<firstname>Lawrence</firstname>
<surname>Lessig</surname>
</author>
+<!--
+ Keep these out to avoid showing up as author in the PDF.
+
+ <editor>
+ <firstname>Petter</firstname>
+ <surname>Reinholdtsen</surname>
+ </editor>
+
+ <othercredit role='converter'>
+ <firstname>Petter</firstname>
+ <surname>Reinholdtsen</surname>
+ <contrib>Created this Docbook version from an earlier version</contrib>
+ </othercredit>
+-->
</authorgroup>
<!-- <subjectset> and cover <mediaobject> Based on example from
<publisher>
- <publishername>The Penguin Press</publishername>
- <address><city>New York</city></address>
+ <publishername>Petter Reinholdtsen</publishername>
+ <address><city>Oslo</city></address>
</publisher>
<copyright>
-->
</mediaobject>
- <biblioid class="isbn">1-59420-006-8</biblioid>
+ <biblioid class="isbn">978-82-92812-XX-Y</biblioid>
<!-- LCCN from
http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+2003063276&CNT=10+records+per+page
<biblioid class="libraryofcongress">2003063276</biblioid>
</bookinfo>
-<!--PAGE BREAK 1-->
-<dedication id="salespoints">
-<title></title>
-<para>
-You can buy a copy of this book by clicking on one of the links below:
-</para>
-<itemizedlist mark="number" spacing="compact">
-<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.amazon.com/">Amazon</ulink></para></listitem>
-<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.barnesandnoble.com/">B&N</ulink></para></listitem>
-<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.penguin.com/">Penguin</ulink></para></listitem>
-<!-- <ulink url="">Local Bookstore</ulink> -->
-</itemizedlist>
-</dedication>
-<!-- PAGE BREAK 2 -->
<!-- PAGE BREAK 3 -->
<dedication id="alsobylessig">
-<title></title>
-<para>
-ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG
-</para>
-<para>
-The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World
-</para>
-<para>
-Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace
-</para>
-</dedication>
-<!-- PAGE BREAK 4 -->
-<!-- PAGE BREAK 5 -->
-<!-- PAGE BREAK 6 -->
-<colophon>
-<para>
-THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street New
-York, New York
-</para>
-<para>
-Copyright © Lawrence Lessig. All rights reserved.
-</para>
-<para>
-Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,</quote>
-<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, 2003. Copyright
-© 2003 by The New York Times Co. Reprinted with permission.
-</para>
-<para>
-Cartoon in <xref linkend="fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright Tribune
-Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission.
-</para>
-<para>
-Diagram in <xref linkend="fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership"/> courtesy of the office of FCC
-Commissioner, Michael J. Copps.
-</para>
-<para>
-Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
-</para>
-<para>
-Lessig, Lawrence.
-Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law to lock down
-culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig.
-</para>
-<para>
-p. cm.
-</para>
-<para>
-Includes index.
-</para>
-<para>
-ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)
-</para>
-
-<para>
-1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United States.
-</para>
+<title>
+Also by Lawrence Lessig
+</title>
<para>
-3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United States. I. Title.
+<!-- 2014 -->
+The USA is lesterland: The nature of congressional corruption
</para>
<para>
-KF2979.L47
+<!-- 2011, 2012 -->
+Republic, lost: How money corrupts Congress - and a plan to stop it
</para>
<para>
-343.7309'9—dc22
+<!-- 2008 -->
+Remix: Making art and commerce thrive in the hybrid economy
</para>
<para>
-This book is printed on acid-free paper.
+<!-- 2006 -->
+Code: Version 2.0
</para>
<para>
-Printed in the United States of America
-</para>
-<para>
-1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4
-</para>
-<para>
-Designed by Marysarah Quinn
-</para>
-
-<para>
-&translationblock;
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of
-this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a
-retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means
-(electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise),
-without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and
-the above publisher of this book.
+<!-- 2001, 2002 -->
+The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World
</para>
<para>
-The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the
-Internet or via any other means without the permission of the
-publisher is illegal and punishable by law. Please purchase only
-authorized electronic editions and do not participate in or encourage
-electronic piracy of copyrighted materials. Your support of the
-author's rights is appreciated.
+<!-- 1999 -->
+Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace
</para>
-</colophon>
-
+</dedication>
+<!-- PAGE BREAK 4 -->
+<!-- PAGE BREAK 5 -->
+<!-- PAGE BREAK 6 -->
<!-- PAGE BREAK 7 -->
<dedication><title></title>
<para>
-To Eric Eldred—whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom
+To Eric Eldred — whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom
it continues still.
</para>
</dedication>
the noble class live easily; those outside it don't. But it is
nobility of any form that is alien to our tradition.
</para>
-<!-- PAGE BREAK 26. FIXME: Should "Is it" be "It is" ? -->
+<!-- PAGE BREAK 26. FIXME: Ask author if "Is it" should be "It is" ? -->
<para>
-The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the
+The story that follows is about this war. It is not about the
<quote>centrality of technology</quote> to ordinary life. I don't believe in gods,
digital or otherwise. Nor is it an effort to demonize any individual
or group, for neither do I believe in a devil, corporate or
early days of comics in America are very much like what's going on
in Japan now. … American comics were born out of copying each
<!-- PAGE BREAK 40 -->
-other. … That's how [the artists] learn to draw—by going into comic
+other. … That's how [the artists] learn to draw — by going into comic
books and not tracing them, but looking at them and copying them</quote>
and building from them.<footnote><para>
<!-- f5 -->
Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 11 (New York: New York
University Press, 2001). See also Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>
(New York: Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. The term accurately
-describes a set of <quote>property</quote> rights—copyright, patents,
-trademark, and trade-secret—but the nature of those rights is
+describes a set of <quote>property</quote> rights — copyright, patents,
+trademark, and trade-secret — but the nature of those rights is
very different.
</para></footnote>
A large, diverse society cannot survive without property; a large,
time, enabling employees to have access to material that people
outside the business can't get. Universities do it as well.
</para>
-<indexterm startref='idxuniversitycomputernetworksppsharingon' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm id='idxjordanjesse' class='startofrange'><primary>Jordan, Jesse</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxmicrosoftnetworkfilesystemof' class='startofrange'><primary>Microsoft</primary><secondary>network file system of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
rights.<footnote><para>
<!-- f4 -->
To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on
-S. 6330 and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th
+S. 6330 and H.R. 19853 Before the (Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th
Cong. 59, 1st sess. (1906) (statement of Senator Alfred B. Kittredge,
of South Dakota, chairman), reprinted in <citetitle>Legislative History of the
Copyright Act</citetitle>, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South
<!-- f10 -->
Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and
-H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st
+H.R. 11794 Before the (Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st
sess., 217 (1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted
in <citetitle>Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act</citetitle>, E. Fulton Brylawski and
Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976).
law should seek to either prevent it or find an alternative to assure the
author of his profit.
</para>
-<indexterm><primary>innovation</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Fanning, Shawn</primary></indexterm>
<para>
+<indexterm><primary>Fanning, Shawn</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>innovation</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxnapster' class='startofrange'><primary>Napster</primary></indexterm>
Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of
the Napster technology had not made any major technological
innovations. Like every great advance in innovation on the Internet
put together components that had been developed independently.
</para>
<para>
+<indexterm><primary>Kazaa</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>number of registrations on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>replacement of</secondary></indexterm>
The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999,
Napster amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After
eighteen months, there were close to 80 million registered users of the
p2p system, you can share your favorite songs with your best friend—
or your 20,000 best friends.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxnapster' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans
have tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in
statutory licensing, they don't have to pay the copyright owner for
the content they sell.
</para>
-<indexterm><primary>Bernstein, Leonard</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>out of print</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Bernstein, Leonard</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetbookson' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>books on</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used
record stores. It is different, of course, because the person making
shut as well?
</para>
<indexterm id='idxbooksfreeonline1' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>free on-line releases of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Doctorow, Cory</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable
type D sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners
efficiencies? What is the content that otherwise would be
unavailable?</quote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetbookson' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this
chapter, much of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly
just what you call type A sharing?</quote>
</para>
<para>
-You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The
- effect
+You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect
of the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far
-beyond that one class of sharing. That much is obvious from the
- Napster
-case itself. When Napster told the district court that it had
- developed
-a technology to block the transfer of 99.4 percent of identified
+beyond that one class of sharing. That much is obvious from the
+Napster case itself. When Napster told the district court that it had
+developed a technology to block the transfer of 99.4 percent of
+identified
+
<!-- PAGE BREAK 87 -->
infringing material, the district court told counsel for Napster 99.4
percent was not good enough. Napster had to push the infringements
<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawonmusicrecordings2' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawstatutorylicensesin2' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm startref='idxcabletv2' class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm><primary>Betamax</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm
id='idxbetamax' class='startofrange'><primary>Betamax</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxcassettevcrs1' class='startofrange'><primary>cassette recording</primary><secondary>VCRs</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major
of Jack Valenti).
</para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxbetamax' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme
Court. In the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which
began his talk with a question: <quote>Do you know how many federal laws
were just violated in this room?</quote>
</para>
-<indexterm><primary>Boies, David</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Alben, Alex</primary></indexterm>
<para>
+<indexterm><primary>Alben, Alex</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Boies, David</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Court of Appeals</primary><secondary>Ninth Circuit</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Napster</primary></indexterm>
For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this
film hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the
rights to these clips; technically, what they had done violated the
Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at
the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library Quarterly</citetitle> 13 nos. 2–3
(1980): 5; Anthony Slide, <citetitle>Nitrate Won't Wait: A History of Film
-Preservation in the United States</citetitle> ( Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland &
+Preservation in the United States</citetitle> (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland &
Co., 1992), 36.
</para></footnote>
</para>
</para>
<figure id="fig-1331">
<title>How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken the right or regulation.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1331.png"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
</figure>
<indexterm><primary>Madonna</primary></indexterm>
<para>
<indexterm startref='idxspeedingconstraintson' class='endofrange'/>
<figure id="fig-1361">
<title>Law has a special role in affecting the three.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1361.png"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1361.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+
</figure>
<indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
<para>
</para>
<figure id="fig-1371">
<title>Copyright's regulation before the Internet.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1331.png"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+
</figure>
<indexterm id='idxarchitectureconstrainteffectedthrough' class='startofrange'><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>law</primary><secondary>as constraint modality</secondary></indexterm>
</para>
<figure id="fig-1381">
<title>effective state of anarchy after the Internet.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1381.png"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1381.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+
</figure>
<indexterm><primary>Commerce, U.S. Department of</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxregulationasestablishmentprotectionism' class='startofrange'><primary>regulation</primary><secondary>as establishment protectionism</secondary></indexterm>
<emphasis>for the purpose of</emphasis> protecting the railroads?
Closer to the subject of this book, remote channel changers have
weakened the <quote>stickiness</quote> of television advertising (if a boring
-commercial comes on the TV, the remote makes it easy to surf ), and it
+commercial comes on the TV, the remote makes it easy to surf), and it
may well be that this change has weakened the television advertising
market. But does anyone believe we should regulate remotes to
reinforce commercial television? (Maybe by limiting them to function
</para>
<figure id="fig-1441">
<title>Copyright's regulation before the Internet.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1331.png"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
</figure>
<para>
We will end here:
</para>
<figure id="fig-1442">
<title><quote>Copyright</quote> today.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1442.png"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1442.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
</figure>
<para>
Let me explain how.
</para>
<figure id="fig-1521">
<title>All potential uses of a book.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1521.png"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1521.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
</figure>
<indexterm id='idxbooksthreetypesofusesof' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>three types of uses of</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawcopiesascoreissueof2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>copies as core issue of</secondary></indexterm>
</para>
<figure id="fig-1531">
<title>Examples of unregulated uses of a book.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1531.png"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1531.png" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
</figure>
<para>
Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated
by copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It
is therefore regulated by copyright law. Indeed, this particular use stands
at the core of this circle of possible uses of a copyrighted work. It is the
-paradigmatic use properly regulated by copyright regulation (see first
-diagram on next page).
+paradigmatic use properly regulated by copyright regulation (see
+diagram in <xref linkend="fig-1541"/>).
</para>
<indexterm startref='idxderivativeworkspiracyvs4' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm startref='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs4' class='endofrange'/>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 153 -->
<figure id="fig-1541">
<title>Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a copyrighted work.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1541.png"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1541.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
</figure>
<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>First Amendment to</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>First Amendment</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<figure id="fig-1542">
<title>Unregulated copying considered <quote>fair uses.</quote></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1542.png"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1542.png" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
</figure>
<para> </para>
<figure id="fig-1551">
<title>Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively regulated.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1551.png"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1551.png" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
</figure>
<indexterm id='idxcopyrightusagerestrictionsattachedto' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>usage restrictions attached to</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
technology.
</para>
<para>
-On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook
-Reader.
+In <xref linkend="fig-1611"/> is a picture of an old version of my
+Adobe eBook Reader.
</para>
<para>
As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this
</para>
<figure id="fig-1611">
<title>Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1611.png"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1611.png" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
</figure>
<para>
If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the
</para>
<figure id="fig-1612">
<title>List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1612.png"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1612.png" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
</figure>
<para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 161 -->
translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>.
</para>
<figure id="fig-1621">
-<title>E-book of Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote></title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1621.png"></graphic>
+<title>E-book of Aristotle's <quote>Politics</quote></title>
+<graphic fileref="images/1621.png" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
</figure>
<para>
According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted
the book.
</para>
<figure id="fig-1622">
-<title>List of the permissions for Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1622.png"></graphic>
+<title>List of the permissions for Aristotle's <quote>Politics</quote>.</title>
+<graphic fileref="images/1622.png" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
</figure>
<indexterm><primary>Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary></indexterm>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 162 -->
<figure id="fig-1631">
<title>List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1631.png"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1631.png" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
</figure>
<para>
No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!
<figure id="fig-1641">
<title>List of the permissions for <quote>Alice's Adventures in
Wonderland</quote>.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1641.png"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1641.png" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
</figure>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 164-->
<para>
</para>
<figure id="fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig">
<title>VCR/handgun cartoon.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1711.png"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1711.png" align="center" width="70%"></graphic>
</figure>
<indexterm><primary>Conrad, Paul</primary></indexterm>
<para>
owned by separate media companies. Now, the media is increasingly
owned by only a few companies. Indeed, after the changes that the FCC
announced in June 2003, most expect that within a few years, we will
-live in a world where just three companies control more than percent
+live in a world where just three companies control more than 85 percent
of the media.
</para>
<para>
framers sought to protect. Indeed, it is a market that is quite well
protected— by the market.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Fallows, James</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious
change is in the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows
put it in a recent article about Rupert Murdoch,
-<indexterm><primary>Fallows, James</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<blockquote>
<para>
</para>
<figure id="fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership">
<title>Pattern of modern media ownership.</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/1761.png"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/pattern-modern-media-ownership.png" align="center" width="90%"></graphic>
</figure>
<para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 175 -->
these issues.
</para>
<indexterm id='idxadvertising3' class='startofrange'><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcommercials' class='startofrange'><primary>commercials</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxtelevisionadvertisingon' class='startofrange'><primary>television</primary><secondary>advertising on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Nick and Norm anti-drug campaign</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched
a media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign produced
the world to help you get your message out. Can you be sure your
message will be heard then?
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>First Amendment to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>First Amendment</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>on television advertising bans</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>television</primary><secondary>controversy avoided by</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding
<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed
opportunity to present its case. And the courts will defend the
rights of the stations to be this biased.<footnote><para>
<!-- f34 -->
+<indexterm><primary>ABC</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Comcast</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Marijuana Policy Project</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>NBC</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>WJOA</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>WRC</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>
The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads
that directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within
the Washington, D.C., area. Comcast rejected the ads as <quote>against
agreed to run the ads and accepted payment to do so, but later decided
not to run the ads and returned the collected fees. Interview with
Neal Levine, 15 October 2003. These restrictions are, of course, not
-limited to drug policy. See, for example, Nat Ives, <quote>On the Issue of
-an Iraq War, Advocacy Ads Meet with Rejection from TV Networks,</quote> <citetitle>New
-York Times</citetitle>, 13 March 2003, C4. Outside of election-related air time
-there is very little that the FCC or the courts are willing to do to
-even the playing field. For a general overview, see Rhonda Brown, <quote>Ad
-Hoc Access: The Regulation of Editorial Advertising on Television and
-Radio,</quote> <citetitle>Yale Law and Policy Review</citetitle> 6 (1988): 449–79, and for a
-more recent summary of the stance of the FCC and the courts, see
-<citetitle>Radio-Television News Directors Association</citetitle> v. <citetitle>FCC</citetitle>, 184 F. 3d 872
+limited to drug policy. See, for example, Nat Ives, <quote>On the
+Issue of an Iraq War, Advocacy Ads Meet with Rejection from TV
+Networks,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 13 March
+2003, C4. Outside of election-related air time there is very little
+that the FCC or the courts are willing to do to even the playing
+field. For a general overview, see Rhonda Brown, <quote>Ad Hoc Access:
+The Regulation of Editorial Advertising on Television and
+Radio,</quote> <citetitle>Yale Law and Policy Review</citetitle> 6
+(1988): 449–79, and for a more recent summary of the stance of
+the FCC and the courts, see <citetitle>Radio-Television News Directors
+Association</citetitle> v. <citetitle>FCC</citetitle>, 184 F. 3d 872
(D.C. Cir. 1999). Municipal authorities exercise the same authority as
the networks. In a recent example from San Francisco, the San
Francisco transit authority rejected an ad that criticized its Muni
-diesel buses. Phillip Matier and Andrew Ross, <quote>Antidiesel Group Fuming
-After Muni Rejects Ad,</quote> SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, available at
-<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #32</ulink>. The ground
-was that the criticism was <quote>too controversial.</quote>
-<indexterm><primary>ABC</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Comcast</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Marijuana Policy Project</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>NBC</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>WJOA</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>WRC</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>
+diesel buses. Phillip Matier and Andrew Ross, <quote>Antidiesel Group
+Fuming After Muni Rejects Ad,</quote> SFGate.com, 16 June 2003,
+available at <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link
+#32</ulink>. The ground was that the criticism was <quote>too
+controversial.</quote>
</para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcommercials' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxtelevisionadvertisingon' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived
in a media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the
</row>
<row>
<entry>Noncommercial</entry>
- <entry>©/Free</entry>
+ <entry>© / Free</entry>
<entry>Free</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
notwithstanding, historically, this property right (as with all
property rights<footnote><para>
<!-- f36 -->
+<indexterm><primary>legal realist movement</primary></indexterm>
It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist
movement to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to
balance public and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, <quote>The
Disintegration of Property,</quote> in <citetitle>Nomos XXII: Property</citetitle>, J. Roland
Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds. (New York: New York University
Press, 1980).
-<indexterm><primary>legal realist movement</primary></indexterm>
</para></footnote>)
has been crafted to balance the important need to give authors and
artists incentives with the equally important need to assure access to
limits on the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very
birth of <quote>copyright</quote> as a statutory right recognized those limits, by
granting copyright owners protection for a limited time only (the
-story of chapter 6). The tradition of <quote>fair use</quote> is animated by a
-similar concern that is increasingly under strain as the costs of
-exercising any fair use right become unavoidably high (the story of
-chapter 7). Adding
+story of chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber"
+linkend="founders"/>). The tradition of <quote>fair use</quote> is
+animated by a similar concern that is increasingly under strain as the
+costs of exercising any fair use right become unavoidably high (the
+story of chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber"
+linkend="recorders"/>). Adding
<!-- PAGE BREAK 184 -->
statutory rights where markets might stifle innovation is another
-familiar limit on the property right that copyright is (chapter
-8). And granting archives and libraries a broad freedom to collect,
-claims of property notwithstanding, is a crucial part of guaranteeing
-the soul of a culture (chapter 9). Free cultures, like free markets,
-are built with property. But the nature of the property that builds a
-free culture is very different from the extremist vision that
-dominates the debate today.
+familiar limit on the property right that copyright is (chapter <xref
+xrefstyle="select: labelnumber" linkend="transformers"/>). And
+granting archives and libraries a broad freedom to collect, claims of
+property notwithstanding, is a crucial part of guaranteeing the soul
+of a culture (chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber"
+linkend="collectors"/>). Free cultures, like free markets, are built
+with property. But the nature of the property that builds a free
+culture is very different from the extremist vision that dominates the
+debate today.
</para>
<para>
Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In
work spread across the Internet. But as the law is currently crafted, this
work is presumptively illegal.
</para>
-<indexterm><primary>Worldcom</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>WorldCom</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>exaggerated claims of</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>in recording industry</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>doctors malpractice claims against</primary></indexterm>
proliferate. It is impossible to get a clear sense of what's allowed
and what's not, and at the same time, the penalties for crossing the
line are astonishingly harsh. The four students who were threatened
-by the RIAA ( Jesse Jordan of chapter 3 was just one) were threatened
-with a $98 billion lawsuit for building search engines that permitted
-songs to be copied. Yet World-Com—which defrauded investors of
-$11 billion, resulting in a loss to investors in market capitalization
-of over $200 billion—received a fine of a mere $750
+by the RIAA (Jesse Jordan of chapter <xref xrefstyle="select:
+labelnumber" linkend="catalogs"/> was just one) were threatened with a
+$98 billion lawsuit for building search engines that permitted songs
+to be copied. Yet World-Com—which defrauded investors of $11
+billion, resulting in a loss to investors in market capitalization of
+over $200 billion—received a fine of a mere $750
million.<footnote><para>
<!-- f1. -->
See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom</citetitle>
the settlement, see MCI press release, <quote>MCI Wins U.S. District Court
Approval for SEC Settlement</quote> (7 July 2003), available at
<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #37</ulink>.
-<indexterm><primary>Worldcom</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>WorldCom</primary></indexterm>
</para></footnote>
And under legislation being pushed in Congress right now, a doctor who
negligently removes the wrong leg in an operation would be liable for
competition. Yet the effect of the law today is to stifle just this
kind of competition. The effect is to produce an overregulated
culture, just as the effect of too much control in the market is to
-produce an overregulatedregulated market.
+produce an overregulated-regulated market.
</para>
<para>
The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is
<indexterm><primary>Digital Copyright (Litman)</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Litman, Jessica</primary></indexterm>
</para></footnote>
-overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 details,
+overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter
+<xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber" linkend="property-i"/> details,
when new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance
to assure that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or
statutory, licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as
here.<footnote><para>
<!-- f11. -->
<indexterm><primary>Tauzin, Billy</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Berman, Howard L.</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Hollings, Fritz</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>broadcast flag</primary></indexterm>
For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the
Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize
copyright holders from liability for damage done to computers when the
Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> 27 June 2003, 33–34,
available at
<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #44</ulink>.
-<indexterm><primary>Berman, Howard L.</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Hollings, Fritz</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>broadcast flag</primary></indexterm>
</para></footnote>
But there is one example that captures the flavor of them all. This is
the story of the demise of Internet radio.
it gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free
<!-- PAGE BREAK 239 -->
-Software Foundation (home of the GNU project that made GNU/ Linux
+Software Foundation (home of the GNU project that made GNU/Linux
possible). They included a powerful brief about the costs of
uncertainty by Intel. There were two law professors' briefs, one by
copyright scholars and one by First Amendment scholars. There was an
<para>
The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of
hilarious images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from
-my view of the case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page
-(<xref linkend="fig-18"/>). The <quote>powerful and wealthy</quote> line is a bit
+my view of the case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced in
+<xref linkend="fig-18"/>. The <quote>powerful and wealthy</quote> line is a bit
unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like that.
<indexterm><primary>Bolling, Ruben</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<figure id="fig-18">
<title>Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon</title>
-<graphic fileref="images/18.png"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png" align="center" width="95%"></graphic>
<indexterm><primary>Bolling, Ruben</primary></indexterm>
</figure>
<para>
</chapter>
<index></index>
+<colophon>
+<para>
+Free culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down
+culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig.
+</para>
+<para>
+Copyright © Lawrence Lessig. Some rights reserved.
+</para>
+<para>
+This version of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is licensed under
+a Creative Commons license. This license permits non-commercial use of
+this work, so long as attribution is given. For more information
+about the license visit
+<ulink url="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/</ulink>
+</para>
+<para>
+This digital book was published by Petter Reinholdtsen in 2015. The
+original hardcover paper book was published in 2004 by The Penguin
+Press.
+</para>
+<para>
+Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright
+Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January
+16, 2003. Copyright © 2003 by The New York Times Co. Reprinted
+with permission.
+</para>
+<para>
+Cartoon in <xref linkend="fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig"/> by Paul
+Conrad, copyright Tribune Media Services, Inc. All rights
+reserved. Reprinted with permission.
+</para>
+<para>
+Diagram in <xref linkend="fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership"/>
+courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, Michael J. Copps.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+The source of this version of the text is written using DocBook
+notation and the other formats are derived from the DocBook source.
+The DocBook source is based on a DocBook XML version created by Hans
+Schou, and extended with formatting and index references by Petter
+Reinholdtsen. The source files of this book is available as
+<ulink url="https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig">a
+github project</ulink>.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+&translationblock;
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Includes index.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Classifications: (Dewey)
+306.4
+306.40973
+306.46
+341.7582
+343.7309/9,
+(UDK) 347.78
+(US Lib. of Congress) KF2979.L47 2004
+(ACM CRCS) K.4.1
+</para>
+
+<para>
+<informaltable id="isbn">
+<tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+<thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>ISBN</entry>
+ <entry>Format / MIME-type</entry>
+ </row>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>978-82-92812-XX-Y</entry>
+ <entry>text/plain</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>978-82-92812-XX-Y</entry>
+ <entry>application/pdf</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>978-82-92812-XX-Y</entry>
+ <entry>text/html</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>978-82-92812-XX-Y</entry>
+ <entry>application/epub+zip</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>978-82-92812-XX-Y</entry>
+ <entry>application/docbook+xml</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>978-82-92812-XX-Y</entry>
+ <entry>application/x-mobipocket-ebook</entry>
+ </row>
+</tbody>
+</tgroup>
+</informaltable>
+</para>
+
+</colophon>
</book>
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / blobdiff