<indexterm id="idxanimadedcartoons" class='startofrange'>
<primary>animated cartoons</primary>
</indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcartoonfilms' class='startofrange'>
+ <primary>cartoon films</primary>
+</indexterm>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">In 1928</emphasis>, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse
made his debut in May of that year, in a silent flop called <citetitle>Plane Crazy</citetitle>.
permission. Yet today, the public domain is presumptive only for
content from before the Great Depression.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcartoonfilms' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Of course</emphasis>, Walt Disney had no monopoly on <quote>Walt Disney creativity.</quote>
Nor does America. The norm of free culture has, until recently, and
</chapter>
<chapter label="2" id="mere-copyists">
<title>CHAPTER TWO: <quote>Mere Copyists</quote></title>
+<indexterm id='idxcameratech' class='startofrange'>
+ <primary>camera technology</primary>
+</indexterm>
<indexterm id="idxphotography" class='startofrange'>
<primary>photography</primary>
</indexterm>
Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178.
</para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcameratech' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm><primary>Coe, Brian</primary></indexterm>
<para>
growth in a democratic technology of expression would have been
realized.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>camera technology</primary></indexterm>
<para>
<emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San
Francisco's Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses
</section>
<section id="cabletv">
<title>Cable TV</title>
+<indexterm id='idxcabletv1' class='startofrange'>
+ <primary>cable television</primary>
+</indexterm>
<para>
-
Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy.
</para>
<para>
companies thus built their empire in part upon a <quote>piracy</quote> of the value
created by broadcasters' content.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcabletv1' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a
common theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone
publisher or the distributor has decided it no longer makes economic
sense <emphasis>to the company</emphasis> to make it available.
</para>
+<indexterm>
+ <primary>books</primary>
+ <secondary>resales of</secondary>
+</indexterm>
<para>
In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple
<!-- PAGE BREAK 85 -->
thousands of used book and used record stores in America
today.<footnote><para>
<!-- f16 -->
-While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in
-existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States,
-an increase of 20 percent since 1993. See Book Hunter Press, <citetitle>The Quiet
-Revolution: The Expansion of the Used Book Market</citetitle> (2002), available at
-<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #19</ulink>. Used records accounted for $260 million in sales in 2002. See
- National
-Association of Recording Merchandisers, <quote>2002 Annual Survey
- Results,</quote>
-available at
+<indexterm>
+ <primary>books</primary>
+ <secondary>resales of</secondary>
+</indexterm>
+While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores
+in existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the
+United States, an increase of 20 percent since 1993. See Book Hunter
+Press, <citetitle>The Quiet Revolution: The Expansion of the Used Book
+Market</citetitle> (2002), available at
+<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #19</ulink>. Used
+records accounted for $260 million in sales in 2002. See National
+Association of Recording Merchandisers, <quote>2002 Annual Survey
+Results,</quote> available at
<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #20</ulink>.
</para></footnote>
These stores buy content from owners, then sell the content they
creativity it broadcast), Congress rejected their claim. An indirect
benefit was enough.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxcabletv2' class='startofrange'>
+ <primary>cable television</primary>
+</indexterm>
<para>
Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts
rejected the claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content
<emphasis>compensation</emphasis> without giving the past
(broadcasters) control over the future (cable).
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcabletv2' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm><primary>Betamax</primary></indexterm>
<para>
In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major
</para>
<informaltable id="t1">
-<tgroup cols="4" align="char">
+<tgroup cols="4" align="left">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>CASE</entry>
copyright. Prices of the classics were thus kept high; competition to
produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxbritishparliament' class='startofrange'>
+ <primary>British Parliament</primary>
+</indexterm>
<para>
Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who
knows a little about copyright law. The better-known year in the
only so long as it benefited society. The British saw the harms from
specialinterest favors; they passed a law to stop them.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxbooksellers' class='startofrange'>
+ <primary>booksellers, English</primary>
+</indexterm>
<para>
Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a
monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers.
culture is available to people and how they get access to it are made
by the few despite the wishes of the many.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxbooksellers' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is
antimonopoly, resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a
world where the Parliament is more pliant, free culture would be less
protected.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxbritishparliament' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm startref='idxbooksenglishlaw' class='endofrange'/>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 106 -->
</chapter>
<indexterm id='idxarchivesdigital1' class='startofrange'>
<primary>archives, digital</primary>
</indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>bots</primary></indexterm>
<para>
<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of
<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to
</para>
<indexterm><primary>railroad industry</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>camera technology</primary></indexterm>
<para>
But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it
doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because
<primary>books</primary>
<secondary>out of print</secondary>
</indexterm>
+<indexterm>
+ <primary>books</primary>
+ <secondary>resales of</secondary>
+</indexterm>
<para>
Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work
has an actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall
<title>All potential uses of a book.</title>
<graphic fileref="images/1521.png"></graphic>
</figure>
+<indexterm id='idxbooksusetypes' class='startofrange'>
+ <primary>books</primary>
+ <secondary>three types of uses of</secondary>
+</indexterm>
<para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 152 -->
Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent
sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that
are nonetheless deemed <quote>fair</quote> regardless of the copyright owner's views.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxbooksusetypes' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm>
<primary>books</primary>
<secondary>on Internet</secondary>
videos. Video Pipeline got the trailers from the film distributors, put
the trailers on tape, and sold the tapes to the retail stores.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>browsing</primary></indexterm>
<para>
The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began
to think about the Internet as another way to distribute these
because the technology builds a copy into every transaction.
</para>
<indexterm><primary>Barnes & Noble</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>browsing</primary></indexterm>
<para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 158 -->
No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for
that space to do as you wished with this part of our culture. You were
allowed to build on it as you wished without fear of legal control.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>bots</primary></indexterm>
<para>
But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally
available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots
These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its
nature.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>cable television</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John
McCain summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media
market's revenues. Overall, just four companies control 90 percent of
the nation's radio advertising revenues.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>cable television</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today,
there are six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than
</para>
<informaltable id="t2">
-<tgroup cols="3" align="char">
+<tgroup cols="3" align="left">
<thead>
<row>
<entry></entry>
</para>
<informaltable id="t3">
-<tgroup cols="3" align="char">
+<tgroup cols="3" align="left">
<thead>
<row>
<entry></entry>
</para>
<informaltable id="t4">
-<tgroup cols="3" align="char">
+<tgroup cols="3" align="left">
<thead>
<row>
<entry></entry>
</para>
<informaltable id="t5">
-<tgroup cols="3" align="char">
+<tgroup cols="3" align="left">
<thead>
<row>
<entry></entry>
</para>
<blockquote>
<indexterm><primary>BMW</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>cars, MP3 sound system in</primary></indexterm>
<para>
I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in
the car, there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW
<section id="examples">
<title>Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples</title>
+<indexterm id='browsing' class='startofrange'>
+ <primary>browsing</primary>
+</indexterm>
<para>
If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will
recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about
electronic spaces, then the friction-induced privacy of yesterday
disappears.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='browsing' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
It is this reality that explains the push of many to define <quote>privacy</quote>
on the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what
<primary>books</primary>
<secondary>out of print</secondary>
</indexterm>
+<indexterm>
+ <primary>books</primary>
+ <secondary>resales of</secondary>
+</indexterm>
<para>
Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of
print, it may still be available in libraries and used book
on-line.
</para>
<indexterm><primary>Asia, commercial piracy in</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>cable television</primary></indexterm>
<para>
This competition has already occurred against the background of <quote>free</quote>
music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known
disappeared, you will be redirected to an appropriate reference for
the material.
</para>
+
+<!-- insert endnotes here -->
+
<!--PAGE BREAK 336-->
</chapter>
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / blobdiff