para>
 <para>
 America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved
 English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative
 property</quote> rights clear; its express limitations reinforce the English
 aim to avoid overly powerful publishers.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcongressusinconstitutionalprogressclause' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>in constitutional Progress Clause</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to
 Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very
 odd. Article I, section 8, clause 8 of our Constitution states that:
 </para>
 <para>
 The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to
 Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very
 odd. Article I, section 8, clause 8 of our Constitution states that:
 </para>

+<blockquote>

 <para>
 Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and
 useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors
 the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.
 <para>
 Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and
 useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors
 the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.

+</para>
+</blockquote>

 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 142 -->
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 142 -->

+<para>

 We can call this the <quote>Progress Clause,</quote> for notice what this clause
 does not say. It does not say Congress has the power to grant
 <quote>creative property rights.</quote> It says that Congress has the power
 We can call this the <quote>Progress Clause,</quote> for notice what this clause
 does not say. It does not say Congress has the power to grant
 <quote>creative property rights.</quote> It says that Congress has the power


@@ -6844,6 +7056,9 @@ does not say. It does not say Congress has the power to grant
 purpose, and its purpose is a public one, not the purpose of enriching
 publishers, nor even primarily the purpose of rewarding authors.
 </para>
 purpose, and its purpose is a public one, not the purpose of enriching
 publishers, nor even primarily the purpose of rewarding authors.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusinconstitutionalprogressclause' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawasprotectionofcreators' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>as protection of creators</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawhistoryofamerican' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>history of American</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw
 in chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber" linkend="founders"/>,
 <para>
 The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw
 in chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber" linkend="founders"/>,


@@ -6854,6 +7069,9 @@ followed the English for a similar purpose. Indeed, unlike the
 English, the framers reinforced that objective, by requiring that
 copyrights extend <quote>to Authors</quote> only.
 </para>
 English, the framers reinforced that objective, by requiring that
 copyrights extend <quote>to Authors</quote> only.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Senate, U.S.</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>structural checks and balances of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>electoral college</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the
 Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers
 <para>
 The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the
 Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers


@@ -6869,6 +7087,8 @@ case, a <emphasis>structure</emphasis> built checks and balances into
 the constitutional frame, structured to prevent otherwise inevitable
 concentrations of power.
 </para>
 the constitutional frame, structured to prevent otherwise inevitable
 concentrations of power.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxconstitutionusprogressclauseof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxprogressclause' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call <quote>copyright</quote>
 today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever
 <para>
 I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call <quote>copyright</quote>
 today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever


@@ -6876,6 +7096,10 @@ considered. To begin to understand what they did, we need to put our
 <quote>copyright</quote> in context: We need to see how it has changed in the 210
 years since they first struck its design.
 </para>
 <quote>copyright</quote> in context: We need to see how it has changed in the 210
 years since they first struck its design.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxconstitutionuscopyrightpurposeestablishedin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcreativepropertyconstitutionaltraditionon2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawasprotectionofcreators' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>four regulatory modalities on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes
 in technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a
 <para>
 Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes
 in technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a


@@ -6884,15 +7108,15 @@ particular concentration of market power. In terms of our model, we
 started here:
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1441">
 started here:
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1441">

-<title>Copyright's regulation before the Internet.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1331.png"></graphic>
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>

 </figure>
 <para>
 We will end here:
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1442">
 </figure>
 <para>
 We will end here:
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1442">

-<title><quote>Copyright</quote> today.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1442.png"></graphic>
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/1442.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>

 </figure>
 <para>
 Let me explain how.
 </figure>
 <para>
 Let me explain how.


@@ -6901,6 +7125,11 @@ Let me explain how.
 </section>
 <section id="lawduration">
 <title>Law: Duration</title>
 </section>
 <section id="lawduration">
 <title>Law: Duration</title>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightdurationof4' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws5' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on copyright laws</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightact' class='startofrange'><primary>Copyright Act (1790)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>creative property</primary><secondary>common law protections of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpublicdomainbalanceofuscontentin' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>balance of U.S. content in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it
 faced the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that
 <para>
 When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it
 faced the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that


@@ -6910,12 +7139,13 @@ supplemented common law rights that already protected creative
 authorship.<footnote>
 <para>
 <!-- f8 -->
 authorship.<footnote>
 <para>
 <!-- f8 -->

-William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History of
-the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1,
-485&ndash;86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain implication of `the supreme
-Law of the Land,' <emphasis>the perpetual rights which authors had, or
-were supposed by some to have, under the Common Law</emphasis></quote>
-(emphasis added).
+William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the
+History of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University
+Press, 1953), vol. 1, 485&ndash;86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain
+implication of <quote>the supreme Law of the Land,</quote>
+<emphasis>the perpetual rights which authors had, or were supposed by
+some to have, under the Common Law</emphasis></quote> (emphasis
+added).

 <indexterm><primary>Crosskey, William W.</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 This meant that there was no guaranteed public domain in the United
 <indexterm><primary>Crosskey, William W.</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 This meant that there was no guaranteed public domain in the United


@@ -6926,6 +7156,7 @@ uncertainty would make it hard for publishers to rely upon a public
 domain to reprint and distribute works.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Statute of Anne (1710)</primary></indexterm>
 domain to reprint and distribute works.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Statute of Anne (1710)</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxlawfederalvsstate' class='startofrange'><primary>law</primary><secondary>federal vs. state</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting
 copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law,
 <para>
 That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting
 copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law,


@@ -6934,6 +7165,7 @@ protections.  Just as in England the Statute of Anne eventually meant
 that the copyrights for all English works expired, a federal statute
 meant that any state copyrights expired as well.
 </para>
 that the copyrights for all English works expired, a federal statute
 meant that any state copyrights expired as well.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightrenewabilityof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>renewability of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a
 federal copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If
 <para>
 In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a
 federal copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If


@@ -6941,6 +7173,7 @@ the author was alive at the end of that fourteen years, then he could
 opt to renew the copyright for another fourteen years. If he did not
 renew the copyright, his work passed into the public domain.
 </para>
 opt to renew the copyright for another fourteen years. If he did not
 renew the copyright, his work passed into the public domain.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws5' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 While there were many works created in the United States in the first
 ten years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually
 <para>
 While there were many works created in the United States in the first
 ten years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually


@@ -6965,6 +7198,8 @@ copyright was short. The initial term of copyright was fourteen years,
 with the option of renewal for an additional fourteen years. Copyright
 Act of May 31, 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124.  </para></footnote>
 </para>
 with the option of renewal for an additional fourteen years. Copyright
 Act of May 31, 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124.  </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightact' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxlawfederalvsstate' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system
 of copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be
 <para>
 This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system
 of copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be


@@ -6991,8 +7226,9 @@ M. Landes and Richard A.  Posner, <quote>Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,</quot
 <citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): 471, 498&ndash;501, and
 accompanying figures.  </para></footnote>
 </para>
 <citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): 471, 498&ndash;501, and
 accompanying figures.  </para></footnote>
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>out of print</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm startref='idxpublicdomainbalanceofuscontentin' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>resales of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>resales of</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>out of print</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work
 has an actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall
 <para>
 Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work
 has an actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall


@@ -7005,6 +7241,9 @@ copyright. The only practical commercial use of the books at that time
 is to sell the books as used books; that use&mdash;because it does not
 involve publication&mdash;is effectively free.
 </para>
 is to sell the books as used books; that use&mdash;because it does not
 involve publication&mdash;is effectively free.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws6' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on copyright laws</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressuscopyrighttermsextendedby' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>copyright terms extended by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawtermextensionsin' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>term extensions in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was
 changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28
 <para>
 In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was
 changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28


@@ -7013,6 +7252,9 @@ from 14 years to 28 years. In the next fifty years of the Republic,
 the term increased once again. In 1909, Congress extended the renewal
 term of 14 years to 28 years, setting a maximum term of 56 years.
 </para>
 the term increased once again. In 1909, Congress extended the renewal
 term of 14 years to 28 years, setting a maximum term of 56 years.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>CTEA</primary><seealso>Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)</seealso></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsonnybonocopyrighttermextensionactctea' class='startofrange'><primary>Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpublicdomainfuturepatentsvsfuturecopyrightsin' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>future patents vs. future copyrights in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined
 copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress
 <para>
 Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined
 copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress


@@ -7023,6 +7265,7 @@ In 1976, Congress extended all existing copyrights by nineteen years.
 And in 1998, in the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, Congress
 extended the term of existing and future copyrights by twenty years.
 </para>
 And in 1998, in the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, Congress
 extended the term of existing and future copyrights by twenty years.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>patents</primary><secondary>in public domain</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing
 of works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the
 <para>
 The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing
 of works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the


@@ -7034,6 +7277,7 @@ after the Sonny Bono Act, while one million patents will pass into the
 public domain, zero copyrights will pass into the public domain by virtue
 of the expiration of a copyright term.
 </para>
 public domain, zero copyrights will pass into the public domain by virtue
 of the expiration of a copyright term.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxsonnybonocopyrighttermextensionactctea' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another,
 little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the
 <para>
 The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another,
 little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the


@@ -7044,6 +7288,9 @@ would pass more quickly into the public domain. The works remaining
 under protection would be those that had some continuing commercial
 value.
 </para>
 under protection would be those that had some continuing commercial
 value.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>of natural authors vs. corporations</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>corporations</primary><secondary>copyright terms for</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For
 all works created after 1978, there was only one copyright term&mdash;the
 <para>
 The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For
 all works created after 1978, there was only one copyright term&mdash;the


@@ -7063,6 +7310,8 @@ is orphaned by these changes in copyright law. Despite the requirement
 that terms be <quote>limited,</quote> we have no evidence that anything will limit
 them.
 </para>
 that terms be <quote>limited,</quote> we have no evidence that anything will limit
 them.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawhistoryofamerican' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpublicdomainfuturepatentsvsfuturecopyrightsin' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is
 dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to
 <para>
 The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is
 dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to


@@ -7078,16 +7327,24 @@ more than thirty-two years, and averaged thirty years. See Landes and
 Posner, <quote>Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,</quote> loc. cit.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 Posner, <quote>Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,</quote> loc. cit.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightdurationof4' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightrenewabilityof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws6' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcongressuscopyrighttermsextendedby' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawtermextensionsin' class='endofrange'/>

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 147 -->
 </section>
 <section id="lawscope">
 <title>Law: Scope</title>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 147 -->
 </section>
 <section id="lawscope">
 <title>Law: Scope</title>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightscopeof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>scope of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law.
 The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those
 changes are not necessarily bad. But we should understand the extent
 of the changes if we're to keep this debate in context.
 </para>
 <para>
 The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law.
 The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those
 changes are not necessarily bad. But we should understand the extent
 of the changes if we're to keep this debate in context.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>on republishing vs. transformation of original work</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxderivativeworkshistoricalshiftincopyrightcoverageof' class='startofrange'><primary>derivative works</primary><secondary>historical shift in copyright coverage of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps,
 charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or
 <para>
 In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps,
 charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or


@@ -7116,6 +7373,9 @@ way, the right covers more creative work, protects the creative work
 more broadly, and protects works that are based in a significant way
 on the initial creative work.
 </para>
 more broadly, and protects works that are based in a significant way
 on the initial creative work.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightmarkingof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>marking of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxformalities' class='startofrange'><primary>formalities</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawregistrationrequirementof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>registration requirement of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural
 limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the
 <para>
 At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural
 limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the


@@ -7130,6 +7390,7 @@ of the history of American copyright law, there was a requirement that
 works be deposited with the government before a copyright could be
 secured.
 </para>
 works be deposited with the government before a copyright could be
 secured.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxderivativeworkshistoricalshiftincopyrightcoverageof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible
 understanding that for most works, no copyright was required. Again,
 <para>
 The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible
 understanding that for most works, no copyright was required. Again,


@@ -7144,6 +7405,7 @@ that after the copyright expired, there would be a copy of the work
 somewhere so that it could be copied by others without locating the
 original author.
 </para>
 somewhere so that it could be copied by others without locating the
 original author.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>European</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American system when
 we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement
 <para>
 All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American system when
 we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement


@@ -7152,10 +7414,14 @@ automatic; the copyright exists whether or not you mark your work with
 a &copy;; and the copyright exists whether or not you actually make a
 copy available for others to copy.
 </para>
 a &copy;; and the copyright exists whether or not you actually make a
 copy available for others to copy.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightmarkingof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxformalities' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawregistrationrequirementof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these
 differences.
 </para>
 <para>
 Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these
 differences.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightact2' class='startofrange'><primary>Copyright Act (1790)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who
 actually copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you
 <para>
 If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who
 actually copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you


@@ -7174,6 +7440,9 @@ The Copyright Act was thus a tiny
 regulation of a tiny proportion of a tiny part of the creative market in
 the United States&mdash;publishers.
 </para>
 regulation of a tiny proportion of a tiny part of the creative market in
 the United States&mdash;publishers.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawonrepublishingvstransformationoforiginalwork2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>on republishing vs. transformation of original work</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxderivativeworkspiracyvs3' class='startofrange'><primary>derivative works</primary><secondary>piracy vs.</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs3' class='startofrange'><primary>piracy</primary><secondary>derivative work vs.</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 149 -->
 The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 149 -->
 The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem


@@ -7184,6 +7453,7 @@ those activities were regulated by the original copyright act. These
 creative activities remained free, while the activities of publishers
 were restrained.
 </para>
 creative activities remained free, while the activities of publishers
 were restrained.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightact2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is
 automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail,
 <para>
 Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is
 automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail,


@@ -7212,6 +7482,7 @@ copyright holder. The copyright, in other words, is now not just an
 right to your writings, but an exclusive right to your writings
 and a large proportion of the writings inspired by them.
 </para>
 right to your writings, but an exclusive right to your writings
 and a large proportion of the writings inspired by them.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxderivativeworkspiracyvs3' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our
 framers, though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this 
 <para>
 It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our
 framers, though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this 


@@ -7261,6 +7532,7 @@ pp. 53&ndash;59).
 </para></footnote>
 These two different uses of my creative work are treated the same.
 </para>
 </para></footnote>
 These two different uses of my creative work are treated the same.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs3' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Disney, Walt</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Mickey Mouse</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>Disney, Walt</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Mickey Mouse</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -7277,9 +7549,13 @@ derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower:
 simply to make clear that this expansion is a significant change from
 the rights originally granted.
 </para>
 simply to make clear that this expansion is a significant change from
 the rights originally granted.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightscopeof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawonrepublishingvstransformationoforiginalwork2' class='endofrange'/>

 </section>
 <section id="lawreach">
 <title>Law and Architecture: Reach</title>
 </section>
 <section id="lawreach">
 <title>Law and Architecture: Reach</title>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawcopiesascoreissueof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>copies as core issue of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawscopeof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>scope of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in
 copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users,
 <para>
 Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in
 copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users,


@@ -7296,6 +7572,8 @@ existing law (which regulates <quote>copies;</quote> 17 <citetitle>United States
 102) is that if there is a copy, there is a right.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 102) is that if there is a copy, there is a right.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>on creative property rights</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcreativepropertyotherpropertyrightsvs2' class='startofrange'><primary>creative property</primary><secondary>other property rights vs.</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 151 -->
 <quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 151 -->
 <quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for


@@ -7310,6 +7588,7 @@ copies should <emphasis>not</emphasis> be the trigger for copyright
 law. More precisely, they should not <emphasis>always</emphasis> be
 the trigger for copyright law.
 </para>
 law. More precisely, they should not <emphasis>always</emphasis> be
 the trigger for copyright law.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawcopiesascoreissueof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this
 very slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the
 <para>
 This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this
 very slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the


@@ -7326,13 +7605,15 @@ because it is clear that the
 current reach of copyright was never contemplated, much less chosen,
 by the legislators who enacted copyright law.
 </para>
 current reach of copyright was never contemplated, much less chosen,
 by the legislators who enacted copyright law.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawscopeof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcreativepropertyotherpropertyrightsvs2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely
 empty circle.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1521">
 <para>
 We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely
 empty circle.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1521">

-<title>All potential uses of a book.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1521.png"></graphic>
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/1521.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>

 </figure>
 <indexterm id='idxbooksthreetypesofusesof' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>three types of uses of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawcopiesascoreissueof2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>copies as core issue of</secondary></indexterm>
 </figure>
 <indexterm id='idxbooksthreetypesofusesof' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>three types of uses of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawcopiesascoreissueof2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>copies as core issue of</secondary></indexterm>


@@ -7355,28 +7636,32 @@ it up, those acts are not regulated by copyright law, because those
 acts do not make a copy.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1531">
 acts do not make a copy.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1531">

-<title>Examples of unregulated uses of a book.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1531.png"></graphic>
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/1531.png" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>

 </figure>
 <para>
 Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated
 by copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It
 is therefore regulated by copyright law. Indeed, this particular use stands
 at the core of this circle of possible uses of a copyrighted work. It is the
 </figure>
 <para>
 Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated
 by copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It
 is therefore regulated by copyright law. Indeed, this particular use stands
 at the core of this circle of possible uses of a copyrighted work. It is the

-paradigmatic use properly regulated by copyright regulation (see first
-diagram on next page).
+paradigmatic use properly regulated by copyright regulation (see  
+diagram in figure <xref xrefstyle="template:%n" linkend="fig-1541"/>).

 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxderivativeworkspiracyvs4' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs4' class='endofrange'/>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxderivativeworkspiracyvs4' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs4' class='endofrange'/>

+<figure id="fig-1541">
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/1541.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>
+</figure>
+<indexterm id='idxfairuse' class='startofrange'><primary>fair use</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawfairuseand2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>fair use and</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses
 that remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>
 </para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 153 -->
 <para>
 Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses
 that remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>
 </para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 153 -->

-<figure id="fig-1541">
-<title>Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a copyrighted work.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1541.png"></graphic>
-</figure>
+<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>First Amendment to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>First Amendment</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law
 treats as unregulated because public policy demands that they remain
 <para>
 These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law
 treats as unregulated because public policy demands that they remain


@@ -7388,14 +7673,10 @@ but the law denies the owner any exclusive right over such <quote>fair uses</quo
 for public policy (and possibly First Amendment) reasons.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1542">
 for public policy (and possibly First Amendment) reasons.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1542">

-<title>Unregulated copying considered <quote>fair uses.</quote></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1542.png"></graphic>
-</figure>
-<para> </para>
-<figure id="fig-1551">
-<title>Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively regulated.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1551.png"></graphic>
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/1542.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>

 </figure>
 </figure>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightusagerestrictionsattachedto' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>usage restrictions attached to</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 154 -->
 In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 154 -->
 In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three


@@ -7403,7 +7684,9 @@ sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that
 are nonetheless deemed <quote>fair</quote> regardless of the copyright owner's views.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxbooksthreetypesofusesof' class='endofrange'/>
 are nonetheless deemed <quote>fair</quote> regardless of the copyright owner's views.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxbooksthreetypesofusesof' class='endofrange'/>

-<indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbooksoninternet' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetbookson2' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>books on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>fair use</primary><secondary>Internet burdens on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Enter the Internet&mdash;a distributed, digital network where every use
 of a copyrighted work produces a copy.<footnote><para>
 <para>
 Enter the Internet&mdash;a distributed, digital network where every use
 of a copyrighted work produces a copy.<footnote><para>


@@ -7425,6 +7708,8 @@ would defend the unregulated uses of copyrighted work must look
 exclusively to category 3, fair uses, to bear the burden of this
 shift.
 </para>
 exclusively to category 3, fair uses, to bear the burden of this
 shift.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxfairuse' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawfairuseand2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the
 Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would
 <para>
 So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the
 Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would


@@ -7437,7 +7722,7 @@ night before you went to bed. None of those instances of
 use&mdash;reading&mdash; could be regulated by copyright law because
 none of those uses produced a copy.
 </para>
 use&mdash;reading&mdash; could be regulated by copyright law because
 none of those uses produced a copy.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxebooks' class='startofrange'><primary>e-books</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxderivativeworkstechnologicaldevelopmentsand' class='startofrange'><primary>derivative works</primary><secondary>technological developments and</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different
 <indexterm id='idxderivativeworkstechnologicaldevelopmentsand' class='startofrange'><primary>derivative works</primary><secondary>technological developments and</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different


@@ -7451,6 +7736,10 @@ then whenever you read the book (or any portion of it) beyond the
 fifth time, you are making a copy of the book contrary to the
 copyright owner's wish.
 </para>
 fifth time, you are making a copy of the book contrary to the
 copyright owner's wish.
 </para>

+<figure id="fig-1551">
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/1551.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>
+</figure>

 <para>
 There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim
 just now is not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim
 <para>
 There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim
 just now is not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim


@@ -7478,6 +7767,9 @@ troubling the expansion with respect to copying a particular work, it
 is extraordinarily troubling with respect to transformative uses of
 creative work.
 </para>
 is extraordinarily troubling with respect to transformative uses of
 creative work.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxfairuseinternetburdenson' class='startofrange'><primary>fair use</primary><secondary>Internet burdens on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawfairuseand3' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>fair use and</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxderivativeworksfairusevs' class='startofrange'><primary>derivative works</primary><secondary>fair use vs.</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary
 
 <para>
 Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary
 


@@ -7507,7 +7799,16 @@ grounded in fair use makes sense when the vast majority of uses are
 presumptively regulated, then the protections of fair use are not
 enough.
 </para>
 presumptively regulated, then the protections of fair use are not
 enough.
 </para>

-<indexterm id='idxadvertising2' class='startofrange'><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightusagerestrictionsattachedto' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxbooksoninternet' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetbookson2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxebooks' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfairuseinternetburdenson' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawfairuseand3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxderivativeworksfairusevs' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxvideopipeline' class='startofrange'><primary>Video Pipeline</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxadvertising' class='startofrange'><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfilmindustrytraileradvertisementsof' class='startofrange'><primary>film industry</primary><secondary>trailer advertisements of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was
 in the business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies available
 <para>
 The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was
 in the business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies available


@@ -7525,6 +7826,10 @@ technique by giving on-line stores the same ability to enable
 before you buy the book, so, too, you would be able to sample a bit
 from the movie on-line before you bought it.
 </para>
 before you buy the book, so, too, you would be able to sample a bit
 from the movie on-line before you bought it.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxdisneyinc2' class='startofrange'><primary>Disney, Inc.</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>fair use and</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawcopiesascoreissueof3' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>copies as core issue of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfairuselegalintimidationtacticsagainst2' class='startofrange'><primary>fair use</primary><secondary>legal intimidation tactics against</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors
 that it intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet
 <para>
 In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors
 that it intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet


@@ -7540,6 +7845,11 @@ distribution immediately.  Video Pipeline thought it was within their
 lawsuit to ask the court to declare that these rights were in fact
 their rights.
 </para>
 lawsuit to ask the court to declare that these rights were in fact
 their rights.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxadvertising' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfilmindustrytraileradvertisementsof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightusagerestrictionsattachedto2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>usage restrictions attached to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitswillfulinfringementfindingsin' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>willful infringement findings in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>willful infringement</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Disney countersued&mdash;for $100 million in damages. Those damages
 were predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully
 <para>
 Disney countersued&mdash;for $100 million in damages. Those damages
 were predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully


@@ -7559,7 +7869,7 @@ permitted to list the titles of the films they were selling, but they were
 not allowed to show clips of the films as a way of selling them without
 Disney's permission.
 </para>
 not allowed to show clips of the films as a way of selling them without
 Disney's permission.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxadvertising2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>first-sale doctrine</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts
 would consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change
 <para>
 Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts
 would consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change


@@ -7574,8 +7884,15 @@ copy, use on the Internet becomes subject to the copyright owner's
 control. The technology expands the scope of effective control,
 because the technology builds a copy into every transaction.
 </para>
 control. The technology expands the scope of effective control,
 because the technology builds a copy into every transaction.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxvideopipeline' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdisneyinc2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawcopiesascoreissueof3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfairuselegalintimidationtacticsagainst2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightusagerestrictionsattachedto2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitswillfulinfringementfindingsin' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Barnes &amp; Noble</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>browsing</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Barnes &amp; Noble</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>browsing</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>market competition</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 158 -->
 No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 158 -->
 No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for


@@ -7609,6 +7926,8 @@ second important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its
 significance. This second change does not affect the reach of copyright
 regulation; it affects how such regulation is enforced.
 </para>
 significance. This second change does not affect the reach of copyright
 regulation; it affects how such regulation is enforced.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>technology as automatic enforcer of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>technology</primary><secondary>copyright enforcement controlled by</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that
 controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law.
 <para>
 In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that
 controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law.


@@ -7653,7 +7972,8 @@ like the Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a
 silly claim. This extremism was irrelevant to the real freedoms anyone
 (including Warner Brothers) enjoyed.
 </para>
 silly claim. This extremism was irrelevant to the real freedoms anyone
 (including Warner Brothers) enjoyed.
 </para>

-<indexterm id='idxbooksoninternet' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbooksoninternet2' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetbookson3' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>books on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on
 the Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a
 <para>
 On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on
 the Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a


@@ -7678,9 +7998,14 @@ software that publishers use to deliver e-books. It provides the
 technology, and the publisher delivers the content by using the
 technology.
 </para>
 technology, and the publisher delivers the content by using the
 technology.
 </para>

+<figure id="fig-example-adobe-ebook-reader" float="1">
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/example-adobe-ebook-reader.png" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+</figure>

 <para>
 <para>

-On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook
-Reader.
+In figure
+<xref xrefstyle="template:%n" linkend="fig-example-adobe-ebook-reader"/>
+is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader.

 </para>
 <para>
 As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this
 </para>
 <para>
 As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this


@@ -7695,17 +8020,13 @@ copy of
 <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle>, you'll see a fancy cover, and then
 a button at the bottom called Permissions.
 </para>
 <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle>, you'll see a fancy cover, and then
 a button at the bottom called Permissions.
 </para>

-<figure id="fig-1611">
-<title>Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1611.png"></graphic>
-</figure>

 <para>
 If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the
 permissions that the publisher purports to grant with this book.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1612">
 <para>
 If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the
 permissions that the publisher purports to grant with this book.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1612">

-<title>List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1612.png"></graphic>
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/1612.png" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>

 </figure>
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 161 -->
 </figure>
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 161 -->


@@ -7723,8 +8044,8 @@ Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the
 translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1621">
 translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1621">

-<title>E-book of Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1621.png"></graphic>
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/aristotele-ebook.png" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>

 </figure>
 <para>
 According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted
 </figure>
 <para>
 According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted


@@ -7732,8 +8053,8 @@ at all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear
 the book.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1622">
 the book.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1622">

-<title>List of the permissions for Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1622.png"></graphic>
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/1622.png" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>

 </figure>
 <indexterm><primary>Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary></indexterm>
 </figure>
 <indexterm><primary>Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary></indexterm>


@@ -7744,8 +8065,8 @@ Ideas</citetitle>:
 </para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 162 -->
 <figure id="fig-1631">
 </para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 162 -->
 <figure id="fig-1631">

-<title>List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1631.png"></graphic>
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/1631.png" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>

 </figure>
 <para>
 No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!
 </figure>
 <para>
 No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!


@@ -7765,6 +8086,7 @@ times. But that obligation (and the limits for creating that
 obligation) would come from the contract, not from copyright law, and
 the obligations of contract would not necessarily pass to anyone who
 subsequently acquired the book.
 obligation) would come from the contract, not from copyright law, and
 the obligations of contract would not necessarily pass to anyone who
 subsequently acquired the book.

+<indexterm><primary>contracts</primary></indexterm>

 </para></footnote>
 When my e-book of <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> says I have the
 permission to copy only ten text selections into the memory every ten
 </para></footnote>
 When my e-book of <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> says I have the
 permission to copy only ten text selections into the memory every ten


@@ -7829,11 +8151,10 @@ domain. Yet when you clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the
 following report:
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1641">
 following report:
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1641">

-<title>List of the permissions for <quote>Alice's Adventures in
-Wonderland</quote>.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1641.png"></graphic>
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/1641.png" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>

 </figure>
 </figure>

-<beginpage pagenum="164"/>
+<!-- PAGE BREAK 164-->

 <para>
 Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to
 copy, not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the
 <para>
 Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to
 copy, not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the


@@ -7871,7 +8192,8 @@ control.  That incentive is understandable, yet what it creates is
 often crazy.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxadobeebookreader' class='endofrange'/>
 often crazy.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxadobeebookreader' class='endofrange'/>

-<indexterm startref='idxbooksoninternet' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetbookson3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxbooksoninternet2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite
 story of mine that makes the same point.
 <para>
 To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite
 story of mine that makes the same point.


@@ -8154,13 +8476,21 @@ some uses that were illegal, the court held the companies producing
 the VCR responsible.
 </para>
 <para>
 the VCR responsible.
 </para>
 <para>

-This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to
-the DMCA.
+This led Conrad to draw the cartoon in figure
+<xref xrefstyle="template:%n"
+linkend="fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig"/>, which we can adopt to the
+DMCA.

 <indexterm><primary>Conrad, Paul</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <para>
 No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Conrad, Paul</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <para>
 No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close.
 </para>

+<figure id="fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig" float="1">
+<title>&mdash; On which item have the courts ruled that manufacturers and
+retailers be held responsible for having supplied the
+equipment?</title>
+<graphic fileref="images/vcr-comic.png" align="center" width="55%"></graphic>
+</figure>

 <para>
 The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright
 circumvention technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for
 <para>
 The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright
 circumvention technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for


@@ -8178,10 +8508,6 @@ practice or to protect against an intruder. At least some would say that
 such a use would be good. It, too, is a technology that has both good
 and bad uses.
 </para>
 such a use would be good. It, too, is a technology that has both good
 and bad uses.
 </para>

-<figure id="fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig">
-<title>VCR/handgun cartoon.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1711.png"></graphic>
-</figure>

 <indexterm><primary>Conrad, Paul</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world
 <indexterm><primary>Conrad, Paul</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world


@@ -8303,7 +8629,7 @@ media.  Before this change happened, the different forms of media were
 owned by separate media companies. Now, the media is increasingly
 owned by only a few companies. Indeed, after the changes that the FCC
 announced in June 2003, most expect that within a few years, we will
 owned by separate media companies. Now, the media is increasingly
 owned by only a few companies. Indeed, after the changes that the FCC
 announced in June 2003, most expect that within a few years, we will

-live in a world where just three companies control more than percent
+live in a world where just three companies control more than 85 percent

 of the media.
 </para>
 <para>
 of the media.
 </para>
 <para>


@@ -8338,6 +8664,7 @@ Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> <citetitle>Char
 31 May 2003.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 31 May 2003.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxradioownershipconsolidationin' class='startofrange'><primary>radio</primary><secondary>ownership consolidation in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation,
 the nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than
 <para>
 The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation,
 the nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than


@@ -8350,6 +8677,7 @@ market's revenues. Overall, just four companies control 90 percent of
 the nation's radio advertising revenues.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>cable television</primary></indexterm>
 the nation's radio advertising revenues.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>cable television</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxnewspapersownershipconsolidationof' class='startofrange'><primary>newspapers</primary><secondary>ownership consolidation of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well.  Today,
 there are six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than
 <para>
 Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well.  Today,
 there are six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than


@@ -8361,11 +8689,11 @@ of all cable revenue. This is a market far from the free press the
 framers sought to protect. Indeed, it is a market that is quite well
 protected&mdash; by the market.
 </para>
 framers sought to protect. Indeed, it is a market that is quite well
 protected&mdash; by the market.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Fallows, James</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious
 change is in the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows
 put it in a recent article about Rupert Murdoch,
 <para>
 Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious
 change is in the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows
 put it in a recent article about Rupert Murdoch,

-<indexterm><primary>Fallows, James</primary></indexterm>

 </para>
 <blockquote>
 <para>
 </para>
 <blockquote>
 <para>


@@ -8386,6 +8714,8 @@ James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic Monthly</c
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxnewspapersownershipconsolidationof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxradioownershipconsolidationin' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not
 just large companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies
 <para>
 The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not
 just large companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies


@@ -8393,8 +8723,8 @@ owning as many outlets of media as possible. A picture describes this
 pattern better than a thousand words could do:
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership">
 pattern better than a thousand words could do:
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership">

-<title>Pattern of modern media ownership.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1761.png"></graphic>
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/pattern-modern-media-ownership.png" align="center" width="100%"></graphic>

 </figure>
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 175 -->
 </figure>
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 175 -->


@@ -8508,6 +8838,7 @@ Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available at
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm><primary>democracy</primary><secondary>media concentration and</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such
 large and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous.
 <para>
 This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such
 large and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous.


@@ -8560,6 +8891,7 @@ In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug
 wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels;
 criminal and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle.
 </para>
 wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels;
 criminal and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>criminal justice system</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to
 any position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound
 <para>
 Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to
 any position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound


@@ -8586,6 +8918,9 @@ depend fundamentally upon the press to help inform Americans about
 these issues.
 </para>
 <indexterm id='idxadvertising3' class='startofrange'><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>
 these issues.
 </para>
 <indexterm id='idxadvertising3' class='startofrange'><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxcommercials' class='startofrange'><primary>commercials</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxtelevisionadvertisingon' class='startofrange'><primary>television</primary><secondary>advertising on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Nick and Norm anti-drug campaign</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched
 a media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign produced
 <para>
 Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched
 a media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign produced


@@ -8615,6 +8950,10 @@ money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in
 the world to help you get your message out. Can you be sure your
 message will be heard then?
 </para>
 the world to help you get your message out. Can you be sure your
 message will be heard then?
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>First Amendment to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>First Amendment</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>on television advertising bans</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>television</primary><secondary>controversy avoided by</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding
 <quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed
 <para>
 No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding
 <quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed


@@ -8626,6 +8965,13 @@ commercial media will refuse one side of a crucial debate the
 opportunity to present its case.  And the courts will defend the
 rights of the stations to be this biased.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f34 -->
 opportunity to present its case.  And the courts will defend the
 rights of the stations to be this biased.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f34 -->

+<indexterm><primary>ABC</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Comcast</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Marijuana Policy Project</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>NBC</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>WJOA</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>WRC</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>

 The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads
 that directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within
 the Washington, D.C., area. Comcast rejected the ads as <quote>against
 The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads
 that directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within
 the Washington, D.C., area. Comcast rejected the ads as <quote>against


@@ -8634,31 +8980,29 @@ without reviewing them. The local ABC affiliate, WJOA, originally
 agreed to run the ads and accepted payment to do so, but later decided
 not to run the ads and returned the collected fees. Interview with
 Neal Levine, 15 October 2003.  These restrictions are, of course, not
 agreed to run the ads and accepted payment to do so, but later decided
 not to run the ads and returned the collected fees. Interview with
 Neal Levine, 15 October 2003.  These restrictions are, of course, not

-limited to drug policy. See, for example, Nat Ives, <quote>On the Issue of
-an Iraq War, Advocacy Ads Meet with Rejection from TV Networks,</quote> <citetitle>New
-York Times</citetitle>, 13 March 2003, C4.  Outside of election-related air time
-there is very little that the FCC or the courts are willing to do to
-even the playing field. For a general overview, see Rhonda Brown, <quote>Ad
-Hoc Access: The Regulation of Editorial Advertising on Television and
-Radio,</quote> <citetitle>Yale Law and Policy Review</citetitle> 6 (1988): 449&ndash;79, and for a
-more recent summary of the stance of the FCC and the courts, see
-<citetitle>Radio-Television News Directors Association</citetitle> v. <citetitle>FCC</citetitle>, 184 F. 3d 872
+limited to drug policy. See, for example, Nat Ives, <quote>On the
+Issue of an Iraq War, Advocacy Ads Meet with Rejection from TV
+Networks,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 13 March
+2003, C4.  Outside of election-related air time there is very little
+that the FCC or the courts are willing to do to even the playing
+field. For a general overview, see Rhonda Brown, <quote>Ad Hoc Access:
+The Regulation of Editorial Advertising on Television and
+Radio,</quote> <citetitle>Yale Law and Policy Review</citetitle> 6
+(1988): 449&ndash;79, and for a more recent summary of the stance of
+the FCC and the courts, see <citetitle>Radio-Television News Directors
+Association</citetitle> v. <citetitle>FCC</citetitle>, 184 F. 3d 872

 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Municipal authorities exercise the same authority as
 the networks. In a recent example from San Francisco, the San
 Francisco transit authority rejected an ad that criticized its Muni
 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Municipal authorities exercise the same authority as
 the networks. In a recent example from San Francisco, the San
 Francisco transit authority rejected an ad that criticized its Muni

-diesel buses. Phillip Matier and Andrew Ross, <quote>Antidiesel Group Fuming
-After Muni Rejects Ad,</quote> SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, available at
-<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #32</ulink>. The ground
-was that the criticism was <quote>too controversial.</quote>
-<indexterm><primary>ABC</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Comcast</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Marijuana Policy Project</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>NBC</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>WJOA</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>WRC</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>
+diesel buses. Phillip Matier and Andrew Ross, <quote>Antidiesel Group
+Fuming After Muni Rejects Ad,</quote> SFGate.com, 16 June 2003,
+available at <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link
+#32</ulink>. The ground was that the criticism was <quote>too
+controversial.</quote>

 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcommercials' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxtelevisionadvertisingon' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well&mdash;if we lived
 in a media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the
 <para>
 I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well&mdash;if we lived
 in a media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the


@@ -8860,7 +9204,7 @@ we could say the law began to look like this:
  </row>
  <row>
  <entry>Noncommercial</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
  <entry>Noncommercial</entry>

- <entry>&copy;/Free</entry>
+ <entry>&copy; / Free</entry>

  <entry>Free</entry>
  </row>
 </tbody>
  <entry>Free</entry>
  </row>
 </tbody>


@@ -8932,13 +9276,13 @@ property, the state ought to protect it. But first impressions
 notwithstanding, historically, this property right (as with all
 property rights<footnote><para>
 <!-- f36 -->
 notwithstanding, historically, this property right (as with all
 property rights<footnote><para>
 <!-- f36 -->

+<indexterm><primary>legal realist movement</primary></indexterm>

 It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist
 movement to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to
 balance public and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, <quote>The
 Disintegration of Property,</quote> in <citetitle>Nomos XXII: Property</citetitle>, J. Roland
 Pennock and John W.  Chapman, eds. (New York: New York University
 Press, 1980).
 It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist
 movement to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to
 balance public and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, <quote>The
 Disintegration of Property,</quote> in <citetitle>Nomos XXII: Property</citetitle>, J. Roland
 Pennock and John W.  Chapman, eds. (New York: New York University
 Press, 1980).

-<indexterm><primary>legal realist movement</primary></indexterm>

 </para></footnote>)
 has been crafted to balance the important need to give authors and
 artists incentives with the equally important need to assure access to
 </para></footnote>)
 has been crafted to balance the important need to give authors and
 artists incentives with the equally important need to assure access to


@@ -8955,19 +9299,23 @@ We achieved that free culture because our law respected important
 limits on the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very
 birth of <quote>copyright</quote> as a statutory right recognized those limits, by
 granting copyright owners protection for a limited time only (the
 limits on the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very
 birth of <quote>copyright</quote> as a statutory right recognized those limits, by
 granting copyright owners protection for a limited time only (the

-story of chapter 6). The tradition of <quote>fair use</quote> is animated by a
-similar concern that is increasingly under strain as the costs of
-exercising any fair use right become unavoidably high (the story of
-chapter 7). Adding
+story of chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber"
+linkend="founders"/>). The tradition of <quote>fair use</quote> is
+animated by a similar concern that is increasingly under strain as the
+costs of exercising any fair use right become unavoidably high (the
+story of chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber"
+linkend="recorders"/>). Adding

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 184 -->
 statutory rights where markets might stifle innovation is another
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 184 -->
 statutory rights where markets might stifle innovation is another

-familiar limit on the property right that copyright is (chapter
-8). And granting archives and libraries a broad freedom to collect,
-claims of property notwithstanding, is a crucial part of guaranteeing
-the soul of a culture (chapter 9). Free cultures, like free markets,
-are built with property. But the nature of the property that builds a
-free culture is very different from the extremist vision that
-dominates the debate today.
+familiar limit on the property right that copyright is (chapter <xref
+xrefstyle="select: labelnumber" linkend="transformers"/>). And
+granting archives and libraries a broad freedom to collect, claims of
+property notwithstanding, is a crucial part of guaranteeing the soul
+of a culture (chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber"
+linkend="collectors"/>). Free cultures, like free markets, are built
+with property. But the nature of the property that builds a free
+culture is very different from the extremist vision that dominates the
+debate today.

 </para>
 <para>
 Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In
 </para>
 <para>
 Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In


@@ -8987,11 +9335,11 @@ lawyer.
 </chapter>
 </part>
 <part id="c-puzzles">
 </chapter>
 </part>
 <part id="c-puzzles">

-<title>PUZZLES</title>
+<title>Puzzles</title>

 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 186 -->
 <chapter label="11" id="chimera">
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 186 -->
 <chapter label="11" id="chimera">

-<title>CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera</title>
+<title>Chapter Eleven: Chimera</title>

 <indexterm id='idxchimera' class='startofrange'><primary>chimeras</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxwells' class='startofrange'><primary>Wells, H. G.</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxtcotb' class='startofrange'><primary><quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxchimera' class='startofrange'><primary>chimeras</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxwells' class='startofrange'><primary>Wells, H. G.</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxtcotb' class='startofrange'><primary><quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)</primary></indexterm>


@@ -9019,10 +9367,10 @@ sight to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are
 <quote>blind.</quote> They don't have the word <citetitle>blind</citetitle>. They think he's just thick.
 Indeed, as they increasingly notice the things he can't do (hear the
 sound of grass being stepped on, for example), they increasingly try
 <quote>blind.</quote> They don't have the word <citetitle>blind</citetitle>. They think he's just thick.
 Indeed, as they increasingly notice the things he can't do (hear the
 sound of grass being stepped on, for example), they increasingly try

-to control him. He, in turn, becomes increasingly frustrated. <quote>`You
-don't understand,' he cried, in a voice that was meant to be great and
-resolute, and which broke. `You are blind and I can see. Leave me
-alone!'</quote>
+to control him. He, in turn, becomes increasingly frustrated. <quote><quote>You
+don't understand,</quote> he cried, in a voice that was meant to be great and
+resolute, and which broke. <quote>You are blind and I can see. Leave me
+alone!</quote></quote>

 </para>
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 187 -->
 </para>
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 187 -->


@@ -9270,7 +9618,7 @@ and will kill opportunities that could be extraordinarily valuable.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 192 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="12" id="harms">
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 192 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="12" id="harms">

-<title>CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms</title>
+<title>Chapter Twelve: Harms</title>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to
 protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to
 protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a


@@ -9325,6 +9673,8 @@ statement. You could write a poem to express your love, or you could
 weave together a string&mdash;a mash-up&mdash; of songs from your
 favorite artists in a collage and make it available on the Net.
 </para>
 weave together a string&mdash;a mash-up&mdash; of songs from your
 favorite artists in a collage and make it available on the Net.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>democracy</primary><secondary>digital sharing within</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Kodak cameras</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of the
 capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture,
 <para>
 This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of the
 capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture,


@@ -9357,7 +9707,7 @@ on remote topics of science or culture. There is a vast amount of creative
 work spread across the Internet. But as the law is currently crafted, this
 work is presumptively illegal.
 </para>
 work spread across the Internet. But as the law is currently crafted, this
 work is presumptively illegal.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Worldcom</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>WorldCom</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>exaggerated claims of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>in recording industry</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>doctors malpractice claims against</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>exaggerated claims of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>in recording industry</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>doctors malpractice claims against</primary></indexterm>


@@ -9368,11 +9718,12 @@ examples of extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to
 proliferate. It is impossible to get a clear sense of what's allowed
 and what's not, and at the same time, the penalties for crossing the
 line are astonishingly harsh.  The four students who were threatened
 proliferate. It is impossible to get a clear sense of what's allowed
 and what's not, and at the same time, the penalties for crossing the
 line are astonishingly harsh.  The four students who were threatened

-by the RIAA ( Jesse Jordan of chapter 3 was just one) were threatened
-with a $98 billion lawsuit for building search engines that permitted
-songs to be copied. Yet World-Com&mdash;which defrauded investors of
-$11 billion, resulting in a loss to investors in market capitalization
-of over $200 billion&mdash;received a fine of a mere $750
+by the RIAA (Jesse Jordan of chapter <xref xrefstyle="select:
+labelnumber" linkend="catalogs"/> was just one) were threatened with a
+$98 billion lawsuit for building search engines that permitted songs
+to be copied. Yet World-Com&mdash;which defrauded investors of $11
+billion, resulting in a loss to investors in market capitalization of
+over $200 billion&mdash;received a fine of a mere $750

 million.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f1. -->
 See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom</citetitle>
 million.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f1. -->
 See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom</citetitle>


@@ -9380,22 +9731,24 @@ See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom</ci
 the settlement, see MCI press release, <quote>MCI Wins U.S. District Court
 Approval for SEC Settlement</quote> (7 July 2003), available at
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #37</ulink>.
 the settlement, see MCI press release, <quote>MCI Wins U.S. District Court
 Approval for SEC Settlement</quote> (7 July 2003), available at
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #37</ulink>.

-<indexterm><primary>Worldcom</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>WorldCom</primary></indexterm>

 </para></footnote>
 And under legislation being pushed in Congress right now, a doctor who
 negligently removes the wrong leg in an operation would be liable for
 no more than $250,000 in damages for pain and
 suffering.<footnote>
 <para>
 </para></footnote>
 And under legislation being pushed in Congress right now, a doctor who
 negligently removes the wrong leg in an operation would be liable for
 no more than $250,000 in damages for pain and
 suffering.<footnote>
 <para>

-<!-- f2. --> The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the
+<!-- f2. -->
+The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the

 House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For
 House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For

-an overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: `We'll Be Back,'
+an overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: <quote>We'll Be Back,</quote>

 Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #38</ulink>,
 and <quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003,
 available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #39</ulink>. President Bush has continued to urge tort reform in
 recent months.
 Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #38</ulink>,
 and <quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003,
 available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #39</ulink>. President Bush has continued to urge tort reform in
 recent months.

+<indexterm><primary>tort reform</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Bush, George W.</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 Can common sense recognize the absurdity in a world where
 <indexterm><primary>Bush, George W.</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 Can common sense recognize the absurdity in a world where


@@ -9519,6 +9872,9 @@ permission. That's the point at which they control it.
 </section>
 <section id="innovators">
 <title>Constraining Innovators</title>
 </section>
 <section id="innovators">
 <title>Constraining Innovators</title>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawinnovationhamperedby' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>innovation hampered by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinnovationindustryestablishmentopposedto2' class='startofrange'><primary>innovation</primary><secondary>industry establishment opposed to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxregulationasestablishmentprotectionism2' class='startofrange'><primary>regulation</primary><secondary>as establishment protectionism</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty
 story&mdash;creativity quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada
 <para>
 The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty
 story&mdash;creativity quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada


@@ -9527,16 +9883,18 @@ weird art out there, and enough expression that is critical of what
 seems to be just about everything.  And if you think that, you might
 think there's little in this story to worry you.
 </para>
 seems to be just about everything.  And if you think that, you might
 think there's little in this story to worry you.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxmarketconstraints2' class='startofrange'><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense.
 Indeed, it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme
 promarket ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special
 <para>
 But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense.
 Indeed, it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme
 promarket ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special

-one at that, 188 pages into a book like this), then you can see this
-other aspect by substituting <quote>free market</quote> every place I've spoken of
-<quote>free culture.</quote>  The point is the same, even if the interests
-affecting culture are more fundamental.
+one at that, <xref xrefstyle="select: pagenumber"
+linkend="innovators"/> pages into a book like this), then you
+can see this other aspect by substituting <quote>free market</quote>
+every place I've spoken of <quote>free culture.</quote> The point is
+the same, even if the interests affecting culture are more
+fundamental.

 </para>
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the
 same charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of
 <para>
 The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the
 same charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of


@@ -9550,7 +9908,9 @@ perspectives are constantly attuned to the ways in which regulation
 simply enables the powerful industries of today to protect themselves
 against the competitors of tomorrow.
 </para>
 simply enables the powerful industries of today to protect themselves
 against the competitors of tomorrow.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxmarketconstraints2' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Barry, Hank</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Barry, Hank</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>venture capitalists</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 198 -->
 <para>
 This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 198 -->


@@ -9564,11 +9924,15 @@ that were designed and executed to teach venture capitalists a
 lesson. That lesson&mdash;what former Napster CEO Hank Barry calls a
 <quote>nuclear pall</quote> that has fallen over the Valley&mdash;has been learned.
 </para>
 lesson. That lesson&mdash;what former Napster CEO Hank Barry calls a
 <quote>nuclear pall</quote> that has fallen over the Valley&mdash;has been learned.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning
 I told in <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way that
 even I (pessimist extraordinaire) would never have predicted.
 </para>
 <para>
 Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning
 I told in <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way that
 even I (pessimist extraordinaire) would never have predicted.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxmpcom' class='startofrange'><primary>MP3.com</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmympcom' class='startofrange'><primary>my.mp3.com</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Roberts, Michael</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com.  MP3.com
 <indexterm><primary>Roberts, Michael</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com.  MP3.com


@@ -9622,6 +9986,12 @@ copies, it was 50,000 copies directed at giving customers something
 they had already bought.
 </para>
 <indexterm id='idxvivendiuniversal' class='startofrange'><primary>Vivendi Universal</primary></indexterm>
 they had already bought.
 </para>
 <indexterm id='idxvivendiuniversal' class='startofrange'><primary>Vivendi Universal</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>distribution technology targeted in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>exaggerated claims of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsinrecordingindustry3' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>in recording industry</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>copyright infringement lawsuits of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</primary><secondary>copyright infringement lawsuits filed by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>regulation</primary><secondary>outsize penalties of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels,
 headed by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled
 <para>
 Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels,
 headed by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled


@@ -9645,6 +10015,7 @@ illegal; therefore, this lawsuit sought to punish any lawyer who had
 dared to suggest that the law was less restrictive than the labels
 demanded.
 </para>
 dared to suggest that the law was less restrictive than the labels
 demanded.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxvivendiuniversal' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an
 unspecified amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in
 <para>
 The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an
 unspecified amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in


@@ -9656,17 +10027,27 @@ industry directs its guns against them. It is also you. So those of
 you who believe the law should be less restrictive should realize that
 such a view of the law will cost you and your firm dearly.
 </para>
 you who believe the law should be less restrictive should realize that
 such a view of the law will cost you and your firm dearly.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxvivendiuniversal' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxmpcom' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxmympcom' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsinrecordingindustry3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>Barry, Hank</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>distribution technology targeted in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbmw' class='startofrange'><primary>BMW</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcarsmpsoundsystemsin' class='startofrange'><primary>cars, MP3 sound systems in</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>EMI</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Hummer, John</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Barry, Hank</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Hummer Winblad</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Hummer, John</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Barry, Hank</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Hummer Winblad</primary></indexterm>

-<indexterm><primary>EMI</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>MP3 players</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>venture capital for</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxneedlemanrafe' class='startofrange'><primary>Needleman, Rafe</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Universal Music Group</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Universal Music Group</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>venture capitalists</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003,
 Universal and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the
 venture capital firm (VC) that had funded Napster at a certain stage of
 <para>
 This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003,
 Universal and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the
 venture capital firm (VC) that had funded Napster at a certain stage of

-its development, its cofounder ( John Hummer), and general partner
+its development, its cofounder (John Hummer), and general partner

 (Hank Barry).<footnote><para>
 <!-- f4. -->
 See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles
 (Hank Barry).<footnote><para>
 <!-- f4. -->
 See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles


@@ -9691,8 +10072,6 @@ afraid of technologies that touch content. In an article in
 discussion with BMW:
 </para>
 <blockquote>
 discussion with BMW:
 </para>
 <blockquote>

-<indexterm><primary>BMW</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>cars, MP3 sound system in</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in
 the car, there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW
 <para>
 I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in
 the car, there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW


@@ -9711,6 +10090,9 @@ to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxbmw' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcarsmpsoundsystemsin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxneedlemanrafe' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 This is the world of the mafia&mdash;filled with <quote>your money or your
 life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats
 <para>
 This is the world of the mafia&mdash;filled with <quote>your money or your
 life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats


@@ -9719,6 +10101,10 @@ that will obviously and necessarily stifle new innovation. It is hard
 enough to start a company. It is impossibly hard if that company is
 constantly threatened by litigation.
 </para>
 enough to start a company. It is impossibly hard if that company is
 constantly threatened by litigation.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxmarketconstraints3' class='startofrange'><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpermissionculturetransactioncostof' class='startofrange'><primary>permission culture</primary><secondary>transaction cost of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>regulation</primary><secondary>outsize penalties of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>technology</primary><secondary>legal murkiness on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 201 -->
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 201 -->


@@ -9735,7 +10121,6 @@ innovation. If innovation is constantly checked by this uncertain and
 unlimited liability, we will have much less vibrant innovation and
 much less creativity.
 </para>
 unlimited liability, we will have much less vibrant innovation and
 much less creativity.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair
 use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of law in
 <para>
 The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair
 use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of law in


@@ -9746,7 +10131,7 @@ creativity generally. Free market and free culture depend upon vibrant
 competition.  Yet the effect of the law today is to stifle just this
 kind of competition.  The effect is to produce an overregulated
 culture, just as the effect of too much control in the market is to
 competition.  Yet the effect of the law today is to stifle just this
 kind of competition.  The effect is to produce an overregulated
 culture, just as the effect of too much control in the market is to

-produce an overregulatedregulated market.
+produce an overregulated-regulated market.

 </para>
 <para>
 The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is
 </para>
 <para>
 The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is


@@ -9767,6 +10152,8 @@ within a permission culture are enough to bury a wide range of
 creativity.  Someone needs to do a lot of justifying to justify that
 result.
 </para>
 creativity.  Someone needs to do a lot of justifying to justify that
 result.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxmarketconstraints3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpermissionculturetransactioncostof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one
 burden on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one
 burden on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more


@@ -9842,6 +10229,8 @@ wrong, it is regulation the powerful use to defeat competitors.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>cassette recording</primary><secondary>VCRs</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>VCRs</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>cassette recording</primary><secondary>VCRs</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>VCRs</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>statutory licenses</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>statutory licenses in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber"
 linkend="property-i"/>, despite this feature of copyright as
 <para>
 As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber"
 linkend="property-i"/>, despite this feature of copyright as


@@ -9851,9 +10240,11 @@ Copyright</citetitle>,<footnote><para>
 <!-- f9. -->
 Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst,
 N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001).
 <!-- f9. -->
 Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst,
 N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001).

+<indexterm><primary>Digital Copyright (Litman)</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Litman, Jessica</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 <indexterm><primary>Litman, Jessica</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>

-overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 details,
+overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter
+<xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber" linkend="property-i"/> details,

 when new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance
 to assure that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or
 statutory, licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as
 when new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance
 to assure that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or
 statutory, licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as


@@ -9866,6 +10257,8 @@ the claims of a new technology and the legitimate rights of content
 creators, both the courts and Congress have imposed legal restrictions
 that will have the effect of smothering the new to benefit the old.
 </para>
 creators, both the courts and Congress have imposed legal restrictions
 that will have the effect of smothering the new to benefit the old.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxinternetradioon' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>radio on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxradiooninternet' class='startofrange'><primary>radio</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f10. -->
 <para>
 The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f10. -->


@@ -9889,6 +10282,9 @@ implemented by Congress. I won't catalog all of those responses
 here.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f11. -->
 <indexterm><primary>Tauzin, Billy</primary></indexterm>
 here.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f11. -->
 <indexterm><primary>Tauzin, Billy</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Berman, Howard L.</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Hollings, Fritz</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>broadcast flag</primary></indexterm>

 For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the
 Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize
 copyright holders from liability for damage done to computers when the
 For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the
 Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize
 copyright holders from liability for damage done to computers when the


@@ -9903,15 +10299,14 @@ technology in all digital media devices. See GartnerG2, <quote>Copyright and
 Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> 27 June 2003, 33&ndash;34,
 available at
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #44</ulink>.
 Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> 27 June 2003, 33&ndash;34,
 available at
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #44</ulink>.

-<indexterm><primary>Berman, Howard L.</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Hollings, Fritz</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>broadcast flag</primary></indexterm>

 </para></footnote>
 But there is one example that captures the flavor of them all. This is
 the story of the demise of Internet radio.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Kennedy, John F.</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 But there is one example that captures the flavor of them all. This is
 the story of the demise of Internet radio.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Kennedy, John F.</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Monroe, Marilyn</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxradiomusicrecordingsplayedon2' class='startofrange'><primary>radio</primary><secondary>music recordings played on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 204 -->
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 204 -->


@@ -9936,6 +10331,7 @@ than with the power of radio stations: Their lobbyists were quite good
 at stopping any efforts to get Congress to require compensation to the
 recording artists.
 </para>
 at stopping any efforts to get Congress to require compensation to the
 recording artists.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxradiomusicrecordingsplayedon2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a
 technology to stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The
 <para>
 Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a
 technology to stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The


@@ -10008,7 +10404,15 @@ those imposed by the law. Copyright law is one such law. So the first
 question we should ask is, what copyright rules would govern Internet
 radio?
 </para>
 question we should ask is, what copyright rules would govern Internet
 radio?
 </para>

-<indexterm id='idxartistspayments2' class='startofrange'><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxartistsrecordingindustrypaymentsto3' class='startofrange'><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on copyright laws</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on radio</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on recording industry</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryartistremunerationin3' class='startofrange'><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>artist remuneration in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryradiobroadcastand2' class='startofrange'><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>radio broadcast and</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryinternetradiohamperedby' class='startofrange'><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>Internet radio hampered by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaaoninternetradiofees' class='startofrange'><primary>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</primary><secondary>on Internet radio fees</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaalobbyingpowerof' class='startofrange'><primary>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</primary><secondary>lobbying power of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a
 new industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very
 <para>
 But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a
 new industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very


@@ -10055,7 +10459,11 @@ interests, that could have been done in a media-neutral way.</quote>
 A regular radio station broadcasting the same content would pay no
 equivalent fee.
 </para>
 A regular radio station broadcasting the same content would pay no
 equivalent fee.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxartistspayments2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxartistsrecordingindustrypaymentsto3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryartistremunerationin3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryradiobroadcastand2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaaoninternetradiofees' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaalobbyingpowerof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were
 proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio
 <para>
 The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were
 proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio


@@ -10140,7 +10548,7 @@ unique user identifier;
 the country in which the user received the transmissions.
 </para></listitem>
 </orderedlist>
 the country in which the user received the transmissions.
 </para></listitem>
 </orderedlist>

-
+<indexterm><primary>Library of Congress</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting
 requirements, pending further study. And he also changed the original
 <para>
 The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting
 requirements, pending further study. And he also changed the original


@@ -10156,6 +10564,9 @@ differences? Was the motive to protect artists against piracy?
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Real Networks</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxalbenalex2' class='startofrange'><primary>Alben, Alex</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Real Networks</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxalbenalex2' class='startofrange'><primary>Alben, Alex</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaaoninternetradiofees2' class='startofrange'><primary>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</primary><secondary>on Internet radio fees</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxartistsrecordingindustrypaymentsto4' class='startofrange'><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryartistremunerationin4' class='startofrange'><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>artist remuneration in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious
 to everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public
 <para>
 In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious
 to everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public


@@ -10187,6 +10598,9 @@ added.)
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 <indexterm startref='idxalbenalex2' class='endofrange'/>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 <indexterm startref='idxalbenalex2' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaaoninternetradiofees2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxartistsrecordingindustrypaymentsto4' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryartistremunerationin4' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so
 that this platform of potentially immense competition, which would
 <para>
 Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so
 that this platform of potentially immense competition, which would


@@ -10196,6 +10610,12 @@ or the left, who should endorse this use of the law. And yet there is
 practically no one, on either the right or the left, who is doing anything
 effective to prevent it.
 </para>
 practically no one, on either the right or the left, who is doing anything
 effective to prevent it.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawinnovationhamperedby' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinnovationindustryestablishmentopposedto2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxregulationasestablishmentprotectionism2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetradioon' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxradiooninternet' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryinternetradiohamperedby' class='endofrange'/>

 </section>
 <section id="corruptingcitizens">
 <title>Corrupting Citizens</title>
 </section>
 <section id="corruptingcitizens">
 <title>Corrupting Citizens</title>


@@ -10523,7 +10943,7 @@ Jesse Jordan.<footnote><para>
 See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single
 Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote>
 <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, <quote>Worried Parents
 See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single
 Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote>
 <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, <quote>Worried Parents

-Pull Plug on File `Stealing'; With the Music Industry Cracking Down on
+Pull Plug on File <quote>Stealing</quote>; With the Music Industry Cracking Down on

 File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software from Home PCs to Avoid
 Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson
 Graham, <quote>Recording Industry Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 15 September
 File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software from Home PCs to Avoid
 Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson
 Graham, <quote>Recording Industry Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 15 September


@@ -10533,6 +10953,7 @@ Brianna a Criminal?</quote> <citetitle>Toronto Star</citetitle>, 18 September 20
 </para></footnote>
 
 </para>
 </para></footnote>
 
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxnapsterrecordingindustrytrackingusersof' class='startofrange'><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>recording industry tracking users of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the
 RIAA. A report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the
 <para>
 Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the
 RIAA. A report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the


@@ -10563,7 +10984,7 @@ See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,</quote>
 <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank Ahrens, <quote>Four
 Students Sued over Music Sites; Industry Group Targets File Sharing at
 Colleges,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong,
 <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank Ahrens, <quote>Four
 Students Sued over Music Sites; Industry Group Targets File Sharing at
 Colleges,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong,

-<quote>Students `Rip, Mix, Burn' at Their Own Risk,</quote> <citetitle>Christian Science
+<quote>Students <quote>Rip, Mix, Burn</quote> at Their Own Risk,</quote> <citetitle>Christian Science

 Monitor</citetitle>, 2 September 2003, 20; Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, <quote>Music
 Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two Students Names Are Handed Over;
 Lawsuit Possible,</quote> <citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16 July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, <quote>RIAA
 Monitor</citetitle>, 2 September 2003, 20; Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, <quote>Music
 Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two Students Names Are Handed Over;
 Lawsuit Possible,</quote> <citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16 July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, <quote>RIAA


@@ -10593,6 +11014,7 @@ have already learned, our presumptions about innocence disappear in
 the middle of wars of prohibition. This war is no different.
 Says von Lohmann,
 </para>
 the middle of wars of prohibition. This war is no different.
 Says von Lohmann,
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxnapsterrecordingindustrytrackingusersof' class='endofrange'/>

 <blockquote>
 <para>
 So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million
 <blockquote>
 <para>
 So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million


@@ -10628,7 +11050,7 @@ effort through our democracy to change our law?
 </chapter>
 </part>
 <part id="c-balances">
 </chapter>
 </part>
 <part id="c-balances">

-<title>BALANCES</title>
+<title>Balances</title>

 <partintro>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 218 -->
 <partintro>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 218 -->


@@ -10687,7 +11109,8 @@ success will require.
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 220 -->
 <chapter label="13" id="eldred">
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 220 -->
 <chapter label="13" id="eldred">

-<title>CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred</title>
+<title>Chapter Thirteen: Eldred</title>
+<indexterm id='idxeldrederic' class='startofrange'><primary>Eldred, Eric</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxhawthornenathaniel' class='startofrange'><primary>Hawthorne, Nathaniel</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated
 <indexterm id='idxhawthornenathaniel' class='startofrange'><primary>Hawthorne, Nathaniel</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated


@@ -10698,6 +11121,8 @@ Hampshire, decided to put Hawthorne on the Web. An electronic version,
 Eldred thought, with links to pictures and explanatory text, would
 make this nineteenth-century author's work come alive.
 </para>
 Eldred thought, with links to pictures and explanatory text, would
 make this nineteenth-century author's work come alive.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxlibrariesofpublicdomainliterature' class='startofrange'><primary>libraries</primary><secondary>of public-domain literature</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpublicdomainlibraryofworksderivedfrom' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>library of works derived from</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 It didn't work&mdash;at least for his daughters. They didn't find
 Hawthorne any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment
 <para>
 It didn't work&mdash;at least for his daughters. They didn't find
 Hawthorne any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment


@@ -10718,6 +11143,7 @@ accessible to the twentieth century, Eldred transformed Hawthorne, and
 many others, into a form more accessible&mdash;technically
 accessible&mdash;today.
 </para>
 many others, into a form more accessible&mdash;technically
 accessible&mdash;today.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same
 source as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed into the
 <para>
 Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same
 source as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed into the


@@ -10761,6 +11187,13 @@ world before the Internet were extremely few. Yet one would think it
 at least as important to protect the Eldreds of the world as to
 protect noncommercial pornographers.</para></footnote>
 </para>
 at least as important to protect the Eldreds of the world as to
 protect noncommercial pornographers.</para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcongressuscopyrighttermsextendedby2' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>copyright terms extended by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightdurationof6' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawtermextensionsin2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>term extensions in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Frost, Robert</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>New Hampshire (Frost)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>patents</primary><secondary>in public domain</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpatentsfuturepatentsvsfuturecopyrightsin' class='startofrange'><primary>patents</primary><secondary>future patents vs. future copyrights in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's
 collection of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to
 <para>
 As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's
 collection of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to


@@ -10775,8 +11208,12 @@ would pass into the public domain until that year (and not even then,
 if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, in the same period,
 more than 1 million patents will pass into the public domain.
 </para>
 if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, in the same period,
 more than 1 million patents will pass into the public domain.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxlibrariesofpublicdomainliterature' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpublicdomainlibraryofworksderivedfrom' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Bono, Mary</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Bono, Sonny</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Bono, Mary</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Bono, Sonny</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinperpetuity4' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>in perpetuity</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsonnybonocopyrighttermextensionactctea2' class='startofrange'><primary>Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 222 -->
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 222 -->


@@ -10787,6 +11224,7 @@ Sonny Bono, who, his widow, Mary Bono, says, believed that
 <!-- f2. -->
 <indexterm><primary>Bono, Mary</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Bono, Sonny</primary></indexterm>
 <!-- f2. -->
 <indexterm><primary>Bono, Mary</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Bono, Sonny</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>perpetual copyright term proposed by</secondary></indexterm>

 The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright
 protection to last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change
 would violate the Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me to
 The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright
 protection to last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change
 would violate the Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me to


@@ -10795,8 +11233,12 @@ you know, there is also Jack Valenti's proposal for a term to last
 forever less one day. Perhaps the Committee may look at that next
 Congress,</quote> 144 Cong. Rec. H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998).
 </para></footnote>
 forever less one day. Perhaps the Committee may look at that next
 Congress,</quote> 144 Cong. Rec. H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998).
 </para></footnote>

-

 </para>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxpatentsfuturepatentsvsfuturecopyrightsin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>felony punishment for infringement of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing</primary><secondary>felony punishments for</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through
 civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he
 <para>
 Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through
 civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he


@@ -10806,6 +11248,11 @@ of publishing would make Eldred a felon&mdash;whether or not anyone
 complained. This was a dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer
 to undertake.
 </para>
 complained. This was a dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer
 to undertake.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxsonnybonocopyrighttermextensionactctea2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressusconstitutionalpowersof' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>constitutional powers of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxconstitutionusprogressclauseof2' class='startofrange'><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>Progress Clause of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxprogressclause2' class='startofrange'><primary>Progress Clause</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxlessiglawrenceeldredcaseinvolvementof' class='startofrange'><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary><secondary>Eldred case involvement of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a 
                constitutional
 <para>
 It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a 
                constitutional


@@ -10823,6 +11270,7 @@ by securing for limited Times to Authors &hellip; exclusive Right to
 their &hellip; Writings. &hellip;
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 their &hellip; Writings. &hellip;
 </para>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxeldrederic' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting
 clause of Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause
 <para>
 As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting
 clause of Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause


@@ -10833,6 +11281,9 @@ specific&mdash;to <quote>promote &hellip; Progress</quote>&mdash;through means t
 are also specific&mdash; by <quote>securing</quote> <quote>exclusive Rights</quote> (i.e.,
 copyrights) <quote>for limited Times.</quote>
 </para>
 are also specific&mdash; by <quote>securing</quote> <quote>exclusive Rights</quote> (i.e.,
 copyrights) <quote>for limited Times.</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxconstitutionusprogressclauseof2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxprogressclause2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxlessiglawrenceeldredcaseinvolvementof' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Jaszi, Peter</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of
 <indexterm><primary>Jaszi, Peter</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of


@@ -10845,6 +11296,9 @@ Congress has the power to extend its term, then Congress can achieve
 what the Constitution plainly forbids&mdash;perpetual terms <quote>on the
 installment plan,</quote> as Professor Peter Jaszi so nicely put it.
 </para>
 what the Constitution plainly forbids&mdash;perpetual terms <quote>on the
 installment plan,</quote> as Professor Peter Jaszi so nicely put it.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinperpetuity4' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusconstitutionalpowersof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary><secondary>Eldred case involvement of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember
 sitting late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious
 <para>
 As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember
 sitting late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious


@@ -10914,7 +11368,7 @@ much is it worth?</quote>
 <para>
 <quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you will continue
 to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the
 <para>
 <quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you will continue
 to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the

-`discount rate' that we use to evaluate estate investments (6 percent),
+<quote>discount rate</quote> that we use to evaluate estate investments (6 percent),

 then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the estate.</quote>
 </para>
 <para>
 then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the estate.</quote>
 </para>
 <para>


@@ -10930,7 +11384,7 @@ would assure that the bill was passed?</quote>
 <para>
 <quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to you to 
                contribute
 <para>
 <quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to you to 
                contribute

-up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these
+up to the <quote>present value</quote> of the income you expect from these

 copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote>
 </para>
 <para>
 copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote>
 </para>
 <para>


@@ -10990,6 +11444,9 @@ constitutional requirement that terms be <quote>limited.</quote> If
 they could extend it once, they would extend it again and again and
 again.
 </para>
 they could extend it once, they would extend it again and again and
 again.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcongressuscopyrighttermsextendedby2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightdurationof6' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawtermextensionsin2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court
 would not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to
 <para>
 It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court
 would not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to


@@ -11003,6 +11460,9 @@ Supreme Court's
 decision in 1995 to strike down a law that banned the possession of
 guns near schools.
 </para>
 decision in 1995 to strike down a law that banned the possession of
 guns near schools.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcommerceinterstate' class='startofrange'><primary>commerce, interstate</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressusconstitutionalpowersof2' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>constitutional powers of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinterstatecommerce' class='startofrange'><primary>interstate commerce</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted
 powers very broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the
 <para>
 Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted
 powers very broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the


@@ -11021,6 +11481,7 @@ commerce.  A Constitution designed to limit Congress's power was
 instead interpreted to impose no limit.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Rehnquist, William H.</primary></indexterm>
 instead interpreted to impose no limit.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Rehnquist, William H.</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxunitedstatesvlopez' class='startofrange'><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed
 that in <citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The government had
 <para>
 The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed
 that in <citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The government had


@@ -11045,8 +11506,11 @@ Congress's power. The decision in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> was reaffirmed fi
 later in <citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f7. -->
 <citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 U.S. 598 (2000).
 later in <citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f7. -->
 <citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 U.S. 598 (2000).

+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Morrison</primary></indexterm>

 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcommerceinterstate' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxunitedstatesvlopez' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress
 Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<footnote><para>
 <para>
 If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress
 Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<footnote><para>


@@ -11071,6 +11535,9 @@ limit. Thus, the same principle applied to the power to grant
 copyrights should entail that Congress is not allowed to extend the
 term of existing copyrights.
 </para>
 copyrights should entail that Congress is not allowed to extend the
 term of existing copyrights.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxinterstatecommerce' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressussupremecourtrestrainton2' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>Supreme Court restraint on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>
 stood for a principle.  Many believed the decision in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for
 <para>
 <emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>
 stood for a principle.  Many believed the decision in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for


@@ -11084,6 +11551,7 @@ its politics struck me as extraordinarily boring.  I was not going to
 devote my life to teaching constitutional law if these nine Justices
 were going to be petty politicians.
 </para>
 devote my life to teaching constitutional law if these nine Justices
 were going to be petty politicians.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusconstitutionalpowersof2' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>copyright purpose established in</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>constitutional purpose of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>copyright purpose established in</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>constitutional purpose of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>


@@ -11135,6 +11603,8 @@ have created the perfect storm for the public domain. Copyrights have
 not expired, and will not expire, so long as Congress is free to be
 bought to extend them again.
 </para>
 not expired, and will not expire, so long as Congress is free to be
 bought to extend them again.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcongressussupremecourtrestrainton2' class='endofrange'/>
+

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are
 responsible for terms being extended.  Mickey Mouse and
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are
 responsible for terms being extended.  Mickey Mouse and


@@ -11162,6 +11632,7 @@ of Petitioners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>
 </para></footnote>
 
 </para>
 </para></footnote>
 
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Kahle, Brewster</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Think practically about the consequence of this 
                extension&mdash;practically,
 <para>
 Think practically about the consequence of this 
                extension&mdash;practically,


@@ -11295,7 +11766,7 @@ For most of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very
 high; digital technology has lowered these costs substantially. While
 it cost more than $10,000 to restore a ninety-minute black-and-white
 film in 1993, it can now cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of
 high; digital technology has lowered these costs substantially. While
 it cost more than $10,000 to restore a ninety-minute black-and-white
 film in 1993, it can now cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of

-mm film.<footnote><para>
+8 mm film.<footnote><para>

 <!-- f12. -->
 Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae
 Supporting the Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537
 <!-- f12. -->
 Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae
 Supporting the Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537


@@ -11419,6 +11890,7 @@ would not have interfered with anything.
 <para>
 But this situation has now changed.
 </para>
 <para>
 But this situation has now changed.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxkahlebrewster2' class='startofrange'><primary>Kahle, Brewster</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxarchivesdigital2' class='startofrange'><primary>archives, digital</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital
 <indexterm id='idxarchivesdigital2' class='startofrange'><primary>archives, digital</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital


@@ -11460,6 +11932,7 @@ Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too.
 So won't Random House do as well as Brewster Kahle in spreading
 culture widely?</quote>
 </para>
 So won't Random House do as well as Brewster Kahle in spreading
 culture widely?</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxkahlebrewster2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that
 publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes &amp; Noble
 <para>
 Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that
 publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes &amp; Noble


@@ -11481,12 +11954,12 @@ market is not doing the job, then we should allow nonmarket forces the
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 235 -->
 freedom to fill the gaps. As one researcher calculated for American
 culture, 94 percent of the films, books, and music produced between
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 235 -->
 freedom to fill the gaps. As one researcher calculated for American
 culture, 94 percent of the films, books, and music produced between

-and 1946 is not commercially available. However much you love the
+1923 and 1946 is not commercially available. However much you love the

 commercial market, if access is a value, then 6 percent is a failure
 to provide that value.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f13. -->
 commercial market, if access is a value, then 6 percent is a failure
 to provide that value.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f13. -->

-Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> 20
-December 2002, available at
+Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright
+<quote>Chaos</quote> Theory,</quote> 20 December 2002, available at

 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #54</ulink>.
 </para></footnote>
 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #54</ulink>.
 </para></footnote>
 


@@ -11535,11 +12008,12 @@ most liberal judges in the D.C. Circuit believed Congress had
 overstepped its bounds.
 </para>
 <para>
 overstepped its bounds.
 </para>
 <para>

-It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the
-Supreme Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It
-hears about one hundred cases a year, out of more than five thousand
-appeals.) And it practically never reviews a decision that upholds a
-statute when no other court has yet reviewed the statute.
+It was here that most expected <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle>
+v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle> would die, for the Supreme Court
+rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one
+hundred cases a year, out of more than five thousand appeals.) And it
+practically never reviews a decision that upholds a statute when no
+other court has yet reviewed the statute.

 </para>
 <para>
 But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by
 </para>
 <para>
 But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by


@@ -11565,6 +12039,7 @@ retell this story to myself, I can never escape believing that my own
 mistake lost it.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Steward, Geoffrey</primary></indexterm>
 mistake lost it.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Steward, Geoffrey</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxjonesdayreavisandpoguejonesday' class='startofrange'><primary>Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though
 it became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though
 it became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported


@@ -11589,6 +12064,7 @@ Court. It had to seem as if dramatic harm were being done to free
 speech and free culture; otherwise, they would never vote against <quote>the
 most powerful media companies in the world.</quote>
 </para>
 speech and free culture; otherwise, they would never vote against <quote>the
 most powerful media companies in the world.</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxjonesdayreavisandpoguejonesday' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act
 was a dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still
 <para>
 I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act
 was a dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still


@@ -11670,7 +12146,7 @@ In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as
 it gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 239 -->
 it gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 239 -->

-Software Foundation (home of the GNU project that made GNU/ Linux
+Software Foundation (home of the GNU project that made GNU/Linux

 possible). They included a powerful brief about the costs of
 uncertainty by Intel. There were two law professors' briefs, one by
 copyright scholars and one by First Amendment scholars. There was an
 possible). They included a powerful brief about the costs of
 uncertainty by Intel. There were two law professors' briefs, one by
 copyright scholars and one by First Amendment scholars. There was an


@@ -11714,6 +12190,7 @@ to describe special-interest legislation gone wild.
 <indexterm><primary>Morrison, Alan</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Public Citizen</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Reagan, Ronald</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Morrison, Alan</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Public Citizen</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Reagan, Ronald</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered
 to write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with
 <para>
 The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered
 to write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with


@@ -11810,8 +12287,17 @@ favorites, through copyright, with who has the right to speak.
 was little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said,
 I set the strategy.
 </para>
 was little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said,
 I set the strategy.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Kennedy, Anthony</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>O'Connor, Sandra Day</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Rehnquist, William H.</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>O'Connor, Sandra Day</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Rehnquist, William H.</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>O'Connor, Sandra Day</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Thomas, Clarence</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Morrison</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Scalia, Antonin</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>Supreme Court restraint on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>congressional actions restrained by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsupremecourtusfactionsof' class='startofrange'><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>factions of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we
 called <quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the Rest.</quote>  The
 <para>
 The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we
 called <quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the Rest.</quote>  The


@@ -11856,6 +12342,7 @@ also very sensitive to free speech concerns. And as we strongly
 believed, there was a very important free speech argument against
 these retrospective extensions.
 </para>
 believed, there was a very important free speech argument against
 these retrospective extensions.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxsupremecourtusfactionsof' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm startref='idxginsburg' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice
 <indexterm startref='idxginsburg' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice


@@ -11875,6 +12362,13 @@ argument that Judge Sentelle had relied upon in the Court of Appeals,
 that Congress's power must be interpreted so that its enumerated
 powers have limits.
 </para>
 that Congress's power must be interpreted so that its enumerated
 powers have limits.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>commerce, interstate</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>interstate commerce</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>in constitutional Progress Clause</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Progress Clause</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressuscopyrighttermsextendedby5' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>copyright terms extended by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>Progress Clause of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This then was the core of our strategy&mdash;a strategy for which I am
 responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the
 <para>
 This then was the core of our strategy&mdash;a strategy for which I am
 responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the


@@ -11897,6 +12391,7 @@ beginning, Congress has been extending the term of existing
 copyrights. So, the government argued, the Court should not now say
 that practice is unconstitutional.
 </para>
 copyrights. So, the government argued, the Court should not now say
 that practice is unconstitutional.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcongressuscopyrighttermsextendedby5' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We
 certainly agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831
 <para>
 There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We
 certainly agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831


@@ -11942,6 +12437,7 @@ this central idea.
 <indexterm><primary>Ayer, Don</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Reagan, Ronald</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Fried, Charles</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Ayer, Don</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Reagan, Ronald</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Fried, Charles</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the
 skeptic. He had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor
 <para>
 One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the
 skeptic. He had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor


@@ -12060,6 +12556,7 @@ number of briefs had been written about it. He wanted to hear it. And
 here was the place Don Ayer's advice should have mattered. This was a
 softball; my answer was a swing and a miss.
 </para>
 here was the place Don Ayer's advice should have mattered. This was a
 softball; my answer was a swing and a miss.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been
 crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> ruling,
 <para>
 The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been
 crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> ruling,


@@ -12156,6 +12653,7 @@ money in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here
 was the last naïve law professor, scouring the pages, looking for
 reasoning.
 </para>
 was the last naïve law professor, scouring the pages, looking for
 reasoning.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxunitedstatesvlopez2' class='startofrange'><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would
 distinguish the principle in this case from the principle in
 <para>
 I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would
 distinguish the principle in this case from the principle in


@@ -12188,6 +12686,7 @@ talk about the two together.  There was therefore no principle that
 followed from the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case: In that context, Congress's power would
 be limited, but in this context it would not.
 </para>
 followed from the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case: In that context, Congress's power would
 be limited, but in this context it would not.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxunitedstatesvlopez2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values
 they would respect? By what right did they&mdash;the silent
 <para>
 Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values
 they would respect? By what right did they&mdash;the silent


@@ -12224,6 +12723,7 @@ way, the point was clear: If the Constitution said a term had to be
 <quote>limited,</quote> and the existing term was so long as to be effectively
 unlimited, then it was unconstitutional.
 </para>
 <quote>limited,</quote> and the existing term was so long as to be effectively
 unlimited, then it was unconstitutional.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxunitedstatesvlopez3' class='startofrange'><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But
 because neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was willing to push
 <para>
 These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But
 because neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was willing to push


@@ -12251,6 +12751,7 @@ light of the structure of the Constitution. That method had produced
 <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> and many other <quote>originalist</quote> rulings. Where was their
 <quote>originalism</quote> now?
 </para>
 <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> and many other <quote>originalist</quote> rulings. Where was their
 <quote>originalism</quote> now?
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxunitedstatesvlopez3' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain
 what the framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they
 <para>
 Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain
 what the framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they


@@ -12367,14 +12868,15 @@ in a time of such fruitful creative ferment.
 <para>
 The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of
 hilarious images&mdash;of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from
 <para>
 The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of
 hilarious images&mdash;of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from

-my view of the case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page
-(<xref linkend="fig-18"/>). The <quote>powerful and wealthy</quote> line is a bit
-unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like that.
+my view of the case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced in figure
+<xref xrefstyle="template:%n" linkend="fig-18"/>. The <quote>powerful
+and wealthy</quote> line is a bit unfair. But the punch in the face
+felt exactly like that.

 <indexterm><primary>Bolling, Ruben</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Bolling, Ruben</primary></indexterm>
 </para>

-<figure id="fig-18">
-<title>Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/18.png"></graphic>
+<figure id="fig-18" float="1">
+<title></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png" align="center" width="100%"></graphic>

 <indexterm><primary>Bolling, Ruben</primary></indexterm>
 </figure>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>Bolling, Ruben</primary></indexterm>
 </figure>
 <para>


@@ -12389,7 +12891,7 @@ better lawyer would have made them see differently.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 254 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="14" id="eldred-ii">
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 254 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="14" id="eldred-ii">

-<title>CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II</title>
+<title>Chapter Fourteen: Eldred II</title>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis>
 <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis>
 <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I


@@ -12435,6 +12937,8 @@ Congress allows for those works where its worth is at least $1. But for
 everything else, let the content go.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Forbes, Steve</primary></indexterm>
 everything else, let the content go.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Forbes, Steve</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Democratic Party</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Republican Party</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed
 it in an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters
 <para>
 The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed
 it in an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters


@@ -12653,6 +13157,7 @@ introduced. On May 16, I posted on the Eldred Act blog, <quote>we are
 close.</quote> There was a general reaction in the blog community that
 something good might happen here.
 </para>
 close.</quote> There was a general reaction in the blog community that
 something good might happen here.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>Eldred Act opposed by</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and
 the MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give
 <para>
 But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and
 the MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give


@@ -12784,11 +13289,14 @@ controlled by this dead (and often unfindable) hand of the past.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 264 -->
 </chapter>
 </part>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 264 -->
 </chapter>
 </part>

-<chapter label="15" id="c-conclusion">
-<title>CONCLUSION</title>
+<chapter label="" id="c-conclusion">
+<title>Conclusion</title>

 <indexterm id='idxafricamedicationsforhivpatientsin' class='startofrange'><primary>Africa, medications for HIV patients in</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxafricamedicationsforhivpatientsin' class='startofrange'><primary>Africa, medications for HIV patients in</primary></indexterm>

-<indexterm id='idxhivaidstherapies' class='startofrange'><primary>HIV/AIDS therapies</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxaidsmedications' class='startofrange'><primary>AIDS medications</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxantiretroviraldrugs' class='startofrange'><primary>antiretroviral drugs</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxantiretroviraldrugs' class='startofrange'><primary>antiretroviral drugs</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxdevelopingcountriesforeignpatentcostsin2' class='startofrange'><primary>developing countries, foreign patent costs in</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxdrugspharmaceutical' class='startofrange'><primary>drugs</primary><secondary>pharmaceutical</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxhivaidstherapies' class='startofrange'><primary>HIV/AIDS therapies</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million
 people with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million
 people with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live


@@ -12821,6 +13329,8 @@ issued 9 July 2002, only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in
 the developing world receive them&mdash;and half of them are in Brazil.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 the developing world receive them&mdash;and half of them are in Brazil.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxpatentsonpharmaceuticals' class='startofrange'><primary>patents</primary><secondary>on pharmaceuticals</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpharmaceuticalpatents' class='startofrange'><primary>pharmaceutical patents</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 265 -->
 These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 265 -->
 These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are


@@ -12973,6 +13483,7 @@ idea?  What possible justification could there ever be for a policy
 that results in so many deaths? What exactly is the insanity that
 would allow so many to die for such an abstraction?
 </para>
 that results in so many deaths? What exactly is the insanity that
 would allow so many to die for such an abstraction?
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcorporationsinpharmaceuticalindustry' class='startofrange'><primary>corporations</primary><secondary>in pharmaceutical industry</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations.
 Their managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation.
 <para>
 Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations.
 Their managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation.


@@ -12989,6 +13500,7 @@ elsewhere.  There are issues they'd have to resolve to make sure the
 drugs didn't get back into the United States, but those are mere
 problems of technology.  They could be overcome.
 </para>
 drugs didn't get back into the United States, but those are mere
 problems of technology.  They could be overcome.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxintellectualpropertyrightsofdrugpatents' class='startofrange'><primary>intellectual property rights</primary><secondary>of drug patents</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the
 fear of the grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of
 <para>
 A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the
 fear of the grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of


@@ -13004,6 +13516,13 @@ unintended consequence that perhaps millions die. And that rational
 strategy thus becomes framed in terms of this ideal&mdash;the sanctity of an
 idea called <quote>intellectual property.</quote>
 </para>
 strategy thus becomes framed in terms of this ideal&mdash;the sanctity of an
 idea called <quote>intellectual property.</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxafricamedicationsforhivpatientsin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxaidsmedications' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxantiretroviraldrugs' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdevelopingcountriesforeignpatentcostsin2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdrugspharmaceutical' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxhivaidstherapies' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcorporationsinpharmaceuticalindustry' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will
 you say? When the common sense of a generation finally revolts
 <para>
 So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will
 you say? When the common sense of a generation finally revolts


@@ -13022,6 +13541,8 @@ in any case. A sensible policy, in other words, could be a balanced
 policy. For most of our history, both copyright and patent policies
 were balanced in just this sense.
 </para>
 policy. For most of our history, both copyright and patent policies
 were balanced in just this sense.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxpatentsonpharmaceuticals' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpharmaceuticalpatents' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm startref='idxinternationallaw2' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the
 <indexterm startref='idxinternationallaw2' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the


@@ -13031,9 +13552,7 @@ our tradition, now reigns in this culture&mdash;bizarrely, and with
 consequences more grave to the spread of ideas and culture than almost
 any other single policy decision that we as a democracy will make.
 </para>
 consequences more grave to the spread of ideas and culture than almost
 any other single policy decision that we as a democracy will make.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxafricamedicationsforhivpatientsin' class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref='idxhivaidstherapies' class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref='idxantiretroviraldrugs' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxintellectualpropertyrightsofdrugpatents' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under
 the cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under
 the cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if


@@ -13084,10 +13603,10 @@ Property Organization to cancel a meeting.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f6. --> Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>,
 August 2003, E1, available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #59</ulink>; William New, <quote>Global Group's
 <!-- f6. --> Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>,
 August 2003, E1, available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #59</ulink>; William New, <quote>Global Group's

-Shift on `Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology
+Shift on <quote>Open Source</quote> Meeting Spurs Stir,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology

 Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #60</ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official
 Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #60</ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official

-Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology
+Opposes <quote>Open Source</quote> Talks at WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology

 Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #61</ulink>.
 </para></footnote>
 Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #61</ulink>.
 </para></footnote>


@@ -13099,11 +13618,13 @@ intellectual property. Examples include the Internet and the World
 Wide Web, both of which were developed on the basis of protocols in
 the public domain. It included an emerging trend to support open
 academic journals, including the Public Library of Science project
 Wide Web, both of which were developed on the basis of protocols in
 the public domain. It included an emerging trend to support open
 academic journals, including the Public Library of Science project

-that I describe in the Afterword. It included a project to develop
-single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are thought to have
-great significance in biomedical research. (That nonprofit project
-comprised a consortium of the Wellcome Trust and pharmaceutical and
-technological companies, including Amersham Biosciences, AstraZeneca,
+that I describe in chapter 
+<xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber" linkend="c-afterword"/>.  It
+included a project to develop single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs),
+which are thought to have great significance in biomedical
+research. (That nonprofit project comprised a consortium of the
+Wellcome Trust and pharmaceutical and technological companies,
+including Amersham Biosciences, AstraZeneca,

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 270 -->
 Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche,
 Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 270 -->
 Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche,
 Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It


@@ -13118,6 +13639,7 @@ intellectual property extremism. Instead, in all of them, intellectual
 property was balanced by agreements to keep access open or to impose
 limitations on the way in which proprietary claims might be used.
 </para>
 property was balanced by agreements to keep access open or to impose
 limitations on the way in which proprietary claims might be used.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxlessiglawrenceininternationaldebateonintellectualproperty' class='startofrange'><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary><secondary>in international debate on intellectual property</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f7. --> I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the
 <para>
 From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f7. --> I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the


@@ -13163,7 +13685,9 @@ public goods</quote> seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda.
 <indexterm startref='idxintellectualpropertyrightsinternationalorganizationonissuesof' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxworldintellectualpropertyorganizationwipo' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxworldsummitontheinformationsocietywsis' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxintellectualpropertyrightsinternationalorganizationonissuesof' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxworldintellectualpropertyorganizationwipo' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxworldsummitontheinformationsocietywsis' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm id='idxfreesoftwareopensourcesoftwarefsoss' class='startofrange'><primary>free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Apple Corporation</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Apple Corporation</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxmicrosoftonfreesoftware' class='startofrange'><primary>Microsoft</primary><secondary>on free software</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But there is one project within that list that is highly
 controversial, at least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source
 <para>
 But there is one project within that list that is highly
 controversial, at least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source


@@ -13208,6 +13732,7 @@ May 2001), available at
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #63</ulink>.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #63</ulink>.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxlessiglawrenceininternationaldebateonintellectualproperty' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>General Public License (GPL)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>GPL (General Public License)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>General Public License (GPL)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>GPL (General Public License)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -13228,7 +13753,9 @@ software. If copyright did not govern software, then free software
 could not impose the same kind of requirements on its adopters. It
 thus depends upon copyright law just as Microsoft does.
 </para>
 could not impose the same kind of requirements on its adopters. It
 thus depends upon copyright law just as Microsoft does.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Krim, Jonathan</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxintellectualpropertyrightsinternationalorganizationonissuesof2' class='startofrange'><primary>intellectual property rights</primary><secondary>international organization on issues of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxworldintellectualpropertyorganizationwipo2' class='startofrange'><primary>World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxkrimjonathan' class='startofrange'><primary>Krim, Jonathan</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Microsoft</primary><secondary>WIPO meeting opposed by</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software
 <indexterm><primary>Microsoft</primary><secondary>WIPO meeting opposed by</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software


@@ -13252,7 +13779,9 @@ its lobbying here, and nothing terribly surprising about the most
 powerful software producer in the United States having succeeded in
 its lobbying efforts.
 </para>
 powerful software producer in the United States having succeeded in
 its lobbying efforts.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxmicrosoftonfreesoftware' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Boland, Lois</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Boland, Lois</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxpatentandtrademarkofficeus' class='startofrange'><primary>Patent and Trademark Office, U.S.</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 What was surprising was the United States government's reason for
 opposing the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting
 <para>
 What was surprising was the United States government's reason for
 opposing the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting


@@ -13263,9 +13792,11 @@ She is quoted as saying, <quote>To hold a meeting which has as its purpose
 to disclaim or waive such rights seems to us to be contrary to the
 goals of WIPO.</quote>
 </para>
 to disclaim or waive such rights seems to us to be contrary to the
 goals of WIPO.</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxkrimjonathan' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 These statements are astonishing on a number of levels.
 </para>
 <para>
 These statements are astonishing on a number of levels.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxfreesoftwareopensourcesoftwarefsoss' class='endofrange'/>

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 273 -->
 <para>
 First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 273 -->
 <para>
 First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and


@@ -13308,7 +13839,7 @@ property system. That is, on the contrary, just what a property system
 is supposed to be about: giving individuals the right to decide what
 to do with <emphasis>their</emphasis> property.
 </para>
 is supposed to be about: giving individuals the right to decide what
 to do with <emphasis>their</emphasis> property.
 </para>

-<indexterm id='idxboland' class='startofrange'><primary>Boland, Lois</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbolandlois' class='startofrange'><primary>Boland, Lois</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting
 <quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> she's
 <para>
 When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting
 <quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> she's


@@ -13321,6 +13852,8 @@ WIPO is not just that intellectual property rights be maximized, but
 that they also should be exercised in the most extreme and restrictive
 way possible.
 </para>
 that they also should be exercised in the most extreme and restrictive
 way possible.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxfeudalsystem' class='startofrange'><primary>feudal system</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpropertyrightsfeudalsystemof' class='startofrange'><primary>property rights</primary><secondary>feudal system of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 There is a history of just such a property system that is well known
 in the Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under
 <para>
 There is a history of just such a property system that is well known
 in the Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under


@@ -13347,6 +13880,8 @@ choice now is whether that information society will be
 <emphasis>free</emphasis> or <emphasis>feudal</emphasis>. The trend is
 toward the feudal.
 </para>
 <emphasis>free</emphasis> or <emphasis>feudal</emphasis>. The trend is
 toward the feudal.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxfeudalsystem' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpropertyrightsfeudalsystemof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the
 comment section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who
 <para>
 When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the
 comment section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who


@@ -13354,6 +13889,8 @@ tried to show why her comments made sense. But there was one comment
 that was particularly depressing for me. An anonymous poster wrote,
 </para>
 <blockquote>
 that was particularly depressing for me. An anonymous poster wrote,
 </para>
 <blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxintellectualpropertyrightsinternationalorganizationonissuesof2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxworldintellectualpropertyorganizationwipo2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as
 it should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government,
 <para>
 George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as
 it should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government,


@@ -13376,7 +13913,7 @@ mistake. I have no illusion about the extremism of our government,
 whether Republican or Democrat. My only illusion apparently is about
 whether our government should speak the truth or not.)
 </para>
 whether Republican or Democrat. My only illusion apparently is about
 whether our government should speak the truth or not.)
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxboland' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxbolandlois' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea.  Instead,
 the poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the
 <para>
 Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea.  Instead,
 the poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the


@@ -13410,6 +13947,7 @@ something more than the handmaiden of the most powerful interests.
 It might be crazy to argue that we should preserve a tradition that has
 been part of our tradition for most of our history&mdash;free culture.
 </para>
 It might be crazy to argue that we should preserve a tradition that has
 been part of our tradition for most of our history&mdash;free culture.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxpatentandtrademarkofficeus' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon.
 </para>
 <para>
 If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon.
 </para>


@@ -13558,8 +14096,9 @@ potential is ever to be realized.
 
 </para>
 </chapter>
 
 </para>
 </chapter>

-<chapter label="16" id="c-afterword">
-<title>AFTERWORD</title>
+<chapter label="" id="c-afterword">
+<title>Afterword</title>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightvoluntaryreformeffortson' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>voluntary reform efforts on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 280 -->
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 280 -->


@@ -13580,6 +14119,8 @@ authors, musicians, filmmakers, scientists&mdash;all to tell this
 story in their own words, and to tell their neighbors why this battle
 is so important.
 </para>
 story in their own words, and to tell their neighbors why this battle
 is so important.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>RCA</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightvoluntaryreformeffortson' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of
 having an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people
 <para>
 Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of
 having an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people


@@ -13590,7 +14131,8 @@ sketch changes that Congress could make to better secure a free culture.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 281 -->
 
 <section id="usnow">
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 281 -->
 
 <section id="usnow">

-<title>US, NOW</title>
+<title>Us, now</title>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightvoluntaryreformeffortson2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>voluntary reform efforts on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright
 warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright
 warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the


@@ -13608,6 +14150,8 @@ permission before you <quote>use</quote> a copyrighted work in any way. The <quo
 Rights Reserved</quote> sorts believe you should be able to do with content
 as you wish, regardless of whether you have permission or not.
 </para>
 Rights Reserved</quote> sorts believe you should be able to do with content
 as you wish, regardless of whether you have permission or not.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxinternetdevelopmentof2' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>development of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetinitialfreecharacterof' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>initial free character of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively
 tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be copied
 <para>
 When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively
 tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be copied


@@ -13634,6 +14178,8 @@ content requires permission.  The <quote>cut and paste</quote> world that define
 the Internet today will become a <quote>get permission to cut and paste</quote>
 world that is a creator's nightmare.
 </para>
 the Internet today will become a <quote>get permission to cut and paste</quote>
 world that is a creator's nightmare.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxinternetdevelopmentof2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetinitialfreecharacterof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 What's needed is a way to say something in the middle&mdash;neither
 <quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but <quote>some rights
 <para>
 What's needed is a way to say something in the middle&mdash;neither
 <quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but <quote>some rights


@@ -13642,10 +14188,11 @@ creators to free content as they see fit. In other words, we need a
 way to restore a set of freedoms that we could just take for granted
 before.
 </para>
 way to restore a set of freedoms that we could just take for granted
 before.
 </para>

-

 <section id="examples">
 <title>Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples</title>
 <section id="examples">
 <title>Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples</title>

-<indexterm id='browsing' class='startofrange'><primary>browsing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfreeculturerestorationeffortsonpreviousaspectsof' class='startofrange'><primary>free culture</primary><secondary>restoration efforts on previous aspects of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbrowsing' class='startofrange'><primary>browsing</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxprivacyrights2' class='startofrange'><primary>privacy rights</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will
 recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about
 <para>
 If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will
 recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about


@@ -13676,8 +14223,9 @@ of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not by law
 places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead,
 by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy.
 </para>
 places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead,
 by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Amazon</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxamazon' class='startofrange'><primary>Amazon</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>cookies, Internet</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>cookies, Internet</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxinternetprivacyprotectionon' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>privacy protection on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular
 has become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you
 <para>
 Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular
 has become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you


@@ -13688,6 +14236,7 @@ and the function of cookies on the Net, it is easier to collect the
 data than not. The friction has disappeared, and hence any <quote>privacy</quote>
 protected by the friction disappears, too.
 </para>
 data than not. The friction has disappeared, and hence any <quote>privacy</quote>
 protected by the friction disappears, too.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>libraries</primary><secondary>privacy rights in use of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry
 about libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that
 <para>
 Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry
 about libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that


@@ -13698,7 +14247,8 @@ you. If it becomes simple to gather and sort who does what in
 electronic spaces, then the friction-induced privacy of yesterday
 disappears.
 </para>
 electronic spaces, then the friction-induced privacy of yesterday
 disappears.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='browsing' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxbrowsing' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxamazon' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 It is this reality that explains the push of many to define <quote>privacy</quote>
 on the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what
 <para>
 It is this reality that explains the push of many to define <quote>privacy</quote>
 on the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what


@@ -13723,6 +14273,11 @@ kind of freedom that was passively provided before. A change in
 technology now forces those who believe in privacy to affirmatively
 act where, before, privacy was given by default.
 </para>
 technology now forces those who believe in privacy to affirmatively
 act where, before, privacy was given by default.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxprivacyrights2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetprivacyprotectionon' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>Data General</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>IBM</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfreesoftwareopensourcesoftwarefsoss2' class='startofrange'><primary>free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software
 movement. When computers with software were first made available
 <para>
 A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software
 movement. When computers with software were first made available


@@ -13730,9 +14285,8 @@ commercially, the software&mdash;both the source code and the
 binaries&mdash; was free. You couldn't run a program written for a
 Data General machine on an IBM machine, so Data General and IBM didn't
 care much about controlling their software.
 binaries&mdash; was free. You couldn't run a program written for a
 Data General machine on an IBM machine, so Data General and IBM didn't
 care much about controlling their software.

-<indexterm><primary>IBM</primary></indexterm>

 </para>
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Stallman, Richard</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxstallmanrichard' class='startofrange'><primary>Stallman, Richard</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a
 researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when
 <para>
 That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a
 researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when


@@ -13753,6 +14307,7 @@ free to tinker with and improve the code that ran a machine. This,
 too, was knowledge. Why shouldn't it be open for criticism like
 anything else?
 </para>
 too, was knowledge. Why shouldn't it be open for criticism like
 anything else?
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxproprietarycode' class='startofrange'><primary>proprietary code</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue
 for computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from
 <para>
 No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue
 for computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from


@@ -13771,6 +14326,7 @@ economics of computing. And as he believed, if he did nothing about
 it, then the freedom to change and share software would be
 fundamentally weakened.
 </para>
 it, then the freedom to change and share software would be
 fundamentally weakened.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxproprietarycode' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Torvalds, Linus</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating
 <indexterm><primary>Torvalds, Linus</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating


@@ -13799,12 +14355,19 @@ that bind copyrighted code, Stallman was affirmatively reclaiming a
 space where free software would survive. He was actively protecting
 what before had been passively guaranteed.
 </para>
 space where free software would survive. He was actively protecting
 what before had been passively guaranteed.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxfreesoftwareopensourcesoftwarefsoss2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxstallmanrichard' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxacademicjournals' class='startofrange'><primary>academic journals</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxscientificjournals' class='startofrange'><primary>scientific journals</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates
 with the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and
 scientific journals are produced.
 </para>
 <para>
 Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates
 with the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and
 scientific journals are produced.
 </para>

-<indexterm id='idxacademicjournals' class='startofrange'><primary>academic journals</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxlexisandwestlaw' class='startofrange'><primary>Lexis and Westlaw</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxlawdatabasesofcasereportsin' class='startofrange'><primary>law</primary><secondary>databases of case reports in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>libraries</primary><secondary>journals in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>access to opinions of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that
 printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them
 <para>
 As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that
 printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them


@@ -13821,6 +14384,8 @@ and Westlaw are also free
 to charge users for the privilege of gaining access to that Supreme
 Court opinion through their respective services.
 </para>
 to charge users for the privilege of gaining access to that Supreme
 Court opinion through their respective services.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>access fees for material in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpublicdomainlicensesystemforrebuildingof' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>license system for rebuilding of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to
 charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive
 <para>
 There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to
 charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive


@@ -13830,11 +14395,14 @@ to flourish. And if there's nothing wrong with selling the public
 domain, then there could be nothing wrong, in principle, with selling
 access to material that is not in the public domain.
 </para>
 domain, then there could be nothing wrong, in principle, with selling
 access to material that is not in the public domain.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxlexisandwestlaw' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxlawdatabasesofcasereportsin' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data
 was through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to
 browse this data except by paying for a subscription?
 </para>
 <para>
 But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data
 was through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to
 browse this data except by paying for a subscription?
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxlibrariesjournalsin' class='startofrange'><primary>libraries</primary><secondary>journals in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with
 scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper
 <para>
 As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with
 scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper


@@ -13870,6 +14438,7 @@ available for free. PLoS also sells a print version of its work, but
 the copyright for the print journal does not inhibit the right of
 anyone to redistribute the work for free.
 </para>
 the copyright for the print journal does not inhibit the right of
 anyone to redistribute the work for free.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxlibrariesjournalsin' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for
 granted before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets.
 <para>
 This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for
 granted before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets.


@@ -13879,11 +14448,13 @@ distribution of content. But competition in our tradition is
 presumptively a good&mdash;especially when it helps spread knowledge
 and science.
 </para>
 presumptively a good&mdash;especially when it helps spread knowledge
 and science.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxfreeculturerestorationeffortsonpreviousaspectsof' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm startref='idxacademicjournals' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxacademicjournals' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm startref='idxscientificjournals' class='endofrange'/>

 </section>
 <section id="oneidea">
 <title>Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea</title>
 </section>
 <section id="oneidea">
 <title>Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea</title>

-<indexterm id='idxcc' class='startofrange'><primary>Creative Commons</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcreativecommons' class='startofrange'><primary>Creative Commons</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the
 increasing control effected through law and technology.
 <para>
 The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the
 increasing control effected through law and technology.


@@ -14006,9 +14577,10 @@ downloads increased, the used book price for his book increased, as
 well.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxbooksfreeonline2' class='endofrange'/>
 well.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxbooksfreeonline2' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm><primary>Leaphart, Walter</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Public Enemy</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Public Enemy</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightvoluntaryreformeffortson2' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>rap music</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>rap music</primary></indexterm>

-<indexterm><primary>Leaphart, Walter</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary
 content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the
 <para>
 These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary
 content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the


@@ -14072,13 +14644,13 @@ make it easier for authors and creators to exercise their rights more
 flexibly and cheaply. That difference, we believe, will enable
 creativity to spread more easily.
 </para>
 flexibly and cheaply. That difference, we believe, will enable
 creativity to spread more easily.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxcc' class='endofrange'/>
-
+<indexterm startref='idxpublicdomainlicensesystemforrebuildingof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcreativecommons' class='endofrange'/>

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 292 -->
 </section>
 </section>
 <section id="themsoon">
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 292 -->
 </section>
 </section>
 <section id="themsoon">

-<title>THEM, SOON</title>
+<title>Them, soon</title>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture
 by individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture
 by individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of


@@ -14160,7 +14732,7 @@ developed by others.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 294 -->
 
 <section id="registration">
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 294 -->
 
 <section id="registration">

-<title>REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL</title>
+<title>Registration and renewal</title>

 <para>
 Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration
 with the Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When
 <para>
 Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration
 with the Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When


@@ -14183,6 +14755,9 @@ doesn't follow that the government must actually administer the
 role. Instead, we should be creating incentives for private parties to
 serve the public, subject to standards that the government sets.
 </para>
 role. Instead, we should be creating incentives for private parties to
 serve the public, subject to standards that the government sets.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>domain names</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>domain name registration on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Web sites, domain name registration of</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet.
 There are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world.
 <para>
 In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet.
 There are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world.


@@ -14209,7 +14784,7 @@ of registrations that would facilitate the licensing of content.
 
 </section>
 <section id="marking">
 
 </section>
 <section id="marking">

-<title>MARKING</title>
+<title>Marking</title>

 <para>
 It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a
 creative work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh
 <para>
 It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a
 creative work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh


@@ -14838,6 +15413,8 @@ controlling access.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxpromisestokeepfisher' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxpromisestokeepfisher' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>semiotic democracy</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>democracy</primary><secondary>semiotic</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim
 is not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that
 <para>
 Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim
 is not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that


@@ -15087,29 +15664,30 @@ keep your lawyers away.
 </section>
 </section>
 </chapter>
 </section>
 </section>
 </chapter>

-<chapter label="17" id="c-notes">
-<title>NOTES</title>
+<chapter label="" id="c-notes">
+<title>Notes</title>

 <para>
 Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide
 Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be
 highly unstable. I have tried to remedy the instability by redirecting
 readers to the original source through the Web site associated with
 this book. For each link below, you can go to
 <para>
 Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide
 Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be
 highly unstable. I have tried to remedy the instability by redirecting
 readers to the original source through the Web site associated with
 this book. For each link below, you can go to

-http://free-culture.cc/notes and locate the original source by
-clicking on the number after the # sign. If the original link remains
-alive, you will be redirected to that link. If the original link has
-disappeared, you will be redirected to an appropriate reference for
-the material.
+<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes"/>
+and locate the original source by clicking on the number after the #
+sign. If the original link remains alive, you will be redirected to
+that link. If the original link has disappeared, you will be
+redirected to an appropriate reference for the material.

 </para>
 
 <!-- insert endnotes here -->
 </para>
 
 <!-- insert endnotes here -->

-<?latex \theendnotes ?>
+
+<index type="endnotes"/>

 
 <!--PAGE BREAK 336-->
 
 </chapter>
 
 <!--PAGE BREAK 336-->
 
 </chapter>

-<chapter label="18" id="c-acknowledgments">
-<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title>
+<chapter label="" id="c-acknowledgments">
+<title>Acknowledgments</title>

 <para>
 This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that
 began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's
 <para>
 This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that
 began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's


@@ -15179,5 +15757,168 @@ grateful for her perpetual patience and love.
 <!--PAGE BREAK 338-->
 
 </chapter>
 <!--PAGE BREAK 338-->
 
 </chapter>

+
+<xi:include href="freeculture-about-edition-en.xml" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+  <xi:fallback/>
+</xi:include>
+

 <index></index>
 <index></index>

+<colophon>
+<title></title>
+<?latex {\centering
+?>
+<para>
+Free culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down
+culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig.
+</para>
+<para>
+Copyright &copy; 2004 Lawrence Lessig.  Some rights reserved.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/"/>
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Published in 2015.  First published 2004 by The Penguin Press.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+This English and Norwegian Bokmål edition was published by Petter
+Reinholdtsen with help from many volunteers.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Typeset with
+<ulink url="http://dblatex.sourceforge.net">dblatex</ulink> using the
+font Crimson Text.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright
+Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January
+16, 2003. Copyright &copy; 2003 by The New York Times Co.  Reprinted
+with permission.
+</para>
+<para>
+Cartoon in figure
+<xref xrefstyle="template:%n" linkend="fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig"/> by
+Paul Conrad, copyright Tribune Media Services, Inc.  All rights
+reserved. Reprinted with permission.
+</para>
+<para>
+Diagram in figure
+<xref xrefstyle="template:%n" linkend="fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership"/>
+courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, Michael J. Copps.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Cover created by Petter Reinholdtsen using inkscape.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The quotes on the cover came from
+<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/jacket/"/>.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Portrait on the cover was created 2013 by ActuaLitté and licensed
+under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license.  It was
+downloaded from
+<ulink url="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ALawrence_Lessig_(11014343366)_(cropped).jpg"/>.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Classifications:
+</para>
+
+<para>
+(Dewey)
+306.4,
+306.40973,
+306.46,
+341.7582,
+343.7309/9
+</para>
+
+<para>
+(UDK) 347.78
+</para>
+
+<para>
+(US Library of Congress) KF2979.L47 2004
+</para>
+
+<para>
+(ACM CRCS) K.4.1
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Printing was sponsed by NUUG Foundation,
+<ulink url="http://www.nuugfoundation.no/"/>.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Includes index.
+</para>
+
+<?latex } %\centering
+?>
+
+<para>
+The Docbook source is available from
+<ulink url="https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig"/>.
+Please report any issues with the book there.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+  <informalfigure id="cc-logo">
+    <graphic fileref="images/cc.svg" align="center" width="11%"></graphic>
+  </informalfigure>
+</para>
+
+<para>
+This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license
+permits non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is
+given.  For more information about the license visit
+<ulink url="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/"/>.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+This book is a proof reading draft.  Please visit the github URL above
+to get the latest version.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+<informaltable id="isbn">
+<tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+<thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Format / MIME-type</entry>
+ <entry>ISBN</entry>
+ </row>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>US Trade edition from lulu.com</entry>
+ <entry>978-82-690182-0-2</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>application/pdf</entry>
+ <entry>978-82-690182-1-9</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>application/epub+zip</entry>
+ <entry>978-82-690182-2-6</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>application/x-mobipocket-ebook</entry>
+ <entry>978-82-690182-3-3</entry>
+ </row>
+</tbody>
+</tgroup>
+</informaltable>
+</para>
+
+</colophon>

 </book>
 </book>