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+ <!ENTITY mdash "—">
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+ <!ENTITY iuml "ï">
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<book id="index" lang="en">
<subtitle>How big media uses technology and the law to lock down
culture and control creativity</subtitle>
- <pubdate>2015-09-04</pubdate>
+ <pubdate>2015-10-17</pubdate>
<edition>1</edition>
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- <biblioid class="isbn">978-82-8067-010-6</biblioid>
+ <biblioid class="isbn">978-82-690182-0-2</biblioid>
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-<dedication><title></title>
+<dedication id='dedication'><title></title>
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-<?latex {\Huge \centering
+<?latex {\huge \centering
?>
<para>
To Eric Eldred — whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom
it continues still.
</para>
-<?latex } % \Huge \centering
+<?latex } % \huge \centering
?>
</dedication>
<preface id="preface">
<title>Preface</title>
<indexterm id='idxpoguedavid' class='startofrange'><primary>Pogue, David</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Code (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>
<para>
<emphasis role="bold">At the end</emphasis> of his review of my first
book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David
publication, but also a privacy interest. By granting authors the exclusive
right to first publication, state copyright law gave authors the power to
control the spread of facts about them. See Samuel D. Warren and Louis
-D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> Harvard Law Review 4 (1890): 193,
-198–200.
+D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> <citetitle>Harvard
+Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193, 198–200.
<indexterm><primary>Brandeis, Louis D.</primary></indexterm>
</para></footnote>
This is also, of course, an important part of creativity and culture,
and empowered them to be able to both understand it and talk about
it,</quote> Barish explained. That tool succeeded in creating
expression—far more successfully and powerfully than could have
-been created using only text. <quote>If you had said to these students, `you
-have to do it in text,' they would've just thrown their hands up and
+been created using only text. <quote>If you had said to these students, <quote>you
+have to do it in text,</quote> they would've just thrown their hands up and
gone and done something else,</quote> Barish described, in part, no doubt,
because expressing themselves in text is not something these students
can do well. Yet neither is text a form in which
</para>
<indexterm><primary>ABC</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>CBS</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Cyber Rights (Godwin)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Godwin, Mike</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetnewseventson' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>news events on</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September
11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different
cultures, it records private facts in a public way—it's a kind
of electronic <citetitle>Jerry Springer</citetitle>, available anywhere in the world.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetnewseventson' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm><primary>political discourse</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxinternetpublicdiscourseconductedon' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>public discourse conducted on</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
broke back into the mainstream press. In the end, Lott was forced to
resign as senate majority leader.<footnote><para>
<!-- f18 -->
-Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,</quote> New
-York Times, 16 January 2003, G5.
+Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the
+Pot,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 16 January 2003, G5.
</para></footnote>
</para>
<indexterm id='idxmediacommercialimperativesof' class='startofrange'><primary>media</primary><secondary>commercial imperatives of</secondary></indexterm>
</para>
</blockquote>
<para>
-The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies like
-Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously
-resisted. <quote>Shooting was disrupted by machinery stolen, and
-`accidents' resulting in loss of negatives, equipment, buildings and
-sometimes life and limb frequently occurred.</quote><footnote><para>
+The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were
+companies like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were
+vigorously resisted. <quote>Shooting was disrupted by machinery
+stolen, and <quote>accidents</quote> resulting in loss of negatives,
+equipment, buildings and sometimes life and limb frequently
+occurred.</quote><footnote><para>
<!-- f3 -->
Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents Majority</citetitle>, archived at
<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #12</ulink>.
its composer anything.
</para>
<indexterm startref='idxfourneauxhenri' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxkittredgealfred' class='startofrange'><primary>Kittredge, Alfred</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmusicpublishing' class='startofrange'><primary>music publishing</primary></indexterm>
<para>
The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about
<!-- PAGE BREAK 69 -->
</para></footnote>
</para>
</blockquote>
+<indexterm startref='idxkittredgealfred' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm><primary>Sousa, John Philip</primary></indexterm>
<para>
The innovators who developed the technology to record other
(statement of John Philip Sousa, composer).
</para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxmusicpublishing' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm><primary>American Graphophone Company</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>player pianos</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>sheet music</primary></indexterm>
</para></footnote> In any case, the innovators argued, the job of
Congress was <quote>to consider first the interest of [the public], whom
they represent, and whose servants they are.</quote> <quote>All talk about
-`theft,'</quote> the general counsel of the American Graphophone Company
+<quote>theft,</quote></quote> the general counsel of the American Graphophone Company
wrote, <quote>is the merest claptrap, for there exists no property in ideas
musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by
statute.</quote><footnote><para>
do—the kinds of sharing that file sharing enables, and the kinds
of harm it entails.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxpeertopeerppfilesharingfourtypesof' class='startofrange'><primary>peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing</primary><secondary>four types of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>range of content on</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 81 -->
File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these
wants to give away.
</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
+<indexterm startref='idxpeertopeerppfilesharingfourtypesof' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
How do these different types of sharing balance out?
</para>
technology, the labels fought it.</quote><footnote><para>
<!-- f10 -->
<indexterm><primary>cassette recording</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>DAT (digital audio tape)</primary></indexterm>
See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution and the
Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report
describes the music industry's effort to stigmatize the budding
</para>
<indexterm><primary>MTV</primary></indexterm>
<para>
-Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity
-to enact regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record
-turnaround. <quote>In the end,</quote> Cap Gemini concludes, <quote>the `crisis' … was
-not the fault of the tapers—who did not [stop after MTV came into
+Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to
+enact regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record
+turnaround. <quote>In the end,</quote> Cap Gemini concludes,
+<quote>the <quote>crisis</quote> … was not the fault of the
+tapers—who did not [stop after MTV came into
<!-- PAGE BREAK 83 -->
being]—but had to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical
innovation at the major labels.</quote><footnote><para>
<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target
just what you call type A sharing?</quote>
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitszerotolerancein' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>zero tolerance in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxnapsterinfringingmaterialblockedby' class='startofrange'><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>infringing material blocked by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpeertopeerppfilesharinginfringementprotectionsin' class='startofrange'><primary>peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing</primary><secondary>infringement protections in</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect
of the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far
York: Crown Business, 2003), 269–82.
</para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxnapsterinfringingmaterialblockedby' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpeertopeerppfilesharinginfringementprotectionsin' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing
technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to
p2p, even for the totally legal and beneficial uses they serve, simply to
assure that there are zero copyright infringements caused by p2p.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitszerotolerancein' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the
content industry that we know today. The history of American law has
price.
</para>
<indexterm startref='idxcongressusonrecordingindustry2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>two central goals of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 88 -->
</para>
<indexterm id='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws3' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on copyright laws</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on VCR technology</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxvalentijackonvcrtechnology' class='startofrange'><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>on VCR technology</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal
-champion. Valenti called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are
-20, 30, 40 million of these VCRs in the land, we will be invaded by
-millions of `tapeworms,' eating away at the very heart and essence of
-the most precious asset the copyright owner has, his
-copyright.</quote><footnote><para>
+champion. Valenti called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned,
+<quote>When there are 20, 30, 40 million of these VCRs in the land, we
+will be invaded by millions of <quote>tapeworms,</quote> eating away
+at the very heart and essence of the most precious asset the copyright
+
owner has, his copyright.</quote><footnote><para>
<!-- f18 -->
Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on
S. 1758 Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st
</para></footnote>
<indexterm><primary>Kozinski, Alex</primary></indexterm>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxvalentijackonvcrtechnology' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit.
<para>
In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the
way content was distributed.<footnote><para>
+<indexterm><primary>DAT (digital audio tape)</primary></indexterm>
<!-- f24 -->
These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other
cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example,
incentives,</quote> they say, <quote>misses a fundamental point. Our
content,</quote> the warriors insist, <quote>is our
<emphasis>property</emphasis>. Why should we wait for Congress to
-`rebalance' our property rights? Do you have to wait before calling
-the police when your car has been stolen? And why should Congress
-deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask whether
-the car thief had a good use for the car before we arrest him?</quote>
+<quote>rebalance</quote> our property rights? Do you have to wait
+before calling the police when your car has been stolen? And why
+should Congress deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do
+we ask whether the car thief had a good use for the car before we
+arrest him?</quote>
</para>
<para>
<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors
to use this four-point-five seconds of … entirely unsolicited
<citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.</quote>
</para>
-<indexterm startref='idxgroeningmatt' class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref='idxfoxfilmcompany' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm id='idxherrerarebecca' class='startofrange'><primary>Herrera, Rebecca</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone
replaced the shot with a clip from another film that he had worked on,
<citetitle>The Day After Trinity</citetitle>, from ten years before.
</para>
-<indexterm id='idxfoxfilmcompany2' class='startofrange'><primary>Fox (film company)</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id='idxgroeningmatt2' class='startofrange'><primary>Groening, Matt</primary></indexterm>
<para>
There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the
copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their property. To use
episode is clearly a fair use of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>—and fair use does
not require the permission of anyone.
</para>
-<indexterm startref='idxfoxfilmcompany2' class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref='idxgroeningmatt2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfoxfilmcompany' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxgroeningmatt' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 109 -->
So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's his reply:
</para>
<blockquote>
<indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>total number of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>films</primary><secondary>total number of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>music recordings</primary><see>peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing</see></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>music recordings</primary><see>recording industry</see></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>music recordings</primary><secondary>total number of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music.
Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of
<title>Chapter Ten: <quote>Property</quote></title>
<indexterm><primary>Johnson, Lyndon</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Kennedy, John F.</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>background of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm
id='idxvalentijackbackgroundof' class='startofrange'><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>background of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president
of the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came
prominent and effective lobbyist in Washington.
</para>
<indexterm><primary>Disney, Inc.</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Sony Pictures Entertainment</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>MGM</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Paramount Pictures</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Twentieth Century Fox</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Sony Pictures Entertainment</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Universal Pictures</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Warner Brothers</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Paramount Pictures, Twentieth Century Fox, Universal Studios, and
Warner Brothers.
</para>
-<indexterm id='idxvalentijackbackgroundof' class='startofrange'><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>background of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 128 -->
Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before
but whether institutions designed to assure that artists get paid need
also control how culture develops.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Code (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxfreeculturefourmodalitiesofconstrainton' class='startofrange'><primary>free culture</primary><secondary>four modalities of constraint on</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxregulationfourmodalitiesof' class='startofrange'><primary>regulation</primary><secondary>four modalities of</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawasexpostregulationmodality' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>as ex post regulation modality</secondary></indexterm>
</para>
<figure id="fig-1331">
<title></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>
</figure>
<indexterm><primary>Madonna</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle> (New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90–95;
Lawrence Lessig, <quote>The New Chicago School,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Legal Studies</citetitle>,
June 1998.
+<indexterm><primary>Code (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>
</para></footnote>
The law, in other words, sometimes operates to increase or decrease
the constraint of a particular modality. Thus, the law might be used
<indexterm startref='idxspeedingconstraintson' class='endofrange'/>
<figure id="fig-1361">
<title></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1361.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1361.svg" align="center" width="12em"></graphic>
</figure>
<indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Commons, John R.</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Code (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>
</para></footnote>
</para>
<indexterm startref='idxlawasconstraintmodality2' class='endofrange'/>
</para>
<figure id="fig-1371">
<title></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>
</figure>
<indexterm id='idxarchitectureconstrainteffectedthrough' class='startofrange'><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<figure id="fig-1381">
<title></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1381.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1381.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>
</figure>
<indexterm><primary>Commerce, U.S. Department of</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<figure id="fig-1441">
<title></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>
</figure>
<para>
We will end here:
</para>
<figure id="fig-1442">
<title></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1442.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1442.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>
</figure>
<para>
Let me explain how.
authorship.<footnote>
<para>
<!-- f8 -->
-William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History of
-the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1,
-485–86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain implication of `the supreme
-Law of the Land,' <emphasis>the perpetual rights which authors had, or
-were supposed by some to have, under the Common Law</emphasis></quote>
-(emphasis added).
+William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the
+History of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University
+Press, 1953), vol. 1, 485–86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain
+implication of <quote>the supreme Law of the Land,</quote>
+<emphasis>the perpetual rights which authors had, or were supposed by
+some to have, under the Common Law</emphasis></quote> (emphasis
+added).
<indexterm><primary>Crosskey, William W.</primary></indexterm>
</para></footnote>
This meant that there was no guaranteed public domain in the United
</para>
<figure id="fig-1521">
<title></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1521.svg" align="center" width="40%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1521.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>
</figure>
<indexterm id='idxbooksthreetypesofusesof' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>three types of uses of</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawcopiesascoreissueof2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>copies as core issue of</secondary></indexterm>
</para>
<figure id="fig-1531">
<title></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1531.png" align="center" width="40%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1531.png" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>
</figure>
<para>
Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated
<indexterm startref='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs4' class='endofrange'/>
<figure id="fig-1541">
<title></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1541.svg" align="center" width="40%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1541.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>
</figure>
<indexterm id='idxfairuse' class='startofrange'><primary>fair use</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawfairuseand2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>fair use and</secondary></indexterm>
</para>
<figure id="fig-1542">
<title></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1542.svg" align="center" width="40%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1542.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>
</figure>
<indexterm id='idxcopyrightusagerestrictionsattachedto' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>usage restrictions attached to</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
</para>
<figure id="fig-1551">
<title></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1551.svg" align="center" width="40%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1551.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>
</figure>
<para>
There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim
(including Warner Brothers) enjoyed.
</para>
<indexterm id='idxbooksoninternet2' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetbookson3' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>books on</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on
the Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a
obligation) would come from the contract, not from copyright law, and
the obligations of contract would not necessarily pass to anyone who
subsequently acquired the book.
+<indexterm><primary>contracts</primary></indexterm>
</para></footnote>
When my e-book of <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> says I have the
permission to copy only ten text selections into the memory every ten
often crazy.
</para>
<indexterm startref='idxadobeebookreader' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetbookson3' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm startref='idxbooksoninternet2' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite
<title>— On which item have the courts ruled that manufacturers and
retailers be held responsible for having supplied the
equipment?</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/vcr-comic.png" align="center" width="65%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/vcr-comic.png" align="center" width="55%"></graphic>
</figure>
<para>
The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright
the nation's radio advertising revenues.
</para>
<indexterm><primary>cable television</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxnewspapersownershipconsolidationof' class='startofrange'><primary>newspapers</primary><secondary>ownership consolidation of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today,
there are six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than
</para></footnote>
</para>
</blockquote>
+<indexterm startref='idxnewspapersownershipconsolidationof' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm startref='idxradioownershipconsolidationin' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not
</para></footnote>
</para>
</blockquote>
+<indexterm><primary>democracy</primary><secondary>media concentration and</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such
large and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous.
wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels;
criminal and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>criminal justice system</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to
any position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound
<quote>blind.</quote> They don't have the word <citetitle>blind</citetitle>. They think he's just thick.
Indeed, as they increasingly notice the things he can't do (hear the
sound of grass being stepped on, for example), they increasingly try
-to control him. He, in turn, becomes increasingly frustrated. <quote>`You
-don't understand,' he cried, in a voice that was meant to be great and
-resolute, and which broke. `You are blind and I can see. Leave me
-alone!'</quote>
+to control him. He, in turn, becomes increasingly frustrated. <quote><quote>You
+don't understand,</quote> he cried, in a voice that was meant to be great and
+resolute, and which broke. <quote>You are blind and I can see. Leave me
+alone!</quote></quote>
</para>
<para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 187 -->
weave together a string—a mash-up— of songs from your
favorite artists in a collage and make it available on the Net.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>democracy</primary><secondary>digital sharing within</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Kodak cameras</primary></indexterm>
<para>
This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of the
capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture,
no more than $250,000 in damages for pain and
suffering.<footnote>
<para>
-<!-- f2. --> The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the
+<!-- f2. -->
+The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the
House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For
-an overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: `We'll Be Back,'
+an overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: <quote>We'll Be Back,</quote>
Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at
<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #38</ulink>,
and <quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003,
available at
<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #39</ulink>. President Bush has continued to urge tort reform in
recent months.
+<indexterm><primary>tort reform</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Bush, George W.</primary></indexterm>
</para></footnote>
Can common sense recognize the absurdity in a world where
enough to start a company. It is impossibly hard if that company is
constantly threatened by litigation.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxmarketconstraints3' class='startofrange'><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpermissionculturetransactioncostof' class='startofrange'><primary>permission culture</primary><secondary>transaction cost of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>regulation</primary><secondary>outsize penalties of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>technology</primary><secondary>legal murkiness on</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 201 -->
unlimited liability, we will have much less vibrant innovation and
much less creativity.
</para>
-<indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
<para>
The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair
use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of law in
creativity. Someone needs to do a lot of justifying to justify that
result.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxmarketconstraints3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpermissionculturetransactioncostof' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one
burden on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more
See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single
Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote>
<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, <quote>Worried Parents
-Pull Plug on File `Stealing'; With the Music Industry Cracking Down on
+Pull Plug on File <quote>Stealing</quote>; With the Music Industry Cracking Down on
File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software from Home PCs to Avoid
Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson
Graham, <quote>Recording Industry Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 15 September
</para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxnapsterrecordingindustrytrackingusersof' class='startofrange'><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>recording industry tracking users of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the
RIAA. A report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the
<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank Ahrens, <quote>Four
Students Sued over Music Sites; Industry Group Targets File Sharing at
Colleges,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong,
-<quote>Students `Rip, Mix, Burn' at Their Own Risk,</quote> <citetitle>Christian Science
+<quote>Students <quote>Rip, Mix, Burn</quote> at Their Own Risk,</quote> <citetitle>Christian Science
Monitor</citetitle>, 2 September 2003, 20; Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, <quote>Music
Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two Students Names Are Handed Over;
Lawsuit Possible,</quote> <citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16 July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, <quote>RIAA
the middle of wars of prohibition. This war is no different.
Says von Lohmann,
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxnapsterrecordingindustrytrackingusersof' class='endofrange'/>
<blockquote>
<para>
So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million
<!-- f2. -->
<indexterm><primary>Bono, Mary</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Bono, Sonny</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>perpetual copyright term proposed by</secondary></indexterm>
The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright
protection to last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change
would violate the Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me to
<para>
<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you will continue
to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the
-`discount rate' that we use to evaluate estate investments (6 percent),
+<quote>discount rate</quote> that we use to evaluate estate investments (6 percent),
then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the estate.</quote>
</para>
<para>
<para>
<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to you to
contribute
-up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these
+up to the <quote>present value</quote> of the income you expect from these
copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote>
</para>
<para>
decision in 1995 to strike down a law that banned the possession of
guns near schools.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxcommerceinterstate' class='startofrange'><primary>commerce, interstate</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressusconstitutionalpowersof2' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>constitutional powers of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinterstatecommerce' class='startofrange'><primary>interstate commerce</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted
powers very broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the
instead interpreted to impose no limit.
</para>
<indexterm><primary>Rehnquist, William H.</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxunitedstatesvlopez' class='startofrange'><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>
<para>
The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed
that in <citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The government had
later in <citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>.<footnote><para>
<!-- f7. -->
<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 U.S. 598 (2000).
+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Morrison</primary></indexterm>
</para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcommerceinterstate' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxunitedstatesvlopez' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress
Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<footnote><para>
copyrights should entail that Congress is not allowed to extend the
term of existing copyrights.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxinterstatecommerce' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressussupremecourtrestrainton2' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>Supreme Court restraint on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>
<para>
<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>
stood for a principle. Many believed the decision in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for
devote my life to teaching constitutional law if these nine Justices
were going to be petty politicians.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusconstitutionalpowersof2' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>copyright purpose established in</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>constitutional purpose of</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>
not expired, and will not expire, so long as Congress is free to be
bought to extend them again.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcongressussupremecourtrestrainton2' class='endofrange'/>
+
<para>
<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are
responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and
commercial market, if access is a value, then 6 percent is a failure
to provide that value.<footnote><para>
<!-- f13. -->
-Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> 20
-December 2002, available at
+Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright
+<quote>Chaos</quote> Theory,</quote> 20 December 2002, available at
<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #54</ulink>.
</para></footnote>
overstepped its bounds.
</para>
<para>
-It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the
-Supreme Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It
-hears about one hundred cases a year, out of more than five thousand
-appeals.) And it practically never reviews a decision that upholds a
-statute when no other court has yet reviewed the statute.
+It was here that most expected <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle>
+v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle> would die, for the Supreme Court
+rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one
+hundred cases a year, out of more than five thousand appeals.) And it
+practically never reviews a decision that upholds a statute when no
+other court has yet reviewed the statute.
</para>
<para>
But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by
was little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said,
I set the strategy.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Kennedy, Anthony</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>O'Connor, Sandra Day</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Rehnquist, William H.</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>O'Connor, Sandra Day</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Thomas, Clarence</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Morrison</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Scalia, Antonin</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>Supreme Court restraint on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>congressional actions restrained by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsupremecourtusfactionsof' class='startofrange'><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>factions of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we
called <quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the Rest.</quote> The
believed, there was a very important free speech argument against
these retrospective extensions.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxsupremecourtusfactionsof' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm startref='idxginsburg' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice
that Congress's power must be interpreted so that its enumerated
powers have limits.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>commerce, interstate</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>interstate commerce</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>in constitutional Progress Clause</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Progress Clause</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressuscopyrighttermsextendedby5' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>copyright terms extended by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>Progress Clause of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am
responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the
copyrights. So, the government argued, the Court should not now say
that practice is unconstitutional.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcongressuscopyrighttermsextendedby5' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We
certainly agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831
here was the place Don Ayer's advice should have mattered. This was a
softball; my answer was a swing and a miss.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>
<para>
The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been
crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> ruling,
was the last naïve law professor, scouring the pages, looking for
reasoning.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxunitedstatesvlopez2' class='startofrange'><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>
<para>
I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would
distinguish the principle in this case from the principle in
followed from the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case: In that context, Congress's power would
be limited, but in this context it would not.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxunitedstatesvlopez2' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values
they would respect? By what right did they—the silent
<quote>limited,</quote> and the existing term was so long as to be effectively
unlimited, then it was unconstitutional.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxunitedstatesvlopez3' class='startofrange'><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>
<para>
These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But
because neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was willing to push
<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> and many other <quote>originalist</quote> rulings. Where was their
<quote>originalism</quote> now?
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxunitedstatesvlopez3' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain
what the framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they
everything else, let the content go.
</para>
<indexterm><primary>Forbes, Steve</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Democratic Party</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Republican Party</primary></indexterm>
<para>
The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed
it in an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters
close.</quote> There was a general reaction in the blog community that
something good might happen here.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>Eldred Act opposed by</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and
the MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give
<!-- f6. --> Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>,
August 2003, E1, available at
<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #59</ulink>; William New, <quote>Global Group's
-Shift on `Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology
+Shift on <quote>Open Source</quote> Meeting Spurs Stir,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology
Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at
<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #60</ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official
-Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology
+Opposes <quote>Open Source</quote> Talks at WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology
Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at
<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #61</ulink>.
</para></footnote>
role. Instead, we should be creating incentives for private parties to
serve the public, subject to standards that the government sets.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>domain names</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>domain name registration on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Web sites, domain name registration of</primary></indexterm>
<para>
In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet.
There are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world.
</para>
<indexterm startref='idxpromisestokeepfisher' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>semiotic democracy</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>democracy</primary><secondary>semiotic</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim
is not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that
</chapter>
-<chapter label="" id="c-about-this-edition">
- <title>About this edition</title>
- <para>
-This edition of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is the result of
-three years of volunteer work. The idea came from a discussion I had
-around ten years ago with a friend about the copyright debate in
-Norway, and how rarely the difficulties of long copyright made it into
-the public debate. A bit more than three years ago I finally had a
-look again at the idea and decided to publish a printed Norwegian
-Bokmål version of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle>, translated and
-formatted by volunteers. The new English edition is a by-product of
-the translation process.
- </para>
-
- <para>
-Thanks to the Debian Edu / Skolelinux project, I already had
-experience translating Docbook documents, and it seemed like a good
-format for this book too. I found a Docbook formatted version of the
-book created by Hans Schou. Initial testing showed lots of Docbook
-validation errors in this version, but after some work I was able to
-transform it to PDF and EPUB. This was the start of the translation
-project. The Docbook file improved over time, and build rules were
-added to create both English and Bokmål versions. Finally, a call for
-volunteers went out to help me with the translation.
- </para>
-
- <para>
-Several people joined, and Anders Hagen Jarmund, Kirill Miazine, Odd
-Kleiva, Kjetil Kilhavn og Kjetil T. Homme assisted with the initial
-translation. Ralph Amissah and his SiSu version provided index
-entries. Morten Sickel and Alexander Alemayhu helped with the
-figures, redrawing some of the bitmaps as vector images. Wivi
-Reinholdtsen, Ingrid Yrvin, Johannes Larsen and Gisle Hannemyr did
-very valuable proofreading. Håkon Wium Lie helped me track down a
-good replacement font without usage restrictions instead of the one in
-the original PDF. The PDF typesetting is done using dblatex, which we
-selected over the alternatives thanks to the invaluable and quick help
-from Benoît Guillon and Andreas Hoenen. Thomas Gramstad donated ISBN
-numbers needed for distribution to book stores. Marc Jeanmougin from
-the inkscape community helped me replicate the original front cover.
-The support of Lawrence Lessig helped me to complete the
-project—I am very thankful he had the original screen shots
-still available after 11 years.
- </para>
-
- <para>
-At the end of the project, when the translation was done and it was
-time to publish, NUUG Foundation was asked and was willing to sponsor
-books to members of the Norwegian parliament and other decision
-makers.
- </para>
-
- <para>
-In addition to these great contributors, I am very grateful to Mari
-and my family for their patience with me in this project.
- </para>
-
- <para>
-— Petter Reinholdtsen, Oslo 2015-09-07
- </para>
+<xi:include href="freeculture-about-edition-en.xml" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+ <xi:fallback/>
+</xi:include>
-</chapter>
<index></index>
<colophon>
<title></title>
</para>
<para>
-Published in English and Norwegian Bokmål 2015 by Petter Reinholdtsen
-with help from many volunteers. Typeset with dblatex using the font
-Crimson Text.
+Published in 2015. First published 2004 by The Penguin Press.
</para>
<para>
-First published 2004 by The Penguin Press.
+This English and Norwegian Bokmål edition was published by Petter
+Reinholdtsen with help from many volunteers.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Typeset with
+<ulink url="http://dblatex.sourceforge.net">dblatex</ulink> using the
+font Crimson Text.
</para>
<para>
(ACM CRCS) K.4.1
</para>
-<para>
-Thomas Gramstad Forlag donated the ISBN numbers.
-</para>
-
<para>
Printing was sponsed by NUUG Foundation,
<ulink url="http://www.nuugfoundation.no/"/>.
<ulink url="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/"/>.
</para>
-<para>
-This book is a proof reading draft. Please visit the github URL above
-to get the latest version.
-</para>
-
<para>
<informaltable id="isbn">
<tgroup cols="2" align="left">
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>US Trade edition from lulu.com</entry>
- <entry>978-82-8067-010-6</entry>
+ <entry>978-82-690182-0-2</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>application/pdf</entry>
- <entry>978-82-8067-011-3</entry>
+ <entry>978-82-690182-1-9</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>application/epub+zip</entry>
- <entry>978-82-8067-012-0</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>application/x-mobipocket-ebook</entry>
- <entry>978-82-8067-013-7</entry>
+ <entry>978-82-690182-2-6</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / blobdiff