stories, reenacting scenes from plays or TV, participating in fan
clubs, sharing music, making tapes—were left alone by the law.
</para>
-<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitscommercialcreativityasprimarypurposeof' class='startofrange'><primary>Copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>commercial creativity as primary purpose of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitscommercialcreativityasprimarypurposeof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>commercial creativity as primary purpose of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly,
then quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by
</para>
<indexterm><primary>Lott, Trent</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Thurmond, Strom</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmediablogpressureon' class='startofrange'><primary>media</primary><secondary>blog pressure on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetnewseventson2' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>news events on</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the
mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott
York Times, 16 January 2003, G5.
</para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxmediacommercialimperativesof' class='startofrange'><primary>media</primary><secondary>commercial imperatives of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures
don't exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and
If they lose readers, they lose revenue. Like sharks, they must move
on.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxmediablogpressureon' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>peer-generated rankings on</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they
can focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a
popular has been selected by a very democratic process of
peer-generated rankings.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxmediacommercialimperativesof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxjournalism' class='startofrange'><primary>journalism</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxwinerdave' class='startofrange'><primary>Winer, Dave</primary></indexterm>
<para>
There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle
get it out of the way.</quote>
</para>
<indexterm><primary>CNN</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>media</primary><secondary>commercial imperatives of</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Iraq war</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>media</primary><secondary>ownership concentration in</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
These conflicts become more important as media becomes more
concentrated (more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more
optimistic story. When she told New York that wasn't warranted, they
told her that <emphasis>they</emphasis> were writing <quote>the story.</quote>)
</para>
-<para> Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the
-debate—<quote>amateur</quote> not in the sense of inexperienced, but in the
-sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning not paid by anyone to give their
-reports. It allows for a much broader range of input into a story, as
-reporting on the Columbia disaster revealed, when hundreds from across
-the southwest United States turned to the Internet to retell what they
-had seen.<footnote><para>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetnewseventson2' class='endofrange'/>
+<para>
+Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the
+debate—<quote>amateur</quote> not in the sense of inexperienced,
+but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning not paid by anyone to
+give their reports. It allows for a much broader range of input into a
+story, as reporting on the Columbia disaster revealed, when hundreds
+from across the southwest United States turned to the Internet to
+retell what they had seen.<footnote><para>
<!-- f20 -->
John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of
Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci
of the Internet (meaning infringing on copyright), Winer said, <quote>we will
be the last thing that gets shut down.</quote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxjournalism' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you
don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote>
extraordinary to report.
</para>
<indexterm startref='idxnewscoverage' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetpublicdiscourseconductedon' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm startref='idxpoliticaldiscourse' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm startref='idxblogsweblogs2' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm startref='idxinternetblogson2' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm startref='idxweblogsblogs2' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm startref='idxwinerdave' class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref='idxinternetpublicdiscourseconductedon' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm id='idxbrownjohnseely' class='startofrange'><primary>Brown, John Seely</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxadvertising1' class='startofrange'><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>
<para>
architecture that unleashes 60 percent of the brain [and] a legal
system that closes down that part of the brain.</quote>
</para>
-<indexterm startref="idxbrownjohnseely" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxbrownjohnseely' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes
moving images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an
</chapter>
<chapter label="3" id="catalogs">
<title>CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs</title>
+<indexterm><primary>Jordan, Jesse</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>RPI</primary><see>Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)</see></indexterm>
<indexterm id='idxrensselaer' class='startofrange'><primary>Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrensselaerpolytechnicinstituterpicomputernetworksearchengineof' class='startofrange'><primary>Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)</primary><secondary>computer network search engine of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsearchengines' class='startofrange'><primary>search engines</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxuniversitycomputernetworksppsharingon' class='startofrange'><primary>university computer networks, p2p sharing on</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetsearchenginesusedon' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>search engines used on</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
<emphasis role='strong'>In the fall</emphasis> of 2002, Jesse Jordan
of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer
network is designed to enable students to get access to the Internet,
as well as more intimate access to other members of the RPI community.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxgoogle' class='startofrange'><primary>Google</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google
<!-- PAGE BREAK 62 -->
time, enabling employees to have access to material that people
outside the business can't get. Universities do it as well.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxuniversitycomputernetworksppsharingon' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxjordanjesse' class='startofrange'><primary>Jordan, Jesse</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmicrosoftnetworkfilesystemof' class='startofrange'><primary>Microsoft</primary><secondary>network file system of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
These engines are enabled by the network technology itself.
Microsoft, for example, has a network file system that makes it very
technology. It used Microsoft's network file system to build an index
of all the files available within the RPI network.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxgoogle' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network.
Indeed, his engine was a simple modification of engines that others
a user could click to see if the machine holding the file was still
on-line.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxmicrosoftnetworkfilesystemof' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six
months, he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By
million files in his directory, including every type of content that might
be on users' computers.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetsearchenginesusedon' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which
students could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or
users of the RPI network made available in a public folder of their
computer.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Google</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>education</primary><secondary>tinkering as means of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the
files that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that
environment where tinkering with technology was precisely what he was
supposed to do.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsinrecordingindustry' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>in recording industry</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsagainststudentfilesharing' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>against student file sharing</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustrycopyrightinfringementlawsuitsof' class='startofrange'><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>copyright infringement lawsuits of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaacopyrightinfringementlawsuitsfiledby' class='startofrange'><primary>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</primary><secondary>copyright infringement lawsuits filed by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm startref='idxrensselaerpolytechnicinstituterpicomputernetworksearchengineof' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at
RPI. The dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association
created or posted, and the vast majority of which had nothing to do
with music.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxsearchengines' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>exaggerated claims of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>statutory damages of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsindividualdefendantsintimidatedby' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>individual defendants intimidated by</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>statutory damages</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaaintimidationtacticsof' class='startofrange'><primary>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</primary><secondary>intimidation tactics of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a
network and had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They
hundred specific copyright infringements, they therefore demanded that
Jesse pay them at least $15,000,000.
</para>
-<indexterm><primary>Princeton University</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Michigan Technical University</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Princeton University</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other
student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at
(2003): 5, available at 2003 WL 55179443.
</para></footnote>
</para>
-<indexterm startref="idxrensselaer" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrensselaer' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened.
An uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They
visit to a dentist like me.</quote>) And throughout, the RIAA insisted it
would not settle the case until it took every penny Jesse had saved.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>legal system, attorney costs in</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight.
But Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the
or $12,000 and a settlement.
</para>
<indexterm><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>artist remuneration in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</primary><secondary>lobbying power of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality.
Let's put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality.
<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, A24.
</para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsindividualdefendantsintimidatedby' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaaintimidationtacticsof' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the
RIAA. The case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this
pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the
wrong message. And he wants to correct the record.</quote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxuniversitycomputernetworksppsharingon' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxjordanjesse' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsinrecordingindustry' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsagainststudentfilesharing' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustrycopyrightinfringementlawsuitsof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaacopyrightinfringementlawsuitsfiledby' class='endofrange'/>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 66 -->
</chapter>
<chapter label="4" id="pirates">
<title>CHAPTER FOUR: <quote>Pirates</quote></title>
+<indexterm id='idxpiracyindevelopmentofcontentindustry' class='startofrange'><primary>piracy</primary><secondary>in development of content industry</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary><quote>if value, then right</quote> theory</primary></indexterm>
<para>
<emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis>
The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see
how requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music.
</para>
-<indexterm id=
"idxfourneauxhenri" class='startofrange'><primary>Fourneaux, Henri</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxfourneauxhenri' class='startofrange'><primary>Fourneaux, Henri</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Russel, Phil</primary></indexterm>
<para>
At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines
then, I could effectively pirate someone else's song without paying
its composer anything.
</para>
-<indexterm startref="idxfourneauxhenri" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfourneauxhenri' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about
<!-- PAGE BREAK 69 -->
for free, even if it must pay the composer something for the privilege
of playing the song.
</para>
-<indexterm id=
"idxmadonna" class='startofrange'><primary>Madonna</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxmadonna' class='startofrange'><primary>Madonna</primary></indexterm>
<para>
This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music.
Imagine it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize
<emphasis>pirate</emphasis> the value of Madonna's work without paying
her anything.
</para>
-<indexterm startref="idxmadonna" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxmadonna' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists
benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the
</section>
<section id="cabletv">
<title>Cable TV</title>
-<indexterm id='idxcablet
v1' class='startofrange'><primary>cable television</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcablet
elevision' class='startofrange'><primary>cable television</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy.
</para>
companies thus built their empire in part upon a <quote>piracy</quote> of the value
created by broadcasters' content.
</para>
-<indexterm startref='idxcabletv1' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpiracyindevelopmentofcontentindustry' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcabletelevision' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a
common theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone
not, and for that, Disney and Universal wanted to hold it responsible
for the architecture it chose.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws3' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on copyright laws</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on VCR technology</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal
champion. Valenti called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are
</para></footnote>
</para>
</blockquote>
+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws3' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as
with the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress
controlled film? Should every cover band have to hire a lawyer to get
permission to record a song?
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>on balance of interests in copyright law</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition
has answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated,
table, and putting it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking
then?
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Jefferson, Thomas</primary></indexterm>
<para>
The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus
ideas, though that's an important difference. The point instead is that
Ellery Bergh, eds., 1903), 330, 333–34.
</para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>property rights</primary><secondary>intangibility of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the
reach of the law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that
<!-- PAGE BREAK 96 -->
<chapter label="6" id="founders">
<title>CHAPTER SIX: Founders</title>
-<indexterm><primary>Henry V</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbooksenglishcopyrightlawdevelopedfor' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>English copyright law developed for</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Branagh, Kenneth</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id='idxbooksenglishlaw' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>English copyright law developed for</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Henry V</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Shakespeare, William</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxromeoandjulietshakespeare' class='startofrange'><primary>Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)</primary></indexterm>
<para>
<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote
<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first
Henry V: <quote>I liked it, but Shakespeare is so full of
clichés.</quote>
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Conger</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxtonsonjacob' class='startofrange'><primary>Tonson, Jacob</primary></indexterm>
<para>
In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was written, the
<quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive
produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated.
</para>
<indexterm id='idxbritishparliament' class='startofrange'><primary>British Parliament</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Statute of Anne (1710)</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who
knows a little about copyright law. The better-known year in the
free in 1731. So why was there any issue about it still being under
Tonson's control in 1774?
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxromeoandjulietshakespeare' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxtonsonjacob' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm><primary>Licensing Act (1662)</primary></indexterm>
<para>
The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a <quote>copyright</quote>
take Shakespeare's play without his, or his estate's, permission? What
reason is there to allow someone else to <quote>steal</quote> Shakespeare's work?
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Statute of Anne (1710)</primary></indexterm>
<para>
The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special
about the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the
protected.
</para>
<indexterm startref='idxbritishparliament' class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref='idxbooksenglishlaw' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxbooksenglishcopyrightlawdevelopedfor' class='endofrange'/>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 106 -->
</chapter>
<chapter label="7" id="recorders">
owner. He is effectively arguing for a change in our Constitution
itself.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxjeffersonthomas' class='startofrange'><primary>Jefferson, Thomas</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong.
There was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong.
did they require that for creative property there must be a public
domain?
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxjeffersonthomas' class='endofrange'/>
+
<para>
To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the
history of these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they
most significant, and any regulator (whether controlling or freeing)
must consider how these four in particular interact.
</para>
-<indexterm id=
"idxdrivespeed" class='startofrange'><primary>driving speed, constraints on</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxdrivespeed' class='startofrange'><primary>driving speed, constraints on</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>norms, regulatory influence of</primary></indexterm>
limit, for example—so as to decrease the attractiveness of fast
driving.
</para>
-<indexterm startref="idxdrivespeed" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdrivespeed' class='endofrange'/>
<figure id="fig-1361">
<title>Law has a special role in affecting the three.</title>
<para>
Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow.
</para>
-<indexterm id=
"idxddt" class='startofrange'><primary>DDT</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxddt' class='startofrange'><primary>DDT</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Müller, Paul Hermann</primary></indexterm>
<para>
In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss
for free culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will
be lost.
</para>
-<indexterm startref="idxddt" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxddt' class='endofrange'/>
</section>
<section id="beginnings">
<title>Beginnings</title>
uncertainty would make it hard for publishers to rely upon a public
domain to reprint and distribute works.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Statute of Anne (1710)</primary></indexterm>
<para>
That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting
copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law,
your freedom.
</para>
<indexterm><primary>Casablanca</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id=
"idxmarxbrothers" class='startofrange'><primary>Marx Brothers</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id=
"idxwarnerbrothers" class='startofrange'><primary>Warner Brothers</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxmarxbrothers' class='startofrange'><primary>Marx Brothers</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxwarnerbrothers' class='startofrange'><primary>Warner Brothers</primary></indexterm>
<para>
There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers
and Warner Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of
shame. Code would not get the humor of the Marx Brothers. The
consequence of that is not at all funny.
</para>
-<indexterm startref="idxwarnerbrothers" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxmarxbrothers" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxwarnerbrothers' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxmarxbrothers' class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm id=
"idxadobeebookreader" class='startofrange'><primary>Adobe eBook Reader</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxadobeebookreader' class='startofrange'><primary>Adobe eBook Reader</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader.
</para>
control. That incentive is understandable, yet what it creates is
often crazy.
</para>
-<indexterm startref="idxadobeebookreader" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxadobeebookreader' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm startref='idxbooksoninternet' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite
story of mine that makes the same point.
</para>
-<indexterm id=
"idxaibo1" class='startofrange'><primary>Aibo robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id=
"idxroboticdog1" class='startofrange'><primary>robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id=
"idxsonyaibo1" class='startofrange'><primary>Sony</primary><secondary>Aibo robotic dog produced by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxaibo1' class='startofrange'><primary>Aibo robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxroboticdog1' class='startofrange'><primary>robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxsonyaibo1' class='startofrange'><primary>Sony</primary><secondary>Aibo robotic dog produced by</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo
learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity
bit of tinkering that turned the dog into a more talented creature
than Sony had built.
</para>
-<indexterm startref="idxsonyaibo1" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxroboticdog1" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxaibo1" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxsonyaibo1' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxroboticdog1' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxaibo1' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the
United States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience,
weakness in the SDMI system, and why SDMI would not, as presently
constituted, succeed.
</para>
-<indexterm id=
"idxaibo2" class='startofrange'><primary>Aibo robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id=
"idxroboticdog2" class='startofrange'><primary>robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id=
"idxsonyaibo2" class='startofrange'><primary>Sony</primary><secondary>Aibo robotic dog produced by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxaibo2' class='startofrange'><primary>Aibo robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxroboticdog2' class='startofrange'><primary>robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxsonyaibo2' class='startofrange'><primary>Sony</primary><secondary>Aibo robotic dog produced by</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they
then received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the
anti-circumvention provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
</para>
</blockquote>
-<indexterm startref="idxsonyaibo2" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxroboticdog2" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxaibo2" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxsonyaibo2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxroboticdog2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxaibo2' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system
of encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter
<!-- PAGE BREAK 186 -->
<chapter label="11" id="chimera">
<title>CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera</title>
-<indexterm id=
"idxchimera" class='startofrange'><primary>chimeras</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id=
"idxwells" class='startofrange'><primary>Wells, H. G.</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id=
"idxtcotb" class='startofrange'><primary><quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxchimera' class='startofrange'><primary>chimeras</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxwells' class='startofrange'><primary>Wells, H. G.</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxtcotb' class='startofrange'><primary><quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)</primary></indexterm>
<para>
<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by
certainty that she was not the person whose blood was at the
scene. …</quote>
</para>
-<indexterm startref="idxtcotb" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxwells" class="endofrange"/>
+<indexterm startref='idxtcotb' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxwells' class="endofrange"/>
<para>
Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were
impossible. A single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea
</para></footnote>
</para>
-<indexterm startref="idxchimera" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxchimera' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act
as though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be
work is presumptively illegal.
</para>
<indexterm><primary>Worldcom</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>exaggerated claims of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>in recording industry</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>doctors malpractice claims against</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Jordan, Jesse</primary></indexterm>
<para>
That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the
examples of extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to
copies, it was 50,000 copies directed at giving customers something
they had already bought.
</para>
-<indexterm id=
"idxvivendiuniversal" class='startofrange'><primary>Vivendi Universal</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxvivendiuniversal' class='startofrange'><primary>Vivendi Universal</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels,
headed by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled
you who believe the law should be less restrictive should realize that
such a view of the law will cost you and your firm dearly.
</para>
-<indexterm startref="idxvivendiuniversal" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxvivendiuniversal' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm><primary>Hummer, John</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Barry, Hank</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Hummer Winblad</primary></indexterm>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 220 -->
<chapter label="13" id="eldred">
<title>CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred</title>
-<indexterm id=
"idxhawthornenathaniel" class='startofrange'><primary>Hawthorne, Nathaniel</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxhawthornenathaniel' class='startofrange'><primary>Hawthorne, Nathaniel</primary></indexterm>
<para>
<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated
that his daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was
</part>
<chapter label="15" id="c-conclusion">
<title>CONCLUSION</title>
-<indexterm id="idxantiretroviraldrugs" class='startofrange'><primary>antiretroviral drugs</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxhivaidstherapies" class='startofrange'><primary>HIV/AIDS therapies</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxafricahivmed" class='startofrange'><primary>Africa, medications for HIV patients in</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxafricamedicationsforhivpatientsin' class='startofrange'><primary>Africa, medications for HIV patients in</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxaidsmedications' class='startofrange'><primary>AIDS medications</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxantiretroviraldrugs' class='startofrange'><primary>antiretroviral drugs</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxdevelopingcountriesforeignpatentcostsin2' class='startofrange'><primary>developing countries, foreign patent costs in</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxdrugspharmaceutical' class='startofrange'><primary>drugs</primary><secondary>pharmaceutical</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxhivaidstherapies' class='startofrange'><primary>HIV/AIDS therapies</primary></indexterm>
<para>
<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million
people with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live
the developing world receive them—and half of them are in Brazil.
</para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxpatentsonpharmaceuticals' class='startofrange'><primary>patents</primary><secondary>on pharmaceuticals</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpharmaceuticalpatents' class='startofrange'><primary>pharmaceutical patents</primary></indexterm>
<para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 265 -->
These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are
bringing, they started looking for ways to import HIV treatments at
costs significantly below the market price.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxinternationallaw2' class='startofrange'><primary>international law</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxparallelimportation' class='startofrange'><primary>parallel importation</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsouthafricarepublicofpharmaceuticalimportsby' class='startofrange'><primary>South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by</primary></indexterm>
<para>
In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the
importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in
<indexterm><primary>Drahos, Peter</primary></indexterm>
</para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>United States Trade Representative (USTR)</primary></indexterm>
<para>
However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more
than opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association
Africa, a Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property
Organization</citetitle> (Washington, D.C., 2000), 15. </para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxparallelimportation' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No
doubt patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't
importance of <quote>intellectual property</quote> that led these government actors
to intervene against the South African response to AIDS.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxsouthafricarepublicofpharmaceuticalimportsby' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years
from now when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have
that results in so many deaths? What exactly is the insanity that
would allow so many to die for such an abstraction?
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxcorporationsinpharmaceuticalindustry' class='startofrange'><primary>corporations</primary><secondary>in pharmaceutical industry</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations.
Their managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation.
drugs didn't get back into the United States, but those are mere
problems of technology. They could be overcome.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxintellectualpropertyrightsofdrugpatents' class='startofrange'><primary>intellectual property rights</primary><secondary>of drug patents</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the
fear of the grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of
strategy thus becomes framed in terms of this ideal—the sanctity of an
idea called <quote>intellectual property.</quote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxafricamedicationsforhivpatientsin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxaidsmedications' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxantiretroviraldrugs' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdevelopingcountriesforeignpatentcostsin2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdrugspharmaceutical' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxhivaidstherapies' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcorporationsinpharmaceuticalindustry' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will
you say? When the common sense of a generation finally revolts
policy. For most of our history, both copyright and patent policies
were balanced in just this sense.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxpatentsonpharmaceuticals' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpharmaceuticalpatents' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternationallaw2' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the
critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and
consequences more grave to the spread of ideas and culture than almost
any other single policy decision that we as a democracy will make.
</para>
-<indexterm startref="idxafricahivmed" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxhivaidstherapies" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxantiretroviraldrugs" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxintellectualpropertyrightsofdrugpatents' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under
the cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if
noticed. Powerful lobbies, complex issues, and MTV attention spans
produce the <quote>perfect storm</quote> for free culture.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>academic journals</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>biomedical research</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxintellectualpropertyrightsinternationalorganizationonissuesof' class='startofrange'><primary>intellectual property rights</primary><secondary>international organization on issues of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>development of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>IBM</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>PLoS (Public Library of Science)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>public projects in</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Wellcome Trust</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxworldintellectualpropertyorganizationwipo' class='startofrange'><primary>World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>World Wide Web</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Global Positioning System</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Reagan, Ronald</primary></indexterm>
Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It
included the Global Positioning System, which Ronald Reagan set free
in the early 1980s. And it included <quote>open source and free software.</quote>
-<indexterm><primary>academic journals</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>IBM</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>PLoS (Public Library of Science)</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<indexterm startref='idxbiomedicalresearch' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
property was balanced by agreements to keep access open or to impose
limitations on the way in which proprietary claims might be used.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxlessiglawrenceininternationaldebateonintellectualproperty' class='startofrange'><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary><secondary>in international debate on intellectual property</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal.<footnote><para>
<!-- f7. --> I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the
WIPO is the preeminent international body dealing with intellectual
property issues.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxworldsummitontheinformationsocietywsis' class='startofrange'><primary>World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact
about WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a
thus the meeting about <quote>open and collaborative projects to create
public goods</quote> seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxintellectualpropertyrightsinternationalorganizationonissuesof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxworldintellectualpropertyorganizationwipo' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxworldsummitontheinformationsocietywsis' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxfreesoftwareopensourcesoftwarefsoss' class='startofrange'><primary>free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Apple Corporation</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmicrosoftonfreesoftware' class='startofrange'><primary>Microsoft</primary><secondary>on free software</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
But there is one project within that list that is highly
controversial, at least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source
<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #63</ulink>.
</para></footnote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxlessiglawrenceininternationaldebateonintellectualproperty' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm><primary>General Public License (GPL)</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>GPL (General Public License)</primary></indexterm>
<para>
could not impose the same kind of requirements on its adopters. It
thus depends upon copyright law just as Microsoft does.
</para>
-<indexterm><primary>Krim, Jonathan</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxintellectualpropertyrightsinternationalorganizationonissuesof2' class='startofrange'><primary>intellectual property rights</primary><secondary>international organization on issues of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxworldintellectualpropertyorganizationwipo2' class='startofrange'><primary>World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxkrimjonathan' class='startofrange'><primary>Krim, Jonathan</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Microsoft</primary><secondary>WIPO meeting opposed by</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software
powerful software producer in the United States having succeeded in
its lobbying efforts.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxmicrosoftonfreesoftware' class='endofrange'/>
<indexterm><primary>Boland, Lois</primary></indexterm>
<para>
What was surprising was the United States government's reason for
to disclaim or waive such rights seems to us to be contrary to the
goals of WIPO.</quote>
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxkrimjonathan' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
These statements are astonishing on a number of levels.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxfreesoftwareopensourcesoftwarefsoss' class='endofrange'/>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 273 -->
<para>
First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and
first-year law student, but an embarrassment from a high government
official dealing with intellectual property issues.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>drugs</primary><secondary>pharmaceutical</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>generic drugs</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>patents</primary><secondary>on pharmaceuticals</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to <quote>promote</quote>
intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the
that they also should be exercised in the most extreme and restrictive
way possible.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxfeudalsystem' class='startofrange'><primary>feudal system</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpropertyrightsfeudalsystemof' class='startofrange'><primary>property rights</primary><secondary>feudal system of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
There is a history of just such a property system that is well known
in the Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under
<emphasis>free</emphasis> or <emphasis>feudal</emphasis>. The trend is
toward the feudal.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxfeudalsystem' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpropertyrightsfeudalsystemof' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the
comment section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who
that was particularly depressing for me. An anonymous poster wrote,
</para>
<blockquote>
+<indexterm startref='idxintellectualpropertyrightsinternationalorganizationonissuesof2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxworldintellectualpropertyorganizationwipo2' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as
it should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government,
space where free software would survive. He was actively protecting
what before had been passively guaranteed.
</para>
+<indexterm id='idxacademicjournals' class='startofrange'><primary>academic journals</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxscientificjournals' class='startofrange'><primary>scientific journals</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates
with the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and
scientific journals are produced.
</para>
-<indexterm id="idxacademocjournals" class='startofrange'><primary>academic journals</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxlexisandwestlaw' class='startofrange'><primary>Lexis and Westlaw</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxlawdatabasesofcasereportsin' class='startofrange'><primary>law</primary><secondary>databases of case reports in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>libraries</primary><secondary>journals in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>access to opinions of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that
printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them
to charge users for the privilege of gaining access to that Supreme
Court opinion through their respective services.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>access fees for material in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpublicdomainlicensesystemforrebuildingof' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>license system for rebuilding of</secondary></indexterm>
<para>
There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to
charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive
domain, then there could be nothing wrong, in principle, with selling
access to material that is not in the public domain.
</para>
+<indexterm startref='idxlexisandwestlaw' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxlawdatabasesofcasereportsin' class='endofrange'/>
<para>
But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data
was through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to
software, a changing technology and market shrink a freedom taken for
granted before.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>PLoS (Public Library of Science)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</primary></indexterm>
<para>
This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to
restore the freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science
available for free. PLoS also sells a print version of its work, but
the copyright for the print journal does not inhibit the right of
anyone to redistribute the work for free.
-<indexterm><primary>PLoS (Public Library of Science)</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for
presumptively a good—especially when it helps spread knowledge
and science.
</para>
-<indexterm startref="idxacademocjournals" class='endofrange'/>
-
+<indexterm startref='idxacademicjournals' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxscientificjournals' class='endofrange'/>
</section>
<section id="oneidea">
<title>Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea</title>
-<indexterm id=
"idxcc" class='startofrange'><primary>Creative Commons</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id=
'idxcreativecommons' class='startofrange'><primary>Creative Commons</primary></indexterm>
<para>
The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the
increasing control effected through law and technology.
who help build the public domain and, by their work, demonstrate the
importance of the public domain to other creativity.
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Jefferson, Thomas</primary></indexterm>
<para>
The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The aim is to
complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture
flexibly and cheaply. That difference, we believe, will enable
creativity to spread more easily.
</para>
-<indexterm startref="idxcc" class='endofrange'/>
-
+<indexterm startref='idxpublicdomainlicensesystemforrebuildingof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcreativecommons' class='endofrange'/>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 292 -->
</section>
</section>
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / blobdiff