msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-29 10:14+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-30 17:21+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere@hungry.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål <i18n-nb@lister.ping.uio.no>\n"
"HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL "
"CREATIVITY"
msgstr ""
-"Hvordan store mediaaktører bruker teknologi og loven til å låse ned kulturen "
+"Hvordan store medieaktører bruker teknologi og loven til å låse ned kulturen "
"og kontrollere kreativiteten"
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
msgstr ""
"<copyright> <year>2004</year> <holder>Lawrence Lessig</holder> </copyright>"
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject>
+msgid ""
+"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" width=\"100%\" align="
+"\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.svg"
+"\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject>"
+msgstr ""
+"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" width=\"100%\" align="
+"\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.svg"
+"\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase>
+msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved"
+msgstr "Creative Commons, noen rettigheter reservert"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
+msgid "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
msgid ""
"This version of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is licensed under a "
"org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/</"
"ulink>"
msgstr ""
-"Denne versjonen av <citetitle>Fri Kultur</citetitle> er lisensert med en "
+"Denne versjonen av <citetitle>Fri Kultur</citetitle> er lisensiert med en "
"Creative Commons-lisens. Denne lisensen tillater ikke-kommersiell "
"utnyttelse av verket, hvis opphavsinnehaveren er navngitt. For mer "
"informasjon om lisensen, klikk på ikonet over eller besøk <ulink url="
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para>
msgid ""
-"LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org/\">http://www.lessig."
-"org</ulink>), professor of law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty "
-"Scholar at Stanford Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for "
-"Internet and Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons (<ulink url="
-"\"http://creativecommons.org/\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). The "
-"author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other Laws "
-"of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of the "
+"LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org\">http://www.lessig.org</"
+"ulink>), professor of law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty Scholar "
+"at Stanford Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for Internet and "
+"Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons (<ulink url=\"http://"
+"creativecommons.org\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). The author of "
+"The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other Laws of "
+"Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of the "
"Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and Public "
"Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free Software Foundation's Award for the "
"Advancement of Free Software, twice listed in BusinessWeek's \"e.biz 25,\" "
"Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of "
"Appeals."
msgstr ""
-"Lawrense Lessig (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org/\">http://www.lessig."
-"org</ulink>), professor i juss og en John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty "
-"Scholar ved Stanford Law School, er stifteren av Stanford Center for "
-"
Internet and Society og styreleder i Creative Commons (<ulink url=\"http://"
-"creativecommons.org/\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). Forfatteren har "
+"Lawrense Lessig (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org\">http://www.lessig.org</"
+"ulink>), professor i juss og en John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty Scholar "
+"ved Stanford Law School, er stifteren av Stanford Center for Internet and "
+"Society og styreleder i Creative Commons (<ulink url=\"http://"
+"creativecommons.org\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). Forfatteren har "
"gitt ut The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) og Code: And other Laws of "
"Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), og er medlem av styrene i Public Library of "
"Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, og Public Knowledge. Han har "
"Til Eric Eldred — hvis arbeid først trakk meg til denne saken, og for "
"hvem saken fortsetter."
-#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para><figure><title>
-msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved"
-msgstr "Creative Commons, noen rettigheter reservert"
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para><figure>
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>"
-msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>"
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para>
-msgid "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>"
-msgstr "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>"
-
#. type: Content of: <book><lot><title>
msgid "List of figures"
msgstr "Figurliste"
"endringene jeg beskriver påvirker verdier som begge sider av vår politiske "
"kultur anser som grunnleggende."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Safire, William"
msgstr "Safire, William"
msgstr ""
"Vi så et glimt av dette tverrpolitiske raseri på forsommeren i 2003. Da FCC "
"vurderte endringer i reglene for medieeierskap som ville slakke på "
-"begrensningene rundt mediakonsentrasjon, sendte en ekstraordinær koalisjon "
+"begrensningene rundt mediekonsentrasjon, sendte en ekstraordinær koalisjon "
"mer enn 700 000 brev til FCC for å motsette seg endringen. Mens William "
"Safire beskrev å marsjere \"ubehagelig sammen med CodePink Women for Peace "
"and the National Rifle Association, mellom liberale Olympia Snowe og "
"inngå en eksklusiv avtale med Delta Airlines? Kan vi gjennomføre en auksjon "
"for å finne ut hvor mye disse rettighetene er verdt?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
msgstr "Causby, Thomas Lee"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Causby, Tinie"
msgstr "Causby, Tinie"
"Dette er ikke det eneste formålet med opphavsrett, men det er helt klart "
"hovedformålet med opphavsretten slik den er etablert i føderal grunnlov. "
"Opphavsrettslovene i delstatene beskyttet historisk ikke bare kommersielle "
-"interesse når det gjalt publikasjoner, men også personverninteresser. Ved å "
-"gi forfattere eneretten til å publisere først, ga delstatenes "
+"interesse når det gjaldt publikasjoner, men også personverninteresser. Ved "
+"å gi forfattere eneretten til å publisere først, ga delstatenes "
"opphavsrettslovene forfatterne makt til å kontrollere spredningen av fakta "
"om seg selv. Se Samuel D. Warren og Louis Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy"
"\", Harvard Law Review 4 (1890): 193, 198–200. <placeholder type="
"internettets \"pirater\" også fjerne verdier fra vår kultur som har vært "
"integrert til vår tradisjon helt fra starten."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
"Unfortunately, we are also seeing an extraordinary rise of regulation of "
"this creative class."
msgstr ""
-"Men da internettet dukket opp, forsvant denne naturlige begresningen til "
+"Men da internettet dukket opp, forsvant denne naturlige begrensningen til "
"lovens virkeområde. Loven kontrollerer ikke bare kreativiteten til "
"kommersielle skapere, men effektivt sett kreativiteten til alle. Selv om "
"utvidelsen ikke ville bety stort hvis opphavsrettsloven kun regulerte "
"obskurt som den gjør. Byrden denne loven gir oppveier nå langt fordelene "
"den ga da den ble vedtatt—helt klart slik den påvirker ikke-"
"kommersiell kreativitet, og i stadig større grad slik den påvirker "
-"kommersiell kreativitet. Dermed, slik vi ser klarere i kapittlene som "
+"kommersiell kreativitet. Dermed, slik vi ser klarere i kapitlene som "
"følger, er lovens rolle mindre og mindre å støtte kreativitet, og mer og mer "
"å beskytte enkelte industrier mot konkurranse. Akkurat på tidspunktet da "
"digital teknologi kunne sluppet løs en ekstraordinær mengde med kommersiell "
"og ikke-kommersiell kreativitet, tynger loven denne kreativiteten med "
"sinnsykt kompliserte og vage regler og med trusselen om uanstendig harde "
"straffer. Vi ser kanskje, som Richard Florida skriver, \"Fremveksten av den "
-"kreative klasse\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Desverre ser vi "
+"kreative klasse\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Dessverre ser vi "
"også en ekstraordinær fremvekst av reguleringer av denne kreative klassen."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
"test in the summer of 1928, the results were unambiguous. As Disney "
"describes that first experiment,"
msgstr ""
-"Film med sykronisert lyd hadde blitt introdusert et år tidligere i filmen "
+"Film med synkronisert lyd hadde blitt introdusert et år tidligere i filmen "
"<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. Suksessen fikk Walt Disney til å "
"kopiere teknikken og mikse lyd med tegnefilm. Ingen visste hvorvidt det "
"ville virke eller ikke, og om det fungere, hvorvidt publikum villa ha sans "
-"for det. Men da Disney gjorde en test sommeren 1928, var resutlatet "
+"for det. Men da Disney gjorde en test sommeren 1928, var resultatet "
"entydig. Som Disney beskriver dette første eksperimentet,"
#. PAGE BREAK 35
"whistles on the beat. The synchronization was pretty close."
msgstr ""
"Guttene brukte et note- og lydeffekt-ark. Etter noen dårlige oppstarter, "
-"kom endelig lyd og handlig i gang med et smell. Munnspilleren spilte "
+"kom endelig lyd og handling i gang med et smell. Munnspilleren spilte "
"melodien, og resten av oss i lydavdelingen slamret på tinnkasseroller og "
"blåste på slide-fløyte til rytmen. Synkroniseringen var nesten helt riktig."
"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
"Effekten på vårt lille publikum var intet mindre enn elektrisk. De reagerte "
-"nesten instiktivt til denne union av lyd og bevegelse. Jeg trodde de tullet "
-"med meg. Så de puttet meg i publikum og satte igang på nytt. Det var "
-"
grufult, men det var fantastisk. Og det var noe nytt!<placeholder type="
+"nesten instinktivt til denne union av lyd og bevegelse. Jeg trodde de "
+"tullet med meg. Så de puttet meg i publikum og satte igang på nytt. Det "
+"
var grufullt, men det var fantastisk. Og det var noe nytt!<placeholder type="
"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
"bedtime or anytime."
msgstr ""
"Noen ganger var låningen begrenset, og noen ganger var den betydelig. Tenkt "
-"på eventurene til brødrene Grimm. Hvis du er like ubevisst som jeg var, så "
+"på eventyrene til brødrene Grimm. Hvis du er like ubevisst som jeg var, så "
"tror du sannsynlighvis at disse fortellingene er glade, søte historier som "
"passer for ethvert barn ved leggetid. Realiteten er at Grimm-eventyrene er, "
"for oss, ganske dystre. Det er noen sjeldne og kanskje spesielt ambisiøse "
"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Inntil 1976 ga opphavsrettsloven en forfatter to mulige verneperioder: en "
-"initiell periode, og en fornyingsperiode. Jeg har beregnet "
-"\"gjennomsnittelig\" vernetid ved å finne vektet gjennomsnitt av de totale "
-"registreringer for et gitt år, og andelen fornyinger. Hvis 100 "
-"opphavsretter ble registrert i år 1, bare 15 av dem ble fornyet, og "
-"fornyingsvernetiden er 28 år, så er gjennomsnittelig vernetid 32,2 år. "
-"Fornyingsdata og andre relevante data ligger på nettsidene tilknyttet denne "
-"boka, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</"
-"ulink>."
+"initiell periode, og en fornyingsperiode. Jeg har beregnet \"gjennomsnittlig"
+"\" vernetid ved å finne vektet gjennomsnitt av de totale registreringer for "
+"et gitt år, og andelen fornyinger. Hvis 100 opphavsretter ble registrert i "
+"år 1, bare 15 av dem ble fornyet, og fornyingsvernetiden er 28 år, så er "
+"gjennomsnittelig vernetid 32,2 år. Fornyingsdata og andre relevante data "
+"ligger på nettsidene tilknyttet denne boka, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"ways required the permission of the copyright owner."
msgstr ""
"I 1928 var kulturen som Disney fritt kunne trekke veksler på relativt "
-"fersk. Allemannseie i 1928 var ikke veldig gammelt og var dermed "
-"ganske levende. Gjennomsnittelig vernetid i opphavsretten var bare "
-"rundt tredve år—for den lille delen av kreative verk som faktisk "
-"var opphavsrettsbeskyttet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
-"Det betyr at i tredve år, i gjennomsnitt, hadde forfattere eller "
-"kreative verkers opphavsrettighetsinnehaver en \"eksklusiv rett\" til "
-"a kontrollere bestemte typer bruk av verket. For å bruke disse "
-"opphavsvernsbeskyttede verkene på de begrensede måtene krevde "
-"tillatelse fra opphavsrettsinnehaveren."
+"fersk. Allemannseie i 1928 var ikke veldig gammelt og var dermed ganske "
+"levende. Gjennomsnittelig vernetid i opphavsretten var bare rundt tredve "
+"år—for den lille delen av kreative verk som faktisk var "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det betyr at "
+"i tredve år, i gjennomsnitt, hadde forfattere eller kreative verks "
+"opphavsrettighetsinnehaver en \"eksklusiv rett\" til a kontrollere bestemte "
+"typer bruk av verket. For å bruke disse opphavsrettsbeskyttede verkene på "
+"de begrensede måtene krevde tillatelse fra opphavsrettsinnehaveren."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Dette er slik det alltid har vært—inntil ganske nylig. For "
"mesteparten av vår historie, har allemannseiet vært like over horisonten. "
-"Fram til 1978 var den gjennomsnittelige opphavsrettslige vernetiden aldri "
-"mer enn trettito år, som gjorde at det meste av kultur fra en og en halv "
+"Fram til 1978 var den gjennomsnittlige opphavsrettslige vernetiden aldri mer "
+"enn trettito år, som gjorde at det meste av kultur fra en og en halv "
"generasjon tidligere var tilgjengelig for enhver å bygge på uten tillatelse "
-"fra noen. Tilsvarende for i dag ville være at kreative verker fra 1960- ot "
+"fra noen. Tilsvarende for i dag ville være at kreative verker fra 1960- og "
"1970-tallet nå ville være fritt tilgjengelig for de neste Walt Disney å "
"bygge på uten tillatelse. Men i dag er allemannseie presumtivt kun for "
"innhold fra før mellomkrigstiden."
"citetitle>, eller tegneserier. Japanerne er fanatiske når det gjelder "
"tegneserier. Over 40 prosent av publikasjoner er tegneserier, og 30 prosent "
"av publikasjonsomsetningen stammer fra tegneserier. De er over alt i det "
-"japanske samfunnet, tilgjengelig fra ethver tidsskriftsutsalg, og i hendene "
+"japanske samfunnet, tilgjengelig fra ethvert tidsskriftsutsalg, og i hendene "
"på en stor andel av pendlere på Japans ekstraordinære system for offentlig "
"transport."
"ways, the Japanese in this interestingly different way."
msgstr ""
"Amerikanere har en tendens til å se ned på denne formen for kultur. Det er "
-"et lite attraktivt kjennetegn hos oss. Vi misforstår sansynligvis mye rundt "
-"manga, pgå grunn av at få av oss noen gang har lest noe som ligner på "
+"et lite attraktivt kjennetegn hos oss. Vi misforstår sannsynligvis mye "
+"rundt manga, på grunn av at få av oss noen gang har lest noe som ligner på "
"historiene i disse \"grafiske historiene\" forteller. For en japaner dekker "
"manga ethvert aspekt ved det sosiale liv. For oss er tegneserier \"menn i "
"strømpebukser\". Og uansett er det ikke slik at T-banen i New York er full "
"tegneserier, men de er slags etterapings-tegneserier. En rik etikk styrer "
"de som skaper doujinshi. Det er ikke doujinshi hvis det <emphasis>bare</"
"emphasis> er en kopi. Kunstneren må gjøre et bidrag til kunsten han "
-"kopierer ved å omforme det entet subtilt eller betydelig. En doujinshi-"
+"kopierer ved å omforme det enten subtilt eller betydelig. En doujinshi-"
"tegneserie kan dermed ta en massemarkeds-tegneserie og utvikle den i en "
"annen retning—med en annen historie-linje. Eller tegneserien kan "
"beholde figuren som seg selv men endre litt på utseendet. Det er ingen "
msgstr ""
"Disse etterapings-tegneseriene er ikke en liten del av manga-markedet. Det "
"er enorme. Mer en 33 000 \"sirkler\" av skapere over hele Japan som "
-"produserer disse bitene av Walt Disney-kreativitet. Mer en 450 000 "
-"japanesere samles to ganger i året, i den største offentlige samlingen i "
-"langet, for å bytte og selge dem. Dette markedet er parallellt med det "
-"kommersielle massemarkeds-manga-markedet. På noen måter konkurrerer det "
-"åpenbart med det markedet, men det er ingen vedvarende innsats fra de som "
-"kontrollerer det kommersielle manga-markedet for å stenge doujinshi-"
-"markedet. Det blostrer, på tross av konkurransen og til tross for loven."
+"produserer disse bitene av Walt Disney-kreativitet. Mer en 450 000 japanere "
+"samles to ganger i året, i den største offentlige samlingen i langet, for å "
+"bytte og selge dem. Dette markedet er parallelt med det kommersielle "
+"massemarkeds-manga-markedet. På noen måter konkurrerer det åpenbart med det "
+"markedet, men det er ingen vedvarende innsats fra de som kontrollerer det "
+"kommersielle manga-markedet for å stenge doujinshi-markedet. Det blomstrer, "
+"på tross av konkurransen og til tross for loven."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Everyone would be worse off if doujinshi were banned, so the law does not "
"ban doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+"Normen i Japan reduserer denne juridiske utfordringen. Noen sier at det "
+"nettopp er den oppsamlede fordelen i det japanske mangamarkedet som "
+"forklarer denne reduksjonen. Jussprofessor Salil Mehra ved Temple "
+"University hypotiserer for eksempel med at manga-markedet aksepterer disse "
+"teoretiske bruddene fordi de får mangamarkedet til å bli rikere og mer "
+"produktivt. Alle ville få det verre hvis doujinshi ble bannlyst, så loven "
+"bannlyser ikke doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Problemet med denne historien, derimot, og som Mehra helt klart erkjenner, "
"er at mekanismen som produserer denne \"hold hendene borte\"-responsen ikke "
-"er forstått. Det kan godt væræ at markedet som helhet gjør det bedre hvis "
+"er forstått. Det kan godt være at markedet som helhet gjør det bedre hvis "
"doujinshi tillates i stedet for å bannlyse den, men det forklarer likevel "
"ikke hvorfor individuelle opphavsrettsinnehavere ikke saksøker. Hvis loven "
"ikke har et generelt unntak for doujinshi, og det finnes faktisk noen "
"afternoon. There \"just aren't enough resources to prosecute cases like this."
"\""
msgstr ""
-"Jeg var fire nydelige måneder i Japan, og jeg stillte dette spørsmål så ofte "
+"Jeg var fire nydelige måneder i Japan, og jeg stilte dette spørsmål så ofte "
"som jeg kunne. Kanskje det beste svaret til slutt kom fra en venn i et "
"større japansk advokatfirma. \"Vi har ikke nok advokater\", fortalte han meg "
"en ettermiddag. Det er \"bare ikke nok ressurser til å tiltale tilfeller "
msgstr ""
"Dette er et tema vi kommer tilbake til: at lovens regulering både er en "
"funksjon av ordene i bøkene, og kostnadene med å få disse ordene til å ha "
-"effekt. Akkurat nå er er det endel åpenbare spørsmål som presser seg frem: "
+"effekt. Akkurat nå er det endel åpenbare spørsmål som presser seg frem: "
"Ville Japan gjøre det bedre med flere advokater? Ville manga være rikere "
-"hvis doujinshi-kunstnere ble regelmessig rettsforfulgt? Ville japan vinne "
+"hvis doujinshi-kunstnere ble regelmessig rettsforfulgt? Ville Japan vinne "
"noe viktig hvis de kunne stoppe praksisen med deling uten kompensasjon? "
"Skader piratvirksomhet ofrene for piratvirksomheten, eller hjelper den dem? "
"Ville advokaters kamp mot denne piratvirksomheten hjelpe deres klienter, "
msgstr "Vaidhyanathan, Siva"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The term <citetitle>intellectual property</citetitle> is of relatively "
"recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</"
"secret—but the nature of those rights is very different. <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"begrepet immaterielle er relativt nylige opprinnelsesland. se siva "
-"vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 11 (new york: new york university "
-"press, 2001). Se også lawrence lessig, fremtiden for idéer (new york: random "
-"house, 2001), 293 n. 26. begrepet beskriver nøyaktig et sett med rettigheter "
-"for \"eiendom\"—opphavsrett, patenter, varemerker, og "
-"forretningshemmeligheter— men innholdet av disse rettighetene er svært "
-"forskjellige."
+"Begrepet <citetitle>immateriell eiendom</citetitle> er av "
+"relativ ny opprinnelse. Se See Siva Vaidhyanathan, "
+"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 11 (New York: New "
+"York University Press, 2001). Se også Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>The "
+"Future of Ideas</citetitle> (New York: Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. "
+"Begrepet presist beskriver et sett med "
+"\"eiendoms\"-rettigheter—opphavsretter, patenter, varemerker og "
+"forretningshemmeligheter—men egenskapene til disse rettighetene "
+"er svært forskjellige.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"diverse society cannot survive without property; a large, diverse, and "
"modern society cannot flourish without intellectual property."
msgstr ""
+"Vi lever i en verden som feirer \"eiendom\". Jeg er en av de som feierer. "
+"Jeg tror på verdien av eiendom generelt, og jeg tror også på verdien av den "
+"sære formen for eiendom som advokater kaller \"immateriell eiendom"
+"\".<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Et stort og variert samfunn kan "
+"ikke overleve uten eiendom, og et moderne samfunn kan ikke blomstre uten "
+"immaterielle eierrettigheter."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"our tradition does not treat those takings as wrong. Some things remain free "
"for the taking within a free culture, and that freedom is good."
msgstr ""
-"Dermed, selv om de tingene som Disney tok—eller mer generellt, tingene "
+"Dermed, selv om de tingene som Disney tok—eller mer generelt, tingene "
"som blir tatt av enhver som utøver Walt Disney-kreativitet—er "
"verdifulle, så anser ikke vår tradisjon det som galt å ta disse tingene. "
"Noen ting forblir frie til å bli tatt i en fri kultur og denne friheten er "
"bra."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a "
"publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest "
"stolen something of value. The law bans that stealing in whatever form, "
"whether large or small."
msgstr ""
-"det samme med doujinshi kultur. Hvis en doujinshi artist brøt inn i en "
-"publisher office og kjørte med tusen eksemplarer av hans siste verk— "
-"eller selv en kopi—uten å betale, ville vi har ingen nøle i sier "
-"kunstneren var galt. i tillegg til å ha begått, ville han har stjålet noe av "
-"verdi. lov forbud at stjele i enhver form, enten store eller små."
+"Det er det samme med doujinshi-kulturen. Hvis en doujinshi-kunstner brøt "
+"seg inn på kontoret til en forlegger, og stakk av med tusen kopier av hans "
+"siste verk—eller bare en kopi—uten å betale, så ville vi uten å "
+"nøle si at kunstneren har gjort noe galt. I tillegg til å ha trengt seg inn "
+"på andres eiendom, ville han ha stjålet noe av verdi. Loven forbyr stjeling "
+"i enhver form, uansett hvor stort eller lite som blir tatt."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"synes det er vanskelig å forklare hvorfor."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin "
"to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking "
"goes through cycles with a certain kind of movie: five asteroid films in the "
"late 1990s; two volcano disaster films in 1997."
msgstr ""
-"Det er det samme med tusen eksempler som vises overalt når du begynner å se. "
-"forskere bygge på arbeidet til andre forskere uten å be om eller betale for "
-"privilegiet. (\"Unnskyld meg, professor einstein, men kanskje jeg har "
-"tillatelse til å bruke ditt Relativitetsteorien for å vise at du var galt om "
-"quantum fysikk?\") fungerende virksomheter utfører bearbeidelser av verk av "
-"shakespeare uten sikring tillatelse fra noen. (mener noen shakespeare ville "
-"være bedre spredt i vår kultur Hvis det var en sentral shakespeare "
-"rettigheter clearinghouse som alle produksjoner Shakespeare må appellere til "
-"første?) og hollywood går gjennom sykluser med en bestemt type film: fem "
-"asteroider filmer inne det sen 1990s; to vulkanen katastrofe filmer i 1997."
+"Det er det same med tusen eksempler som dukker opp over alt med en "
+"gang en begynner å se etter dem. Forskene bygger på arbeidet til "
+"andre forskere uten å spørre eller betale for privilegiet. (\"Unnskyld "
+"meg, professor Einstein, men kan jeg få tillatelse til å bruke din "
+"relativitetsteori til å vise at du tok feil om kvantefysikk?\") "
+"Teatertropper viser frem bearbeidelser av verkene til Shapespere uten "
+"å sikre seg noen tillatelser. (Er det <emphasis>noen</emphasis> som "
+"tror at Shakespeare ville vært mer spredt i vår kultur om det var et "
+"sentralt rettighetsklareringskontor for Shakespeare som alle som laget "
+"Shakespear-produksjoner måtte appelere til først?) Og Hollywood går "
+"igjennom sykluser med en bestemt type filmer: fem astroidefilmer i "
+"slutten av 1990-tallet, to vulkamkatastrofefilmer i 1997."
#. PAGE BREAK 43
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the "
"creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is "
"bit of its culture free for the taking—free societies more fully than "
"unfree, perhaps, but all societies to some degree."
msgstr ""
-"skaperne er her og overalt alltid og på alle ganger bygge på kreativitet som "
-"gikk før og som omgir dem nå. at bygningen er alltid og overalt i det minste "
-"delvis gjort uten tillatelse, og uten kompenserende den opprinnelige "
-"skaperen. Ingen samfunnet, gratis eller kontrollert og har noensinne krevd "
-"at hver bruk betales for eller tillatelsen for walt disney kreativitet må "
-"alltid bli søkt. i stedet alle samfunn har forlatt en bestemt bit av sin "
-"kultur som er gratis for å ta—gratis samfunn nærmere enn fri, kanskje, "
-"men alle samfunn til en viss grad."
+"Skapere her og overalt har alltid og til alle tider bygd på "
+"kreativiteten som eksisterte før og som omringer dem nå. Denne "
+"byggingen er alltid og overalt i det minste delvis gjort uten "
+"tillatelse og uten å kompensere den opprinnelige skaperen. Intet "
+"samfunn, fritt eller kontrollert, har noen gang krevd at enhver bruk "
+"skulle bli betalt for eller at tillatelse for Walt Disney-kreativitet "
+"alltid måtte skaffes. Istedet har ethvert samfunn latt en bestemt bit "
+"av sin kultur være fritt tilgjenglig for alle å ta—frie samfunn "
+"muligens i større grad enn ufrie, men en viss grad i alle samfunn."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is "
"free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is "
"musicians generally, whether white or not? To filmmakers generally, whether "
"affiliated with a studio or not?"
msgstr ""
-"Det vanskelige spørsmålet er derfor ikke <emphasis>om</emphasis> en kultur "
-"er fri. Alle kulturer er frie til en viss grad. Det vanskelige spørsmålet "
-"er i stedet \"<emphasis>hvor</emphasis> fri er denne kulturen?\" hvor mye og "
-"hvordan forstand, er kultur som er gratis for andre å ta, og bygge på? er "
-"den hvordan forstand, er kultur som er friheten begrenset til partiets "
-"medlemmer? til medlemmer av kongefamilien? til topp ti selskaper på new york "
-"stock exchange? eller er at frihet spredt bredt? til kunstnere vanligvis "
-"enten tilknyttet av the met eller ikke? til musikere vanligvis om hvit eller "
-"ikke? til filmskapere vanligvis enten tilknyttet et studio eller ikke?"
+"Det vanskelige spørsmålet er derfor ikke <emphasis>om</emphasis> en "
+"kultur er fri. Alle kulturer er frie til en viss grad. Det vanskelige "
+"spørsmålet er i stedet \"<emphasis>hvor</emphasis> fri er denne "
+"kulturen er?\" Hvor mye og hvor bredt, er kulturen fritt tilgjengelig "
+"for andre å ta, og bygge på? Er den friheten begrenset til "
+"partimedlemmer? Til medlemmer av kongefamilien? Til de ti største "
+"selskapene på New York-børsen? Eller er at frihet bredt tilgjengelig? "
+"Til kunstnere generelt, uansett om de er tilknyttet til nasjonalmuseet "
+"eller ikke? Til musikere generelt, uansett om de er hvite eller ikke? "
+"Til filmskapere generelt, uansett om de er tilknyttet et studio eller "
+"ikke?"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"koreograferte i måten vi er stadig mer vant til det, \"nyheter som "
"underholdning,\" selv om underholdning er tragedie."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><
para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "ABC"
msgstr "ABC"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. "
-"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter 10) has "
-"developed a powerful argument in favor of the \"right to tinker\" as it "
-"applies to computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder type="
-"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or more "
-"fundamental. It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, because "
-"of the law."
+"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>) has developed a "
+"powerful argument in favor of the \"right to tinker\" as it applies to "
+"computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or more fundamental. "
+"It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, because of the law."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter "
-"9, quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence."
+"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, quipped to "
+"me in a rare moment of despondence."
msgstr ""
"\"ingen måte å kjøre en kultur\" som brewster kahle, hvem vil vi møtes i "
"kapittel 9, quipped til meg i en sjelden øyeblikk av despondence."
"de betalte komponist (eller opphavsrettsinnehaver) gebyr som er angitt av "
"Vedtektene."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr "Grisham, John"
"opphavsretten internasjonalt. Vi kan ha vært født en pirat nasjon, men vi "
"tillater ikke noen annen nasjon til å ha en lignende barndom."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Drahos, Peter"
msgstr "Drahos, Peter"
"these nations, this piracy is wrong."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr "Liebowitz, Stan"
"for en tid-teknologien, er det galt å ta eiendom uten tillatelse fra eieren "
"av en egenskap. Det er akkurat hva \"property\" betyr."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
msgstr "Hvordan balanserer disse ulike delingstypene?"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148–49. <placeholder "
-#| "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgid ""
"See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, "
"148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Se Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148–49. <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Se Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, "
+"148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
msgid ""
"For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much "
"of the \"piracy\" that file sharing enables is plainly legal and good. And "
-"like the piracy I described in chapter 4, much of this piracy is motivated "
-"by a new way of spreading content caused by changes in the technology of "
-"distribution. Thus, consistent with the tradition that gave us Hollywood, "
-"radio, the recording industry, and cable TV, the question we should be "
-"asking about file sharing is how best to preserve its benefits while "
-"minimizing (to the extent possible) the wrongful harm it causes artists. The "
-"question is one of balance. The law should seek that balance, and that "
-"balance will be found only with time."
+"like the piracy I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber"
+"\" linkend=\"pirates\"/>, much of this piracy is motivated by a new way of "
+"spreading content caused by changes in the technology of distribution. Thus, "
+"consistent with the tradition that gave us Hollywood, radio, the recording "
+"industry, and cable TV, the question we should be asking about file sharing "
+"is how best to preserve its benefits while minimizing (to the extent "
+"possible) the wrongful harm it causes artists. The question is one of "
+"balance. The law should seek that balance, and that balance will be found "
+"only with time."
msgstr ""
"for i motsetning til piratkopiering jeg beskrevet i den første delen av "
"dette kapitlet, er mye av \"piratkopiering\" det arkiv deler aktiverer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" "
-#| "was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute "
-#| "of Anne, there was no other legislation governing copyrights. The last "
-#| "law regulating publishers, the Licensing Act of 1662, had expired in "
-#| "1695. That law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as a way to "
-#| "make it easier for the Crown to control what was published. But after it "
-#| "expired, there was no positive law that said that the publishers, or "
-#| "\"Stationers,\" had an exclusive right to print books."
msgid ""
"The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" "
"was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of "
"was no positive law that said that the publishers, or \"Stationers,\" had an "
"exclusive right to print books. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Årsaken var ganske enkelt at engelskmennene ikke hadde bestemt hva "
+"Årsaken var ganske enkelt at engelskmennene ennå ikke hadde bestemt hva "
"opphavsrett innebar -- faktisk hadde ingen i verden det. På den tiden da "
"engelskmennene vedtok \"Statute of Anne\", var det ingen annen lovgivning om "
"opphavsrett. Den siste loven som regulerte utgivere var lisensieringsloven "
"av 1662, utløpt i 1695. At loven ga utgiverne monopol over publiseringen, "
"noe som gjorde det enklere for kronen å kontrollere hva ble publisert. Men "
"etter at det har utløpt, var det ingen positiv lov som sa at utgiverne hadde "
-"en eksklusiv rett til å trykke bøker."
+"en eksklusiv rett til å trykke bøker. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Gates, Bill"
msgstr "Gates, Bill"
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
-#| "Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 (1997): 87."
msgid ""
"See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
"Environmentalism for the Net?\" <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</citetitle> 47 "
"(1997): 87."
msgstr ""
-"Se, for eksempel, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
-"Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 (1997): 87."
+"Se for eksempel James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
+"Environmentalism for the Net?\" <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</citetitle> 47 "
+"(1997): 87."
#. PAGE BREAK 141
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in "
-"chapter 6, the English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a "
-"few would not exercise disproportionate control over culture by exercising "
+"chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the "
+"English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a few would not "
+"exercise disproportionate control over culture by exercising "
"disproportionate control over publishing. We can assume the framers followed "
"the English for a similar purpose. Indeed, unlike the English, the framers "
"reinforced that objective, by requiring that copyrights extend \"to Authors"
"endringer, så vel som ordrett opprinnelige arbeidet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, July/August "
-#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</"
-#| "ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgid ""
"Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" <citetitle>Legal Affairs</"
"citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
"cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, juli/august 2003, "
-"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</"
-"ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" <citetitle>Legal Affairs</"
+"citetitle>, julu/august 2003,tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary "
-#| "Problems 44 (1981): 172–73."
msgid ""
"See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" <citetitle>Law and "
"Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73."
msgstr ""
-"Se David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary "
-"Problems 44 (1981): 172–73."
+"Se David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" <citetitle>Law and "
+"Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"ville ikke få humor av the marx brothers. Konsekvensen av dette er overhodet "
"ikke morsomt."
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Adobe eBook Reader"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr "La oss se på livet til min Adobe eBook Reader."
"artikkel om rupert murdoch,"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): "
-#| "89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgid ""
"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" <citetitle>Atlantic Monthly</"
"citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (september 2003): "
-"89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" <citetitle>Atlantic Monthly</"
+"
citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
#. f32
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 "
-#| "April 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-#| "\">link #76</ulink>."
msgid ""
"\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill "
"Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available "
"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"For eksempel, se, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April "
-"2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#76</ulink>."
+"\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill "
+"Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, redigert avskrift "
+"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</"
+"ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
msgid "Marijuana Policy Project"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "NBC"
+msgstr "NBC"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "WJOA"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "WJOA"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "WRC"
+msgstr "WRC"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. The ground was that the criticism was "
"\"too controversial.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"2\"/>"
+"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
"also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it "
"regulates just now) noncommercial copying and, especially, noncommercial "
"transformation. And increasingly, for the reasons sketched especially in "
-"chapters 7 and 8, one might well wonder whether it does more harm than good "
-"for commercial transformation. More commercial transformative work would be "
-"created if derivative rights were more sharply restricted."
+"chapters <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/> and "
+"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"transformers\"/>, one "
+"might well wonder whether it does more harm than good for commercial "
+"transformation. More commercial transformative work would be created if "
+"derivative rights were more sharply restricted."
msgstr ""
"Jeg har ingen tvil om at den gjør bra i regulerer kommersielle kopiering. "
"men jeg har ingen tvil om at det gjør mer skade enn bra når regulerer (som "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 "
-#| "November 2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-#| "\">link #8</ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22 November 2000, available at <ulink "
-#| "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>."
msgid ""
"See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" <citetitle>Wired</"
"citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
"notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For an overview of the exhibition, see <ulink url="
"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"Se Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4. november "
-"2000, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #8</"
-"ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22. november 2000, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
-"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>."
+"Se Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" <citetitle>Wired</"
+"citetitle>, 7. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For en oversikt over utstillingen, se <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing "
-"law. I described that change in detail in chapter 10. But an even bigger "
-"part has to do with the increasing ease with which infractions can be "
-"tracked. As users of file-sharing systems discovered in 2002, it is a "
-"trivial matter for copyright owners to get courts to order Internet service "
-"providers to reveal who has what content. It is as if your cassette tape "
-"player transmitted a list of the songs that you played in the privacy of "
-"your own home that anyone could tune into for whatever reason they chose."
+"law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: "
+"labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>. But an even bigger part has to do "
+"with the increasing ease with which infractions can be tracked. As users of "
+"file-sharing systems discovered in 2002, it is a trivial matter for "
+"copyright owners to get courts to order Internet service providers to reveal "
+"who has what content. It is as if your cassette tape player transmitted a "
+"list of the songs that you played in the privacy of your own home that "
+"anyone could tune into for whatever reason they chose."
msgstr ""
"en del av årsaken til denne frykten for illegality har å gjøre med endring "
"loven. jeg beskrevet den endringen i detalj i kapittel 10. men en enda "
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described "
-"in chapter 7, in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, "
-"I have been lectured again and again by lawyers who insist Else's use was "
-"fair use, and hence I am wrong to say that the law regulates such a use."
+"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, "
+"in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, I have been "
+"lectured again and again by lawyers who insist Else's use was fair use, and "
+"hence I am wrong to say that the law regulates such a use."
msgstr ""
"advokater se sjelden dette fordi advokater er sjelden empirisk. som jeg "
"beskrevet i kapittel 7, som svar på historien om dokumentar filmskaper jon "
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy "
-"that I described in chapter 10. The consequence of this massive threat of "
-"liability tied to the murky boundaries of copyright law is that innovators "
-"who want to innovate in this space can safely innovate only if they have the "
-"sign-off from last generation's dominant industries. That lesson has been "
-"taught through a series of cases that were designed and executed to teach "
-"venture capitalists a lesson. That lesson—what former Napster CEO Hank "
-"Barry calls a \"nuclear pall\" that has fallen over the Valley—has "
-"been learned."
+"that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend="
+"\"property-i\"/>. The consequence of this massive threat of liability tied "
+"to the murky boundaries of copyright law is that innovators who want to "
+"innovate in this space can safely innovate only if they have the sign-off "
+"from last generation's dominant industries. That lesson has been taught "
+"through a series of cases that were designed and executed to teach venture "
+"capitalists a lesson. That lesson—what former Napster CEO Hank Barry "
+"calls a \"nuclear pall\" that has fallen over the Valley—has been "
+"learned."
msgstr ""
"Dette er single mest dramatiske effekten av skiftet i regulatoriske strategi "
"som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10. konsekvens av denne massiv trussel av "
msgstr "Needleman, Rafe"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16 June "
-#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</"
-#| "ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example. "
-#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgid ""
"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business 2.0</"
"citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
"notes/\">link #43</ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this "
"example. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16. juni 2003, "
-"tilgjengelig via <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</"
-"ulink>. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot for dette eksemplet. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business 2.0</"
+"citetitle>, 16. juni 2003, tilgjengelig via <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot "
+"
for dette eksemplet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
-"As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as "
-"regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica "
-"Litman in her book <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle>,<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. "
-"As chapter 10 details, when new technologies have come along, Congress has "
-"struck a balance to assure that the new is protected from the old. "
-"Compulsory, or statutory, licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free "
-"use (as in the case of the VCR) has been another."
+"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend="
+"\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, and "
+"subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica Litman in her book "
+"<citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle>,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 details, "
+"when new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance to "
+"assure that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or statutory, "
+"licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the case of "
+"the VCR) has been another."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the "
-"recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he "
-"or she is also the composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded "
-"a version of \"Happy Birthday\"—to memorialize her famous performance "
-"before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then whenever that "
+"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend="
+"\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording artist "
+"doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he or she is also the "
+"composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded a version of "
+"\"Happy Birthday\"—to memorialize her famous performance before "
+"President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then whenever that "
"recording was played on the radio, the current copyright owners of \"Happy "
"Birthday\" would get some money, whereas Marilyn Monroe would not."
msgstr ""
"As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection "
"of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the "
"public domain. Eldred wanted to post that collection in his free public "
-"library. But Congress got in the way. As I described in chapter 10, in "
-"1998, for the eleventh time in forty years, Congress extended the terms of "
-"existing copyrights—this time by twenty years. Eldred would not be "
-"free to add any works more recent than 1923 to his collection until 2019. "
-"Indeed, no copyrighted work would pass into the public domain until that "
-"year (and not even then, if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, "
-"in the same period, more than 1 million patents will pass into the public "
-"domain."
+"library. But Congress got in the way. As I described in chapter <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, in 1998, for the "
+"eleventh time in forty years, Congress extended the terms of existing "
+"copyrights—this time by twenty years. Eldred would not be free to add "
+"any works more recent than 1923 to his collection until 2019. Indeed, no "
+"copyrighted work would pass into the public domain until that year (and not "
+"even then, if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, in the same "
+"period, more than 1 million patents will pass into the public domain."
msgstr ""
"som jeg sa, bor eldred i new hampshire. i 1998, var robert frost samling av "
"dikt i new hampshire slated skjedde i public domain. Eldred ønsket å legge "
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in "
-"1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal "
-"requirement before a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
-"\"0\"/> The Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" "
-"Natural rights don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-"
-"American tradition that required copyright owners to follow form if their "
-"rights were to be protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly "
-"respect the dignity of the author. My right as a creator turns on my "
-"creativity, not upon the special favor of the government."
+"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend="
+"\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, when "
+"Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal requirement before "
+"a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The "
+"Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" Natural rights "
+"don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-American tradition "
+"that required copyright owners to follow form if their rights were to be "
+"protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly respect the dignity of "
+"the author. My right as a creator turns on my creativity, not upon the "
+"special favor of the government."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"eieren og få tillatelse til å bygge på hans arbeid. fremtiden vil bli "
"kontrollert av denne døde (og ofte unfindable) hånden av fortiden."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "CONCLUSION"
msgstr "Konklusjon"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-"
"five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. Seventeen million have "
"proporsjonalt med syv millioner amerikanere. Viktigere er det at dette er "
"17 millioner afrikanere."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. "
"These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already "
"usynlig."
#. f1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating "
"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), "
"juli 2002, mottar kun 320 000 av de 6 millioner som trenger medisiner i "
"utviklingsland dem de trenger—og halvparten av dem er i Brasil."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United "
"States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, "
"\"0\"/>"
#. PAGE BREAK 265
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by patents. "
"hente ut så mye de kan fra markedet. Ved hjelp av denne makten holder de "
"prisene høye."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
"not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
"som vil argumentere for at loven skal avskaffe dette, i det minste uten "
"andre endringer."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another "
"thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders "
"se etter måter å importere HIV-medisiner til kostnader betydelig under "
"markedspris."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Braithwaite, John"
msgstr "Braithwaite, John"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: "
"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), "
"37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
"\" id=\"1\"/>"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
"importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. f3.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
msgstr ""
#. f4.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
"rapport forberedt for the World Intellectual Property Organization</"
"citetitle> (Washington, D.C., 2000), 15."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
"effekt på behandlingen av AIDS i Sør-Afrika.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"id=\"1\"/>"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt "
"patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
"prisen. Så uansett, massiv eller marginal, så var det en effekt av våre "
"myndigheters intervensjon for å stoppe flyten av medisiner inn til Afrika."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
"government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not "
"i Afrika og gjøre disse kjemikaliene om til medisiner som kan redde 15 til "
"30 millioner liv."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was "
#. f5.
#. PAGE BREAK 333
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at "
"Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</"
"<citetitle>Widener Law Symposium Journal</citetitle> (Spring 2001): 175."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
"which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
"\"intellektuell eiendom\" som fikk disse myndighetsaktørene til å "
"intervenere mot Sør-Afrikas mottiltak mot AIDS."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
"mange døde? Hva slags galskap er det egentlig som tillater at så mange dør "
"for slik en abstraksjon?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their "
"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a "
"penger på grunn av en slags korrupsjon i vårt politiske system— en "
"korrupsjon som farmasiselskapene helt klart ikke er ansvarlige for."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their "
"overvunnet."
#. PAGE BREAK 268
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
"rasjonelle strategien rammes dermed inn ved hjel av dette ideal—"
"helligheten til en idé som kalles \"immaterielle rettigheter\"."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
"sunne fornuften hos en generasjon endelig gjør opprør mot hva vi har gjort, "
"hvordan vil vi rettferdiggjøre det? Hva er argumentet?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same way. "
"patentpolitikken i denne forstand vært balansert."
#. PAGE BREAK 269
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. "
"som vil gjenvinne retten til å dyrke vår kultur er å finne en måte å få "
"denne sunne fornuften til å åpne sine øyne."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
"for fri kultur."
#. f6.
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, "
-#| "August 2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-#| "\">link #59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' "
-#| "Meeting Spurs Stir,\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August "
-#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</"
-#| "ulink>; William New, \"U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,"
-#| "\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available at "
-#| "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington "
"Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
"Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
"culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, august "
-"2003, E1, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' Meeting "
-"Spurs Stir,\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19. august 2003, "
-"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</"
-"ulink>; William New, \"U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" "
-"National Journal's Technology Daily, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra "
-"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
+"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington "
+"Post</citetitle>, august 2003, E1, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on "
+"`Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,\" <citetitle>National Journal's Technology "
+"Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; William New, \"U.S. Official "
+"Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" <citetitle>National Journal's "
+"Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "academic journals"
+msgstr "akademiske tidsskrifter"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by "
"the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a meeting."
"Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, "
"Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the Global Positioning System, "
"which Ronald Reagan set free in the early 1980s. And it included \"open "
-"source and free software.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"source and free software.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
"I august 2003 brøt en kamp ut i USA om en avgjørelse fra World Intellectual "
"Property Organiation om å avlyse et møte.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
"Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, og "
"Searle.) Det inkluderte Globalt posisjonssystem (GPS) som Ronald Reagen "
"frigjorde tidlig på 1980-tallet. Og det inkluderte \"åpen kildekode og fri "
-"programvare\". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"programvare\". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
"begrensninger på hvordan proprietære krav kan bli brukt."
#. f7.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
"meeting."
msgstr "Jeg bør nevne at jeg var en av folkene som ba WIPO om dette møtet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal."
"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its scope "
"drev med immaterielle rettighetsspørsmål."
#. PAGE BREAK 271
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
"immaterielle rettigheter som trengs, siden etter mitt syn, hadde selve ideen "
"om en balanse rundt immaterielle rettigheter hadde gått tapt."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
"møtet om \"åpne og samarbeidende prosjekter for å skape fellesgoder\" virker "
"å passe perfekt for WIPOs agenda."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
"least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" "
"programvare,\" til sine egne interne behov."
#. f8.
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
-#| "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with "
-#| "\"open source\" software or software in the public domain. Microsoft's "
-#| "principal opposition is to \"free software\" licensed under a \"copyleft"
-#| "\" license, meaning a license that requires the licensee to adopt the "
-#| "same terms on any derivative work. See Bradford L. Smith, \"The Future of "
-#| "Software: Enabling the Marketplace to Decide,\" Government Policy Toward "
-#| "Open Source Software (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for "
-#| "Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy "
-#| "Research, 2002), 69, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
-#| "notes/\">link #62</ulink>. See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice "
-#| "president, The Commercial Software Model, discussion at New York "
-#| "University Stern School of Business (3 May 2001), available at <ulink url="
-#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open "
"lisensiert med en \"copyleft\"-lisens, som betyr at lisensen krever at de "
"som lisensierer skal adoptere same vilkår for ethvert avledet verk. Se "
"Bradford L. Smith, \"The Future of Software: Enabling the Marketplace to "
-"Decide,\" Government Policy Toward Open Source Software (Washington, D.C.: "
-"AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise "
-"Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
-"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. Se også Craig Mundie, "
-"Microsoft senior vice president, The Commercial Software Model, diskusjon "
-"ved New York University Stern School of Business (3. mai 2001), tilgjengelig "
-"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>."
+"Decide,\" <citetitle>Government Policy Toward Open Source Software</"
+"citetitle> (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory "
+"Studies, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), "
+"69, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</"
+"ulink>. Se også Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, "
+"<citetitle>The Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, diskusjon ved New York "
+"University Stern School of Business (3. mai 2001), tilgjengelig fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make "
-#| "clear that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
-#| "software. There are many important companies that depend fundamentally "
-#| "upon open source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is "
-#| "increasingly shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the "
-#| "most famous bit of \"free software\"—and IBM is emphatically a "
-#| "commercial entity. Thus, to support \"open source and free software\" is "
-#| "not to oppose commercial entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of "
-#| "software development that is different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type="
-#| "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial software. "
"aktør. Dermed er det å støtte \"fri programvare\" ikke å motsette seg "
"kommersielle aktører. Det er i stedet å støtte en måte å drive "
"programvareutvikling som er forskjellig fra Microsofts.<placeholder type="
-"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
#. PAGE BREAK 272
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free software"
"\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is not "
"opphavsrettsloven som Microsoft."
#. f9.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://"
"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
"slikt møte.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og uten støtte fra USA "
"ble møtet avlyst."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
"lobbyvirksomhet, og ikke veldig overraskende at den mektigste "
"programvareprodusenten i USA har lyktes med sin lobbyvirksomhet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
"holde et møte som har som formål å fraskrive seg eller frafalle slike "
"rettigheter synes for oss å være i strid med formålene til WIPO.\""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
msgstr "Disse utsagnene er forbløffende på flere nivåer."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
"jusstudent, men pinlig fra en høyt plassert statstjenestemann som håndterer "
"utfordringer rundt immaterielle rettigheter."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" "
"intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory "
"immaterielle rettigheter? Ville det vært bedre om internettets protokoller "
"hadde vært patentert?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. PAGE BREAK 274
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which "
"has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that "
"interessen til WIPO ikke bare er maksimale immaterielle rettigheter, men "
"også at de skal utøves på den mest ekstreme og restriktive mulig måten."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
"Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not "
"avhengig av maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. Det sloss mot enhver frihet "
"som kunne forstyrre denne kontrollen."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. "
-#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Se Drahos og Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Se Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
+"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
"<emphasis>fritt</emphasis> eller <emphasis>føydalt</emphasis>. Trenden er "
"mot det føydale."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
"kommentar som gjorde meg trist. En anonym kommentator skrev,"
#. PAGE BREAK 275
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><blockquote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
"should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to "
"slik Lessig vil at den skal være, er det åpenbart at hun har sagt noe galt. "
"En må alltid være oppmerksom på forskjellen mellom Lessigs og vår verden."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
"republikanere eller demokrater. Min eneste tilsynelatende illusjon er "
"hvorvidt våre myndigheter bør snakke sant eller ikke.)"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of "
"avslørte åpenbart, trodde han, min egen tåpelige utopisme. \"Typisk for en "
"akademiker\", kunne forfatteren like gjerne ha fortsatt."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
"urealisistiske idealer til akademikere gjennom historien (og ikke bare i "
"vårt eget lands historie)."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
"should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means "
"blitt?"
#. PAGE BREAK 276
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the truth. "
"It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something more "
"for å bevare en tradisjon som har vært en del av vår tradisjon for "
"mesteparten av vår historie—fri kultur."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Turner, Ted"
msgstr "Turner, Ted"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments "
"of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was "
"krav om flere høringer og et annet resultat. <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
"\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
"ingen betydnigsfull støtte for FCCs avgjørelse, mens det var bred og "
"vedvarende støtte for å bekjempe ytterligere konsentrasjon i media."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness "
"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
"aktører. Den dårlige kvaliteten til Big Macs eller Quartar Punders betyr "
"ikke at du ikke kan få en god hamburger andre steder."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
"property rights of a historically extreme form—that makes their "
"bigness bad."
msgstr ""
-"Faren med mediakonsentrasjon kommer ikke fra selve konsentrasjonen, men "
+"Faren med mediekonsentrasjon kommer ikke fra selve konsentrasjonen, men "
"kommer fra føydalismen som denne konsentrasjonen fører til når den kobles "
"til endringer i opphavsretten. Det er ikke kun at det er noen mektige "
"selskaper som styrer en stadig voksende andel av mediene. Det er at denne "
"eiendomsrettigheter i en historisk ekstrem form—som gjør størrelsen "
"ille."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
"historie med å slåss mot \"stort\", klokt eller ikke. At vi kan være "
"motivert til å slåss mot \"store\" igjen ikke noe nytt."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
"tenke kritisk på omfanget av alt som kalles \"eiendom\" ikke er lenger er "
"godt trent i denne tradisjonen."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
"tragedy."
"Hvis vi var Akilles, så ville dette være vår hæl. Dette ville være stedet "
"for våre tragedie."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Dylan, Bob"
msgstr "Dylan, Bob"
#. f11.
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September "
-#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #65</"
-#| "ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, 8 "
-#| "September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-#| "\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and Phyllis Furman with Robert Gearty, "
-#| "\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" New "
-#| "York Daily News, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits "
-#| "Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. "
-#| "Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie Dean, "
-#| "\"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10 September 2003, "
-#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</"
-#| "ulink>."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September "
"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #65</"
"#65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, "
"8 september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
"\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha og Phyllis Furman sammen med Robert Gearty, "
-"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" New York "
-"Daily News, 9. september 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet "
-"Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among "
-"Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10. september 2003, E1; Katie Dean, "
-"\"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10. september 2003, "
-"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</"
-"ulink>."
+"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" "
+"<citetitle>New York Daily News</citetitle>, 9. september 2003, 3; Frank "
+"Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., "
+"12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington Post</"
+"citetitle>, 10. september 2003, E1; Katie Dean, \"Schoolgirl Settles with "
+"RIAA,\" <citetitle>Wired News</citetitle>, 10. september 2003, tilgjengelig "
+"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>."
#. f12.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 "
"September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
#. f13.
#. PAGE BREAK 334
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan "
"Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
"Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://"
"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA "
"lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder type="
"Universiteter truer med å utvise ungdommer som bruker en datamaskin for å "
"dele innhold."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Creative Commons"
msgstr "Creative Commons"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
msgstr "Gil, Gilberto"
#. f14.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 "
"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
"\">link #70</ulink>."
#. f15.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, "
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>."
"ulink>."
#. PAGE BREAK 278
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
"will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download "
"viktigere, det vil kreve at noen omforme RCAene av i dag til Causbyere."
#. PAGE BREAK 279
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
"potential is ever to be realized."
"Sunn fornuft må gjøre opprør. Den må handle for å frigjøre kulturen. Og "
"snart, hvis dette potensialet skal noen gang bli realisert."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "AFTERWORD"
msgstr "Etterord"
#. PAGE BREAK 280
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must "
"be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what "
"noe må gjøres for å endre retningen vi holder. Balansen i denne boken "
"kartlegger hva som kan gjøres."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
"remaking sunn fornuft, er det at det krever remaking hvor mange mennesker "
"tenker om det samme problemet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
"musikere, filmskapere, forskere—alle for å fortelle historien med egne "
"ord og å fortelle sine naboer hvorfor denne kampen er så viktig."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
"således, i den andre delen nedenfor jeg skissere endringer som Kongressen "
"kan gjøre for å sikre bedre en fri kultur."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "US, NOW"
msgstr "Oss, nå"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has "
"been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or "
"the choice, then the warriors should win."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
"du ønsker, uavhengig av om du har tillatelse eller ikke."
#. PAGE BREAK 282
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
"Internett var \"ingen rettigheter reservert.\" innhold ble \"tatt\" "
"uavhengig av rettighetene. alle rettigheter som var effektivt ubeskyttet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
"Internett i dag vil bli en \"få tillatelse til å klippe og lime\" verden som "
"er en creator mareritt."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all "
"gratis innhold som de ønsker. med andre ord, trenger vi en måte å "
"gjenopprette et sett med andre friheter som vi bare kunne ta for gitt før."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av friheter som tidligere var antatt: Eksempler"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
"Internett-vanene dine naboer eller sjefen. du surfer vaner \"personvern\" "
"var trygg på."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "What made it assured?"
msgstr "Hva gjorde at det var sikret?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your "
-"privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering "
-"data and hence a market constraint (cost) on anyone who wanted to gather "
-"that data. If you were a suspected spy for North Korea, working for the CIA, "
-"no doubt your privacy would not be assured. But that's because the CIA "
-"would (we hope) find it valuable enough to spend the thousands required to "
-"track you. But for most of us (again, we can hope), spying doesn't pay. The "
-"highly inefficient architecture of real space means we all enjoy a fairly "
-"robust amount of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not "
-"by law (there is no law protecting \"privacy\" in public places), and in "
-"many places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead, "
-"by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy."
+"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was "
+"assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering data and hence "
+"a market constraint (cost) on anyone who wanted to gather that data. If you "
+"were a suspected spy for North Korea, working for the CIA, no doubt your "
+"privacy would not be assured. But that's because the CIA would (we hope) "
+"find it valuable enough to spend the thousands required to track you. But "
+"for most of us (again, we can hope), spying doesn't pay. The highly "
+"inefficient architecture of real space means we all enjoy a fairly robust "
+"amount of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not by law "
+"(there is no law protecting \"privacy\" in public places), and in many "
+"places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead, by the "
+"costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy."
msgstr ""
"Vel, hvis vi tror når det gjelder metoder jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10, "
"personvernet var forsikret på grunn av en ineffektiv arkitektur for å samle "
"normer (snooping og sladder er bare morsomt), men i stedet av kostnader som "
"friksjon pålegger på alle som ønsker å spy."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Amazon"
msgstr "Amazon"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"enklere å samle inn data enn ikke. friksjonen har forsvunnet, og dermed alle "
"\"personvern\" beskyttet av friksjonen forsvinner, også."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
"friksjon i går."
#. f1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the "
"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 284
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on "
"the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction "
"affirmatively act where, before, privacy was given by default."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. "
"maskinen på en ibm-maskin, slik at data Generelt og ibm ikke vare mye om "
"hvordan du styrer deres programvare."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Stallman, Richard"
msgstr "Stallman, Richard"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
"smarte sorten selv, og en talentfull programmerer, begynte Stallman å basere "
"seg frihet til å legge til eller endre på andre personers arbeid."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
"være gratis å tinker med og forbedre koden som kjørte en maskin. Dette, "
"også, var kunnskap. Hvorfor bør ikke være åpen for kritikk som noe annet?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
"meg å selge en skriver til markedet enn det var for deg."
#. PAGE BREAK 285
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
"og som han mente, hvis han gjorde ikke noe om det, og frihet til å endre og "
"dele programvare ville være grundig svekket."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
"was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system. <placeholder type="
"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+"Derfor, i 1984, startet Stallmann på et prosjekt for å bygge et fritt "
+"operativsystem, slik i hvert fall en flik av fri programvare skulle "
+"overleve. Dette var starten på GNU-prosjektet, som \"Linux\"-kjernen til "
+"Linus Torvalds senere ble lagt til i for å produsere GNU/Linux-"
+"operativsystemet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
"andre å bygge på. hans grunnleggende målet var frihet; nyskapende, kreative "
"koden var en byproduct."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
"gjenerobring et mellomrom der fri programvare ville overleve. Han var aktivt "
"beskytter hva før hadde vært passivt garantert."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
"journaler er produsert."
#. PAGE BREAK 286
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"den, er lexis og westlaw også gjerne Belast brukerne for privilegiet av å få "
"tilgang til at Høyesterett mening gjennom sine respektive tjenester."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
"ingenting galt med å selge allemannseie, det kan være noe galt i prinsippet "
"med selger tilgang til materiale som ikke er allemannseie."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
"gjennom proprietære tjenester? Hva om ingen hadde muligheten til å bla "
"gjennom denne data unntatt ved å betale for et abonnement?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
"journaler (arkitektur)—nemlig at det var svært vanskelig å kontrollere "
"tilgangen til en papir-journal."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
"Således, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende teknologi og "
"markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"utskriftsversjon av sitt arbeid, men opphavsretten for utskrift journal "
"forhindre ikke høyre for noen til å videredistribuere arbeidet gratis."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
"konkurransen i vår tradisjon er presumptively en god—spesielt når det "
"bidrar til å spre kunnskap og vitenskap."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
-msgstr "Gjenoppbyggeing av fri kultur: En idé"
+msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av fri kultur: En idé"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
"samme strategi som kan brukes til kultur, som et svar på økende kontrollen "
"berørt gjennom lov og teknologi."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
"vanntett lisenser, gjør dette mulig."
#. PAGE BREAK 288
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
"annet enn \"all\" eller \"Nei\" ekstreme. innholdet er merket med kopi-"
"merket, som ikke betyr at copyright fratres, men at visse friheter er gitt."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"bruk, så lenge alle kopiene ikke er laget. eller til slutt, noen pedagogisk "
"bruk."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"enkeltpersoner og skaperne vil gjøre dette innholdet tilgjengelig. og at "
"innholdet i sin tur kan vi bygge et offentlig-domene."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr "Garlick, Mia"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"kaller dem) hvem hjelpe bygge allemannseie, og ved deres arbeid, demonstrere "
"viktigheten av public domain til andre kreativitet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to "
"bruke dem – er nødvendig. Creative commons gir folk en måte for effektivt å "
"begynne å bygge disse reglene."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
"nettet og gratis, under en creative commons-lisens på samme dag som det gikk "
"på salg i bokhandler."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
"(2)-varer enn dårlig-(1) s, strategien for lanserer cory bok gratis on-line "
"trolig vil øke salg av cory's bok."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
"første romanen av en science fiction-forfatteren var en total suksess."
#. PAGE BREAK 290
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
"også."
#. f2.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
"culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
"creativity might grow."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"det til andre."
#. PAGE BREAK 291
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"med creative commons-friheter. så er neste trinn å se på og feire skaperne "
"som bygger innhold basert på innhold satt fri."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"commons, avhengig av frivillig tiltak for å oppnå dette å gjenoppbygge. de "
"vil føre til en verden der flere frivillige trinnene er mulig."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
"forfattere og skaperne å utøve sine rettigheter, mer fleksibelt og billig. "
"at vi tror forskjellen, aktiverer kreativitet å spre lettere."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "THEM, SOON"
msgstr "Dem, snart"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also "
"til disse idéene og implementere disse reformene. men det betyr også at vi "
"har tid til å bygge opp bevisstheten rundt endringene som vi trenger."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
"skritt, ikke en slutt. men noen av disse trinnene vil bære oss en lang vei "
"til vår side."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "1. More Formalities"
msgstr "1. Flere formaliteter"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
"flybillett, har navnet ditt på den."
#. PAGE BREAK 293
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"disse er alle formaliteter knyttet til egenskapen. de er krav som vi alle må "
"bære hvis vi ønsker vår eiendom skal beskyttes."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"registrere deg. du trenger ikke engang å merke innholdet. standard er "
"kontrollen, og \"formaliteter\" er kastet ut."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Why?"
msgstr "hvorfor?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a "
-"good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a "
-"burden on copyright holders without much benefit. Thus, it was progress when "
-"the law relaxed the formal requirements that a copyright owner must bear to "
-"protect and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way."
+"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend="
+"\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good one. In "
+"the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a burden on "
+"copyright holders without much benefit. Thus, it was progress when the law "
+"relaxed the formal requirements that a copyright owner must bear to protect "
+"and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way."
msgstr ""
"som jeg antydet i kapittel 10, var motivasjon til å avskaffe formaliteter en "
"god en. i verden før digital teknologi pålagt formaliteter en byrde på "
"loven avslappet formelle krav som en opphavsrettsinnehaveren må bære å "
"beskytte og sikre hans arbeid. disse formaliteter var komme i veien."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a burden. "
"styrker mange i stillhet der de ellers kunne snakke."
#. f1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"jeg tror det vil være fordelaktig for samme idéen om å bli vedtatt av andre "
"land også."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder type=\"footnote"
"\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back to the old, "
"formalities."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
"gjorde. men et revidert system av formaliteter ville forvise regjeringen fra "
"prosessen, unntatt for formålet å godkjenne standarder utviklet av andre."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
msgstr "Registrering og fornying"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
"første reaksjon er panikk—ingenting kunne være verre enn tvinge folk "
"til å håndtere rotet som er copyright kontoret."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
"private selskaper å tjene allmennheten, underlagt standarder som regjeringen "
"angir."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
"opp."
#. PAGE BREAK 295
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"lavere byrden av denne formalitet—mens en database med registreringer "
"som ville forenkler lisensiering av innhold."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
msgid "MARKING"
msgstr "Merking"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
"og enda viktigere, det er ingen grunn et merking krav må håndheves jevnt på "
"tvers av alle medier."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
"mark gjør det også enkelt å finne en som har opphavsrettighetene for å sikre "
"tillatelse til å bruke arbeidet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
"retten til å straffe noen for ikke å få tillatelse først."
#. f2.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"enn er rettferdiggjort av marginale incitament opprettes."
#. PAGE BREAK 296
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
"would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark their work."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
"for å godkjenne standarder for å merke innhold som har vært laget andre "
"steder."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
"skape noe nytt; men vi vil stole på regjeringen for å holde produktet av "
"innovasjon i tråd med sin andre viktige funksjoner."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
"som er tatt i et bestemt år i ett trinn. Målet med formalitet er å unngå "
"unødige belastninger skaperen; selve systemet bør holdes så enkelt som mulig."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
"ingenting for å gjøre ting klart. Ja, det synes designet for å gjøre ting "
"som er uklart."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
"type innhold; det ville være enkelt å hevde de rettighetene og å fornye at "
"påstanden på riktig tidspunkt."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
msgstr "2. Kortere vernetid"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
"for individuelle forfattere."
#. f3.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 "
"January 2003): 15, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
"januar 2003): 15, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
"\">link #74</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a seventy-five-"
"year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement of renewal "
"patents."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
"viktig å huske på om opphavsrett terms."
#. (1)
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
#. (2)
#. PAGE BREAK 298
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair "
"nødvendig å håndtere."
#. f4.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/"
"or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at <ulink "
"or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), tilgjengelig fra "
"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "veterans' pensions"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
msgstr ""
#. (4)
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
"usynlig). men øke deres belønning vil ikke øke sin kreativitet i 1923. Hva "
"er ikke gjort er ikke gjort, og det er ingenting vi kan gjøre med det nå."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
"Frem til 1976 var gjennomsnittelig vernetid kun 32.2 år. Vårt mål bør være "
"det samme."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I "
"call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than "
"lengre enn vernetiden under Richard Nixon. hvor \"radikalt\" kan det være å "
"be om en mer sjenerøs opphavsrettighet enn da Richard Nixon var president?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr "3. Fri Bruk vs. rimelig bruk"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"gjorde ingen sans lenger for å gi så mye kontroll, gitt fremveksten av den "
"nye teknologien."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive right"
"til å frigi den filmen, selv om filmen ikke er \"min skrive.\""
#. f5.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
msgstr ""
#. f6.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr "ibid., 56."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
"abracadabra of idea and expression.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
"de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver begrensning "
"igjen."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
"inducing kreativitet; Det er ikke viktig lenge etter skapende arbeid er "
"gjort."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
"denne generelle krav om tillatelse betyr for den kreative prosessen. "
"Smothers det."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"poengsum—det ikke fornuftig å kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. "
"her, ville en lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
msgstr "Goldstein, Paul"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
"187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
"that expanded protections follow expanded uses."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"med innovasjon."
#. PAGE BREAK 301
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"kultur for andre å dyrke. og under en lovbestemte rettigheter-regimet at "
"gjenbruk ville tjene artister mer inntekter."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr "4. Frigjør musikken—igjen"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fleste, de fleste presserende—musikk. Det er ingen andre spørsmål som "
"bedre lærer erfaringene fra denne boken enn slagene rundt deling av musikk."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"etterspørselen etter forskrifter som til slutt drepe innovasjon på "
"nettverket."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"offentlig fremføring av sitt arbeid, og til en profesjonell artist å "
"kontrollere kopier av hennes ytelse."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
-"all the file-sharing networks do. As I described in chapter 5, they enable "
-"four different kinds of sharing:"
+"all the file-sharing networks do. As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle="
+"\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy\"/>, they enable four different "
+"kinds of sharing:"
msgstr ""
"fildeling nettverk komplisere denne modellen ved å aktivere spredning av "
"innhold som utøveren ikke er blitt betalt. men selvfølgelig, det er ikke "
"fire forskjellige typer deling:"
#. A.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
"Det er noen som bruker delingsnettverk som erstatninger for å kjøpe CDer."
#. B.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
#. PAGE BREAK 302
#. C.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
"ha vært altfor vanskelig å få kjøpt via nettet."
#. D.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
"ikke er opphavsrettsbeskyttet, eller for å få tilgang som "
"opphavsrettsinnehaveren åpenbart går god for."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"omfanget av typen b. som med videospillere, hvis netto effekt av en deling "
"er faktisk ikke svært skadelige, behovet for regulering er betydelig svekket."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
-"As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
-"For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I "
-"assume, in other words, that type A sharing is significantly greater than "
-"type B, and is the dominant use of sharing networks."
+"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy"
+"\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. For the purposes "
+"of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I assume, in other "
+"words, that type A sharing is significantly greater than type B, and is the "
+"dominant use of sharing networks."
msgstr ""
"som jeg sa i kapittel 5, er den faktiske skaden forårsaket av deling "
"kontroversielt. i hensikt av dette kapitlet, men antar jeg skaden er reell. "
"Jeg antar, med andre ord, denne typen en deling er betydelig større enn type "
"b, og er dominerende bruk av deling av nettverk."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should respond."
"Uansett, det er et avgjørende faktum om den gjeldende teknologiske "
"omgivelsen som vi må huske på hvis vi skal forstå hvordan loven bør reagere."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"idé."
#. PAGE BREAK 303
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internett."
#. f8.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April "
"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #76</"
"2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
"#76</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 304
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"betalt, under denne overgangen mellom 1900-tallet modeller for å gjøre "
"forretnings- og tyve-første-tallet teknologier."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" "
"med ransoms. det ville være feil å utestenge betale telefoner for å "
"eliminere kidnapping."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at "
"arbeidet er glemt. Uansett bør sikte på loven å forenkle tilgang til dette "
"innholdet, ideelt på en måte som returnerer noe til kunstneren."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"perspektiv, denne \"deling\" av hans innhold uten hans blir kompensert er "
"mindre enn ideell."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem out-of-"
"gratis som handel bøker."
#. PAGE BREAK 305
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"utvikle rundt idéen om handel dette innholdet, og kunstnere vil dra nytte av "
"denne handelen."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"royalty skyldte for slike kopiering bør være mye mindre enn beløpet skyldte "
"en kommersiell utgiver."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"som problemet er, forstå at vi er midt i en radikal endring i teknologien "
"for å levere og tilgang til innhold."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
"sider i denne krigen, men som jeg tror vil gi mer mening når en får tenkt "
"seg om."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"innhold industrien."
#. PAGE BREAK 306
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
"eller p2p-teknologien som i dag skader innholdsleverandører på internett, så "
"bør vi finne en relativt enkel måte å kompensere de som blir skadelidende."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Fisher, William"
msgstr "Fisher, William"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</"
"citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://"
"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
"be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"tilgangen."
#. PAGE BREAK 307
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"ville ikke sterkt belaster semiotic demokrati Hvis det var noen "
"begrensninger på hva en var tillatt å gjøre med selve innholdet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" "
"en sang. og ingen tvil om det vil være mye konkurranse å tilby og selge "
"musikk på nettet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" "
"seter og måltider servert mens du ser en film—er de kampen og lykkes i "
"å finne måter å konkurrere med \"gratis\"."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
"bruke innhold, og ikke lenger frykte usikre og barbarisk strenge straffer "
"fra loven."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr "Oppsummert, så er dette mitt forslag:"
#. PAGE BREAK 308
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
"denne teknologiske endringen, samtidig vi muliggjør, og oppmuntrer, den mest "
"effektive teknologien vi kan lage."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
msgstr ""
"Vi kan minimere skaden og samtidig maksimere fordelen med innovasjon ved å"
#. 1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr "garantere retten til å engasjere seg i type-D-deling;"
#. 2.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
"kommersiell type-C-deling med en lav og fast rate fastsatt ved lov."
#. 3.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
"mens denne overgangen pågår, skattlegge og kompensere for type-A-deling, i "
"den grad faktiske skade kan påvises."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive "
"market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of "
"signifikant antall av forbrukere fortsetter å \"ta\" innhold uten å betale? "
"Burde loven gjøre noe da?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
"finne måter å spore opp de smålige piratene."
#. PAGE BREAK 309
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
"får betalt, mens vi beskytter rommet for nyskapning og kreativitet som "
"internettet er."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
msgstr "5. Spark en masse advokater"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
"ikke fordi det er mye penger å tjene, men fordi det innebærer idealer som "
"jeg elsker å leve opp til."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
"synet ødelegge loven."
#. f10.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer "
"Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, "
"Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, "
"1069–70."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by "
"many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are "
"utøver i opphavsrettsfeltet, Melville Nimmer, at den var åpenbar."
"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
"imidlertid ikke bare om en profesjonell skjevhet. Det handler enda viktigere "
"om vår manglende evne til å faktisk ta inn over oss hva loven koster."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
"eksempel, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
"samfunnsfagsundervisning lærte dem at det fungerer."
#. PAGE BREAK 310
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
"med vårt juridiske systemet er så hårreisende høyt vil en praktisk talt "
"aldri oppnå rettferdighet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
"av doktrine er avhengig av nøyaktig arbeid. Men nøyaktig arbeid koster for "
"mye, bortsett fra i de mest høyprofilerte og kostbare sakene."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
"prosenten av klientene. Det kan gjøres radikalt mer effektivt, og billig, "
"og dermed radikalt mer rettferdig."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
"unna områder der vi vet den bare vil skade. Og det er nettopp det loven "
"altfor ofte vil gjøre hvis for mye av vår kultur er lovregulert."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
"virkeligheten slik den var i Brezhnevs Russland."
#. PAGE BREAK 311
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
"spørsmålet: \"vil det bidra positivt?\". Når de blir utfordret om det "
"utvidede rekkevidden til loven, er advokat-svaret, \"Hvorfor ikke?\""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is needed. "
"Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your lawyers "
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / blobdiff