msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-08 14:20+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-10-17 08:15+0200\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
#: freeculture.xml:24
-msgid "<pubdate>2015-09-04</pubdate> <edition>1</edition>"
+msgid "<pubdate>2015-10-17</pubdate> <edition>1</edition>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><releaseinfo>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:15799
+#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:15881
msgid ""
"This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license permits "
"non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is given. For more "
msgstr ""
#. testing different ways to tag the cover page
-#
-#. <imageobject remap="s" role="front">
-#
-#. <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" />
-#. </imageobject>
-#. <imageobject remap="xs" role="front-small">
-#. <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" />
-#. </imageobject>
-#. <imageobject remap="cs" role="thumbnail">
-#. <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" />
-#. </imageobject>
-#
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><mediaobject>
#: freeculture.xml:126
msgid ""
"<imageobject remap=\"lrg\" role=\"front-large\"> <imagedata "
-"fileref=\"images/cover.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject>"
+"fileref=\"images/cover-front-72dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> "
+"</imageobject> <imageobject remap=\"s\" role=\"front\"> <imagedata "
+"fileref=\"images/cover-front-10dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> "
+"</imageobject> <imageobject remap=\"xs\" role=\"front-small\"> <imagedata "
+"fileref=\"images/cover-front-10dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> "
+"</imageobject> <imageobject remap=\"cs\" role=\"thumbnail\"> <imagedata "
+"fileref=\"images/cover-front-10dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> "
+"</imageobject>"
msgstr ""
#. LCCN from
#: freeculture.xml:124
msgid ""
" <placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/> <biblioid "
-"class=\"isbn\">978-82-8067-010-6</biblioid> <biblioid "
+"class=\"isbn\">978-82-690182-0-2</biblioid> <biblioid "
"class=\"libraryofcongress\">2003063276</biblioid> <biblioid "
"class=\"uri\">http://free-culture.cc/</biblioid>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:155
+#: freeculture.xml:153
msgid "Also by Lawrence Lessig"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:161
+#: freeculture.xml:159
msgid "The USA is lesterland: The nature of congressional corruption (2014)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:164
+#: freeculture.xml:162
msgid "Republic, lost: How money corrupts Congress - and a plan to stop it (2011)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:167
+#: freeculture.xml:165
msgid "Remix: Making art and commerce thrive in the hybrid economy (2008)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:170
+#: freeculture.xml:168
msgid "Code: Version 2.0 (2006)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:173
+#: freeculture.xml:171
msgid "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World (2001)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:176
+#: freeculture.xml:174
msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace (1999)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:189
+#: freeculture.xml:187
msgid ""
"To Eric Eldred — whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom "
"it continues still."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><lot><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:199
+#: freeculture.xml:197
msgid "List of figures"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:261
+#: freeculture.xml:259
msgid "Preface"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:262
+#: freeculture.xml:260
msgid "Pogue, David"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:261 freeculture.xml:6524 freeculture.xml:6655 freeculture.xml:6719
+msgid "Code (Lessig)"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:264
+#: freeculture.xml:263
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"bold\">At the end</emphasis> of his review of my first "
"book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:275
+#: freeculture.xml:274
msgid ""
"David Pogue, <quote>Don't Just Chat, Do Something,</quote> <citetitle>New "
"York Times</citetitle>, 30 January 2000."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:271
+#: freeculture.xml:270
msgid ""
"Unlike actual law, Internet software has no capacity to punish. It doesn't "
"affect people who aren't online (and only a tiny minority of the world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:280
+#: freeculture.xml:279
msgid ""
"Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or "
"<quote>code,</quote> functioned as a kind of law—and his review "
#. PAGE BREAK 12
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:289
+#: freeculture.xml:288
msgid ""
"Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But "
"even if he was right then, the point is not right now: <citetitle>Free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:300
+#: freeculture.xml:299
msgid ""
"But unlike <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, the argument here is not much about "
"the Internet itself. It is instead about the consequence of the Internet to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:312
+#: freeculture.xml:311
msgid ""
"Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free Societies</citetitle> 57 "
"(Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:307
+#: freeculture.xml:306
msgid ""
"That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages "
"that follow, we come from a tradition of <quote>free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:327
+#: freeculture.xml:326
msgid ""
"If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not "
"<quote>we</quote> on the Left or <quote>you</quote> on the Right, but we who "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:989
+#: freeculture.xml:334 freeculture.xml:989
msgid "power, concentration of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:13825
+#: freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:13954
msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:337 freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:13826
+#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:357 freeculture.xml:13955
msgid "Safire, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:338
+#: freeculture.xml:337
msgid "Stevens, Ted"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:340
+#: freeculture.xml:339
msgid ""
"We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As "
"the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:356
+#: freeculture.xml:355
msgid ""
"William Safire, <quote>The Great Media Gulp,</quote> <citetitle>New York "
"Times</citetitle>, 22 May 2003. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:352
+#: freeculture.xml:351
msgid ""
"Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of "
"power—political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:363
+#: freeculture.xml:362
msgid ""
"This idea is an element of the argument of <citetitle>Free "
"Culture</citetitle>, though my focus is not just on the concentration of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:374
+#: freeculture.xml:373
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">The inspiration</emphasis> for the title and for "
"much of the argument of this book comes from the work of Richard Stallman "
#. PAGE BREAK 14
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:383
+#: freeculture.xml:382
msgid ""
"I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer "
"is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:401
+#: freeculture.xml:400
msgid ""
"Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between "
"anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:416
+#: freeculture.xml:415
msgid "Introduction"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:417 freeculture.xml:520 freeculture.xml:978
+#: freeculture.xml:416 freeculture.xml:519 freeculture.xml:978
msgid "Wright brothers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:419
+#: freeculture.xml:418
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">On December 17</emphasis>, 1903, on a windy North "
"Carolina beach for just shy of one hundred seconds, the Wright brothers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:426
+#: freeculture.xml:425
msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14849
+#: freeculture.xml:426 freeculture.xml:14986
msgid "land ownership, air traffic and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:4652 freeculture.xml:13728 freeculture.xml:14850
+#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:4693 freeculture.xml:13856 freeculture.xml:14987
msgid "property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:14850
+#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14987
msgid "air traffic vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:434
+#: freeculture.xml:433
msgid ""
"St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South "
"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:430
+#: freeculture.xml:429
msgid ""
"At the time the Wright brothers invented the airplane, American law held "
"that a property owner presumptively owned not just the surface of his land, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:444
+#: freeculture.xml:443
msgid ""
"Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American "
"law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:831 freeculture.xml:958 freeculture.xml:976 freeculture.xml:1024 freeculture.xml:9577 freeculture.xml:13144 freeculture.xml:13929
+#: freeculture.xml:451 freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:497 freeculture.xml:517 freeculture.xml:703 freeculture.xml:831 freeculture.xml:958 freeculture.xml:976 freeculture.xml:1024 freeculture.xml:9642 freeculture.xml:13271 freeculture.xml:14058
msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:453 freeculture.xml:466 freeculture.xml:499 freeculture.xml:519 freeculture.xml:705 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9578 freeculture.xml:13145 freeculture.xml:13930
+#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9643 freeculture.xml:13272 freeculture.xml:14059
msgid "Causby, Tinie"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:455
+#: freeculture.xml:454
msgid ""
"In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers "
"Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:467
+#: freeculture.xml:466
msgid "Douglas, William O."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:468 freeculture.xml:4541 freeculture.xml:5143 freeculture.xml:8890 freeculture.xml:14237
+#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:4581 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:8955 freeculture.xml:12299 freeculture.xml:12300 freeculture.xml:14370
msgid "Supreme Court, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:468
+#: freeculture.xml:467
msgid "on airspace vs. land rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:470
+#: freeculture.xml:469
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared "
"the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:490
+#: freeculture.xml:489
msgid ""
"United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that "
"there could be a <quote>taking</quote> if the government's use of its land "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:481
+#: freeculture.xml:480
msgid ""
"[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public "
"highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:504
+#: freeculture.xml:503
msgid "<quote>Common sense revolts at the idea.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 18
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:508
+#: freeculture.xml:507
msgid ""
"This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, "
"but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:522
+#: freeculture.xml:521
msgid ""
"Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the "
"other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:543 freeculture.xml:9585 freeculture.xml:10280
+#: freeculture.xml:542 freeculture.xml:9650 freeculture.xml:10357
msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:544
+#: freeculture.xml:543
msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:545
+#: freeculture.xml:544
msgid "Edison, Thomas"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:546
+#: freeculture.xml:545
msgid "Faraday, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:547 freeculture.xml:4282 freeculture.xml:6824 freeculture.xml:10187
+#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:3373 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:6874 freeculture.xml:8667 freeculture.xml:10261 freeculture.xml:10309
msgid "radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:547 freeculture.xml:6824
+#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:6874
msgid "FM spectrum of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 19
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:549
+#: freeculture.xml:548
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Edwin Howard Armstrong</emphasis> is one of "
"America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He came to the great American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:562
+#: freeculture.xml:561
msgid ""
"On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for "
"his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:572
+#: freeculture.xml:571
msgid ""
"On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the "
"Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:583
+#: freeculture.xml:582
msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:594
+#: freeculture.xml:593
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard "
"Armstrong</citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:587
+#: freeculture.xml:586
msgid ""
"A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded "
"like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:599 freeculture.xml:6827
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:598 freeculture.xml:6877 freeculture.xml:14122
msgid "RCA"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:600 freeculture.xml:2475 freeculture.xml:2493 freeculture.xml:2527 freeculture.xml:2529
+#: freeculture.xml:599 freeculture.xml:2482 freeculture.xml:2500 freeculture.xml:2534 freeculture.xml:2536
msgid "media"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:600 freeculture.xml:2529
+#: freeculture.xml:599 freeculture.xml:2536
msgid "ownership concentration in"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 20
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:602
+#: freeculture.xml:601
msgid ""
"As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior "
"radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:632
+#: freeculture.xml:609 freeculture.xml:631
msgid "Sarnoff, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:612
+#: freeculture.xml:611
msgid ""
"RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that "
"Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:623
+#: freeculture.xml:622
msgid ""
"See <quote>Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,</quote> "
"First Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:620
+#: freeculture.xml:619
msgid ""
"I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from "
"our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:631 freeculture.xml:6823
+#: freeculture.xml:630 freeculture.xml:6873
msgid "FM radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:634
+#: freeculture.xml:633
msgid ""
"Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a "
"campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:639
+#: freeculture.xml:638
msgid "Lessing, Lawrence"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:647
+#: freeculture.xml:646
msgid "Lessing, 226."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:642
+#: freeculture.xml:641
msgid ""
"The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of "
"strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:651
+#: freeculture.xml:650
msgid "FCC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:651
+#: freeculture.xml:650
msgid "on FM radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:653
+#: freeculture.xml:652
msgid ""
"RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were "
"needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:672
+#: freeculture.xml:671
msgid "Lessing, 256."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:668
+#: freeculture.xml:667
msgid ""
"The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a "
"series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:677
+#: freeculture.xml:676
msgid "AT&T"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:679
+#: freeculture.xml:678
msgid ""
"To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio "
"users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:691
+#: freeculture.xml:690
msgid ""
"Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's "
"patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for "
#. PAGE BREAK 22
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:707
+#: freeculture.xml:706
msgid ""
"This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely "
"with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, "
"did not: the power to stifle the effect of technological change."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:724 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2346 freeculture.xml:2358 freeculture.xml:2442 freeculture.xml:2476 freeculture.xml:2502 freeculture.xml:2752 freeculture.xml:4158 freeculture.xml:6707 freeculture.xml:7564 freeculture.xml:7632 freeculture.xml:10186 freeculture.xml:13460 freeculture.xml:14020 freeculture.xml:14021 freeculture.xml:14095
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><
section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2365 freeculture.xml:2449 freeculture.xml:2483 freeculture.xml:2509 freeculture.xml:2760 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6757 freeculture.xml:7620 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:13587 freeculture.xml:14153 freeculture.xml:14154 freeculture.xml:14228 freeculture.xml:14759
msgid "Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:724 freeculture.xml:4692 freeculture.xml:13460 freeculture.xml:14020
+#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:13587 freeculture.xml:14153
msgid "development of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:732
+#: freeculture.xml:731
msgid ""
"Amanda Lenhart, <quote>The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at "
"Internet Access and the Digital Divide,</quote> Pew Internet and American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:726
+#: freeculture.xml:725
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">There's no</emphasis> single inventor of the "
"Internet. Nor is there any good date upon which to mark its birth. Yet in a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:741
+#: freeculture.xml:740
msgid ""
"As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed "
"things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:752
+#: freeculture.xml:751
msgid ""
"Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet "
"itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:761
+#: freeculture.xml:760
msgid "Barlow, Joel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:762
+#: freeculture.xml:761 freeculture.xml:762
msgid "culture"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:761 freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1701 freeculture.xml:5291 freeculture.xml:6526 freeculture.xml:14193
+msgid "free culture"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
#: freeculture.xml:762
msgid "commercial vs. noncommercial"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:2848 freeculture.xml:2849 freeculture.xml:2876 freeculture.xml:2877 freeculture.xml:2878 freeculture.xml:7795 freeculture.xml:9644 freeculture.xml:9645 freeculture.xml:9920 freeculture.xml:9921 freeculture.xml:9922 freeculture.xml:9965
+#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:2857 freeculture.xml:2884 freeculture.xml:2885 freeculture.xml:2886 freeculture.xml:4261 freeculture.xml:7851 freeculture.xml:9711 freeculture.xml:9712 freeculture.xml:9989 freeculture.xml:9990 freeculture.xml:9991 freeculture.xml:10034
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:803 freeculture.xml:1939 freeculture.xml:1952
+#: freeculture.xml:803 freeculture.xml:1942 freeculture.xml:1955
msgid "Brandeis, Louis D."
msgstr ""
"in publication, but also a privacy interest. By granting authors the "
"exclusive right to first publication, state copyright law gave authors the "
"power to control the spread of facts about them. See Samuel D. Warren and "
-"Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> Harvard Law Review 4 "
-"(1890): 193, 198–200. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> <citetitle>Harvard "
+"Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193, 198–200. <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"a controlled part, balanced with the free."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1698 freeculture.xml:5250 freeculture.xml:6478 freeculture.xml:14060
-msgid "free culture"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
#: freeculture.xml:810
msgid "permission culture vs."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:811
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:811 freeculture.xml:10105
msgid "permission culture"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:817 freeculture.xml:10170
+#: freeculture.xml:817 freeculture.xml:10244
msgid "Litman, Jessica"
msgstr ""
"to remake the Internet before the Internet remakes them."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:7519
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:4400 freeculture.xml:6298 freeculture.xml:7575 freeculture.xml:11227 freeculture.xml:13160
msgid "Valenti, Jack"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:7519
+#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:7575
msgid "on creative property rights"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6859 freeculture.xml:6972 freeculture.xml:6973 freeculture.xml:6974 freeculture.xml:7019 freeculture.xml:7607 freeculture.xml:8888 freeculture.xml:11173 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:12110
+#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6909 freeculture.xml:7022 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7073 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8953 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:11555 freeculture.xml:12210 freeculture.xml:12371
msgid "Constitution, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6859 freeculture.xml:7607 freeculture.xml:8888
+#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6909 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8953
msgid "First Amendment to"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:1182 freeculture.xml:1207 freeculture.xml:1551 freeculture.xml:1595 freeculture.xml:1709 freeculture.xml:3109 freeculture.xml:3200 freeculture.xml:4280 freeculture.xml:4281 freeculture.xml:4692 freeculture.xml:4693 freeculture.xml:5294 freeculture.xml:6480 freeculture.xml:6926 freeculture.xml:7006 freeculture.xml:7007 freeculture.xml:7191 freeculture.xml:7290 freeculture.xml:7322 freeculture.xml:7352 freeculture.xml:7387 freeculture.xml:7501 freeculture.xml:7502 freeculture.xml:7563 freeculture.xml:7601 freeculture.xml:7701 freeculture.xml:7715 freeculture.xml:7774 freeculture.xml:7775 freeculture.xml:7873 freeculture.xml:9806 freeculture.xml:10159 freeculture.xml:11113 freeculture.xml:11158
+#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1554 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1712 freeculture.xml:3123 freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:4344 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:4734 freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:6528 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:7060 freeculture.xml:7061 freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:7378 freeculture.xml:7408 freeculture.xml:7443 freeculture.xml:7557 freeculture.xml:7558 freeculture.xml:7619 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7757 freeculture.xml:7771 freeculture.xml:7830 freeculture.xml:7831 freeculture.xml:7929 freeculture.xml:9875 freeculture.xml:10233 freeculture.xml:11192 freeculture.xml:11238
msgid "copyright law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:7006
+#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:7060
msgid "as protection of creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:6860 freeculture.xml:7608 freeculture.xml:8889
+#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7664 freeculture.xml:8954
msgid "First Amendment"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:15248
+#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:15385
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:13376 freeculture.xml:13459 freeculture.xml:13629
+#: freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:13503 freeculture.xml:13586 freeculture.xml:13756
msgid "intellectual property rights"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:4693
+#: freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:4734
msgid "English"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:5103
+#: freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:5144
msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><
partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1077
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><
chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:3161
msgid "music publishing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1078 freeculture.xml:3197
+#: freeculture.xml:1078 freeculture.xml:3215
msgid "sheet music"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:6708 freeculture.xml:11161
+#: freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:3905 freeculture.xml:4263 freeculture.xml:6249 freeculture.xml:6758 freeculture.xml:11241
msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7077 freeculture.xml:7520
+#: freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7131 freeculture.xml:7576
msgid "creative property"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1147
+#: freeculture.xml:1148
msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:3005
+#: freeculture.xml:1149 freeculture.xml:3013
msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1154
+#: freeculture.xml:1155
msgid ""
"See Rochelle Dreyfuss, <quote>Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language "
"in the Pepsi Generation,</quote> <citetitle>Notre Dame Law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1167 freeculture.xml:7456
+#: freeculture.xml:1168 freeculture.xml:7512
msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1162
+#: freeculture.xml:1163
msgid ""
"Lisa Bannon, <quote>The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay "
"Up,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1150
+#: freeculture.xml:1151
msgid ""
"This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor "
"Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the <quote>if value, then right</quote> "
#. PAGE BREAK 32
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1174
+#: freeculture.xml:1175
msgid ""
"This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property "
"should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1182 freeculture.xml:7290 freeculture.xml:7387 freeculture.xml:7701
+#: freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:7443 freeculture.xml:7757
msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:1365 freeculture.xml:1522
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><seealso>
+#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:1367 freeculture.xml:1525 freeculture.xml:3825
msgid "creativity"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:3825 freeculture.xml:3826 freeculture.xml:3833 freeculture.xml:9876
+msgid "innovation"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1183
+#: freeculture.xml:1185
msgid "legal restrictions on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1185
+#: freeculture.xml:1187
msgid ""
"Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets "
"the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1192
+#: freeculture.xml:1194
msgid ""
"The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes "
"care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1200
+#: freeculture.xml:1202
msgid ""
"Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all "
"that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1207
+#: freeculture.xml:1209
msgid "creativity impeded by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1208 freeculture.xml:1239
+#: freeculture.xml:1210 freeculture.xml:1241
msgid "Florida, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1240
+#: freeculture.xml:1211 freeculture.xml:1242
msgid "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1231
+#: freeculture.xml:1233
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic "
"Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1211
+#: freeculture.xml:1213
msgid ""
"But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the "
"law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1247
+#: freeculture.xml:1249
msgid ""
"These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by "
"understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1255
+#: freeculture.xml:1257
msgid "Chapter One: Creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1256
+#: freeculture.xml:1258
msgid "animated cartoons"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1257
+#: freeculture.xml:1259
msgid "cartoon films"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1258 freeculture.xml:5298 freeculture.xml:5332 freeculture.xml:6047 freeculture.xml:6091
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
blockquote><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1260 freeculture.xml:5339 freeculture.xml:5373 freeculture.xml:6086 freeculture.xml:6130 freeculture.xml:6248
msgid "films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1258
+#: freeculture.xml:1260
msgid "animated"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1259
+#: freeculture.xml:1261
msgid "Steamboat Willie"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1260 freeculture.xml:7481
+#: freeculture.xml:1262 freeculture.xml:7537
msgid "Mickey Mouse"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1262
+#: freeculture.xml:1264
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">In 1928</emphasis>, a cartoon character was "
"born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut in May of that year, in a silent "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1268 freeculture.xml:1485 freeculture.xml:1539 freeculture.xml:1680 freeculture.xml:1926 freeculture.xml:4528 freeculture.xml:6223 freeculture.xml:7480 freeculture.xml:11054 freeculture.xml:11467
+#: freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1488 freeculture.xml:1542 freeculture.xml:1683 freeculture.xml:1929 freeculture.xml:4568 freeculture.xml:6266 freeculture.xml:7536 freeculture.xml:11133 freeculture.xml:11558
msgid "Disney, Walt"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1270
+#: freeculture.xml:1272
msgid ""
"Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie "
"<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy "
#. PAGE BREAK 35
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1279
+#: freeculture.xml:1281
msgid ""
"A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth "
"organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1286
+#: freeculture.xml:1288
msgid ""
"The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false "
"starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1299
+#: freeculture.xml:1301
msgid ""
"Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated "
"Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1293
+#: freeculture.xml:1295
msgid ""
"The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They "
"responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1304
+#: freeculture.xml:1306
msgid "Iwerks, Ub"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1306
+#: freeculture.xml:1308
msgid ""
"Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub "
"Iwerks, put it more strongly: <quote>I have never been so thrilled in my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1311
+#: freeculture.xml:1313
msgid ""
"Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively "
"new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1320 freeculture.xml:1682
+#: freeculture.xml:1322 freeculture.xml:1685
msgid "Keaton, Buster"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1321 freeculture.xml:1552 freeculture.xml:1940
+#: freeculture.xml:1323 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:1943
msgid "Steamboat Bill, Jr."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1323
+#: freeculture.xml:1325
msgid ""
"This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks "
"another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1329
+#: freeculture.xml:1331
msgid ""
"Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, "
"he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1336 freeculture.xml:1493 freeculture.xml:7291 freeculture.xml:7388 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:7670 freeculture.xml:7716
+#: freeculture.xml:1338 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7347 freeculture.xml:7444 freeculture.xml:7622 freeculture.xml:7726 freeculture.xml:7772
msgid "derivative works"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1336 freeculture.xml:1493 freeculture.xml:7388 freeculture.xml:7566
+#: freeculture.xml:1338 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7444 freeculture.xml:7622
msgid "piracy vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1337 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:3004 freeculture.xml:3703 freeculture.xml:7389 freeculture.xml:7567 freeculture.xml:15314
+#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:3012 freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:15453
msgid "piracy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1337 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7389 freeculture.xml:7567
+#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7623
msgid "derivative work vs."
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1345
+#: freeculture.xml:1347
msgid ""
"I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1339
+#: freeculture.xml:1341
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon "
"Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1365 freeculture.xml:1522
+#: freeculture.xml:1367 freeculture.xml:1525
msgid "by transforming previous works"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1366 freeculture.xml:6264 freeculture.xml:7773
+#: freeculture.xml:1368 freeculture.xml:6309 freeculture.xml:7829
msgid "Disney, Inc."
msgstr ""
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1372
+#: freeculture.xml:1374
msgid ""
"He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse "
"that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1368
+#: freeculture.xml:1370
msgid ""
"This <quote>borrowing</quote> was nothing unique, either for Disney or for "
"the industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1386 freeculture.xml:1681 freeculture.xml:11055
+#: freeculture.xml:1388 freeculture.xml:1684 freeculture.xml:11134
msgid "Grimm fairy tales"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1388
+#: freeculture.xml:1390
msgid ""
"Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think "
"about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I "
#. PAGE BREAK 37
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1397
+#: freeculture.xml:1399
msgid ""
"Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a "
"new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1420
+#: freeculture.xml:1422
msgid ""
"This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and "
"celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except "
"the culture around us and makes it something different."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1431 freeculture.xml:4745 freeculture.xml:4746 freeculture.xml:4812 freeculture.xml:4850 freeculture.xml:4906 freeculture.xml:4952 freeculture.xml:5087 freeculture.xml:5181 freeculture.xml:6675 freeculture.xml:6975 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:7048 freeculture.xml:7074 freeculture.xml:7113 freeculture.xml:7236 freeculture.xml:7283 freeculture.xml:7320 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:7794 freeculture.xml:11112 freeculture.xml:11136 freeculture.xml:11465 freeculture.xml:11466
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4787 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4891 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7102 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:7168 freeculture.xml:7292 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7376 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 freeculture.xml:11191 freeculture.xml:11215 freeculture.xml:11556 freeculture.xml:11557 freeculture.xml:14101 freeculture.xml:14135
msgid "copyright"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1431 freeculture.xml:4745 freeculture.xml:4906 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:7074 freeculture.xml:11112 freeculture.xml:11466
+#: freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:11191 freeculture.xml:11557
msgid "duration of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1432 freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:5182 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:7201 freeculture.xml:8086 freeculture.xml:11046 freeculture.xml:13464 freeculture.xml:14254 freeculture.xml:14255
+#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:5223 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:8144 freeculture.xml:11125 freeculture.xml:13591 freeculture.xml:14387 freeculture.xml:14388
msgid "public domain"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1432
+#: freeculture.xml:1435
msgid "defined"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1433
+#: freeculture.xml:1436
msgid "traditional term for conversion to"
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1440
+#: freeculture.xml:1443
msgid ""
"Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an "
"initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1434
+#: freeculture.xml:1437
msgid ""
"In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively "
"fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1457
+#: freeculture.xml:1460
msgid ""
"At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No "
"permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, "
#. PAGE BREAK 38
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1468
+#: freeculture.xml:1471
msgid ""
"This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of "
"our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1487
+#: freeculture.xml:1490
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Of course</emphasis>, Walt Disney had no monopoly "
"on <quote>Walt Disney creativity.</quote> Nor does America. The norm of free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1492 freeculture.xml:1596 freeculture.xml:1710
+#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1599 freeculture.xml:1713
msgid "comics, Japanese"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:1712
+#: freeculture.xml:1497 freeculture.xml:1715
msgid "Japanese comics"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1713
+#: freeculture.xml:1498 freeculture.xml:1716
msgid "manga"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1498
+#: freeculture.xml:1501
msgid ""
"Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many "
"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1507
+#: freeculture.xml:1510
msgid ""
"Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an "
"unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1518
+#: freeculture.xml:1521
msgid ""
"But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant "
"on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1523 freeculture.xml:1711
+#: freeculture.xml:1526 freeculture.xml:1714
msgid "doujinshi comics"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 39
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1525
+#: freeculture.xml:1528
msgid ""
"This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are "
"also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1541
+#: freeculture.xml:1544
msgid ""
"These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are "
"huge. More than 33,000 <quote>circles</quote> of creators from across Japan "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1551 freeculture.xml:1595 freeculture.xml:1709
+#: freeculture.xml:1554 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1712
msgid "Japanese"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1554
+#: freeculture.xml:1557
msgid ""
"The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the "
"law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1568
+#: freeculture.xml:1571
msgid "Winick, Judd"
msgstr ""
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1580
+#: freeculture.xml:1583
msgid ""
"For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing "
"Comics</citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1570
+#: freeculture.xml:1573
msgid ""
"Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the "
"view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1585
+#: freeculture.xml:1588
msgid "Superman comics"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1587
+#: freeculture.xml:1590
msgid ""
"American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of "
"the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1597
+#: freeculture.xml:1600
msgid "Mehra, Salil"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1607
+#: freeculture.xml:1610
msgid ""
"See Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain "
"Why All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1599
+#: freeculture.xml:1602
msgid ""
"The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely "
"the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1621
+#: freeculture.xml:1624
msgid ""
"The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that "
"the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1634
+#: freeculture.xml:1637
msgid ""
"I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often "
"as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from "
#. PAGE BREAK 41
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1641
+#: freeculture.xml:1644
msgid ""
"This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a "
"function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1654
+#: freeculture.xml:1657
msgid "<emphasis role='strong'>Let's pause</emphasis> for a moment."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1657
+#: freeculture.xml:1660
msgid ""
"If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first "
"start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1667 freeculture.xml:3022 freeculture.xml:4758 freeculture.xml:5017 freeculture.xml:7904 freeculture.xml:9033
+#: freeculture.xml:1670 freeculture.xml:3033 freeculture.xml:4799 freeculture.xml:5058 freeculture.xml:7960 freeculture.xml:9098
msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1667
+#: freeculture.xml:1670
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The term <citetitle>intellectual "
"property</citetitle> is of relatively recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1662
+#: freeculture.xml:1665
msgid ""
"We live in a world that celebrates <quote>property.</quote> I am one of "
"those celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1684
+#: freeculture.xml:1687
msgid ""
"But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of "
"value out there that <quote>property</quote> doesn't capture. I don't mean "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1698
+#: freeculture.xml:1701
msgid "derivative works based on"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 42
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1700
+#: freeculture.xml:1703
msgid ""
"Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the "
"things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1715
+#: freeculture.xml:1718
msgid ""
"The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a "
"publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1724
+#: freeculture.xml:1727
msgid ""
"Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that "
"the copycat comic artists are <quote>stealing.</quote> This form of Walt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1735 freeculture.xml:4698 freeculture.xml:4830 freeculture.xml:4867 freeculture.xml:5197
+#: freeculture.xml:1738 freeculture.xml:4739 freeculture.xml:4871 freeculture.xml:4908 freeculture.xml:5238
msgid "Shakespeare, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1737
+#: freeculture.xml:1740
msgid ""
"It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin "
"to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking "
#. PAGE BREAK 43
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1751
+#: freeculture.xml:1754
msgid ""
"Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the "
"creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1763
+#: freeculture.xml:1766
msgid ""
"The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is "
"free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1775
+#: freeculture.xml:1778
msgid ""
"Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build "
"upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1784
+#: freeculture.xml:1787
msgid "Chapter Two: <quote>Mere Copyists</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1785
+#: freeculture.xml:1788
msgid "Daguerre, Louis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1786 freeculture.xml:1941 freeculture.xml:1996 freeculture.xml:6786
+#: freeculture.xml:1789 freeculture.xml:1944 freeculture.xml:1999 freeculture.xml:6836
msgid "camera technology"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1787
+#: freeculture.xml:1790
msgid "photography"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1789
+#: freeculture.xml:1792
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1839</emphasis>, Louis Daguerre invented the "
"first practical technology for producing what we would call "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1798
+#: freeculture.xml:1801
msgid "Talbot, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1800
+#: freeculture.xml:1803
msgid ""
"Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This "
"pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make <quote>automatic "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1810
+#: freeculture.xml:1813
msgid "Eastman, George"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 45
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1812
+#: freeculture.xml:1815
msgid ""
"The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen "
"until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1823 freeculture.xml:1978 freeculture.xml:6788
+#: freeculture.xml:1826 freeculture.xml:1981 freeculture.xml:6838 freeculture.xml:9677
msgid "Kodak cameras"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1824
+#: freeculture.xml:1827
msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1831
+#: freeculture.xml:1834
msgid ""
"Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: "
"Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1826
+#: freeculture.xml:1829
msgid ""
"Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of "
"it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1847 freeculture.xml:1873
+#: freeculture.xml:1850 freeculture.xml:1876
msgid "Coe, Brian"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1847
+#: freeculture.xml:1850
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth "
"of Photography</citetitle> (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1836
+#: freeculture.xml:1839
msgid ""
"The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any "
"person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1866
+#: freeculture.xml:1869
msgid "Jenkins, 177."
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1870
+#: freeculture.xml:1873
msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1855
+#: freeculture.xml:1858
msgid ""
"For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, "
"and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, "
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1888
+#: freeculture.xml:1891
msgid "Coe, 58."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1877
+#: freeculture.xml:1880
msgid ""
"The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It "
"was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1891 freeculture.xml:1997 freeculture.xml:2373 freeculture.xml:2391
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1894 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2380 freeculture.xml:2398 freeculture.xml:8841 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:15417
msgid "democracy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1891 freeculture.xml:1997 freeculture.xml:2373
+#: freeculture.xml:1894 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2380
msgid "in technologies of expression"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1892 freeculture.xml:1998 freeculture.xml:2038 freeculture.xml:2375
+#: freeculture.xml:1895 freeculture.xml:2001 freeculture.xml:2041 freeculture.xml:2382
msgid "expression, technologies of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1892 freeculture.xml:1998 freeculture.xml:2375
+#: freeculture.xml:1895 freeculture.xml:2001 freeculture.xml:2382
msgid "democratic"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1894
+#: freeculture.xml:1897
msgid ""
"In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The "
"pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1907
+#: freeculture.xml:1910
msgid "permissions"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1907
+#: freeculture.xml:1910
msgid "photography exempted from"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1918
+#: freeculture.xml:1921
msgid ""
"For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1909
+#: freeculture.xml:1912
msgid ""
"What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's "
"genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1927 freeculture.xml:9732
+#: freeculture.xml:1930 freeculture.xml:9801
msgid "images, ownership of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 47
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1929
+#: freeculture.xml:1932
msgid ""
"The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly "
"familiar. The photographer was <quote>taking</quote> something from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1953
+#: freeculture.xml:1956
msgid "Warren, Samuel D."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1950
+#: freeculture.xml:1953
msgid ""
"Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1943
+#: freeculture.xml:1946
msgid ""
"On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, "
"there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the "
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1971
+#: freeculture.xml:1974
msgid ""
"See Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1961
+#: freeculture.xml:1964
msgid ""
"Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early "
"decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1979 freeculture.xml:3805 freeculture.xml:3827 freeculture.xml:3828 freeculture.xml:5777 freeculture.xml:9973
+#: freeculture.xml:1982 freeculture.xml:3827 freeculture.xml:3849 freeculture.xml:3850 freeculture.xml:3906 freeculture.xml:4262 freeculture.xml:5814 freeculture.xml:10042 freeculture.xml:10956
msgid "Napster"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1981
+#: freeculture.xml:1984
msgid ""
"We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law "
"gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, "
#. PAGE BREAK 48
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2002
+#: freeculture.xml:2005
msgid ""
"But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard "
"to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2018 freeculture.xml:6787
+#: freeculture.xml:2021 freeculture.xml:6837
msgid "digital cameras"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2019
+#: freeculture.xml:2022
msgid "Just Think!"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2021
+#: freeculture.xml:2024
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San Francisco's "
"Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2036 freeculture.xml:2832
+#: freeculture.xml:2039 freeculture.xml:2840
msgid "education"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2036
+#: freeculture.xml:2039
msgid "in media literacy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2037
+#: freeculture.xml:2040
msgid "media literacy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2038
+#: freeculture.xml:2041
msgid "media literacy and"
msgstr ""
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2046
+#: freeculture.xml:2049
msgid ""
"H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and "
"Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2040
+#: freeculture.xml:2043
msgid ""
"These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly "
"so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2056
+#: freeculture.xml:2059
msgid "Yanofsky, Dave"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 49
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2059
+#: freeculture.xml:2062
msgid ""
"<quote>Media literacy,</quote> as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of "
"Just Think!, puts it, <quote>is the ability … to understand, analyze, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2067
+#: freeculture.xml:2070
msgid ""
"This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For "
"most people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2072 freeculture.xml:2622 freeculture.xml:6783 freeculture.xml:7754 freeculture.xml:8855 freeculture.xml:8909
+#: freeculture.xml:2075 freeculture.xml:2629 freeculture.xml:6833 freeculture.xml:7810 freeculture.xml:8920 freeculture.xml:8974
msgid "advertising"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2073 freeculture.xml:6785 freeculture.xml:8856
+#: freeculture.xml:2076 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:8921
msgid "commercials"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2074 freeculture.xml:6784 freeculture.xml:8857 freeculture.xml:8891 freeculture.xml:15312
+#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:8922 freeculture.xml:8956 freeculture.xml:15451
msgid "television"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2074 freeculture.xml:6784 freeculture.xml:8857
+#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:8922
msgid "advertising on"
msgstr ""
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2080
+#: freeculture.xml:2083
msgid ""
"Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> "
"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2076
+#: freeculture.xml:2079
msgid ""
"Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television "
"commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2091
+#: freeculture.xml:2094
msgid ""
"A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as "
"crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2102
+#: freeculture.xml:2105
msgid ""
"It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But "
"even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2109 freeculture.xml:2125 freeculture.xml:2231
+#: freeculture.xml:2112 freeculture.xml:2128 freeculture.xml:2234
msgid "Daley, Elizabeth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2110
+#: freeculture.xml:2113
msgid "Crichton, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2124 freeculture.xml:2184 freeculture.xml:2191 freeculture.xml:2264 freeculture.xml:2685
+#: freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:2187 freeculture.xml:2194 freeculture.xml:2267 freeculture.xml:2692
msgid "Barish, Stephanie"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2122
+#: freeculture.xml:2125
msgid ""
"Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2136
+#: freeculture.xml:2139
msgid ""
"See Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,</quote> E!online, "
"4 November 2000, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2112
+#: freeculture.xml:2115
msgid ""
"This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as "
"Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2143
+#: freeculture.xml:2146
msgid "computer games"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2145
+#: freeculture.xml:2148
msgid ""
"This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, "
"<quote>people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2152
+#: freeculture.xml:2155
msgid ""
"Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to "
"include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2159
+#: freeculture.xml:2162
msgid ""
"From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not "
"access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2167
+#: freeculture.xml:2170
msgid ""
"<quote>Read-only.</quote> Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. "
"Couch potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2183
+#: freeculture.xml:2186
msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. f31
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2188 freeculture.xml:4072 freeculture.xml:5245 freeculture.xml:8744
+#: freeculture.xml:2191 freeculture.xml:4099 freeculture.xml:5286 freeculture.xml:8807
msgid "Ibid."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2172
+#: freeculture.xml:2175
msgid ""
"The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It "
"could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2193
+#: freeculture.xml:2196
msgid ""
"As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to "
"others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2206
+#: freeculture.xml:2209
msgid ""
"The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new "
"problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2214
+#: freeculture.xml:2217
msgid ""
"Using whatever <quote>free web stuff they could find,</quote> and relatively "
"simple tools to enable the kids to mix <quote>image, sound, and "
"understand it and talk about it,</quote> Barish explained. That tool "
"succeeded in creating expression—far more successfully and powerfully "
"than could have been created using only text. <quote>If you had said to "
-"these students, `you have to do it in text,' they would've just thrown their "
-"hands up and gone and done something else,</quote> Barish described, in "
-"part, no doubt, because expressing themselves in text is not something these "
-"students can do well. Yet neither is text a form in which "
+"these students, <quote>you have to do it in text,</quote> they would've just "
+"thrown their hands up and gone and done something else,</quote> Barish "
+"described, in part, no doubt, because expressing themselves in text is not "
+"something these students can do well. Yet neither is text a form in which "
"<emphasis>these</emphasis> ideas can be expressed well. The power of this "
"message depended upon its connection to this form of expression."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 52
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2235
+#: freeculture.xml:2238
msgid ""
"<quote>But isn't education about teaching kids to write?</quote> I asked. In "
"part, of course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2246
+#: freeculture.xml:2249
msgid ""
"What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all "
"you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2266
+#: freeculture.xml:2269
msgid ""
"That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, "
"as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, "
#. PAGE BREAK 53
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2273
+#: freeculture.xml:2276
msgid ""
"Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say "
"something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2285 freeculture.xml:2344 freeculture.xml:6076
+#: freeculture.xml:2288 freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:6115
msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2286
+#: freeculture.xml:2289
msgid "World Trade Center"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2287 freeculture.xml:5996
+#: freeculture.xml:2290 freeculture.xml:6035
msgid "news coverage"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2289
+#: freeculture.xml:2292
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>When two planes</emphasis> crashed into the World "
"Trade Center, another into the Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2301
+#: freeculture.xml:2304
msgid ""
"These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored "
"for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2308 freeculture.xml:8683 freeculture.xml:8903
+#: freeculture.xml:2311 freeculture.xml:8746 freeculture.xml:8968
msgid "ABC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2309
+#: freeculture.xml:2312
msgid "CBS"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2313
+msgid "Cyber Rights (Godwin)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2314
+msgid "Godwin, Mike"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2483
+msgid "news events on"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2311
+#: freeculture.xml:2317
msgid ""
"But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September "
"11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different "
#. PAGE BREAK 54
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2326
+#: freeculture.xml:2332
msgid ""
"I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the "
"people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2336
+#: freeculture.xml:2342
msgid ""
"But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows "
"these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2345 freeculture.xml:2440 freeculture.xml:2579
+#: freeculture.xml:2351 freeculture.xml:2447 freeculture.xml:2586
msgid "blogs (Web-logs)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2346 freeculture.xml:2442
+#: freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2449
msgid "blogs on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2347 freeculture.xml:2443
+#: freeculture.xml:2353 freeculture.xml:2450
msgid "Web-logs (blogs)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2349
+#: freeculture.xml:2355
msgid ""
"September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same "
"time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2357 freeculture.xml:2426
+#: freeculture.xml:2364 freeculture.xml:2433
msgid "political discourse"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2358
+#: freeculture.xml:2365
msgid "public discourse conducted on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2360
+#: freeculture.xml:2367
msgid ""
"But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. "
"There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2374
+#: freeculture.xml:2381
msgid "elections"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 55
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2377
+#: freeculture.xml:2384
msgid ""
"That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it "
"does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2390
+#: freeculture.xml:2397
msgid "Tocqueville, Alexis de"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2391
+#: freeculture.xml:2398
msgid "public discourse in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2392
+#: freeculture.xml:2399
msgid "jury system"
msgstr ""
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2409
+#: freeculture.xml:2416
msgid ""
"See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in "
"America</citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2394
+#: freeculture.xml:2401
msgid ""
"But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by "
"the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our "
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2419
+#: freeculture.xml:2426
msgid ""
"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2415
+#: freeculture.xml:2422
msgid ""
"Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, "
"there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are "
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2435
+#: freeculture.xml:2442
msgid ""
"Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton "
"University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2428
+#: freeculture.xml:2435
msgid ""
"More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, "
"the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2441
+#: freeculture.xml:2448
msgid "e-mail"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 56
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2448
+#: freeculture.xml:2455
msgid ""
"Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this "
"problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2459
+#: freeculture.xml:2466
msgid ""
"But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of "
"norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2466
+#: freeculture.xml:2473
msgid "Dean, Howard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2468
+#: freeculture.xml:2475
msgid ""
"The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name "
"Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2473
+#: freeculture.xml:2480
msgid "Lott, Trent"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2474
+#: freeculture.xml:2481
msgid "Thurmond, Strom"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2475
+#: freeculture.xml:2482
msgid "blog pressure on"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2476
-msgid "news events on"
-msgstr ""
-
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2489
+#: freeculture.xml:2496
msgid ""
"Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the "
-"Pot,</quote> New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5."
+"Pot,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 16 January 2003, G5."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2478
+#: freeculture.xml:2485
msgid ""
"One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the "
"mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2493 freeculture.xml:2527
+#: freeculture.xml:2500 freeculture.xml:2534
msgid "commercial imperatives of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2495
+#: freeculture.xml:2502
msgid ""
"This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't "
"exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2502
+#: freeculture.xml:2509
msgid "peer-generated rankings on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2504
+#: freeculture.xml:2511
msgid ""
"But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can "
"focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2513
+#: freeculture.xml:2520
msgid "journalism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2514
+#: freeculture.xml:2521
msgid "Winer, Dave"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 57
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2516
+#: freeculture.xml:2523
msgid ""
"There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from "
"the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2526 freeculture.xml:2576
+#: freeculture.xml:2533 freeculture.xml:2583
msgid "CNN"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2528 freeculture.xml:2577 freeculture.xml:5940
+#: freeculture.xml:2535 freeculture.xml:2584 freeculture.xml:5977
msgid "Iraq war"
msgstr ""
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2537
+#: freeculture.xml:2544
msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2531
+#: freeculture.xml:2538
msgid ""
"These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated "
"(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public "
#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2557
+#: freeculture.xml:2564
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of "
"Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2549
+#: freeculture.xml:2556
msgid ""
"Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the "
"debate—<quote>amateur</quote> not in the sense of inexperienced, but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2578
+#: freeculture.xml:2585
msgid "Olafson, Steve"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2576
+#: freeculture.xml:2583
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
#. PAGE BREAK 58
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2569
+#: freeculture.xml:2576
msgid ""
"Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with "
"blogs. <quote>It's going to become an essential skill,</quote> Winer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2600
+#: freeculture.xml:2607
msgid ""
"This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you "
"don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2621 freeculture.xml:6774
+#: freeculture.xml:2628 freeculture.xml:6824
msgid "Brown, John Seely"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2624
+#: freeculture.xml:2631
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>John Seely Brown</emphasis> is the chief scientist "
"of the Xerox Corporation. His work, as his Web site describes it, is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2630
+#: freeculture.xml:2637
msgid ""
"Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit "
"differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be "
#. PAGE BREAK 59
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2637
+#: freeculture.xml:2644
msgid ""
"As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When <quote>a lot of us grew "
"up,</quote> he explains, that tinkering was done <quote>on motorcycle "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2650
+#: freeculture.xml:2657
msgid ""
"The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free "
"software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2657
+#: freeculture.xml:2664
msgid ""
"This opportunity creates a <quote>completely new kind of learning "
"platform,</quote> as Brown describes. <quote>As soon as you start doing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2665
+#: freeculture.xml:2672
msgid ""
"In this process, <quote>the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. "
"They are code.</quote> Kids are <quote>shifting to the ability to tinker in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2674
+#: freeculture.xml:2681
msgid ""
"This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same "
"collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, "
#. PAGE BREAK 60
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2687
+#: freeculture.xml:2694
msgid ""
"Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just "
"Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2695
+#: freeculture.xml:2702
msgid ""
"Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as "
"we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly "
#. f22
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2711
+#: freeculture.xml:2718
msgid ""
"See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, <quote>Technological "
"Access Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2704
+#: freeculture.xml:2711
msgid ""
"These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. "
"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2719
+#: freeculture.xml:2726
msgid ""
"<quote>This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,</quote> "
"Brown explains. We need to <quote>understand how kids who grow up digital "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2724
+#: freeculture.xml:2731
msgid ""
"<quote>Yet,</quote> as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will "
"evince, <quote>we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2732
+#: freeculture.xml:2738
msgid ""
"We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving "
"images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to "
"that technology."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2743 freeculture.xml:5978 freeculture.xml:6019 freeculture.xml:11635 freeculture.xml:11893
+msgid "Kahle, Brewster"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2738
+#: freeculture.xml:2746
msgid ""
"<quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet "
"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2745
+#: freeculture.xml:2753
msgid "Chapter Three: Catalogs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2746 freeculture.xml:2789 freeculture.xml:9647
+#: freeculture.xml:2754 freeculture.xml:2797 freeculture.xml:9714
msgid "Jordan, Jesse"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2747
+#: freeculture.xml:2755
msgid "RPI"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2747 freeculture.xml:2748 freeculture.xml:2749
+#: freeculture.xml:2755 freeculture.xml:2756 freeculture.xml:2757
msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2749
+#: freeculture.xml:2757
msgid "computer network search engine of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2750
+#: freeculture.xml:2758
msgid "search engines"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2751
+#: freeculture.xml:2759
msgid "university computer networks, p2p sharing on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2752
+#: freeculture.xml:2760
msgid "search engines used on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2754
+#: freeculture.xml:2762
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In the fall</emphasis> of 2002, Jesse Jordan of "
"Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2762
+#: freeculture.xml:2770
msgid ""
"RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It "
"offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2770
+#: freeculture.xml:2778
msgid ""
"RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one "
"another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2776 freeculture.xml:2831
+#: freeculture.xml:2784 freeculture.xml:2839
msgid "Google"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 62
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2778
+#: freeculture.xml:2786
msgid ""
"Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the "
"Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2790 freeculture.xml:3707 freeculture.xml:3709 freeculture.xml:3710 freeculture.xml:5529 freeculture.xml:8215 freeculture.xml:13563 freeculture.xml:13632
+#: freeculture.xml:2798 freeculture.xml:3728 freeculture.xml:3730 freeculture.xml:3731 freeculture.xml:5566 freeculture.xml:8274 freeculture.xml:13690 freeculture.xml:13759
msgid "Microsoft"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2790
+#: freeculture.xml:2798
msgid "network file system of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2792
+#: freeculture.xml:2800
msgid ""
"These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for "
"example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2802
+#: freeculture.xml:2810
msgid ""
"Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, "
"his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2815
+#: freeculture.xml:2823
msgid ""
"Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, "
"he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system "
#. PAGE BREAK 63
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2823
+#: freeculture.xml:2831
msgid ""
"Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students "
"could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2832
+#: freeculture.xml:2840
msgid "tinkering as means of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2834
+#: freeculture.xml:2842
msgid ""
"But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files "
"that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2848 freeculture.xml:9645 freeculture.xml:9922
+#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:9712 freeculture.xml:9991
msgid "in recording industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2849
+#: freeculture.xml:2857
msgid "against student file sharing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2850 freeculture.xml:2948 freeculture.xml:3201 freeculture.xml:3330 freeculture.xml:4283 freeculture.xml:4284 freeculture.xml:4285 freeculture.xml:9923 freeculture.xml:10334 freeculture.xml:10335 freeculture.xml:10336 freeculture.xml:10492
+#: freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:3219 freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:4318 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:9992 freeculture.xml:10411 freeculture.xml:10412 freeculture.xml:10413 freeculture.xml:10569
msgid "recording industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2850 freeculture.xml:9923
+#: freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:9992
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2851 freeculture.xml:2880 freeculture.xml:2949 freeculture.xml:9924 freeculture.xml:10337 freeculture.xml:10338 freeculture.xml:10490
+#: freeculture.xml:2859 freeculture.xml:2888 freeculture.xml:2957 freeculture.xml:9993 freeculture.xml:10414 freeculture.xml:10415 freeculture.xml:10567
msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2851 freeculture.xml:9924
+#: freeculture.xml:2859 freeculture.xml:9993
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2854
+#: freeculture.xml:2862
msgid ""
"On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The "
"dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2863
+#: freeculture.xml:2871
msgid ""
"<quote>It was absurd,</quote> he told me. <quote>I don't think I did "
"anything wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2876 freeculture.xml:9644 freeculture.xml:9921
+#: freeculture.xml:2884 freeculture.xml:9711 freeculture.xml:9990
msgid "exaggerated claims of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2877
+#: freeculture.xml:2885
msgid "statutory damages of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2878
+#: freeculture.xml:2886
msgid "individual defendants intimidated by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2879
+#: freeculture.xml:2887
msgid "statutory damages"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2880
+#: freeculture.xml:2888
msgid "intimidation tactics of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 64
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2882
+#: freeculture.xml:2890
msgid ""
"But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and "
"had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2892
+#: freeculture.xml:2900
msgid "Michigan Technical University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2893
+#: freeculture.xml:2901
msgid "Princeton University"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2907
+#: freeculture.xml:2915
msgid ""
"Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit "
"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2895
+#: freeculture.xml:2903
msgid ""
"Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other "
"student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2914
+#: freeculture.xml:2922
msgid ""
"Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An "
"uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2920
+#: freeculture.xml:2928
msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2922
+#: freeculture.xml:2930
msgid ""
"The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They "
"wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2932
+#: freeculture.xml:2940
msgid "legal system, attorney costs in"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 65
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2934
+#: freeculture.xml:2942
msgid ""
"Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But "
"Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2944
+#: freeculture.xml:2952
msgid ""
"So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or "
"$12,000 and a settlement."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2947 freeculture.xml:3331 freeculture.xml:4276 freeculture.xml:5538 freeculture.xml:5587 freeculture.xml:10232 freeculture.xml:10330 freeculture.xml:10491 freeculture.xml:10514 freeculture.xml:15213 freeculture.xml:15278
+#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:5575 freeculture.xml:5624 freeculture.xml:10306 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10568 freeculture.xml:10591 freeculture.xml:15350 freeculture.xml:15415
msgid "artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2947 freeculture.xml:3331 freeculture.xml:4276 freeculture.xml:10232 freeculture.xml:10330 freeculture.xml:10491 freeculture.xml:10514 freeculture.xml:15213 freeculture.xml:15278
+#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:10306 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10568 freeculture.xml:10591 freeculture.xml:15350 freeculture.xml:15415
msgid "recording industry payments to"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2948 freeculture.xml:4283 freeculture.xml:10334 freeculture.xml:10492
+#: freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:10411 freeculture.xml:10569
msgid "artist remuneration in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2949 freeculture.xml:10338
+#: freeculture.xml:2957 freeculture.xml:10415
msgid "lobbying power of"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2959
+#: freeculture.xml:2967
msgid ""
"Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) "
"(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2967
+#: freeculture.xml:2975
msgid ""
"Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and "
"Punishment,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2951
+#: freeculture.xml:2959
msgid ""
"The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's "
"put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2974
+#: freeculture.xml:2982
msgid ""
"On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The "
"case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2981
+#: freeculture.xml:2989
msgid ""
"I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an "
"activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2988
+#: freeculture.xml:2996
msgid ""
"Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his "
"father told me, Jesse <quote>considers himself very conservative, and so do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3003
+#: freeculture.xml:3011
msgid "Chapter Four: <quote>Pirates</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3004
+#: freeculture.xml:3012
msgid "in development of content industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3007
+#: freeculture.xml:3015
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis> using the "
"creative property of others without their permission—if <quote>if "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3018
+#: freeculture.xml:3026
msgid "Film"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3027 freeculture.xml:3028
+msgid "Hollywood film industry"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3027 freeculture.xml:7811 freeculture.xml:15454
+msgid "film industry"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3029 freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11195 freeculture.xml:11196 freeculture.xml:13332 freeculture.xml:13814
+msgid "patents"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3029
+msgid "on film technology"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3022
+#: freeculture.xml:3033
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> I am grateful to Peter DiMauro "
"for pointing me to this extraordinary history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, "
#. PAGE BREAK 67
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3020
+#: freeculture.xml:3031
msgid ""
"The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3038
+#: freeculture.xml:3049
msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3042
+#: freeculture.xml:3053
msgid ""
"A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the "
"license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3050
+#: freeculture.xml:3061
msgid "Fox, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3051
+#: freeculture.xml:3062
msgid "General Film Company"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3052 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4510 freeculture.xml:10380
+#: freeculture.xml:3063 freeculture.xml:3367 freeculture.xml:4550 freeculture.xml:10457
msgid "Picker, Randal C."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3076 freeculture.xml:4509 freeculture.xml:10100 freeculture.xml:10213
+#: freeculture.xml:3087 freeculture.xml:4549 freeculture.xml:10174 freeculture.xml:10287
msgid "broadcast flag"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3065
+#: freeculture.xml:3076
msgid ""
"J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent "
"Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3054
+#: freeculture.xml:3065
msgid ""
"With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of "
"nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3087
+#: freeculture.xml:3099
msgid ""
"Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents "
"Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3081
+#: freeculture.xml:3092
msgid ""
"The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies "
"like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously "
"resisted. <quote>Shooting was disrupted by machinery stolen, and "
-"`accidents' resulting in loss of negatives, equipment, buildings and "
-"sometimes life and limb frequently occurred.</quote><placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That led the independents to flee the East "
-"Coast. California was remote enough from Edison's reach that filmmakers "
-"there could pirate his inventions without fear of the law. And the leaders "
-"of Hollywood filmmaking, Fox most prominently, did just that."
+"<quote>accidents</quote> resulting in loss of negatives, equipment, "
+"buildings and sometimes life and limb frequently "
+"occurred.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That led the "
+"independents to flee the East Coast. California was remote enough from "
+"Edison's reach that filmmakers there could pirate his inventions without "
+"fear of the law. And the leaders of Hollywood filmmaking, Fox most "
+"prominently, did just that."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 68
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3097
+#: freeculture.xml:3110
msgid ""
"Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal "
"law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3108
+#: freeculture.xml:3122
msgid "Recorded Music"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3109 freeculture.xml:4280
+#: freeculture.xml:3123 freeculture.xml:4314
msgid "on music recordings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3111
+#: freeculture.xml:3125
msgid ""
"The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how "
"requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3114
+#: freeculture.xml:3128
msgid "Fourneaux, Henri"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3115
+#: freeculture.xml:3129
msgid "Russel, Phil"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3117
+#: freeculture.xml:3131
msgid ""
"At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for "
"reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3126 freeculture.xml:3264
+#: freeculture.xml:3140 freeculture.xml:3282
msgid "Beatles"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3128
+#: freeculture.xml:3142
msgid ""
"But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's "
"phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3151 freeculture.xml:3168
+#: freeculture.xml:3160 freeculture.xml:3167 freeculture.xml:3184
msgid "Kittredge, Alfred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3147
+#: freeculture.xml:3163
msgid ""
"The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to "
"pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3162
+#: freeculture.xml:3178
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 "
"and H.R. 19853 Before the (Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3155
+#: freeculture.xml:3171
msgid ""
"Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A "
"publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3172
+#: freeculture.xml:3189
msgid "Sousa, John Philip"
msgstr ""
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3178
+#: freeculture.xml:3195
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of "
"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3184
+#: freeculture.xml:3201
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of "
"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3191
+#: freeculture.xml:3208
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of "
"John Philip Sousa, composer)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3174
+#: freeculture.xml:3191
msgid ""
"The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works "
"were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3195
+#: freeculture.xml:3213
msgid "American Graphophone Company"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3196
+#: freeculture.xml:3214
msgid "player pianos"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3198 freeculture.xml:3199 freeculture.xml:4278 freeculture.xml:4279 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:4363 freeculture.xml:6986 freeculture.xml:7075 freeculture.xml:7189 freeculture.xml:7190 freeculture.xml:10331 freeculture.xml:10332 freeculture.xml:10333 freeculture.xml:11111 freeculture.xml:11172 freeculture.xml:12109
+#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:4399 freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:10408 freeculture.xml:10409 freeculture.xml:10410 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:11252 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:11539 freeculture.xml:12209 freeculture.xml:12298 freeculture.xml:12368 freeculture.xml:12370
msgid "Congress, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3198 freeculture.xml:4278 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:7075 freeculture.xml:7189 freeculture.xml:10331
+#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:10408
msgid "on copyright laws"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3199 freeculture.xml:4279 freeculture.xml:10333
+#: freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:10410
msgid "on recording industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3200 freeculture.xml:4281 freeculture.xml:10159
+#: freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:10233
msgid "statutory licenses in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3201
+#: freeculture.xml:3219
msgid "statutory license system in"
msgstr ""
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3211
+#: freeculture.xml:3229
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 "
"(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating "
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3222
+#: freeculture.xml:3240
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared "
"memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3203
+#: freeculture.xml:3221
msgid ""
"These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the "
"arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano "
"of sheet music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In any case, the "
"innovators argued, the job of Congress was <quote>to consider first the "
"interest of [the public], whom they represent, and whose servants they "
-"are.</quote> <quote>All talk about `theft,'</quote> the general counsel of "
-"the American Graphophone Company wrote, <quote>is the merest claptrap, for "
-"there exists no property in ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as "
-"defined by statute.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"are.</quote> <quote>All talk about <quote>theft,</quote></quote> the general "
+"counsel of the American Graphophone Company wrote, <quote>is the merest "
+"claptrap, for there exists no property in ideas musical, literary or "
+"artistic, except as defined by statute.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3227
+#: freeculture.xml:3245
msgid "cover songs"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 70
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3229
+#: freeculture.xml:3247
msgid ""
"The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer "
"<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3243
+#: freeculture.xml:3261
msgid "compulsory license"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3244 freeculture.xml:4286 freeculture.xml:10158
+#: freeculture.xml:3262 freeculture.xml:4320 freeculture.xml:10232
msgid "statutory licenses"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3246
+#: freeculture.xml:3264
msgid ""
"American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but "
"I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3253 freeculture.xml:14909
+#: freeculture.xml:3271 freeculture.xml:15046
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3255
+#: freeculture.xml:3273
msgid ""
"This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a "
"novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the "
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3280
+#: freeculture.xml:3298
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and "
"H.R. 11794 Before the (Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3266
+#: freeculture.xml:3284
msgid ""
"But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in "
"effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3291
+#: freeculture.xml:3309
msgid ""
"While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, "
"historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for "
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3313
+#: freeculture.xml:3331
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on "
"the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3298
+#: freeculture.xml:3316
msgid ""
"the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system "
"must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3324
+#: freeculture.xml:3342
msgid ""
"By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative "
"work, the record producers, and the public, benefit."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3329 freeculture.xml:4474
+#: freeculture.xml:3347 freeculture.xml:4513
msgid "Radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3330 freeculture.xml:4285 freeculture.xml:10335
+#: freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:10412
msgid "radio broadcast and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3333
+#: freeculture.xml:3351
msgid "Radio was also born of piracy."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3348
+#: freeculture.xml:3366
msgid "Hand, Learned"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3339
+#: freeculture.xml:3357
msgid ""
"See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At "
"the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3336
+#: freeculture.xml:3354
msgid ""
"When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a "
"<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder "
"performance."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3373 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:10309
+msgid "music recordings played on"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:9401 freeculture.xml:9876 freeculture.xml:12958
+#: freeculture.xml:3385 freeculture.xml:9466 freeculture.xml:9945 freeculture.xml:13084
msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 72
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3356
+#: freeculture.xml:3375
msgid ""
"But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy "
"of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3371
+#: freeculture.xml:3390
msgid ""
"But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio "
"station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3378 freeculture.xml:3890 freeculture.xml:6497 freeculture.xml:6513
+#: freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:3914 freeculture.xml:6545 freeculture.xml:6561
msgid "Madonna"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3380
+#: freeculture.xml:3399
msgid ""
"This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine "
"it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3386
+#: freeculture.xml:3405
msgid ""
"Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then "
"decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3398
+#: freeculture.xml:3418
msgid ""
"No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists "
"benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3408 freeculture.xml:4480
+#: freeculture.xml:3428 freeculture.xml:4519
msgid "Cable TV"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3409 freeculture.xml:4300 freeculture.xml:8580 freeculture.xml:8619 freeculture.xml:15311
+#: freeculture.xml:3429 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:8639 freeculture.xml:8679 freeculture.xml:15450
msgid "cable television"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3411
+#: freeculture.xml:3431
msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 73
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3414
+#: freeculture.xml:3434
msgid ""
"When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable "
"television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3424
+#: freeculture.xml:3444
msgid "Anello, Douglas"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3425
+#: freeculture.xml:3445
msgid "Burdick, Quentin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3426 freeculture.xml:3437
+#: freeculture.xml:3446 freeculture.xml:3457
msgid "Hyde, Rosel H."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3432
+#: freeculture.xml:3452
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the "
"Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee "
#. f14
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3444
+#: freeculture.xml:3464
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, "
"general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3428
+#: freeculture.xml:3448
msgid ""
"Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel "
"Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair "
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3455
+#: freeculture.xml:3475
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, "
"general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3451
+#: freeculture.xml:3471
msgid ""
"The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only "
"business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3461
+#: freeculture.xml:3481
msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:"
msgstr ""
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3470
+#: freeculture.xml:3490
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, "
"president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3465
+#: freeculture.xml:3485
msgid ""
"All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our "
"property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3476 freeculture.xml:3484
+#: freeculture.xml:3496 freeculture.xml:3504
msgid "Heston, Charlton"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3482
+#: freeculture.xml:3502
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, "
"president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3478
+#: freeculture.xml:3498
msgid ""
"These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president "
"Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3489
+#: freeculture.xml:3509
msgid ""
"But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney "
"General Edwin Zimmerman put it,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3505 freeculture.xml:3507
+#: freeculture.xml:3525 freeculture.xml:3527
msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3503
+#: freeculture.xml:3523
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, "
"acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3494
+#: freeculture.xml:3514
msgid ""
"Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright "
"protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3511
+#: freeculture.xml:3531
msgid ""
"Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court "
"held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3515
+#: freeculture.xml:3535
msgid ""
"It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of "
"whether cable companies had to pay for the content they "
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3534
+#: freeculture.xml:3554
msgid ""
"See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The "
"Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3529
+#: freeculture.xml:3549
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a common "
"theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone else's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3551
+#: freeculture.xml:3571
msgid "Chapter Five: <quote>Piracy</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3553
+#: freeculture.xml:3573
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted "
"material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most significant "
#. PAGE BREAK 76
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3561
+#: freeculture.xml:3581
msgid ""
"But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of "
"<quote>taking</quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3571
+#: freeculture.xml:3591
msgid "Piracy I"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3572 freeculture.xml:3652 freeculture.xml:3702 freeculture.xml:15313
+#: freeculture.xml:3592 freeculture.xml:3672 freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:15452
msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3573 freeculture.xml:4025 freeculture.xml:9877 freeculture.xml:10732 freeculture.xml:14704 freeculture.xml:15295
+#: freeculture.xml:3593 freeculture.xml:4052 freeculture.xml:9946 freeculture.xml:10809 freeculture.xml:14841 freeculture.xml:15434
msgid "CDs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3573
+#: freeculture.xml:3593
msgid "foreign piracy of"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3581
+#: freeculture.xml:3601
msgid ""
"See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), "
"<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3575
+#: freeculture.xml:3595
msgid ""
"All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are "
"businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3591
+#: freeculture.xml:3611
msgid ""
"This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor "
"in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3597
+#: freeculture.xml:3617
msgid ""
"Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for "
"it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3606
+#: freeculture.xml:3626
msgid ""
"That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the "
"taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American "
#. PAGE BREAK 77
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3617
+#: freeculture.xml:3637
msgid ""
"True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these "
"countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3645
+#: freeculture.xml:3665
msgid "agricultural patents"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3646 freeculture.xml:13250 freeculture.xml:13741 freeculture.xml:13748
+#: freeculture.xml:3666 freeculture.xml:13377 freeculture.xml:13869 freeculture.xml:13876
msgid "Drahos, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3630
+#: freeculture.xml:3650
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: "
"<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3625
+#: freeculture.xml:3645
msgid ""
"If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its "
"laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3667 freeculture.xml:3946 freeculture.xml:15461
+#: freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:3971 freeculture.xml:15600
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3660
+#: freeculture.xml:3680
msgid ""
"For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan "
"Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3654
+#: freeculture.xml:3674
msgid ""
"Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any "
"case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3671
+#: freeculture.xml:3691
msgid ""
"This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands "
"of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they "
#. PAGE BREAK 78
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3685
+#: freeculture.xml:3705
msgid ""
"This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property "
"right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3703 freeculture.xml:15314
+#: freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:15453
msgid "in Asia"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3724
+msgid "open-source software"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3704 freeculture.xml:13561 freeculture.xml:14147
+#: freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:13688 freeculture.xml:14280
msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:3735 freeculture.xml:12041 freeculture.xml:13576 freeculture.xml:14203
+#: freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:3756 freeculture.xml:12140 freeculture.xml:13703 freeculture.xml:14336
msgid "GNU/Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3706 freeculture.xml:3736 freeculture.xml:12043 freeculture.xml:13577 freeculture.xml:14204
+#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:3757 freeculture.xml:12142 freeculture.xml:13704 freeculture.xml:14337
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3707
+#: freeculture.xml:3728
msgid "competitive strategies of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3708
+#: freeculture.xml:3729
msgid "Windows"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3709
+#: freeculture.xml:3730
msgid "international software piracy of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3710
+#: freeculture.xml:3731
msgid "Windows operating system of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3712
+#: freeculture.xml:3733
msgid ""
"Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the "
"piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:4767 freeculture.xml:4991 freeculture.xml:6481 freeculture.xml:6557 freeculture.xml:6692 freeculture.xml:7104 freeculture.xml:14235
+#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:4808 freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6605 freeculture.xml:6742 freeculture.xml:7159 freeculture.xml:14368
msgid "law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:14235
+#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:14368
msgid "databases of case reports in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3726
+#: freeculture.xml:3747
msgid ""
"This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good "
"one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3733
+#: freeculture.xml:3754
msgid "Netscape"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3734
+#: freeculture.xml:3755
msgid "Internet Explorer"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3738
+#: freeculture.xml:3759
msgid ""
"Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic "
"a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it "
#. PAGE BREAK 79
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3752
+#: freeculture.xml:3773
msgid ""
"Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I "
"certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3762
+#: freeculture.xml:3783
msgid ""
"But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part "
"suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3771
+#: freeculture.xml:3792
msgid ""
"This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy "
"concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3777
+#: freeculture.xml:3798
msgid ""
"For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly "
"controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3783
+#: freeculture.xml:3804
msgid ""
"These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push "
"us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3789
+#: freeculture.xml:3810
msgid "Piracy II"
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3794
+#: freeculture.xml:3815
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 "
"Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)."
#. PAGE BREAK 80
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3791
+#: freeculture.xml:3812
msgid ""
"The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use "
"that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3803
+#: freeculture.xml:3824
msgid "Fanning, Shawn"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3804 freeculture.xml:3811 freeculture.xml:9807
-msgid "innovation"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3821 freeculture.xml:8813
+#: freeculture.xml:3843 freeculture.xml:8877
msgid "Christensen, Clayton M."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3811
+#: freeculture.xml:3833
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, "
"<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3803
+#: freeculture.xml:3824
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> Peer-to-peer sharing "
-"was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the Napster technology had "
-"not made any major technological innovations. Like every great advance in "
-"innovation on the Internet (and, arguably, off the Internet as "
-"well<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>), Shawn Fanning and crew had "
-"simply put together components that had been developed independently."
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by "
+"Napster. But the inventors of the Napster technology had not made any major "
+"technological innovations. Like every great advance in innovation on the "
+"Internet (and, arguably, off the Internet as well<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"4\"/>), Shawn Fanning and crew had simply put "
+"together components that had been developed independently."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3826
+#: freeculture.xml:3848
msgid "Kazaa"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3827
+#: freeculture.xml:3849
msgid "number of registrations on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3828
+#: freeculture.xml:3850
msgid "replacement of"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3834
+#: freeculture.xml:3856
msgid ""
"See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood "
"Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3826
+#: freeculture.xml:3848
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The result was "
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3857
+#: freeculture.xml:3879
msgid ""
"See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music "
"Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of "
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3866
+#: freeculture.xml:3888
msgid ""
"Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> "
"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3851
+#: freeculture.xml:3873
msgid ""
"According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have "
"tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3875
+#: freeculture.xml:3897
msgid ""
"Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does "
"not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, "
"sharing enables, and the kinds of harm it entails."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3905
+msgid "four types of"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3906
+msgid "range of content on"
+msgstr ""
+
#. PAGE BREAK 81
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3885
+#: freeculture.xml:3909
msgid ""
"File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different "
"kinds into four types."
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3893
+#: freeculture.xml:3917
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, "
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3903
+#: freeculture.xml:3927
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing "
"it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard "
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3914
+#: freeculture.xml:3938
msgid ""
"There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content "
"that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the "
#. PAGE BREAK 82
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3931
+#: freeculture.xml:3955
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3937
+#: freeculture.xml:3962
msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3945
+#: freeculture.xml:3970
msgid ""
"See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, "
"148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3940
+#: freeculture.xml:3965
msgid ""
"Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of "
"the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3956
+#: freeculture.xml:3981
msgid ""
"Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful "
"type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3963 freeculture.xml:3972 freeculture.xml:4332 freeculture.xml:8375 freeculture.xml:8404 freeculture.xml:10156 freeculture.xml:15021
+#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:3997 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10230 freeculture.xml:15158
msgid "cassette recording"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3963 freeculture.xml:4332 freeculture.xml:8375 freeculture.xml:8404 freeculture.xml:10156 freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:15021 freeculture.xml:15022
+#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10230 freeculture.xml:10231 freeculture.xml:15158 freeculture.xml:15159
msgid "VCRs"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3998 freeculture.xml:4537
+msgid "DAT (digital audio tape)"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3972
-msgid ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, "
-"<citetitle>Technology Evolution and the Music Industry's Business Model "
-"Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report describes the music industry's "
-"effort to stigmatize the budding practice of cassette taping in the 1970s, "
-"including an advertising campaign featuring a cassette-shape skull and the "
-"caption <quote>Home taping is killing music.</quote> At the time digital "
-"audio tape became a threat, the Office of Technical Assessment conducted a "
-"survey of consumer behavior. In 1988, 40 percent of consumers older than ten "
-"had taped music to a cassette format. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology "
-"Assessment, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the "
+#: freeculture.xml:3997
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution "
+"and the Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This "
+"report describes the music industry's effort to stigmatize the budding "
+"practice of cassette taping in the 1970s, including an advertising campaign "
+"featuring a cassette-shape skull and the caption <quote>Home taping is "
+"killing music.</quote> At the time digital audio tape became a threat, the "
+"Office of Technical Assessment conducted a survey of consumer behavior. In "
+"1988, 40 percent of consumers older than ten had taped music to a cassette "
+"format. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, "
+"<citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the "
"Law</citetitle>, OTA-CIT-422 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing "
"Office, October 1989), 145–56."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3965
+#: freeculture.xml:3990
msgid ""
"While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder "
"to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3990
+#: freeculture.xml:4016
msgid "MTV"
msgstr ""
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4000
+#: freeculture.xml:4027
msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3992
+#: freeculture.xml:4018
msgid ""
"Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact "
"regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record "
"turnaround. <quote>In the end,</quote> Cap Gemini concludes, <quote>the "
-"`crisis' … was not the fault of the tapers—who did not [stop "
-"after MTV came into being]—but had to a large extent resulted from "
-"stagnation in musical innovation at the major labels.</quote><placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"<quote>crisis</quote> … was not the fault of the tapers—who did "
+"not [stop after MTV came into being]—but had to a large extent "
+"resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the major "
+"labels.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4005
+#: freeculture.xml:4032
msgid ""
"But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong "
"today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4015
+#: freeculture.xml:4042
msgid ""
"We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the "
"standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4025
+#: freeculture.xml:4052
msgid "sales levels of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4027
+#: freeculture.xml:4054
msgid ""
"Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file "
"sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4036
+#: freeculture.xml:4063
msgid ""
"See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend "
"Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4063
+#: freeculture.xml:4090
msgid "Black, Jane"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4060
+#: freeculture.xml:4087
msgid ""
"Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, "
"13 February 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4032
+#: freeculture.xml:4059
msgid ""
"In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 "
"million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder "
#. PAGE BREAK 84
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4078
+#: freeculture.xml:4105
msgid ""
"But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is "
"because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4086
+#: freeculture.xml:4113
msgid ""
"There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain "
"these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4102
+#: freeculture.xml:4129
msgid ""
"These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, "
"real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording "
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4114
+#: freeculture.xml:4141
msgid ""
"By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no "
"longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4108
+#: freeculture.xml:4135
msgid ""
"One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is "
"technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4127 freeculture.xml:4135 freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:4180 freeculture.xml:4691 freeculture.xml:6151 freeculture.xml:6156 freeculture.xml:6208 freeculture.xml:7175 freeculture.xml:7176 freeculture.xml:7562 freeculture.xml:7631 freeculture.xml:7919 freeculture.xml:14407 freeculture.xml:15133 freeculture.xml:15134
+#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4732 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:14540 freeculture.xml:15270 freeculture.xml:15271
msgid "books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4127 freeculture.xml:4135 freeculture.xml:7175 freeculture.xml:15134
+#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:15271
msgid "resales of"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4155
+msgid "used record sales"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4135
+#: freeculture.xml:4163
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good "
"estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4129
+#: freeculture.xml:4157
msgid ""
"In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple "
"response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:6151 freeculture.xml:6156 freeculture.xml:7176 freeculture.xml:15133
+#: freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:15270
msgid "out of print"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4157
+#: freeculture.xml:4185
msgid "Bernstein, Leonard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4158 freeculture.xml:7632
+#: freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976
msgid "books on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4160
+#: freeculture.xml:4188
msgid ""
"Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record "
"stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4173
+#: freeculture.xml:4201
msgid ""
"It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the "
"copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4180 freeculture.xml:14407
+#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:14540
msgid "free on-line releases of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4181
+#: freeculture.xml:4209
msgid "Doctorow, Cory"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4182
+#: freeculture.xml:4210
msgid "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 86
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4184
+#: freeculture.xml:4212
msgid ""
"Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D "
"sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4202
+#: freeculture.xml:4230
msgid ""
"Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with "
"no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4208
+#: freeculture.xml:4236
msgid ""
"The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably "
"says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4216
+#: freeculture.xml:4244
msgid ""
"For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much "
"of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4230
+#: freeculture.xml:4258
msgid ""
"<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the "
"target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4261
+msgid "zero tolerance in"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4262
+msgid "infringing material blocked by"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4263
+msgid "infringement protections in"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4246
+#: freeculture.xml:4277
msgid ""
"See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 "
"(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4234
+#: freeculture.xml:4265
msgid ""
"You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of "
"the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4257
+#: freeculture.xml:4290
msgid ""
"If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing "
"technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4268
+#: freeculture.xml:4302
msgid ""
"Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content "
"industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4277
+#: freeculture.xml:4311
msgid "composers, copyright protections of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4282
-msgid "music recordings played on"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4284
+#: freeculture.xml:4318
msgid "copyright protections in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4287
+#: freeculture.xml:4321
msgid "composer's rights vs. producers' rights in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4289
+#: freeculture.xml:4323
msgid ""
"So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened "
"the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4302
+#: freeculture.xml:4336
msgid ""
"Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the "
"claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, "
"content, so long as they paid the statutory price."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4344
+msgid "two central goals of"
+msgstr ""
+
#. PAGE BREAK 88
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4313
+#: freeculture.xml:4348
msgid ""
"This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, "
"served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4331
+#: freeculture.xml:4366
msgid "Betamax"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4368 freeculture.xml:8203 freeculture.xml:8347 freeculture.xml:8412 freeculture.xml:8524
+msgid "Sony"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4368
+msgid "Betamax technology developed by"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4334
+#: freeculture.xml:4370
msgid ""
"In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and "
"distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the "
#. PAGE BREAK 89
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4348
+#: freeculture.xml:4384
msgid ""
"There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to "
"design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4363
+#: freeculture.xml:4399 freeculture.xml:4400
msgid "on VCR technology"
msgstr ""
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4372
+#: freeculture.xml:4409
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 "
"Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., "
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4384
+#: freeculture.xml:4421
msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475."
msgstr ""
#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4389
+#: freeculture.xml:4426
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)."
#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4400
+#: freeculture.xml:4437
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack "
"Valenti)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4365
+#: freeculture.xml:4402
msgid ""
"MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti "
"called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, "
"30, 40 million of these VCRs in the land, we will be invaded by millions of "
-"`tapeworms,' eating away at the very heart and essence of the most precious "
-"asset the copyright owner has, his copyright.</quote><placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <quote>One does not have to be trained in "
-"sophisticated marketing and creative judgment,</quote> he told Congress, "
-"<quote>to understand the devastation on the after-theater marketplace caused "
-"by the hundreds of millions of tapings that will adversely impact on the "
-"future of the creative community in this country. It is simply a question of "
-"basic economics and plain common sense.</quote><placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would later show, 45 percent "
-"of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or more<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> — a use the Court would later hold was "
-"not <quote>fair.</quote> By <quote>allowing VCR owners to copy freely by the "
-"means of an exemption from copyright infringement without creating a "
-"mechanism to compensate copyright owners,</quote> Valenti testified, "
-"Congress would <quote>take from the owners the very essence of their "
-"property: the exclusive right to control who may use their work, that is, "
-"who may copy it and thereby profit from its "
+"<quote>tapeworms,</quote> eating away at the very heart and essence of the "
+"most precious asset the copyright owner has, his "
+"copyright.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <quote>One does "
+"not have to be trained in sophisticated marketing and creative "
+"judgment,</quote> he told Congress, <quote>to understand the devastation on "
+"the after-theater marketplace caused by the hundreds of millions of tapings "
+"that will adversely impact on the future of the creative community in this "
+"country. It is simply a question of basic economics and plain common "
+"sense.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys "
+"would later show, 45 percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos "
+"or more<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> — a use the Court "
+"would later hold was not <quote>fair.</quote> By <quote>allowing VCR owners "
+"to copy freely by the means of an exemption from copyright infringement "
+"without creating a mechanism to compensate copyright owners,</quote> Valenti "
+"testified, Congress would <quote>take from the owners the very essence of "
+"their property: the exclusive right to control who may use their work, that "
+"is, who may copy it and thereby profit from its "
"reproduction.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. f22
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4418
+#: freeculture.xml:4456
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4421
+#: freeculture.xml:4459
msgid "Kozinski, Alex"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4406
+#: freeculture.xml:4444
msgid ""
"It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In "
"the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in "
#. PAGE BREAK 90
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4424
+#: freeculture.xml:4463
msgid ""
"But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in "
"its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and "
#. f23
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4443
+#: freeculture.xml:4482
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4433
+#: freeculture.xml:4472
msgid ""
"Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to "
"Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4449
+#: freeculture.xml:4488
msgid ""
"Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with "
"the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4460
+#: freeculture.xml:4499
msgid "CASE"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4461
+#: freeculture.xml:4500
msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4462
+#: freeculture.xml:4501
msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4463
+#: freeculture.xml:4502
msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4468
+#: freeculture.xml:4507
msgid "Recordings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4469
+#: freeculture.xml:4508
msgid "Composers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4470 freeculture.xml:4482 freeculture.xml:4488
+#: freeculture.xml:4509 freeculture.xml:4521 freeculture.xml:4527
msgid "No protection"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4471 freeculture.xml:4483
+#: freeculture.xml:4510 freeculture.xml:4522
msgid "Statutory license"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4475
+#: freeculture.xml:4514
msgid "Recording artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4476
+#: freeculture.xml:4515
msgid "N/A"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4477 freeculture.xml:4489
+#: freeculture.xml:4516 freeculture.xml:4528
msgid "Nothing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4481
+#: freeculture.xml:4520
msgid "Broadcasters"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4486
+#: freeculture.xml:4525
msgid "VCR"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4487
+#: freeculture.xml:4526
msgid "Film creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4499
-msgid ""
-"These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other "
-"cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was "
-"regulated by Congress to minimize the risk of piracy. The remedy Congress "
-"imposed did burden DAT producers, by taxing tape sales and controlling the "
-"technology of DAT. See Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 (Title 17 of the "
-"<citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. "
-"4237, codified at 17 U.S.C. §1001. Again, however, this regulation did not "
-"eliminate the opportunity for free riding in the sense I've described. See "
-"Lessig, <citetitle>Future</citetitle>, 71. See also Picker, <quote>From "
-"Edison to the Broadcast Flag,</quote> <citetitle>University of Chicago Law "
+#: freeculture.xml:4537
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> These are the most important "
+"instances in our history, but there are other cases as well. The technology "
+"of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was regulated by Congress to "
+"minimize the risk of piracy. The remedy Congress imposed did burden DAT "
+"producers, by taxing tape sales and controlling the technology of DAT. See "
+"Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 (Title 17 of the <citetitle>United States "
+"Code</citetitle>), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237, codified at 17 "
+"U.S.C. §1001. Again, however, this regulation did not eliminate the "
+"opportunity for free riding in the sense I've described. See Lessig, "
+"<citetitle>Future</citetitle>, 71. See also Picker, <quote>From Edison to "
+"the Broadcast Flag,</quote> <citetitle>University of Chicago Law "
"Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): 293–96. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4496
+#: freeculture.xml:4535
msgid ""
"In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way "
"content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each "
#. PAGE BREAK 91
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4517
+#: freeculture.xml:4557
msgid ""
"In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or "
"Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4530
+#: freeculture.xml:4570
msgid ""
"When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up "
"the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4541
+#: freeculture.xml:4581
msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law"
msgstr ""
#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4548
+#: freeculture.xml:4588
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4543
+#: freeculture.xml:4583
msgid ""
"We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has "
"answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4559
+#: freeculture.xml:4599
msgid ""
"We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is "
"changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires "
#. f26
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4583
+#: freeculture.xml:4623
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software "
"Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4575
+#: freeculture.xml:4615
msgid ""
"This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode "
"of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4588
+#: freeculture.xml:4628
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about "
"<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different "
"argument. <quote>All this hand waving about balance and incentives,</quote> "
"they say, <quote>misses a fundamental point. Our content,</quote> the "
"warriors insist, <quote>is our <emphasis>property</emphasis>. Why should we "
-"wait for Congress to `rebalance' our property rights? Do you have to wait "
-"before calling the police when your car has been stolen? And why should "
-"Congress deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask whether "
-"the car thief had a good use for the car before we arrest him?</quote>"
+"wait for Congress to <quote>rebalance</quote> our property rights? Do you "
+"have to wait before calling the police when your car has been stolen? And "
+"why should Congress deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we "
+"ask whether the car thief had a good use for the car before we arrest "
+"him?</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4600
+#: freeculture.xml:4641
msgid ""
"<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors "
"insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4609
+#: freeculture.xml:4650
msgid "<quote>Property</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 94
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4614
+#: freeculture.xml:4655
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A "
"copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4621
+#: freeculture.xml:4662
msgid ""
"But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> "
"right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4632 freeculture.xml:6442 freeculture.xml:14394
+#: freeculture.xml:4673 freeculture.xml:6488 freeculture.xml:14527
msgid "Jefferson, Thomas"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4647
+#: freeculture.xml:4688
msgid ""
"Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in "
"<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4634
+#: freeculture.xml:4675
msgid ""
"The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, "
"though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4652
+#: freeculture.xml:4693
msgid "intangibility of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4654
+#: freeculture.xml:4695
msgid ""
"The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the "
"law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4667
+#: freeculture.xml:4708
msgid ""
"As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are "
"intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4662
+#: freeculture.xml:4703
msgid ""
"But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other "
"words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4677
+#: freeculture.xml:4718
msgid ""
"My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding "
"part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4690
+#: freeculture.xml:4731
msgid "Chapter Six: Founders"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4691
+#: freeculture.xml:4732
msgid "English copyright law developed for"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4694
+#: freeculture.xml:4735
msgid "England, copyright laws developed in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4695 freeculture.xml:13935
+#: freeculture.xml:4736 freeculture.xml:14064
msgid "United Kingdom"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4695
+#: freeculture.xml:4736
msgid "history of copyright law in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4696 freeculture.xml:4866
+#: freeculture.xml:4737 freeculture.xml:4907
msgid "Branagh, Kenneth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4697
+#: freeculture.xml:4738
msgid "Henry V"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4699 freeculture.xml:4831
+#: freeculture.xml:4740 freeculture.xml:4872
msgid "Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4701
+#: freeculture.xml:4742
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote "
"<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4712 freeculture.xml:4796 freeculture.xml:4905 freeculture.xml:5038
+#: freeculture.xml:4753 freeculture.xml:4837 freeculture.xml:4946 freeculture.xml:5079
msgid "Conger"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4713
+#: freeculture.xml:4754
msgid "Tonson, Jacob"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4719
+#: freeculture.xml:4760
msgid "Jonson, Ben"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4720
+#: freeculture.xml:4761
msgid "Dryden, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4719
+#: freeculture.xml:4760
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4732
+#: freeculture.xml:4773
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical "
"Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), "
#. PAGE BREAK 97
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4715
+#: freeculture.xml:4756
msgid ""
"In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was "
"written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4744 freeculture.xml:4797 freeculture.xml:4937 freeculture.xml:5118 freeculture.xml:5274
+#: freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:4838 freeculture.xml:4978 freeculture.xml:5159 freeculture.xml:5315
msgid "British Parliament"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4746 freeculture.xml:7113
+#: freeculture.xml:4787 freeculture.xml:7168
msgid "renewability of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4747 freeculture.xml:4799 freeculture.xml:4843 freeculture.xml:4950 freeculture.xml:5037 freeculture.xml:7103
+#: freeculture.xml:4788 freeculture.xml:4840 freeculture.xml:4884 freeculture.xml:4991 freeculture.xml:5078 freeculture.xml:7158
msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4758
+#: freeculture.xml:4799
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely "
"argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4749
+#: freeculture.xml:4790
msgid ""
"Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a "
"little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4767 freeculture.xml:4991
+#: freeculture.xml:4808 freeculture.xml:5032
msgid "common vs. positive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4768 freeculture.xml:4992
+#: freeculture.xml:4809 freeculture.xml:5033
msgid "positive law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4769
+#: freeculture.xml:4810
msgid "Licensing Act (1662)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4771
+#: freeculture.xml:4812
msgid ""
"The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a "
"<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4782 freeculture.xml:4990 freeculture.xml:5061 freeculture.xml:5161
+#: freeculture.xml:4823 freeculture.xml:5031 freeculture.xml:5102 freeculture.xml:5202
msgid "common law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4784
+#: freeculture.xml:4825
msgid ""
"There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that "
"there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4798 freeculture.xml:5027 freeculture.xml:5135 freeculture.xml:5213
+#: freeculture.xml:4839 freeculture.xml:5068 freeculture.xml:5176 freeculture.xml:5254
msgid "Scottish publishers"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 98
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4801
+#: freeculture.xml:4842
msgid ""
"This question was important to the publishers, or "
"<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4812
+#: freeculture.xml:4853
msgid "as narrow monopoly right"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4814
+#: freeculture.xml:4855
msgid ""
"The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a "
"book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4824
+#: freeculture.xml:4865
msgid ""
"Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament "
"limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4833
+#: freeculture.xml:4874
msgid ""
"For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very "
"strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4845
+#: freeculture.xml:4886
msgid ""
"The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about "
"the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4850 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:7794
+#: freeculture.xml:4891 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850
msgid "usage restrictions attached to"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 99
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4852
+#: freeculture.xml:4893
msgid ""
"First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to "
"apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4869
+#: freeculture.xml:4910
msgid ""
"So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were "
"perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4878
+#: freeculture.xml:4919
msgid "Henry VIII, King of England"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4879
+#: freeculture.xml:4920
msgid "monopoly, copyright as"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4880
+#: freeculture.xml:4921
msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4882
+#: freeculture.xml:4923
msgid ""
"Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had "
"had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4895
+#: freeculture.xml:4936
msgid ""
"Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was "
"naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4903 freeculture.xml:5196
+#: freeculture.xml:4944 freeculture.xml:5237
msgid "Milton, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4904
+#: freeculture.xml:4945
msgid "booksellers, English"
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4923
+#: freeculture.xml:4964
msgid ""
"Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary "
"Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4908
+#: freeculture.xml:4949
msgid ""
"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a "
"monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4927
+#: freeculture.xml:4968
msgid "Enlightenment"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4928
+#: freeculture.xml:4969
msgid "knowledge, freedom of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4930
+#: freeculture.xml:4971
msgid ""
"Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of "
"knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4939
+#: freeculture.xml:4980
msgid ""
"To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among "
"booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4952 freeculture.xml:5087 freeculture.xml:5181 freeculture.xml:11136
+#: freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:11215
msgid "in perpetuity"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4954
+#: freeculture.xml:4995
msgid ""
"When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting "
"anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4963
+#: freeculture.xml:5004
msgid ""
"Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that "
"echo today,"
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4978
+#: freeculture.xml:5019
msgid ""
"A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the "
"House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4968
+#: freeculture.xml:5009
msgid ""
"I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well "
"for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4994
+#: freeculture.xml:5035
msgid ""
"Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series "
"of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5016 freeculture.xml:5026 freeculture.xml:5069
+#: freeculture.xml:5057 freeculture.xml:5067 freeculture.xml:5110
msgid "Patterson, Raymond"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5016
+#: freeculture.xml:5057
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5010
+#: freeculture.xml:5051
msgid ""
"This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the "
"leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5025 freeculture.xml:5134
+#: freeculture.xml:5066 freeculture.xml:5175
msgid "Donaldson, Alexander"
msgstr ""
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5033
+#: freeculture.xml:5074
msgid ""
"For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and "
"Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5029
+#: freeculture.xml:5070
msgid ""
"The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of "
"this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5039
+#: freeculture.xml:5080
msgid "Boswell, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5040
+#: freeculture.xml:5081
msgid "Erskine, Andrew"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5049 freeculture.xml:15558
+#: freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:15697
msgid "Rose, Mark"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5047
+#: freeculture.xml:5088
msgid ""
"Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard "
"University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5058
+#: freeculture.xml:5099
msgid "Ibid., 93."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5042
+#: freeculture.xml:5083
msgid ""
"Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in "
"Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5069
+#: freeculture.xml:5110
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, "
"<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5063
+#: freeculture.xml:5104
msgid ""
"When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, "
"he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5078
+#: freeculture.xml:5119
msgid "Millar v. Taylor"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5080
+#: freeculture.xml:5121
msgid ""
"The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> "
"like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5086 freeculture.xml:5140
+#: freeculture.xml:5127 freeculture.xml:5181
msgid "Thomson, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5088
+#: freeculture.xml:5129
msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5089
+#: freeculture.xml:5130
msgid "Taylor, Robert"
msgstr ""
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5098
+#: freeculture.xml:5139
msgid ""
"Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5091
+#: freeculture.xml:5132
msgid ""
"Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James "
"Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5105
+#: freeculture.xml:5146
msgid ""
"Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English "
"history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection "
#. PAGE BREAK 103
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5120
+#: freeculture.xml:5161
msgid ""
"Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice "
"were just a matter of logical deduction from first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5137
+#: freeculture.xml:5178
msgid ""
"The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, "
"however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5141
+#: freeculture.xml:5182
msgid "Beckett, Thomas"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5142 freeculture.xml:5249
+#: freeculture.xml:5183 freeculture.xml:5290
msgid "House of Lords"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5143
+#: freeculture.xml:5184
msgid "House of Lords vs."
msgstr ""
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5149
+#: freeculture.xml:5190
msgid "Ibid., 1156."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5145
+#: freeculture.xml:5186
msgid ""
"Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate "
"sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5160
+#: freeculture.xml:5201
msgid "Donaldson v. Beckett"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5163
+#: freeculture.xml:5204
msgid ""
"As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5174
+#: freeculture.xml:5215
msgid ""
"The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to "
"the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5182 freeculture.xml:5250
+#: freeculture.xml:5223 freeculture.xml:5291
msgid "English legal establishment of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 104
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5184
+#: freeculture.xml:5225
msgid ""
"The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks "
"as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5193
+#: freeculture.xml:5234
msgid "Bacon, Francis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5194
+#: freeculture.xml:5235
msgid "Bunyan, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5195
+#: freeculture.xml:5236
msgid "Johnson, Samuel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5199
+#: freeculture.xml:5240
msgid ""
"<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of "
"<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there "
#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5225
+#: freeculture.xml:5266
msgid "Rose, 97."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5215
+#: freeculture.xml:5256
msgid ""
"It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled "
"an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5230
+#: freeculture.xml:5271
msgid ""
"In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally "
"strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5236
+#: freeculture.xml:5277
msgid ""
"By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was "
"honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property "
#. PAGE BREAK 105
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5253
+#: freeculture.xml:5294
msgid ""
"<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an "
"exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5276
+#: freeculture.xml:5317
msgid ""
"At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, "
"resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5293
+#: freeculture.xml:5334
msgid "Chapter Seven: Recorders"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5294 freeculture.xml:7601 freeculture.xml:7715 freeculture.xml:7774
+#: freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7771 freeculture.xml:7830
msgid "fair use and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5295
+#: freeculture.xml:5336
msgid "documentary film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5296
+#: freeculture.xml:5337
msgid "Else, Jon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5297 freeculture.xml:5444 freeculture.xml:7600 freeculture.xml:7633 freeculture.xml:7714 freeculture.xml:7776
+#: freeculture.xml:5338 freeculture.xml:5481 freeculture.xml:7656 freeculture.xml:7689 freeculture.xml:7770 freeculture.xml:7832
msgid "fair use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5297
+#: freeculture.xml:5338
msgid "in documentary film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5298
+#: freeculture.xml:5339
msgid "fair use of copyrighted material in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5300
+#: freeculture.xml:5341
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known "
"for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5307
+#: freeculture.xml:5348
msgid ""
"Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me "
"a story about the freedom to create with film in America today."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5311 freeculture.xml:5377
+#: freeculture.xml:5352 freeculture.xml:5416
msgid "Wagner, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5312 freeculture.xml:5391
+#: freeculture.xml:5353 freeculture.xml:5430
msgid "San Francisco Opera"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5314
+#: freeculture.xml:5355
msgid ""
"In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The "
"focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5321
+#: freeculture.xml:5362
msgid "Simpsons, The"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 107
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5323
+#: freeculture.xml:5364
msgid ""
"During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing "
"checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5332
+#: freeculture.xml:5373
msgid "multiple copyrights associated with"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5334
+#: freeculture.xml:5375
msgid ""
"Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else "
"attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5340
+#: freeculture.xml:5381
msgid "Gracie Films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5341 freeculture.xml:5402 freeculture.xml:5466
+#: freeculture.xml:5382 freeculture.xml:5503
msgid "Groening, Matt"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5343
+#: freeculture.xml:5384
msgid ""
"Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office "
"to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5349 freeculture.xml:5401 freeculture.xml:5465
+#: freeculture.xml:5390 freeculture.xml:5502
msgid "Fox (film company)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5351
+#: freeculture.xml:5392
msgid ""
"Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be "
"careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5359
+#: freeculture.xml:5400
msgid ""
"Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered "
"… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5368
+#: freeculture.xml:5407
msgid "Herrera, Rebecca"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5370
+#: freeculture.xml:5409
msgid ""
"Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he "
"thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained "
#. PAGE BREAK 108
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5379
+#: freeculture.xml:5418
msgid ""
"<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told "
"me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5392
+#: freeculture.xml:5431
msgid "Day After Trinity, The"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5394
+#: freeculture.xml:5433
msgid ""
"Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on "
"the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5404
+#: freeculture.xml:5441
msgid ""
"There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the "
"copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5415
+#: freeculture.xml:5452
msgid ""
"For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The "
"Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5427
+#: freeculture.xml:5464
msgid ""
"For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that "
"lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5424
+#: freeculture.xml:5461
msgid ""
"But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought "
"is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's "
#. PAGE BREAK 109
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5441
+#: freeculture.xml:5478
msgid ""
"So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's "
"his reply:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5444 freeculture.xml:7776
+#: freeculture.xml:5481 freeculture.xml:7832
msgid "legal intimidation tactics against"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5446
+#: freeculture.xml:5483
msgid ""
"The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the "
"gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5455
+#: freeculture.xml:5492
msgid "Errors and Omissions insurance"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5458
+#: freeculture.xml:5495
msgid ""
"Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors "
"and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5467
+#: freeculture.xml:5504
msgid "Lucas, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5468
+#: freeculture.xml:5505
msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5471
+#: freeculture.xml:5508
msgid ""
"I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I "
"knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and "
#. 3.
#. PAGE BREAK 110
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5483
+#: freeculture.xml:5520
msgid ""
"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School "
"… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox "
#. 4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5495
+#: freeculture.xml:5532
msgid ""
"The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we "
"are up against a release deadline and out of money."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5503
+#: freeculture.xml:5540
msgid ""
"In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore "
"supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5511
+#: freeculture.xml:5548
msgid ""
"This practice shows just how far the law has come from its "
"eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5526
+#: freeculture.xml:5563
msgid "Chapter Eight: Transformers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5527
+#: freeculture.xml:5564
msgid "Allen, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5528 freeculture.xml:5588 freeculture.xml:5773 freeculture.xml:10489 freeculture.xml:14924
+#: freeculture.xml:5565 freeculture.xml:5625 freeculture.xml:5810 freeculture.xml:10566 freeculture.xml:15061
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5531
+#: freeculture.xml:5568
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working "
"at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5538
+#: freeculture.xml:5575
msgid "retrospective compilations on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5539
+#: freeculture.xml:5576
msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5541
+#: freeculture.xml:5578
msgid ""
"Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the "
"emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5551
+#: freeculture.xml:5588
msgid ""
"At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a "
"director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him "
#. PAGE BREAK 112
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5558
+#: freeculture.xml:5595
msgid ""
"That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave "
"wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5565
+#: freeculture.xml:5602
msgid ""
"Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our "
"goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5573
+#: freeculture.xml:5610
msgid ""
"Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, "
"<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5587
+#: freeculture.xml:5624
msgid "publicity rights on images of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5583
+#: freeculture.xml:5620
msgid ""
"Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of "
"publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5577
+#: freeculture.xml:5614
msgid ""
"Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from "
"everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5592
+#: freeculture.xml:5629
msgid ""
"The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing "
"those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5599
+#: freeculture.xml:5636
msgid ""
"I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his "
"resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5605
+#: freeculture.xml:5642
msgid ""
"So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some "
"artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were "
#. PAGE BREAK 113
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5614
+#: freeculture.xml:5651
msgid ""
"We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for "
"the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5625
+#: freeculture.xml:5662
msgid "Sutherland, Donald"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5627
+#: freeculture.xml:5664
msgid ""
"Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed "
"up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5638
+#: freeculture.xml:5675
msgid ""
"It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we "
"weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5642
+#: freeculture.xml:5679
msgid ""
"Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the "
"only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5648
+#: freeculture.xml:5685
msgid ""
"Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands "
"and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the "
#. PAGE BREAK 114
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5660
+#: freeculture.xml:5697
msgid ""
"And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, "
"and it sold very well."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5663
+#: freeculture.xml:5700
msgid "Drucker, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5671
+#: freeculture.xml:5708
msgid ""
"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, "
"<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5665
+#: freeculture.xml:5702
msgid ""
"But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a "
"year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5679
+#: freeculture.xml:5716
msgid ""
"For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and "
"resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5687
+#: freeculture.xml:5724
msgid ""
"I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she "
"gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5695
+#: freeculture.xml:5732
msgid ""
"Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be "
"compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of "
#. PAGE BREAK 115
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5706
+#: freeculture.xml:5743
msgid ""
"Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing "
"mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5726
+#: freeculture.xml:5763
msgid ""
"Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the "
"richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5735
+#: freeculture.xml:5772
msgid ""
"These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat "
"for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of "
#. PAGE BREAK 116
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5748
+#: freeculture.xml:5785
msgid ""
"I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a "
"few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5758
+#: freeculture.xml:5795
msgid ""
"The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth "
"century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5763
+#: freeculture.xml:5800
msgid "Nimmer, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5765
+#: freeculture.xml:5802
msgid ""
"When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, "
"perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5774
+#: freeculture.xml:5811
msgid "Boies, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5775
+#: freeculture.xml:5812
msgid "Court of Appeals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5775
+#: freeculture.xml:5812
msgid "Ninth Circuit"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5776
+#: freeculture.xml:5813
msgid "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5773
+#: freeculture.xml:5810
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5793
+#: freeculture.xml:5830
msgid ""
"We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by "
"technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5799
+#: freeculture.xml:5836
msgid "Camp Chaos"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 117
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5801
+#: freeculture.xml:5838
msgid ""
"But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its "
"archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5812
+#: freeculture.xml:5849
msgid ""
"All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted "
"to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5819
+#: freeculture.xml:5856
msgid ""
"To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so "
"that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5834
+#: freeculture.xml:5871
msgid ""
"Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for "
"objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if "
#. PAGE BREAK 118
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5840
+#: freeculture.xml:5877
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios "
"announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5853
+#: freeculture.xml:5890
msgid ""
"The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers "
"explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5862
+#: freeculture.xml:5899
msgid ""
"Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you "
"don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5872
+#: freeculture.xml:5909
msgid ""
"This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first "
"continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5887
+#: freeculture.xml:5924
msgid "Chapter Nine: Collectors"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5888 freeculture.xml:9231 freeculture.xml:11554 freeculture.xml:11799
+#: freeculture.xml:5925 freeculture.xml:9296 freeculture.xml:11648 freeculture.xml:11894
msgid "archives, digital"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5889 freeculture.xml:8518
+#: freeculture.xml:5926 freeculture.xml:8577
msgid "bots"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5891
+#: freeculture.xml:5928
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of "
"<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5901 freeculture.xml:5932 freeculture.xml:5994
+#: freeculture.xml:5938 freeculture.xml:5969 freeculture.xml:6033
msgid "Way Back Machine"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5903
+#: freeculture.xml:5940
msgid ""
"By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And "
"at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5910
+#: freeculture.xml:5947
msgid "Orwell, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5912
+#: freeculture.xml:5949
msgid ""
"This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In "
"the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were "
#. PAGE BREAK 120
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5920
+#: freeculture.xml:5957
msgid ""
"Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way "
"ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5925
+#: freeculture.xml:5962
msgid ""
"It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no "
"way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5941
+#: freeculture.xml:5979
msgid "White House press releases"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5940
+#: freeculture.xml:5977
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the "
-"White House changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, "
-"press release stated, <quote>Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended.</quote> "
-"That was later changed, without notice, to <quote>Major Combat Operations in "
-"Iraq Have Ended.</quote> E-mail from Brewster Kahle, 1 December 2003."
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The temptations "
+"remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House changes its own "
+"press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release stated, "
+"<quote>Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended.</quote> That was later changed, "
+"without notice, to <quote>Major Combat Operations in Iraq Have "
+"Ended.</quote> E-mail from Brewster Kahle, 1 December 2003."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5934
+#: freeculture.xml:5971
msgid ""
"Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the "
"Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5949
+#: freeculture.xml:5987
msgid "history, records of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5951
+#: freeculture.xml:5989
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go "
"back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5962
+#: freeculture.xml:6000
msgid ""
"It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat "
"it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget "
#. PAGE BREAK 121
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5971
+#: freeculture.xml:6009
msgid ""
"The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet "
"Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5982
+#: freeculture.xml:6021
msgid ""
"Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very "
"successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5991 freeculture.xml:6046 freeculture.xml:10474
+#: freeculture.xml:6030 freeculture.xml:6085 freeculture.xml:10551
msgid "Library of Congress"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5992
+#: freeculture.xml:6031
msgid "Television Archive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5993
+#: freeculture.xml:6032
msgid "Vanderbilt University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5995 freeculture.xml:11045 freeculture.xml:14106 freeculture.xml:14236 freeculture.xml:14272
+#: freeculture.xml:6034 freeculture.xml:11124 freeculture.xml:14239 freeculture.xml:14369 freeculture.xml:14405
msgid "libraries"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5995
+#: freeculture.xml:6034
msgid "archival function of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5998
+#: freeculture.xml:6037
msgid ""
"The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human "
"history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6015
+#: freeculture.xml:6054
msgid "Quayle, Dan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6016
+#: freeculture.xml:6055
msgid "60 Minutes"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 122
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6018
+#: freeculture.xml:6057
msgid ""
"Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember "
"that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a "
"are almost unfindable. …"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6029
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6068 freeculture.xml:8680
msgid "newspapers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6029
+#: freeculture.xml:6068
msgid "archives of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6031
+#: freeculture.xml:6070
msgid ""
"Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in "
"newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6039
+#: freeculture.xml:6078
msgid ""
"In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, "
"copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6047 freeculture.xml:6091
+#: freeculture.xml:6086 freeculture.xml:6130
msgid "archive of"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6058
+#: freeculture.xml:6097
msgid ""
"Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at "
"the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6049
+#: freeculture.xml:6088
msgid ""
"These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress "
"made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6066
+#: freeculture.xml:6105
msgid ""
"The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were "
"originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, "
#. PAGE BREAK 123
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6078
+#: freeculture.xml:6117
msgid ""
"Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his "
"allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6088
+#: freeculture.xml:6127
msgid "Movie Archive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6089
+#: freeculture.xml:6128
msgid "archive.org"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6089 freeculture.xml:6092
+#: freeculture.xml:6128 freeculture.xml:6131
msgid "Internet Archive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6093
+#: freeculture.xml:6132
msgid "Duck and Cover film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6094
+#: freeculture.xml:6133
msgid "ephemeral films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6095
+#: freeculture.xml:6134
msgid "Prelinger, Rick"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6097
+#: freeculture.xml:6136
msgid ""
"Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose "
"archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6115
+#: freeculture.xml:6154
msgid ""
"Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we "
"otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6123
+#: freeculture.xml:6162
msgid ""
"The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this "
"content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is "
#. PAGE BREAK 124
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6131
+#: freeculture.xml:6170
msgid ""
"For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of "
"creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6143
+#: freeculture.xml:6182
msgid ""
"After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has "
"always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6156
+#: freeculture.xml:6195
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling "
"Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6153
+#: freeculture.xml:6192
msgid ""
"The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very "
"quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6171
+#: freeculture.xml:6210
msgid ""
"Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative "
"property does not hold true with the most important components of popular "
#. PAGE BREAK 125
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6182
+#: freeculture.xml:6221
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was "
"economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6194
+#: freeculture.xml:6233
msgid ""
"Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that "
"for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6202
+#: freeculture.xml:6241
msgid ""
"The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined "
"before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6208
+#: freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:6248 freeculture.xml:6251
msgid "total number of"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6249 freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:6251
+msgid "music recordings"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6210
+#: freeculture.xml:6253
msgid ""
"It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. "
"Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, "
#. PAGE BREAK 126
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6225
+#: freeculture.xml:6268
msgid ""
"Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only "
"archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6240
+#: freeculture.xml:6283
msgid ""
"Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an "
"archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6251
+#: freeculture.xml:6295
msgid "Chapter Ten: <quote>Property</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6252
+#: freeculture.xml:6296
msgid "Johnson, Lyndon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6253 freeculture.xml:10233
+#: freeculture.xml:6297 freeculture.xml:10307
msgid "Kennedy, John F."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6298
+msgid "background of"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6255
+#: freeculture.xml:6300
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of "
"the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6265
-msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6266
+#: freeculture.xml:6310
msgid "MGM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6267
+#: freeculture.xml:6311
msgid "Paramount Pictures"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6268
+#: freeculture.xml:6312
msgid "Twentieth Century Fox"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6269
+#: freeculture.xml:6313
+msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6314
msgid "Universal Pictures"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6270 freeculture.xml:7885 freeculture.xml:8057
+#: freeculture.xml:6315 freeculture.xml:7941 freeculture.xml:8115
msgid "Warner Brothers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6272
+#: freeculture.xml:6317
msgid ""
"The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture "
"Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to "
#. PAGE BREAK 128
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6285
+#: freeculture.xml:6330
msgid ""
"Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has "
"had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6297
+#: freeculture.xml:6342
msgid ""
"In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture "
"depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6306
+#: freeculture.xml:6351
msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6320
+#: freeculture.xml:6365
msgid ""
"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, "
"H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6311
+#: freeculture.xml:6356
msgid ""
"No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the "
"counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and "
#. PAGE BREAK 129
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6330
+#: freeculture.xml:6375
msgid ""
"The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's "
"rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6341
+#: freeculture.xml:6386
msgid ""
"This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with "
"such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6356
+#: freeculture.xml:6402
msgid ""
"Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a "
"bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6353
+#: freeculture.xml:6399
msgid ""
"While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> "
"in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6371
+#: freeculture.xml:6417
msgid ""
"Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our "
"tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is "
#. PAGE BREAK 130
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6379
+#: freeculture.xml:6425
msgid ""
"I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, "
"historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6394
+#: freeculture.xml:6440
msgid ""
"Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of "
"the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6403
+#: freeculture.xml:6449
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is "
"something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6408
+#: freeculture.xml:6454
msgid ""
"The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so "
"strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an "
#. PAGE BREAK 131
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6419
+#: freeculture.xml:6465
msgid ""
"Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti "
"calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6434
+#: freeculture.xml:6480
msgid ""
"The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property "
"are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6444
+#: freeculture.xml:6490
msgid ""
"Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There "
"was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6456
+#: freeculture.xml:6502
msgid ""
"Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least "
"try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6466
+#: freeculture.xml:6512
msgid ""
"To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of "
"these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they "
"artists get paid need also control how culture develops."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:8060 freeculture.xml:9928 freeculture.xml:11255 freeculture.xml:11301 freeculture.xml:13642
+msgid "Lessig, Lawrence"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6478
+#: freeculture.xml:6526
msgid "four modalities of constraint on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6479 freeculture.xml:6738 freeculture.xml:9808 freeculture.xml:9925
+#: freeculture.xml:6527 freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:9877 freeculture.xml:9994 freeculture.xml:10106
msgid "regulation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6479
+#: freeculture.xml:6527
msgid "four modalities of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6480
+#: freeculture.xml:6528
msgid "as ex post regulation modality"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6481 freeculture.xml:6557 freeculture.xml:6692
+#: freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6605 freeculture.xml:6742
msgid "as constraint modality"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 132
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6485
+#: freeculture.xml:6533
msgid ""
"To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how "
"property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6495 freeculture.xml:6688 freeculture.xml:7058
+#: freeculture.xml:6543 freeculture.xml:6738 freeculture.xml:7112
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.svg\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
+"width=\"10em\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6499
+#: freeculture.xml:6547
msgid ""
"At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group "
"that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6515 freeculture.xml:6577 freeculture.xml:6693
+#: freeculture.xml:6563 freeculture.xml:6625 freeculture.xml:6743
msgid "norms, regulatory influence of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6517
+#: freeculture.xml:6565
msgid ""
"Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual "
"for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6527 freeculture.xml:6576 freeculture.xml:6669 freeculture.xml:6709 freeculture.xml:9817 freeculture.xml:10051
+#: freeculture.xml:6575 freeculture.xml:6624 freeculture.xml:6718 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:9886 freeculture.xml:10104
msgid "market constraints"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6529
+#: freeculture.xml:6577
msgid ""
"The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through "
"conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6538 freeculture.xml:6575 freeculture.xml:6627 freeculture.xml:6668 freeculture.xml:6691
+#: freeculture.xml:6586 freeculture.xml:6623 freeculture.xml:6676 freeculture.xml:6717 freeculture.xml:6741
msgid "architecture, constraint effected through"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6540
+#: freeculture.xml:6588
msgid ""
"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, "
"<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds "
#. PAGE BREAK 134
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6561
+#: freeculture.xml:6609
msgid ""
"So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: "
"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6567
+#: freeculture.xml:6615
msgid ""
"The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective "
"freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6578
+#: freeculture.xml:6626
msgid "driving speed, constraints on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6579
+#: freeculture.xml:6627
msgid "speeding, constraints on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6581
+#: freeculture.xml:6629
msgid ""
"So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a "
"high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that "
"norm wouldn't be as effective in a different town, or at night."
msgstr ""
-#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6599
+#: freeculture.xml:6647
msgid ""
"By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean "
"to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's "
"more timidly expressed. See Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>Code: And Other "
"Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle> (New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90–95; "
"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>The New Chicago School,</quote> <citetitle>Journal "
-"of Legal Studies</citetitle>, June 1998."
+"of Legal Studies</citetitle>, June 1998. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 135
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6595
+#: freeculture.xml:6643
msgid ""
"The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While "
"these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6624
+#: freeculture.xml:6673
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.svg\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
+"width=\"12em\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6666
+#: freeculture.xml:6715
msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6667
+#: freeculture.xml:6716
msgid "Commons, John R."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6637
+#: freeculture.xml:6686
msgid ""
"Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They "
"object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at "
"the effective liberty that each of these groups might face. <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"3\"/>"
+"id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6629
+#: freeculture.xml:6678
msgid ""
"These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand "
"the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6674
+#: freeculture.xml:6724
msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6675 freeculture.xml:7048
+#: freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:7102
msgid "four regulatory modalities on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6677
+#: freeculture.xml:6727
msgid ""
"The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, "
"Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6683
+#: freeculture.xml:6733
msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 136
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6696
+#: freeculture.xml:6746
msgid ""
"There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law "
"limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6707
+#: freeculture.xml:6757
msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6708
+#: freeculture.xml:6758
msgid "regulatory balance lost in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6710
+#: freeculture.xml:6760
msgid "MP3s"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6712
+#: freeculture.xml:6762
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p "
"sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6721 freeculture.xml:7565 freeculture.xml:7874
+#: freeculture.xml:6771 freeculture.xml:7621 freeculture.xml:7930 freeculture.xml:10107
msgid "technology"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6721
+#: freeculture.xml:6771
msgid "established industries threatened by changes in"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 137
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6723
+#: freeculture.xml:6773
msgid ""
"Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. "
"Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6734
+#: freeculture.xml:6784
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.svg\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
+"width=\"10em\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6737
+#: freeculture.xml:6787
msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6738 freeculture.xml:9808
+#: freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:9877
msgid "as establishment protectionism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6740
+#: freeculture.xml:6790
msgid ""
"Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the "
"warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6753 freeculture.xml:6893
+#: freeculture.xml:6803 freeculture.xml:6943
msgid "farming"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6754
+#: freeculture.xml:6804
msgid "steel industry"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 138
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6756
+#: freeculture.xml:6806
msgid ""
"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to "
"preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6776
+#: freeculture.xml:6826
msgid ""
"Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign "
"to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6789
+#: freeculture.xml:6839
msgid "railroad industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6790
+#: freeculture.xml:6840
msgid "remote channel changers"
msgstr ""
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6800
+#: freeculture.xml:6850
msgid ""
"See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a "
"Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6792
+#: freeculture.xml:6842
msgid ""
"But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it "
"doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6821
+#: freeculture.xml:6871
msgid "free market, technological changes in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6822 freeculture.xml:15500
+#: freeculture.xml:6872 freeculture.xml:15639
msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6825 freeculture.xml:13700
+#: freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:13828
msgid "Gates, Bill"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6826 freeculture.xml:7839
+#: freeculture.xml:6876 freeculture.xml:7895
msgid "market competition"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6839
+#: freeculture.xml:6889
msgid ""
"Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, "
"1994), 170–71."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6829
+#: freeculture.xml:6879
msgid ""
"The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free "
"society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6850
+#: freeculture.xml:6900
msgid ""
"Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new "
"technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6861
+#: freeculture.xml:6911
msgid "speech, freedom of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6861
+#: freeculture.xml:6911
msgid "constitutional guarantee of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6863
+#: freeculture.xml:6913
msgid ""
"In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, "
"copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry "
#. PAGE BREAK 140
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6879
+#: freeculture.xml:6929
msgid ""
"My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes "
"that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6888
+#: freeculture.xml:6938
msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6890
+#: freeculture.xml:6940
msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6891
+#: freeculture.xml:6941
msgid "DDT"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6892
+#: freeculture.xml:6942
msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6895
+#: freeculture.xml:6945
msgid ""
"In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul "
"Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6902
+#: freeculture.xml:6952
msgid ""
"No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop "
"production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6906
+#: freeculture.xml:6956
msgid "Carson, Rachel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6907
+#: freeculture.xml:6957
msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6908
+#: freeculture.xml:6958
msgid "environmentalism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6910
+#: freeculture.xml:6960
msgid ""
"But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, "
"which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6916
+#: freeculture.xml:6966
msgid ""
"No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim "
"to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6925
+#: freeculture.xml:6975
msgid "Boyle, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6926
+#: freeculture.xml:6976
msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in"
msgstr ""
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6932
+#: freeculture.xml:6982
msgid ""
"See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
"Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law "
#. PAGE BREAK 141
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6928
+#: freeculture.xml:6978
msgid ""
"It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle "
"appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6950
+#: freeculture.xml:7000
msgid ""
"My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this "
"effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6962
+#: freeculture.xml:7012
msgid ""
"In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free "
"culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6971
+#: freeculture.xml:7021
msgid "Beginnings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6972
+#: freeculture.xml:7022
msgid "on creative property"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6973 freeculture.xml:11464
+#: freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:11555
msgid "copyright purpose established in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6974 freeculture.xml:11173
+#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:12371
msgid "Progress Clause of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6975 freeculture.xml:11465
+#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11556
msgid "constitutional purpose of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6977
+#: freeculture.xml:7027
msgid "constitutional tradition on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:11174
+#: freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:11254 freeculture.xml:12369
msgid "Progress Clause"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6981
+#: freeculture.xml:7031
msgid ""
"America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved "
"English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative "
"aim to avoid overly powerful publishers."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6986
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:12368
msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6988
+#: freeculture.xml:7038
msgid ""
"The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to "
"Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article "
"I, section 8, clause 8 of our Constitution states that:"
msgstr ""
-#. PAGE BREAK 142
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6993
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7044
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, "
"by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right "
-"to their respective Writings and Discoveries. We can call this the "
-"<quote>Progress Clause,</quote> for notice what this clause does not say. It "
-"does not say Congress has the power to grant <quote>creative property "
-"rights.</quote> It says that Congress has the power <emphasis>to promote "
-"progress</emphasis>. The grant of power is its purpose, and its purpose is a "
-"public one, not the purpose of enriching publishers, nor even primarily the "
-"purpose of rewarding authors."
+"to their respective Writings and Discoveries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7052
+msgid ""
+"We can call this the <quote>Progress Clause,</quote> for notice what this "
+"clause does not say. It does not say Congress has the power to grant "
+"<quote>creative property rights.</quote> It says that Congress has the power "
+"<emphasis>to promote progress</emphasis>. The grant of power is its purpose, "
+"and its purpose is a public one, not the purpose of enriching publishers, "
+"nor even primarily the purpose of rewarding authors."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7007
+#: freeculture.xml:7061
msgid "history of American"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7009
+#: freeculture.xml:7063
msgid ""
"The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in "
"chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7018
+#: freeculture.xml:7072
msgid "Senate, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7019
+#: freeculture.xml:7073
msgid "structural checks and balances of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7020
+#: freeculture.xml:7074
msgid "electoral college"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7022
+#: freeculture.xml:7076
msgid ""
"The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the "
"Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7039
+#: freeculture.xml:7093
msgid ""
"I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call "
"<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond "
#. PAGE BREAK 143
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7050
+#: freeculture.xml:7104
msgid ""
"Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in "
"technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7061
+#: freeculture.xml:7115
msgid "We will end here:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7065
+#: freeculture.xml:7119
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.svg\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
+"width=\"10em\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 144
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7068
+#: freeculture.xml:7122
msgid "Let me explain how."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7073
+#: freeculture.xml:7127
msgid "Law: Duration"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7076 freeculture.xml:7368
+#: freeculture.xml:7130 freeculture.xml:7424
msgid "Copyright Act (1790)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7077
+#: freeculture.xml:7131
msgid "common law protections of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7078
+#: freeculture.xml:7132
msgid "balance of U.S. content in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7094
+#: freeculture.xml:7149
msgid "Crosskey, William W."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7088
+#: freeculture.xml:7142
msgid ""
"William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History "
"of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), "
-"vol. 1, 485–86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain implication of `the "
-"supreme Law of the Land,' <emphasis>the perpetual rights which authors had, "
-"or were supposed by some to have, under the Common Law</emphasis></quote> "
-"(emphasis added). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"vol. 1, 485–86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain implication of "
+"<quote>the supreme Law of the Land,</quote> <emphasis>the perpetual rights "
+"which authors had, or were supposed by some to have, under the Common "
+"Law</emphasis></quote> (emphasis added). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7080
+#: freeculture.xml:7134
msgid ""
"When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced "
"the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7104
+#: freeculture.xml:7159
msgid "federal vs. state"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7106
+#: freeculture.xml:7161
msgid ""
"That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting "
"copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7115
+#: freeculture.xml:7170
msgid ""
"In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal "
"copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was "
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7131
+#: freeculture.xml:7186
msgid ""
"Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to "
"1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7123
+#: freeculture.xml:7178
msgid ""
"While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten "
"years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered "
#. PAGE BREAK 145
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7149
+#: freeculture.xml:7204
msgid ""
"This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of "
"copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted "
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7164
+#: freeculture.xml:7219
msgid ""
"Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of "
"the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7158
+#: freeculture.xml:7213
msgid ""
"Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of "
"copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of "
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7182
+#: freeculture.xml:7237
msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7178
+#: freeculture.xml:7233
msgid ""
"Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an "
"actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7190 freeculture.xml:11111
+#: freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:12370
msgid "copyright terms extended by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7191 freeculture.xml:11113
+#: freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:11192
msgid "term extensions in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7193
+#: freeculture.xml:7248
msgid ""
"In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was "
"changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to "
"setting a maximum term of 56 years."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7255
+msgid "CTEA"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7200 freeculture.xml:7235 freeculture.xml:11137 freeculture.xml:15418
+#: freeculture.xml:7255 freeculture.xml:7256 freeculture.xml:7291 freeculture.xml:11216 freeculture.xml:15557
msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7201 freeculture.xml:11117
+#: freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:11196
msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7203
+#: freeculture.xml:7259
msgid ""
"Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined "
"copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has "
"of existing and future copyrights by twenty years."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7212 freeculture.xml:11116 freeculture.xml:11117 freeculture.xml:13205 freeculture.xml:13686
-msgid "patents"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7212 freeculture.xml:11116
+#: freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11195
msgid "in public domain"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 146
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7214
+#: freeculture.xml:7270
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of "
"works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7226
+#: freeculture.xml:7282
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, "
"little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7236
+#: freeculture.xml:7292
msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7237 freeculture.xml:13359
+#: freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:13486
msgid "corporations"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7237
+#: freeculture.xml:7293
msgid "copyright terms for"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7239
+#: freeculture.xml:7295
msgid ""
"The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works "
"created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7249
+#: freeculture.xml:7305
msgid ""
"This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure "
"that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7268
+#: freeculture.xml:7324
msgid ""
"These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first "
"year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7260
+#: freeculture.xml:7316
msgid ""
"The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is "
"dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7282
+#: freeculture.xml:7338
msgid "Law: Scope"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7283 freeculture.xml:7502
+#: freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7558
msgid "scope of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7285
+#: freeculture.xml:7341
msgid ""
"The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by "
"the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7291
+#: freeculture.xml:7347
msgid "historical shift in copyright coverage of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7293
+#: freeculture.xml:7349
msgid ""
"In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, "
"charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7306
+#: freeculture.xml:7362
msgid ""
"This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today "
"are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7320
+#: freeculture.xml:7376
msgid "marking of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7321
+#: freeculture.xml:7377
msgid "formalities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7322
+#: freeculture.xml:7378
msgid "registration requirement of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 148
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7324
+#: freeculture.xml:7380
msgid ""
"At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural "
"limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7339
+#: freeculture.xml:7395
msgid ""
"The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding "
"that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7352
+#: freeculture.xml:7408
msgid "European"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7354
+#: freeculture.xml:7410
msgid ""
"All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American "
"system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7365
+#: freeculture.xml:7421
msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences."
msgstr ""
#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7377
+#: freeculture.xml:7433
msgid ""
"See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the "
"Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7370
+#: freeculture.xml:7426
msgid ""
"If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually "
"copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another "
#. PAGE BREAK 149
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7392
+#: freeculture.xml:7448
msgid ""
"The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by "
"hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7402
+#: freeculture.xml:7458
msgid ""
"Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is "
"automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7411
+#: freeculture.xml:7467
msgid ""
"That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use "
"exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7416
+#: freeculture.xml:7472
msgid ""
"That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control "
"competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7431
+#: freeculture.xml:7487
msgid ""
"It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, "
"though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7453
+#: freeculture.xml:7509
msgid ""
"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal "
"Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7443
+#: freeculture.xml:7499
msgid ""
"In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free "
"culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7475
+#: freeculture.xml:7531
msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7468
+#: freeculture.xml:7524
msgid ""
"Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about "
"the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7463
+#: freeculture.xml:7519
msgid ""
"Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can "
"go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7483
+#: freeculture.xml:7539
msgid ""
"This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be "
"able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7491
+#: freeculture.xml:7547
msgid ""
"These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the "
"derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7500
+#: freeculture.xml:7556
msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7501 freeculture.xml:7563 freeculture.xml:7775
+#: freeculture.xml:7557 freeculture.xml:7619 freeculture.xml:7831
msgid "copies as core issue of"
msgstr ""
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7509
+#: freeculture.xml:7565
msgid ""
"This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly "
"regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7504
+#: freeculture.xml:7560
msgid ""
"Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in "
"copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7520
+#: freeculture.xml:7576
msgid "other property rights vs."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 151
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7523
+#: freeculture.xml:7579
msgid ""
"<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for "
"<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's "
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7542
+#: freeculture.xml:7598
msgid ""
"Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we "
"should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7537
+#: freeculture.xml:7593
msgid ""
"This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very "
"slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7555
+#: freeculture.xml:7611
msgid ""
"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty "
"circle."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7560
+#: freeculture.xml:7616
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.svg\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"40%\"></graphic>"
+"width=\"10em\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7562
+#: freeculture.xml:7618
msgid "three types of uses of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7564
+#: freeculture.xml:7620
msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7565
+#: freeculture.xml:7621
msgid "copyright intent altered by"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 152
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7570
+#: freeculture.xml:7626
msgid ""
"Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all "
"its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7584
+#: freeculture.xml:7640
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"40%\"></graphic>"
+"width=\"10em\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7587
+#: freeculture.xml:7643
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by "
"copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7598
+#: freeculture.xml:7654
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.svg\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"40%\"></graphic>"
+"width=\"10em\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7603
+#: freeculture.xml:7659
msgid ""
"Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that "
"remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7610
+#: freeculture.xml:7666
msgid ""
"These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as "
"unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7621
+#: freeculture.xml:7677
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.svg\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"40%\"></graphic>"
+"width=\"10em\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 154
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7626
+#: freeculture.xml:7682
msgid ""
"In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three "
"sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7631 freeculture.xml:7919 freeculture.xml:10187
+#: freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:10261
msgid "on Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7633 freeculture.xml:7714
+#: freeculture.xml:7689 freeculture.xml:7770
msgid "Internet burdens on"
msgstr ""
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7638
+#: freeculture.xml:7694
msgid ""
"I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be "
"different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7635
+#: freeculture.xml:7691
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a "
"copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
#. PAGE BREAK 155
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7658
+#: freeculture.xml:7714
msgid ""
"So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the "
"Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7669
+#: freeculture.xml:7725
msgid "e-books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7670
+#: freeculture.xml:7726
msgid "technological developments and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7672
+#: freeculture.xml:7728
msgid ""
"But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of "
"rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7685
+#: freeculture.xml:7741
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.svg\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"40%\"></graphic>"
+"width=\"10em\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7688
+#: freeculture.xml:7744
msgid ""
"There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is "
"not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7694
+#: freeculture.xml:7750
msgid ""
"First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever "
"intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7703
+#: freeculture.xml:7759
msgid ""
"Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative "
"uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7716
+#: freeculture.xml:7772
msgid "fair use vs."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 156
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7718
+#: freeculture.xml:7774
msgid ""
"Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden "
"on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7737
+#: freeculture.xml:7793
msgid ""
"This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free "
"culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7753
+#: freeculture.xml:7809
msgid "Video Pipeline"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7755 freeculture.xml:15315
-msgid "film industry"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7755
+#: freeculture.xml:7811
msgid "trailer advertisements of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7757
+#: freeculture.xml:7813
msgid ""
"The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the "
"business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7763 freeculture.xml:7838 freeculture.xml:14061
+#: freeculture.xml:7819 freeculture.xml:7894 freeculture.xml:14194
msgid "browsing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7765
+#: freeculture.xml:7821
msgid ""
"The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to "
"think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The "
#. PAGE BREAK 157
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7778
+#: freeculture.xml:7834
msgid ""
"In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it "
"intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7795
+#: freeculture.xml:7851
msgid "willful infringement findings in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7796
+#: freeculture.xml:7852
msgid "willful infringement"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7798
+#: freeculture.xml:7854
msgid ""
"Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were "
"predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7808
+#: freeculture.xml:7864
msgid ""
"Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video "
"stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7816
+#: freeculture.xml:7872
msgid "first-sale doctrine"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7818
+#: freeculture.xml:7874
msgid ""
"Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would "
"consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7837
+#: freeculture.xml:7893
msgid "Barnes & Noble"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 158
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7842
+#: freeculture.xml:7898
msgid ""
"No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control "
"is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7857
+#: freeculture.xml:7913
msgid ""
"Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed "
"architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7866
+#: freeculture.xml:7922
msgid "Architecture and Law: Force"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7868
+#: freeculture.xml:7924
msgid ""
"The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second "
"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7873
+#: freeculture.xml:7929
msgid "technology as automatic enforcer of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7874
+#: freeculture.xml:7930
msgid "copyright enforcement controlled by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7876
+#: freeculture.xml:7932
msgid ""
"In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that "
"controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7883
+#: freeculture.xml:7939
msgid "Casablanca"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7884 freeculture.xml:8056
+#: freeculture.xml:7940 freeculture.xml:8114
msgid "Marx Brothers"
msgstr ""
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7895
+#: freeculture.xml:7951
msgid ""
"See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7887
+#: freeculture.xml:7943
msgid ""
"There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner "
"Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7904
+#: freeculture.xml:7960
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, "
"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7900
+#: freeculture.xml:7956
msgid ""
"This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers "
"that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7914
+#: freeculture.xml:7970
msgid ""
"An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the "
"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7921
+#: freeculture.xml:7978
msgid ""
"On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the "
"Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7933
+#: freeculture.xml:7990
msgid "Adobe eBook Reader"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7935
+#: freeculture.xml:7992
msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7938
+#: freeculture.xml:7995
msgid ""
"An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a "
"book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7946
+#: freeculture.xml:8003
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/example-adobe-ebook-reader.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7949
+#: freeculture.xml:8006
msgid ""
"In figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" "
"linkend=\"fig-example-adobe-ebook-reader\"/> is a picture of an old version "
#. PAGE BREAK 160
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7954
+#: freeculture.xml:8011
msgid ""
"As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book "
"library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7967
+#: freeculture.xml:8024
msgid ""
"If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions "
"that the publisher purports to grant with this book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7972
+#: freeculture.xml:8029
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
#. PAGE BREAK 161
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7976
+#: freeculture.xml:8033
msgid ""
"According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard "
"of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7983
+#: freeculture.xml:8040
msgid "Aristotle"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7984
+#: freeculture.xml:8041
msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7986
+#: freeculture.xml:8043
msgid ""
"Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the "
"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7991
+#: freeculture.xml:8048
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/aristotele-ebook.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7994
+#: freeculture.xml:8051
msgid ""
"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at "
"all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8000
+#: freeculture.xml:8057
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8002 freeculture.xml:9858
+#: freeculture.xml:8059 freeculture.xml:9927
msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8003 freeculture.xml:9859 freeculture.xml:11175 freeculture.xml:11221 freeculture.xml:13515
-msgid "Lessig, Lawrence"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8005
+#: freeculture.xml:8062
msgid ""
"Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original "
"e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8012
+#: freeculture.xml:8069
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8015
+#: freeculture.xml:8072
msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!"
msgstr ""
-#. f21
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8089
+msgid "contracts"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8025
+#: freeculture.xml:8082
msgid ""
"In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for "
"example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read "
"it only three times, or that I promise to read it three times. But that "
"obligation (and the limits for creating that obligation) would come from the "
"contract, not from copyright law, and the obligations of contract would not "
-"necessarily pass to anyone who subsequently acquired the book."
+"necessarily pass to anyone who subsequently acquired the book. <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8018
+#: freeculture.xml:8075
msgid ""
"Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls "
"<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8040
+#: freeculture.xml:8098
msgid ""
"The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within "
"which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are "
#. PAGE BREAK 163
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8060
+#: freeculture.xml:8118
msgid ""
"These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world "
"where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8066
+#: freeculture.xml:8124
msgid ""
"This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright "
"<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8075
+#: freeculture.xml:8133
msgid ""
"How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls "
"built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8082
+#: freeculture.xml:8140
msgid ""
"We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook "
"Reader."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8085
+#: freeculture.xml:8143
msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8086
+#: freeculture.xml:8144
msgid "e-book restrictions on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8088
+#: freeculture.xml:8146
msgid ""
"Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public "
"relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8097
+#: freeculture.xml:8155
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8101
+#: freeculture.xml:8159
msgid ""
"Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, "
"not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8106
+#: freeculture.xml:8164
msgid ""
"The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the "
"text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8114
+#: freeculture.xml:8172
msgid ""
"Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to "
"restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8129
+#: freeculture.xml:8187
msgid ""
"The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative "
"companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8139
+#: freeculture.xml:8198
msgid ""
"To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story "
"of mine that makes the same point."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8142 freeculture.xml:8286 freeculture.xml:8351 freeculture.xml:8463
+#: freeculture.xml:8201 freeculture.xml:8345 freeculture.xml:8410 freeculture.xml:8522
msgid "Aibo robotic dog"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8143 freeculture.xml:8287 freeculture.xml:8352 freeculture.xml:8464
+#: freeculture.xml:8202 freeculture.xml:8346 freeculture.xml:8411 freeculture.xml:8523
msgid "robotic dog"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8144 freeculture.xml:8288 freeculture.xml:8353 freeculture.xml:8465
-msgid "Sony"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8144 freeculture.xml:8288 freeculture.xml:8353 freeculture.xml:8465
+#: freeculture.xml:8203 freeculture.xml:8347 freeculture.xml:8412 freeculture.xml:8524
msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8146
+#: freeculture.xml:8205
msgid ""
"Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo "
"learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and "
#. PAGE BREAK 165
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8151
+#: freeculture.xml:8210
msgid ""
"The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up "
"clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8160
+#: freeculture.xml:8219
msgid ""
"<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute "
"computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8167
+#: freeculture.xml:8226
msgid "hacks"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8169
+#: freeculture.xml:8228
msgid ""
"If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word "
"<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8183
+#: freeculture.xml:8242
msgid ""
"Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like "
"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8190
+#: freeculture.xml:8249
msgid ""
"The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and "
"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance "
#. PAGE BREAK 166
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8200
+#: freeculture.xml:8259
msgid ""
"I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United "
"States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8215
+#: freeculture.xml:8274
msgid "government case against"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8217
+#: freeculture.xml:8276
msgid ""
"Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not "
"literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8240 freeculture.xml:10813
+#: freeculture.xml:8299 freeculture.xml:10890
msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8230
+#: freeculture.xml:8289
msgid ""
"See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to "
"Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8228
+#: freeculture.xml:8287
msgid ""
"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8248
+#: freeculture.xml:8307
msgid ""
"The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to "
"exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8258
+#: freeculture.xml:8317
msgid ""
"When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In "
"exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of "
#. PAGE BREAK 167
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8265
+#: freeculture.xml:8324
msgid ""
"Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the "
"team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8271
+#: freeculture.xml:8330
msgid ""
"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United "
"States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8279
+#: freeculture.xml:8338
msgid ""
"What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing "
"the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8290
+#: freeculture.xml:8349
msgid ""
"What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then "
"received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8297
+#: freeculture.xml:8356
msgid ""
"Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's "
"copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8306
+#: freeculture.xml:8365
msgid ""
"And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of "
"encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an "
#. PAGE BREAK 168
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8312
+#: freeculture.xml:8371
msgid ""
"Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public "
"Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8320
+#: freeculture.xml:8379
msgid ""
"In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread "
"of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8325
+#: freeculture.xml:8384
msgid ""
"The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about "
"cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8336
+#: freeculture.xml:8395
msgid ""
"The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code "
"designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8343
+#: freeculture.xml:8402
msgid ""
"But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the "
"extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at "
#. PAGE BREAK 169
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8355
+#: freeculture.xml:8414
msgid ""
"Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a "
"copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8367
+#: freeculture.xml:8426
msgid ""
"The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line "
"of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8374 freeculture.xml:8409
+#: freeculture.xml:8433 freeculture.xml:8468
msgid "Rogers, Fred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8385 freeculture.xml:8424 freeculture.xml:8452
+#: freeculture.xml:8444 freeculture.xml:8483 freeculture.xml:8511
msgid "Conrad, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8377
+#: freeculture.xml:8436
msgid ""
"The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by "
"Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8404
+#: freeculture.xml:8463
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of "
"America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8389
+#: freeculture.xml:8448
msgid ""
"Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the "
"<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I "
#. PAGE BREAK 170
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8415
+#: freeculture.xml:8474
msgid ""
"Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses "
"that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8420
+#: freeculture.xml:8479
msgid ""
"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon in figure <xref "
"xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/>, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8427
+#: freeculture.xml:8486
msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8430
+#: freeculture.xml:8489
msgid ""
"— On which item have the courts ruled that manufacturers and retailers "
"be held responsible for having supplied the equipment?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8433
+#: freeculture.xml:8492
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/vcr-comic.png\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"65%\"></graphic>"
+"width=\"55%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8436
+#: freeculture.xml:8495
msgid ""
"The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention "
"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8443
+#: freeculture.xml:8502
msgid "handguns"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 171
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8445
+#: freeculture.xml:8504
msgid ""
"A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree "
"such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8454
+#: freeculture.xml:8513
msgid ""
"The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns "
"are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8467
+#: freeculture.xml:8526
msgid ""
"The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the "
"balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8475
+#: freeculture.xml:8534
msgid ""
"This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The "
"controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8487
+#: freeculture.xml:8546
msgid ""
"There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law "
"that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease "
#. f24
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8506
+#: freeculture.xml:8565
msgid ""
"For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal "
"Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8500
+#: freeculture.xml:8559
msgid ""
"For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan "
"club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8512
+#: freeculture.xml:8571
msgid ""
"Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. "
"No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8520
+#: freeculture.xml:8579
msgid ""
"But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally "
"available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8530
+#: freeculture.xml:8589
msgid ""
"This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the "
"ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8539
+#: freeculture.xml:8598
msgid "Market: Concentration"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 173
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8541
+#: freeculture.xml:8600
msgid ""
"So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past "
"thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8559
+#: freeculture.xml:8618
msgid ""
"Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't "
"for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8566
+#: freeculture.xml:8625
msgid ""
"This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In "
"the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8577
+#: freeculture.xml:8636
msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8581
+#: freeculture.xml:8640
msgid "BMG"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8582 freeculture.xml:9968
+#: freeculture.xml:8641 freeculture.xml:10037
msgid "EMI"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8583
+#: freeculture.xml:8642
msgid "McCain, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8584 freeculture.xml:9975
+#: freeculture.xml:8643 freeculture.xml:10044
msgid "Universal Music Group"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8585
+#: freeculture.xml:8644
msgid "Warner Music Group"
msgstr ""
#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8591
+#: freeculture.xml:8650
msgid ""
"FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and "
"Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement "
#. f26
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8598
+#: freeculture.xml:8657
msgid ""
"Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to "
"Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002."
#. f27
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8604
+#: freeculture.xml:8663
msgid ""
"Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8587
+#: freeculture.xml:8646
msgid ""
"Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain "
"summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, "
"nationwide.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8667
+msgid "ownership consolidation in"
+msgstr ""
+
#. PAGE BREAK 174
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8609
+#: freeculture.xml:8669
msgid ""
"The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the "
"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than "
"revenues."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8680
+msgid "ownership consolidation of"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8621
+#: freeculture.xml:8682
msgid ""
"Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are "
"six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8631 freeculture.xml:8652
+#: freeculture.xml:8692 freeculture.xml:8713
msgid "Fallows, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8633
+#: freeculture.xml:8694
msgid ""
"Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in "
"the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8650
+#: freeculture.xml:8711
msgid ""
"James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic "
"Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8639
+#: freeculture.xml:8700
msgid ""
"Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its "
"integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8657
+#: freeculture.xml:8720
msgid ""
"The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large "
"companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8664
+#: freeculture.xml:8727
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/pattern-modern-media-ownership.png\" "
"align=\"center\" width=\"100%\"></graphic>"
#. PAGE BREAK 175
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8668
+#: freeculture.xml:8731
msgid ""
"Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is "
"distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8673
+#: freeculture.xml:8736
msgid ""
"My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing "
"more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8679
+#: freeculture.xml:8742
msgid ""
"Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration "
"may matter."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8682
+#: freeculture.xml:8745
msgid "Lear, Norman"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8684 freeculture.xml:8747
+#: freeculture.xml:8747 freeculture.xml:8810
msgid "All in the Family"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8686
+#: freeculture.xml:8749
msgid ""
"In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the "
"Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It "
#. f29
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8698
+#: freeculture.xml:8761
msgid ""
"Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum "
"Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8693
+#: freeculture.xml:8756
msgid ""
"Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to "
"have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that "
#. PAGE BREAK 176
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8709
+#: freeculture.xml:8772
msgid ""
"The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the "
"networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a "
#. f30
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8728
+#: freeculture.xml:8791
msgid ""
"NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media "
"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8718
+#: freeculture.xml:8781
msgid ""
"In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After "
"that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8749
+#: freeculture.xml:8812
msgid ""
"Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the "
"Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8754
+#: freeculture.xml:8817
msgid "Diller, Barry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8755
+#: freeculture.xml:8818
msgid "Moyers, Bill"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8757
+#: freeculture.xml:8820
msgid ""
"While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of "
"those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry "
#. f32
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8772
+#: freeculture.xml:8835
msgid ""
"<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with "
"Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8763
+#: freeculture.xml:8826
msgid ""
"Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their "
"channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their "
"you have less than a handful.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8841
+msgid "media concentration and"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8779
+#: freeculture.xml:8843
msgid ""
"This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large "
"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8790
+#: freeculture.xml:8854
msgid "Clark, Kim B."
msgstr ""
#. f33
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8799
+#: freeculture.xml:8863
msgid ""
"Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The "
"Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8792
+#: freeculture.xml:8856
msgid ""
"Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration "
"affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8816
+#: freeculture.xml:8880
msgid ""
"I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say "
"with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8822
+#: freeculture.xml:8886
msgid ""
"But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest "
"the concern."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8826
+#: freeculture.xml:8890
msgid ""
"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug "
"wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; "
"criminal and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:8894
+msgid "criminal justice system"
+msgstr ""
+
#. PAGE BREAK 178
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8831
+#: freeculture.xml:8896
msgid ""
"Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any "
"position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8850
+#: freeculture.xml:8915
msgid ""
"You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is "
"through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8858
+#: freeculture.xml:8923
msgid "Nick and Norm anti-drug campaign"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8860
+#: freeculture.xml:8925
msgid ""
"Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a "
"media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8872
+#: freeculture.xml:8937
msgid ""
"Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its "
"message well. It's a fair and reasonable message."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8876
+#: freeculture.xml:8941
msgid ""
"But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a "
"countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to "
#. PAGE BREAK 179
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8882
+#: freeculture.xml:8947
msgid ""
"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the "
"money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8890
+#: freeculture.xml:8955
msgid "on television advertising bans"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8891
+#: freeculture.xml:8956
msgid "controversy avoided by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8904
+#: freeculture.xml:8969
msgid "Comcast"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8905
+#: freeculture.xml:8970
msgid "Marijuana Policy Project"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8906
+#: freeculture.xml:8971
msgid "NBC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8907
+#: freeculture.xml:8972
msgid "WJOA"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8908
+#: freeculture.xml:8973
msgid "WRC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8903
+#: freeculture.xml:8968
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8893
+#: freeculture.xml:8958
msgid ""
"No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding "
"<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8942
+#: freeculture.xml:9007
msgid ""
"I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a "
"media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8955
+#: freeculture.xml:9020
msgid "Together"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8957
+#: freeculture.xml:9022
msgid ""
"There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright "
"warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In "
#. PAGE BREAK 180
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8963
+#: freeculture.xml:9028
msgid ""
"But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has "
"changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8979
+#: freeculture.xml:9044
msgid ""
"Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright "
"or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8985
+#: freeculture.xml:9050
msgid ""
"But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture "
"notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8997
+#: freeculture.xml:9062
msgid ""
"Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant "
"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now "
#. PAGE BREAK 181
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9009
+#: freeculture.xml:9074
msgid ""
"For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we "
"see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9033
+#: freeculture.xml:9098
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a "
"similar point in his <quote>four surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9018
+#: freeculture.xml:9083
msgid ""
"Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they "
"affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9039
+#: freeculture.xml:9104
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point "
"can now be briefly stated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9043
+#: freeculture.xml:9108
msgid ""
"At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and "
"noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9055 freeculture.xml:9092
+#: freeculture.xml:9120 freeculture.xml:9157
msgid "PUBLISH"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9056 freeculture.xml:9093 freeculture.xml:9131 freeculture.xml:9163
+#: freeculture.xml:9121 freeculture.xml:9158 freeculture.xml:9196 freeculture.xml:9228
msgid "TRANSFORM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9061 freeculture.xml:9098 freeculture.xml:9136 freeculture.xml:9168
+#: freeculture.xml:9126 freeculture.xml:9163 freeculture.xml:9201 freeculture.xml:9233
msgid "Commercial"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9062 freeculture.xml:9099 freeculture.xml:9100 freeculture.xml:9137 freeculture.xml:9138 freeculture.xml:9169 freeculture.xml:9170 freeculture.xml:9174 freeculture.xml:9175
+#: freeculture.xml:9127 freeculture.xml:9164 freeculture.xml:9165 freeculture.xml:9202 freeculture.xml:9203 freeculture.xml:9234 freeculture.xml:9235 freeculture.xml:9239 freeculture.xml:9240
msgid "©"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9063 freeculture.xml:9067 freeculture.xml:9068 freeculture.xml:9104 freeculture.xml:9105 freeculture.xml:9143
+#: freeculture.xml:9128 freeculture.xml:9132 freeculture.xml:9133 freeculture.xml:9169 freeculture.xml:9170 freeculture.xml:9208
msgid "Free"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9066 freeculture.xml:9103 freeculture.xml:9141 freeculture.xml:9173
+#: freeculture.xml:9131 freeculture.xml:9168 freeculture.xml:9206 freeculture.xml:9238
msgid "Noncommercial"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 182
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9075
+#: freeculture.xml:9140
msgid ""
"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright "
"law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9084
+#: freeculture.xml:9149
msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9112
+#: freeculture.xml:9177
msgid ""
"Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, "
"which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9118
+#: freeculture.xml:9183
msgid ""
"In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this "
"change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9130 freeculture.xml:9162
+#: freeculture.xml:9195 freeculture.xml:9227
msgid "COPY"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9142
+#: freeculture.xml:9207
msgid "© / Free"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9150
+#: freeculture.xml:9215
msgid ""
"The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy "
"machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market "
#. PAGE BREAK 183
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9182
+#: freeculture.xml:9247
msgid ""
"Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was "
"not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9190
+#: freeculture.xml:9255
msgid ""
"Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does "
"no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9196
+#: freeculture.xml:9261
msgid ""
"I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I "
"also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9214
+#: freeculture.xml:9279
msgid "legal realist movement"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9214
+#: freeculture.xml:9279
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> It was the single most important "
"contribution of the legal realist movement to demonstrate that all property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9208
+#: freeculture.xml:9273
msgid ""
"The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course "
"copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any "
#. PAGE BREAK 184
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9233
+#: freeculture.xml:9298
msgid ""
"We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on "
"the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9256
+#: freeculture.xml:9321
msgid ""
"Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response "
"to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9273
+#: freeculture.xml:9338
msgid "Puzzles"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9277
+#: freeculture.xml:9342
msgid "Chapter Eleven: Chimera"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9278
+#: freeculture.xml:9343
msgid "chimeras"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9279
+#: freeculture.xml:9344
msgid "Wells, H. G."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9280
+#: freeculture.xml:9345
msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)"
msgstr ""
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9288
+#: freeculture.xml:9353
msgid ""
"H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See "
"H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9283
+#: freeculture.xml:9348
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by "
"H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9300
+#: freeculture.xml:9365
msgid ""
"Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight "
"to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are "
"<citetitle>blind</citetitle>. They think he's just thick. Indeed, as they "
"increasingly notice the things he can't do (hear the sound of grass being "
"stepped on, for example), they increasingly try to control him. He, in turn, "
-"becomes increasingly frustrated. <quote>`You don't understand,' he cried, in "
-"a voice that was meant to be great and resolute, and which broke. `You are "
-"blind and I can see. Leave me alone!'</quote>"
+"becomes increasingly frustrated. <quote><quote>You don't understand,</quote> "
+"he cried, in a voice that was meant to be great and resolute, and which "
+"broke. <quote>You are blind and I can see. Leave me alone!</quote></quote>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 187
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9312
+#: freeculture.xml:9377
msgid ""
"The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the "
"virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9323
+#: freeculture.xml:9388
msgid ""
"When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously "
"delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9329
+#: freeculture.xml:9394
msgid ""
"After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain "
"is affected,</quote> he reports."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9333
+#: freeculture.xml:9398
msgid ""
"<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things "
"that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9338
+#: freeculture.xml:9403
msgid ""
"The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty "
"that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9344
+#: freeculture.xml:9409
msgid ""
"<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They "
"inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. "
#. PAGE BREAK 188
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9350
+#: freeculture.xml:9415
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of "
"twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9364
+#: freeculture.xml:9429
msgid ""
"Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A "
"single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9372
+#: freeculture.xml:9437
msgid ""
"The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and "
"culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9386
+#: freeculture.xml:9451
msgid ""
"But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a "
"p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9395
+#: freeculture.xml:9460
msgid ""
"Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking "
"into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with "
#. PAGE BREAK 189
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9406
+#: freeculture.xml:9471
msgid ""
"But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from "
"Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9416
+#: freeculture.xml:9481
msgid ""
"The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it "
"is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9432 freeculture.xml:9719 freeculture.xml:10814
+#: freeculture.xml:9497 freeculture.xml:9788 freeculture.xml:10891
msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9463
+#: freeculture.xml:9528
msgid "Conyers, John, Jr."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9464 freeculture.xml:10211
+#: freeculture.xml:9529 freeculture.xml:10285
msgid "Berman, Howard L."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9432
+#: freeculture.xml:9497
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the "
"report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9423
+#: freeculture.xml:9488
msgid ""
"We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, "
"with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9470
+#: freeculture.xml:9535
msgid ""
"Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as "
"though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9477
+#: freeculture.xml:9542
msgid ""
"Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than "
"embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that "
#. PAGE BREAK 190
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9489
+#: freeculture.xml:9554
msgid ""
"Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of "
"the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9497
+#: freeculture.xml:9562
msgid ""
"I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> "
"music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9510
+#: freeculture.xml:9575
msgid ""
"eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, "
"and we want to protect those rights."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9514
+#: freeculture.xml:9579
msgid ""
"But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major "
"labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9531
+#: freeculture.xml:9596
msgid ""
"WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital "
"Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9521
+#: freeculture.xml:9586
msgid ""
"This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with "
"respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9545 freeculture.xml:9919
+#: freeculture.xml:9610 freeculture.xml:9988
msgid "Vivendi Universal"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9542
+#: freeculture.xml:9607
msgid ""
"In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of "
"<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9548
+#: freeculture.xml:9613
msgid ""
"Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It "
"will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9556
+#: freeculture.xml:9621
msgid "Chapter Twelve: Harms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9558
+#: freeculture.xml:9623
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to "
"protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9566
+#: freeculture.xml:9631
msgid ""
"My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in "
"particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9572
+#: freeculture.xml:9637
msgid ""
"In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first "
"time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9580
+#: freeculture.xml:9645
msgid ""
"Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is "
"still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme "
#. PAGE BREAK 193
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9588
+#: freeculture.xml:9653
msgid ""
"There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe "
"just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9595
+#: freeculture.xml:9660
msgid "Constraining Creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9597
+#: freeculture.xml:9662
msgid ""
"In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. "
"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share "
"in a collage and make it available on the Net."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:9676
+msgid "digital sharing within"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9612
+#: freeculture.xml:9679
msgid ""
"This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of "
"the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 194
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9623
+#: freeculture.xml:9690
msgid ""
"Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture "
"that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9633
+#: freeculture.xml:9700
msgid ""
"Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the "
"current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9643 freeculture.xml:9667
+#: freeculture.xml:9710 freeculture.xml:9734
msgid "WorldCom"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9646
+#: freeculture.xml:9713
msgid "doctors malpractice claims against"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9662
+#: freeculture.xml:9729
msgid ""
"See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at "
"WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9683
+#: freeculture.xml:9751
+msgid "tort reform"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:9752
msgid "Bush, George W."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9674
+#: freeculture.xml:9742
msgid ""
"The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the "
"House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an "
-"overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: `We'll Be "
-"Back,' Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at "
-"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, and "
-"<quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: <quote>We'll Be "
+"Back,</quote> Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, "
+"and <quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 July "
+"
2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
"#39</ulink>. President Bush has continued to urge tort reform in recent "
-"months. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"months. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9649
+#: freeculture.xml:9716
msgid ""
"That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of "
"extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9689
+#: freeculture.xml:9758
msgid "art, underground"
msgstr ""
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9710
+#: freeculture.xml:9779
msgid ""
"See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9691
+#: freeculture.xml:9760
msgid ""
"The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high "
"penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9721
+#: freeculture.xml:9790
msgid ""
"Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing "
"law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9734
+#: freeculture.xml:9803
msgid ""
"Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting "
"infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9745
+#: freeculture.xml:9814
msgid ""
"Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described "
"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, "
#. PAGE BREAK 196
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9756
+#: freeculture.xml:9825
msgid ""
"But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend "
"your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9766
+#: freeculture.xml:9835
msgid ""
"Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate "
"<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9777
+#: freeculture.xml:9846
msgid ""
"For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of "
"a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9788
+#: freeculture.xml:9857
msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me,"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 197
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9792
+#: freeculture.xml:9861
msgid ""
"We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are "
"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9805
+#: freeculture.xml:9874
msgid "Constraining Innovators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9806
+#: freeculture.xml:9875
msgid "innovation hampered by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9807
+#: freeculture.xml:9876
msgid "industry establishment opposed to"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9810
+#: freeculture.xml:9879
msgid ""
"The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity "
"quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9819
+#: freeculture.xml:9888
msgid ""
"But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, "
"it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9830
+#: freeculture.xml:9899
msgid ""
"The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same "
"charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9843 freeculture.xml:9964 freeculture.xml:9970
+#: freeculture.xml:9912 freeculture.xml:10033 freeculture.xml:10039
msgid "Barry, Hank"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9844 freeculture.xml:9976
+#: freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10045
msgid "venture capitalists"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 198
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9846
+#: freeculture.xml:9915
msgid ""
"This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy "
"that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9861
+#: freeculture.xml:9930
msgid ""
"Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in "
"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9865
+#: freeculture.xml:9934
msgid "MP3.com"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9866
+#: freeculture.xml:9935
msgid "my.mp3.com"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9867
+#: freeculture.xml:9936
msgid "Roberts, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9869
+#: freeculture.xml:9938
msgid ""
"In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was "
"keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9877
+#: freeculture.xml:9946
msgid "preference data on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9879
+#: freeculture.xml:9948
msgid ""
"To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to "
"recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9886
+#: freeculture.xml:9955
msgid ""
"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. "
"MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference "
#. PAGE BREAK 199
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9898
+#: freeculture.xml:9967
msgid ""
"No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that "
"opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9908
+#: freeculture.xml:9977
msgid ""
"To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to "
"a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9920 freeculture.xml:9965
+#: freeculture.xml:9989 freeculture.xml:10034
msgid "distribution technology targeted in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9925
+#: freeculture.xml:9994 freeculture.xml:10106
msgid "outsize penalties of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9927
+#: freeculture.xml:9996
msgid ""
"Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed "
"by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9937
+#: freeculture.xml:10006
msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9940
+#: freeculture.xml:10009
msgid ""
"After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a "
"malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a "
#. PAGE BREAK 200
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9951
+#: freeculture.xml:10020
msgid ""
"The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified "
"amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9966
+#: freeculture.xml:10035
msgid "BMW"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9967
+#: freeculture.xml:10036
msgid "cars, MP3 sound systems in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9969
+#: freeculture.xml:10038
msgid "Hummer, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9971
+#: freeculture.xml:10040
msgid "Hummer Winblad"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9972
+#: freeculture.xml:10041
msgid "MP3 players"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9973
+#: freeculture.xml:10042
msgid "venture capital for"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9974 freeculture.xml:10020
+#: freeculture.xml:10043 freeculture.xml:10089
msgid "Needleman, Rafe"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9984
+#: freeculture.xml:10053
msgid ""
"See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9978
+#: freeculture.xml:10047
msgid ""
"This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal "
"and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10016
+#: freeculture.xml:10085
msgid ""
"Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10007
+#: freeculture.xml:10076
msgid ""
"I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, "
"there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10028
+#: freeculture.xml:10097
msgid ""
"This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your "
"life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats "
"threatened by litigation."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:10105
+msgid "transaction cost of"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:10107
+msgid "legal murkiness on"
+msgstr ""
+
#. PAGE BREAK 201
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10038
+#: freeculture.xml:10111
msgid ""
"The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal "
"enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10053
+#: freeculture.xml:10125
msgid ""
"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair "
"use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of "
#. PAGE BREAK 202
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10065
+#: freeculture.xml:10137
msgid ""
"The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the "
"first important way in which the changes I have described will burden "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10084
+#: freeculture.xml:10158
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden "
"on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10091
+#: freeculture.xml:10165
msgid ""
"The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the "
"efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10106
+#: freeculture.xml:10180
msgid ""
"<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> "
"GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law "
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10119
+#: freeculture.xml:10193
msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10102
+#: freeculture.xml:10176
msgid ""
"The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the "
"content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would "
#. PAGE BREAK 203
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10123
+#: freeculture.xml:10197
msgid ""
"In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why "
"not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10132 freeculture.xml:12042
+#: freeculture.xml:10206 freeculture.xml:12141
msgid "Intel"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10138
+#: freeculture.xml:10212
msgid ""
"See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> "
"Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10134
+#: freeculture.xml:10208
msgid ""
"In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, "
"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10146
+#: freeculture.xml:10220
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which "
"this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10151
+#: freeculture.xml:10225
msgid ""
"Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of "
"regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10169
+#: freeculture.xml:10243
msgid "Digital Copyright (Litman)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10167
+#: freeculture.xml:10241
msgid ""
"Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: "
"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10161
+#: freeculture.xml:10235
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10180
+#: freeculture.xml:10254
msgid ""
"But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the "
"rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10186
+#: freeculture.xml:10260
msgid "radio on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10191
+#: freeculture.xml:10265
msgid "Grokster, Ltd."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10191
+#: freeculture.xml:10265
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception "
"is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10210
+#: freeculture.xml:10284
msgid "Tauzin, Billy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10212
+#: freeculture.xml:10286
msgid "Hollings, Fritz"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10210
+#: freeculture.xml:10284
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10189
+#: freeculture.xml:10263
msgid ""
"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses "
"demise of Internet radio."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:10308
+msgid "Monroe, Marilyn"
+msgstr ""
+
#. PAGE BREAK 204
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10237
+#: freeculture.xml:10313
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10248
+#: freeculture.xml:10324
msgid ""
"The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The "
"justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10259
+#: freeculture.xml:10336
msgid ""
"Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to "
"stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10268
+#: freeculture.xml:10345
msgid ""
"This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are "
"potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in "
#. PAGE BREAK 205
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10284
+#: freeculture.xml:10361
msgid ""
"Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement "
"potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10308
+#: freeculture.xml:10385
msgid "Lessing, 239."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10294
+#: freeculture.xml:10371
msgid ""
"An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, "
"thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded "
#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10318
+#: freeculture.xml:10395
msgid "Ibid., 229."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10313
+#: freeculture.xml:10390
msgid ""
"This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong "
"was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10323
+#: freeculture.xml:10400
msgid ""
"Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there "
"is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10332
+#: freeculture.xml:10409
msgid "on radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10336
+#: freeculture.xml:10413
msgid "Internet radio hampered by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10337 freeculture.xml:10490
+#: freeculture.xml:10414 freeculture.xml:10567
msgid "on Internet radio fees"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 206
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10340
+#: freeculture.xml:10417
msgid ""
"But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new "
"industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10379
+#: freeculture.xml:10456
msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10362
+#: freeculture.xml:10439
msgid ""
"This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration "
"Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10355
+#: freeculture.xml:10432
msgid ""
"This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher "
"estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10391
+#: freeculture.xml:10468
msgid ""
"The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were "
"proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10399
+#: freeculture.xml:10476
msgid "name of the service;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10402
+#: freeculture.xml:10479
msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10405
+#: freeculture.xml:10482
msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10408
+#: freeculture.xml:10485
msgid "date of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10411
+#: freeculture.xml:10488
msgid "time of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10414
+#: freeculture.xml:10491
msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10417
+#: freeculture.xml:10494
msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10420
+#: freeculture.xml:10497
msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10423
+#: freeculture.xml:10500
msgid "sound recording title;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10426
+#: freeculture.xml:10503
msgid "ISRC code of the recording;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10429
+#: freeculture.xml:10506
msgid ""
"release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of "
"compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10432
+#: freeculture.xml:10509
msgid "featured recording artist;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10435
+#: freeculture.xml:10512
msgid "retail album title;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10438
+#: freeculture.xml:10515
msgid "recording label;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10441
+#: freeculture.xml:10518
msgid "UPC code of the retail album;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10444
+#: freeculture.xml:10521
msgid "catalog number;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10447
+#: freeculture.xml:10524
msgid "copyright owner information;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10450
+#: freeculture.xml:10527
msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10453
+#: freeculture.xml:10530
msgid "name of the service or entity;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10456
+#: freeculture.xml:10533
msgid "channel or program;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10459
+#: freeculture.xml:10536
msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10462
+#: freeculture.xml:10539
msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10465
+#: freeculture.xml:10542
msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10468
+#: freeculture.xml:10545
msgid "unique user identifier;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10471
+#: freeculture.xml:10548
msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10476
+#: freeculture.xml:10553
msgid ""
"The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, "
"pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10484
+#: freeculture.xml:10561
msgid ""
"Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic "
"consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10488 freeculture.xml:15294
+#: freeculture.xml:10565 freeculture.xml:15433
msgid "Real Networks"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10494
+#: freeculture.xml:10571
msgid ""
"In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to "
"everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at "
#. PAGE BREAK 208
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10500
+#: freeculture.xml:10577
msgid ""
"The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony "
"about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10516
+#: freeculture.xml:10593
msgid ""
"And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an "
"industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10528
+#: freeculture.xml:10605
msgid ""
"Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that "
"this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10544
+#: freeculture.xml:10621
msgid "Corrupting Citizens"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10546
+#: freeculture.xml:10623
msgid ""
"Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives "
"dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10552
+#: freeculture.xml:10629
msgid ""
"In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important "
"to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10561
+#: freeculture.xml:10638
msgid ""
"Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> "
"Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink "
#. PAGE BREAK 209
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10557
+#: freeculture.xml:10634
msgid ""
"The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war "
"of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number "
#. f16.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10595
+#: freeculture.xml:10672
msgid ""
"Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA "
"Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10582
+#: freeculture.xml:10659
msgid ""
"The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal "
"system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10606
+#: freeculture.xml:10683
msgid "alcohol prohibition"
msgstr ""
#. f17.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10618
+#: freeculture.xml:10695
msgid ""
"Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During "
"Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, "
#. f18.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10626
+#: freeculture.xml:10703
msgid ""
"National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform "
"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John "
#. f19.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10636
+#: freeculture.xml:10713
msgid ""
"See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax "
"Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10608
+#: freeculture.xml:10685
msgid ""
"Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something "
"more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10644
+#: freeculture.xml:10721
msgid "law schools"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10646
+#: freeculture.xml:10723
msgid ""
"This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly "
"salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10663
+#: freeculture.xml:10740
msgid ""
"The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more "
"severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make "
#. PAGE BREAK 211
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10676
+#: freeculture.xml:10753
msgid ""
"My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we "
"should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10683
+#: freeculture.xml:10760
msgid ""
"My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but "
"that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10697
+#: freeculture.xml:10774
msgid ""
"When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the "
"Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10709
+#: freeculture.xml:10786
msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 212
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10712
+#: freeculture.xml:10789
msgid ""
"We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of "
"plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10723
+#: freeculture.xml:10800
msgid ""
"But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph "
"records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10731
+#: freeculture.xml:10808
msgid "Andromeda"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10732
+#: freeculture.xml:10809
msgid "mix technology and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10734
+#: freeculture.xml:10811
msgid ""
"This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a "
"large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10745
+#: freeculture.xml:10822
msgid ""
"This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But "
"unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so "
#. PAGE BREAK 213
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10755
+#: freeculture.xml:10832
msgid ""
"If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your "
"own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10770
+#: freeculture.xml:10847
msgid ""
"If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the "
"ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10779
+#: freeculture.xml:10856
msgid ""
"My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a "
"version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10790
+#: freeculture.xml:10867
msgid ""
"I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning "
"forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10799
+#: freeculture.xml:10876
msgid ""
"Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled "
"Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form "
#. PAGE BREAK 214
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10805
+#: freeculture.xml:10882
msgid ""
"It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable "
"why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10816
+#: freeculture.xml:10893
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this "
"corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10824 freeculture.xml:10924
+#: freeculture.xml:10901 freeculture.xml:11002
msgid "von Lohmann, Fred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10826
+#: freeculture.xml:10903
msgid ""
"<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von "
"Lohmann explains,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10831
+#: freeculture.xml:10908
msgid ""
"then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to "
"one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10843
+#: freeculture.xml:10920
msgid ""
"And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into "
"criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10848
+#: freeculture.xml:10925
msgid ""
"Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA "
"launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the "
#. f20.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10866
+#: freeculture.xml:10943
msgid ""
"See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single "
"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, "
-"<quote>Worried Parents Pull Plug on File `Stealing'; With the Music Industry "
-"Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software from Home PCs "
-"to Avoid Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel "
+"<quote>Worried Parents Pull Plug on File <quote>Stealing</quote>; With the "
+"Music Industry Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software "
+"from Home PCs to Avoid Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel "
"Tribune</citetitle>, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, <quote>Recording "
"Industry Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 15 "
"September 2003, 4D; John Schwartz, <quote>She Says She's No Music Pirate. No "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10857
+#: freeculture.xml:10934
msgid ""
"The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to "
"sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:10956
+msgid "recording industry tracking users of"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f21.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10884
+#: freeculture.xml:10962
msgid ""
"See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses "
"Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10880
+#: freeculture.xml:10958
msgid ""
"Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A "
"report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted "
#. f22.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10905
+#: freeculture.xml:10983
msgid ""
"See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not "
"Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City "
"Weekly, 1; Frank Ahrens, <quote>Four Students Sued over Music Sites; "
"Industry Group Targets File Sharing at Colleges,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth "
-"Armstrong, <quote>Students `Rip, Mix, Burn' at Their Own Risk,</quote> "
-"<citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</citetitle>, 2 September 2003, 20; "
-"Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, <quote>Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; "
-"Two Students Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,</quote> "
+"Armstrong, <quote>Students <quote>Rip, Mix, Burn</quote> at Their Own "
+"Risk,</quote> <citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</citetitle>, 2 September "
+"2003, 20; Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, <quote>Music Pirate Hunt Turns to "
+"Loyola; Two Students Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16 July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, "
"<quote>RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Internet News</citetitle>, 30 January 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10893
+#: freeculture.xml:10971
msgid ""
"So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a "
"CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you "
#. PAGE BREAK 216
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10926
+#: freeculture.xml:11004
msgid ""
"Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a "
"lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10941
+#: freeculture.xml:11020
msgid ""
"So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans "
"that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10961
+#: freeculture.xml:11040
msgid ""
"When forty to sixty million Americans are considered "
"<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10974
+#: freeculture.xml:11053
msgid "Balances"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10979
+#: freeculture.xml:11058
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at "
"the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10986
+#: freeculture.xml:11065
msgid ""
"As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the "
"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10994
+#: freeculture.xml:11073
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all "
"around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current "
#. PAGE BREAK 219
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11004
+#: freeculture.xml:11083
msgid ""
"Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with "
"plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11012
+#: freeculture.xml:11091
msgid ""
"Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and "
"fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11017
+#: freeculture.xml:11096
msgid ""
"We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, "
"binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11023
+#: freeculture.xml:11102
msgid ""
"This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my "
"failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:11033
+#: freeculture.xml:11112
msgid "Chapter Thirteen: Eldred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11034
+#: freeculture.xml:11113
msgid "Eldred, Eric"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11035
+#: freeculture.xml:11114
msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11037
+#: freeculture.xml:11116
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his "
"daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11045
+#: freeculture.xml:11124
msgid "of public-domain literature"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11046
+#: freeculture.xml:11125
msgid "library of works derived from"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11048
+#: freeculture.xml:11127
msgid ""
"It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne "
"any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a "
#. PAGE BREAK 221
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11057
+#: freeculture.xml:11136
msgid ""
"Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, "
"though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11067
+#: freeculture.xml:11146
msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11069
+#: freeculture.xml:11148
msgid ""
"Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source "
"as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11094 freeculture.xml:12141
+#: freeculture.xml:11173 freeculture.xml:12241
msgid "pornography"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11094
+#: freeculture.xml:11173
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with "
"pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11083
+#: freeculture.xml:11162
msgid ""
"The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public "
"domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11114
+#: freeculture.xml:11193
msgid "Frost, Robert"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11115
+#: freeculture.xml:11194
msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11119
+#: freeculture.xml:11198
msgid ""
"As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection "
"of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11134 freeculture.xml:11146
+#: freeculture.xml:11213 freeculture.xml:11225
msgid "Bono, Mary"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11135 freeculture.xml:11147
+#: freeculture.xml:11214 freeculture.xml:11226
msgid "Bono, Sonny"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11227
+msgid "perpetual copyright term proposed by"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11146
+#: freeculture.xml:11225
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of "
-"copyright protection to last forever. I am informed by staff that such a "
-"change would violate the Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me "
-"to strengthen our copyright laws in all of the ways available to us. As you "
-"know, there is also Jack Valenti's proposal for a term to last forever less "
-"one day. Perhaps the Committee may look at that next Congress,</quote> 144 "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The full text is: "
+"<quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to last "
+"forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the "
+"Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me to strengthen our "
+"copyright laws in all of the ways available to us. As you know, there is "
+"also Jack Valenti's proposal for a term to last forever less one "
+"day. Perhaps the Committee may look at that next Congress,</quote> 144 "
"Cong. Rec. H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11141
+#: freeculture.xml:11220
msgid ""
"This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in "
"memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11158
+#: freeculture.xml:11238
msgid "felony punishment for infringement of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11159
+#: freeculture.xml:11239
msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11160
+#: freeculture.xml:11240
msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11161
+#: freeculture.xml:11241
msgid "felony punishments for"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11163
+#: freeculture.xml:11243
msgid ""
"Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through "
"civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11172 freeculture.xml:12109
+#: freeculture.xml:11252 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:12209
msgid "constitutional powers of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11175 freeculture.xml:11221
+#: freeculture.xml:11255 freeculture.xml:11301
msgid "Eldred case involvement of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11177
+#: freeculture.xml:11257
msgid ""
"It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a "
"constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11188
+#: freeculture.xml:11268
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by "
"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11195
+#: freeculture.xml:11275
msgid ""
"As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of "
"Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11207 freeculture.xml:12703
+#: freeculture.xml:11287 freeculture.xml:12827
msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 223
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11209
+#: freeculture.xml:11289
msgid ""
"In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending "
"existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11223
+#: freeculture.xml:11303
msgid ""
"As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting "
"late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11234
+#: freeculture.xml:11314
msgid ""
"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of "
"government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11243
+#: freeculture.xml:11323
msgid ""
"If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the "
"very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11253
+#: freeculture.xml:11333
msgid ""
"So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of "
"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to "
#. PAGE BREAK 224
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11260
+#: freeculture.xml:11340
msgid ""
"<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in "
"works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11268
+#: freeculture.xml:11348
msgid ""
"<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, "
"<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11274
+#: freeculture.xml:11354
msgid ""
"<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing "
"something about it?</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11278
+#: freeculture.xml:11358
msgid ""
"<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could "
"contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11283
+#: freeculture.xml:11363
msgid ""
"You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know "
"whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11289
+#: freeculture.xml:11369
msgid ""
"<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you "
"will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you "
-"use the `discount rate' that we use to evaluate estate investments (6 "
-"percent), then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the estate.</quote>"
+"use the <quote>discount rate</quote> that we use to evaluate estate "
+"investments (6 percent), then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the "
+"estate.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11295
+#: freeculture.xml:11375
msgid ""
"You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct "
"conclusion:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11299
+#: freeculture.xml:11379
msgid ""
"<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than "
"$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11305
+#: freeculture.xml:11385
msgid ""
"<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to "
-"you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from "
-"these copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote>"
+"you to contribute up to the <quote>present value</quote> of the income you "
+"expect from these copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 225
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11311
+#: freeculture.xml:11391
msgid ""
"You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, "
"you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11322
+#: freeculture.xml:11402
msgid ""
"Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be "
"bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11334
+#: freeculture.xml:11414
msgid ""
"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey "
"Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11341
+#: freeculture.xml:11421
msgid ""
"See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information "
"Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11349
+#: freeculture.xml:11429
msgid ""
"Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11327
+#: freeculture.xml:11407
msgid ""
"In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term "
"Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11356
+#: freeculture.xml:11436
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to "
"the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's "
#. PAGE BREAK 226
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11371
+#: freeculture.xml:11451
msgid ""
"It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would "
"not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme "
"strike down a law that banned the possession of guns near schools."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11463 freeculture.xml:12366
+msgid "commerce, interstate"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11465 freeculture.xml:12367
+msgid "interstate commerce"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11384
+#: freeculture.xml:11467
msgid ""
"Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very "
"broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11394
+#: freeculture.xml:11477
msgid ""
"As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no "
"limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11400 freeculture.xml:12190
+#: freeculture.xml:11483 freeculture.xml:12292
msgid "Rehnquist, William H."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11484 freeculture.xml:11540 freeculture.xml:12295 freeculture.xml:12365 freeculture.xml:12559 freeculture.xml:12656 freeculture.xml:12726
+msgid "United States v. Lopez"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11402
+#: freeculture.xml:11486
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in "
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11417
+#: freeculture.xml:11501
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 "
"U.S. 549, 564 (1995)."
msgstr ""
-#. f7.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11509 freeculture.xml:12296
+msgid "United States v. Morrison"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11424
+#: freeculture.xml:11508
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 "
-"U.S. 598 (2000)."
+"U.S. 598 (2000). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11415
+#: freeculture.xml:11499
msgid ""
"<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's "
"arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11431
+#: freeculture.xml:11518
msgid ""
"If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries "
"from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of "
#. PAGE BREAK 227
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11428
+#: freeculture.xml:11515
msgid ""
"If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress "
"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"Congress is not allowed to extend the term of existing copyrights."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11539 freeculture.xml:12298
+msgid "Supreme Court restraint on"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11452
+#: freeculture.xml:11542
msgid ""
"<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in "
"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11469
+#: freeculture.xml:11560
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure "
"we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11486
+#: freeculture.xml:11577
msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association"
msgstr ""
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11494
+#: freeculture.xml:11585
msgid ""
"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, "
"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11488
+#: freeculture.xml:11579
msgid ""
"Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the "
"Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11504
+#: freeculture.xml:11595
msgid ""
"As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a "
"way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11516
+#: freeculture.xml:11609
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are "
"responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in "
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11534
+#: freeculture.xml:11627
msgid ""
"The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the "
"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11528
+#: freeculture.xml:11621
msgid ""
"If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) "
"affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that "
#. PAGE BREAK 229
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11543
+#: freeculture.xml:11637
msgid ""
"Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, "
"as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11556
+#: freeculture.xml:11650
msgid ""
"Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still "
"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11564
+#: freeculture.xml:11658
msgid ""
"Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the "
"current copyright owners. How would you do that?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11568
+#: freeculture.xml:11662
msgid ""
"Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners "
"somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11575
+#: freeculture.xml:11669
msgid ""
"But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of "
"the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11584
+#: freeculture.xml:11678
msgid ""
"<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the "
"apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11589
+#: freeculture.xml:11683
msgid ""
"Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty "
"of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles "
#. PAGE BREAK 230
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11598
+#: freeculture.xml:11692
msgid ""
"So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house "
"by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11613
+#: freeculture.xml:11707
msgid ""
"Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The "
"library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11625
+#: freeculture.xml:11719
msgid ""
"The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, "
"and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11630
+#: freeculture.xml:11724
msgid "Agee, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11631 freeculture.xml:12066
+#: freeculture.xml:11725 freeculture.xml:12165
msgid "Hal Roach Studios"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11632
+#: freeculture.xml:11726
msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11633
+#: freeculture.xml:11727
msgid "Lucky Dog, The"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11646
+#: freeculture.xml:11740
msgid ""
"See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright "
"Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11635
+#: freeculture.xml:11729
msgid ""
"Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which "
"owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11653
+#: freeculture.xml:11747
msgid ""
"Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this "
"culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that "
#. PAGE BREAK 231
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11659
+#: freeculture.xml:11753
msgid ""
"His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any "
"continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11677
+#: freeculture.xml:11771
msgid ""
"Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the "
"Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11670
+#: freeculture.xml:11764
msgid ""
"We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most "
"of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11687
+#: freeculture.xml:11781
msgid ""
"Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. "
"Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11695
+#: freeculture.xml:11789
msgid ""
"Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't "
"only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11703
+#: freeculture.xml:11797
msgid ""
"<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the "
"copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a "
#. PAGE BREAK 232
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11714
+#: freeculture.xml:11808
msgid ""
"For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these "
"costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11725
+#: freeculture.xml:11819
msgid ""
"But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have "
"expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11733
+#: freeculture.xml:11827
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by "
"humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11741
+#: freeculture.xml:11835
msgid ""
"But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative "
"work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11751
+#: freeculture.xml:11845
msgid ""
"Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep "
"libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't "
#. PAGE BREAK 233
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11764
+#: freeculture.xml:11858
msgid ""
"Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In "
"this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11771
+#: freeculture.xml:11865
msgid ""
"Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our "
"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11782
+#: freeculture.xml:11876
msgid ""
"The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a "
"film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11791
+#: freeculture.xml:11885
msgid ""
"In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our "
"history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11797
+#: freeculture.xml:11891
msgid "But this situation has now changed."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11801
+#: freeculture.xml:11896
msgid ""
"One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies "
"is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital "
#. PAGE BREAK 234
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11814
+#: freeculture.xml:11909
msgid ""
"And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this "
"digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11824
+#: freeculture.xml:11919
msgid ""
"Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that "
"technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11835
+#: freeculture.xml:11930
msgid ""
"You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for "
"Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11841
+#: freeculture.xml:11937
msgid ""
"Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that "
"publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered "
#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11865
+#: freeculture.xml:11961
msgid ""
-"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> "
-"20 December 2002, available at <ulink "
+"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright <quote>Chaos</quote> "
+"
Theory,</quote> 20 December 2002, available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #54</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11853
+#: freeculture.xml:11949
msgid ""
"I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should "
"rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11872
+#: freeculture.xml:11968
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on "
"Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11881
+#: freeculture.xml:11977
msgid ""
"The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A "
"panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11888
+#: freeculture.xml:11984
msgid ""
"Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights "
"be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11899
+#: freeculture.xml:11995
msgid ""
"We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the "
"case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11904
+#: freeculture.xml:12000
msgid "Tatel, David"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 236
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11906
+#: freeculture.xml:12002
msgid ""
"The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This "
"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11915
+#: freeculture.xml:12011
msgid ""
-"It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme "
-"Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one "
-"hundred cases a year, out of more than five thousand appeals.) And it "
-"practically never reviews a decision that upholds a statute when no other "
-"court has yet reviewed the statute."
+"It was here that most expected <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
+"v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle> would die, for the Supreme Court rarely "
+"reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one hundred "
+"cases a year, out of more than five thousand appeals.) And it practically "
+"never reviews a decision that upholds a statute when no other court has yet "
+"reviewed the statute."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11922
+#: freeculture.xml:12019
msgid ""
"But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our "
"petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11928
+#: freeculture.xml:12025
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these "
"words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11939
+#: freeculture.xml:12036
msgid ""
"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been "
"won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11944 freeculture.xml:11958
+#: freeculture.xml:12041 freeculture.xml:12056
msgid "Steward, Geoffrey"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12042 freeculture.xml:12193 freeculture.xml:12440
+msgid "Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)"
+msgstr ""
+
#. PAGE BREAK 237
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11946
+#: freeculture.xml:12044
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it "
"became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11956 freeculture.xml:12319 freeculture.xml:12335 freeculture.xml:12432 freeculture.xml:12652 freeculture.xml:12683 freeculture.xml:12782
+#: freeculture.xml:12054 freeculture.xml:12437 freeculture.xml:12454 freeculture.xml:12551 freeculture.xml:12776 freeculture.xml:12807 freeculture.xml:12906
msgid "Ayer, Don"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11957
+#: freeculture.xml:12055
msgid "Bromberg, Dan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11960
+#: freeculture.xml:12058
msgid ""
"There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was "
"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11970
+#: freeculture.xml:12069
msgid ""
"I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a "
"dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11991
+#: freeculture.xml:12090
msgid ""
"In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm "
"caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no "
#. PAGE BREAK 238
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11999
+#: freeculture.xml:12098
msgid ""
"There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in "
"which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12017 freeculture.xml:12044
+#: freeculture.xml:12116 freeculture.xml:12143
msgid "Eagle Forum"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12018
+#: freeculture.xml:12117
msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12020
+#: freeculture.xml:12119
msgid ""
"The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12034
+#: freeculture.xml:12133
msgid ""
"In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting "
"our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in "
#. PAGE BREAK 239
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12046
+#: freeculture.xml:12145
msgid ""
"In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it "
"gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12058
+#: freeculture.xml:12157
msgid "American Association of Law Libraries"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12059
+#: freeculture.xml:12158
msgid "National Writers Union"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12061
+#: freeculture.xml:12160
msgid ""
"Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, "
"there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12068
+#: freeculture.xml:12167
msgid ""
"But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've "
"already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12074
+#: freeculture.xml:12173
msgid "Akerlof, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12075
+#: freeculture.xml:12174
msgid "Arrow, Kenneth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12076
+#: freeculture.xml:12175
msgid "Buchanan, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12077
+#: freeculture.xml:12176
msgid "Coase, Ronald"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12078
+#: freeculture.xml:12177
msgid "Friedman, Milton"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12080
+#: freeculture.xml:12179
msgid ""
"This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five "
"Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12090 freeculture.xml:12108 freeculture.xml:12321 freeculture.xml:12684
+#: freeculture.xml:12189 freeculture.xml:12208 freeculture.xml:12439 freeculture.xml:12808
msgid "Fried, Charles"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12091
+#: freeculture.xml:12190
msgid "Morrison, Alan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12092
+#: freeculture.xml:12191
msgid "Public Citizen"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12093 freeculture.xml:12320 freeculture.xml:13470
+#: freeculture.xml:12192 freeculture.xml:12438 freeculture.xml:13597
msgid "Reagan, Ronald"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 240
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12095
+#: freeculture.xml:12195
msgid ""
"The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to "
"write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12110
+#: freeculture.xml:12210
msgid "Commerce Clause of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12112
+#: freeculture.xml:12212
msgid ""
"Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor "
"general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12124
+#: freeculture.xml:12224
msgid ""
"The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as "
"well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12131
+#: freeculture.xml:12231
msgid ""
"The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the "
"law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12139
+#: freeculture.xml:12239
msgid "Gershwin, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12140
+#: freeculture.xml:12240
msgid "Porgy and Bess"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12150
+#: freeculture.xml:12250
msgid ""
"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19."
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12158
+#: freeculture.xml:12258
msgid ""
"Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse "
"Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March "
#. PAGE BREAK 241
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12143
+#: freeculture.xml:12243
msgid ""
"Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12167
+#: freeculture.xml:12267
msgid ""
"This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. "
"When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12179
+#: freeculture.xml:12279
msgid ""
"We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean "
"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12186
+#: freeculture.xml:12286
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was "
"little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12191 freeculture.xml:12377
+#: freeculture.xml:12290
+msgid "Kennedy, Anthony"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12291 freeculture.xml:12293 freeculture.xml:12496
msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12294
+msgid "Thomas, Clarence"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12297
+msgid "Scalia, Antonin"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12299
+msgid "congressional actions restrained by"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12300
+msgid "factions of"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12193
+#: freeculture.xml:12302
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called "
"<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12202 freeculture.xml:12227 freeculture.xml:12579 freeculture.xml:12591
+#: freeculture.xml:12311 freeculture.xml:12336 freeculture.xml:12701 freeculture.xml:12713
msgid "Breyer, Stephen"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12203 freeculture.xml:12543
+#: freeculture.xml:12312 freeculture.xml:12664
msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 242
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12205
+#: freeculture.xml:12314
msgid ""
"The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on "
"Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12217
+#: freeculture.xml:12326
msgid ""
"In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her "
"general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12229
+#: freeculture.xml:12338
msgid ""
"Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as "
"unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12238
+#: freeculture.xml:12348
msgid ""
"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice "
"Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12246
+#: freeculture.xml:12356
msgid ""
"This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus "
"had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open "
#. PAGE BREAK 243
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12256
+#: freeculture.xml:12373
msgid ""
"This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am "
"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12270
+#: freeculture.xml:12387
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side "
"came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12278
+#: freeculture.xml:12396
msgid ""
"There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly "
"agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12285
+#: freeculture.xml:12403
msgid ""
"But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress "
"extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It "
#. PAGE BREAK 244
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12300
+#: freeculture.xml:12418
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first "
"week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12310
+#: freeculture.xml:12428
msgid ""
"I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single "
"point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12323
+#: freeculture.xml:12442
msgid ""
"One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He "
"had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12329
+#: freeculture.xml:12448
msgid ""
"<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be "
"willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12337
+#: freeculture.xml:12456
msgid ""
"He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't "
"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right "
#. PAGE BREAK 245
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12347
+#: freeculture.xml:12466
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of "
"people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12357
+#: freeculture.xml:12476
msgid ""
"Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for "
"seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12372
+#: freeculture.xml:12491
msgid ""
"When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I "
"intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12379
+#: freeculture.xml:12498
msgid ""
"Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history "
"was bothering her."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12384
+#: freeculture.xml:12503
msgid ""
"justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, "
"and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12391
+#: freeculture.xml:12510
msgid ""
"She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face "
"of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was "
#. PAGE BREAK 246
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12397
+#: freeculture.xml:12516
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, "
"then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12405
+#: freeculture.xml:12524
msgid ""
"There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the "
"Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12411
+#: freeculture.xml:12530
msgid ""
"justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, "
"too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12419
+#: freeculture.xml:12538
msgid ""
"Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I "
"answered,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12425
+#: freeculture.xml:12544
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing "
"in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12434
+#: freeculture.xml:12553
msgid ""
"That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer "
"was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12441
+#: freeculture.xml:12561
msgid ""
"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been "
"crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> "
#. PAGE BREAK 247
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12446
+#: freeculture.xml:12566
msgid ""
"It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. "
"To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12453
+#: freeculture.xml:12573
msgid ""
"chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy "
"verbatim other people's books, don't you?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12457
+#: freeculture.xml:12577
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the "
"public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12465
+#: freeculture.xml:12585
msgid "Olson, Theodore B."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12467
+#: freeculture.xml:12587
msgid ""
"Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the "
"Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12473
+#: freeculture.xml:12593
msgid ""
"justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time "
"would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12481
+#: freeculture.xml:12601
msgid ""
"When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's "
"flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the "
#. PAGE BREAK 248
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12494
+#: freeculture.xml:12614
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew "
"there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12503
+#: freeculture.xml:12623
msgid ""
"The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over "
"and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12518
+#: freeculture.xml:12638
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was "
"five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12526
+#: freeculture.xml:12646
msgid ""
"A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off "
"the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12531
+#: freeculture.xml:12651
msgid ""
"My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money "
"in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12537
+#: freeculture.xml:12658
msgid ""
"I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the "
"principle in this case from the principle in "
#. PAGE BREAK 249
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12547
+#: freeculture.xml:12668
msgid ""
"Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent "
"with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12552
+#: freeculture.xml:12673
msgid ""
"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice "
"Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12558
+#: freeculture.xml:12679
msgid ""
"But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was "
"reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12569
+#: freeculture.xml:12691
msgid ""
"Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they "
"would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12581
+#: freeculture.xml:12703
msgid ""
"Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion "
"was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of "
#. PAGE BREAK 250
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12594
+#: freeculture.xml:12716
msgid ""
"Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was "
"external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12605
+#: freeculture.xml:12728
msgid ""
"These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because "
"neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12612
+#: freeculture.xml:12735
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is "
"a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12617
+#: freeculture.xml:12740
msgid "originalism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12619
+#: freeculture.xml:12742
msgid ""
"It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have "
"been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of "
#. PAGE BREAK 251
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12632
+#: freeculture.xml:12756
msgid ""
"Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the "
"framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12647
+#: freeculture.xml:12771
msgid ""
"My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I "
"had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12654
+#: freeculture.xml:12778
msgid ""
"Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism "
"about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a "
#. PAGE BREAK 252
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12665
+#: freeculture.xml:12789
msgid ""
"As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see "
"a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12686
+#: freeculture.xml:12810
msgid ""
"Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have "
"been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12691
+#: freeculture.xml:12815
msgid ""
"My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not "
"ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12697
+#: freeculture.xml:12821
msgid ""
"Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing "
"anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12705
+#: freeculture.xml:12829
msgid ""
"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in "
"January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12712
+#: freeculture.xml:12836
msgid ""
"After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, "
"that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, "
#. PAGE BREAK 253
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12721
+#: freeculture.xml:12845
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act "
"itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12736
+#: freeculture.xml:12860
msgid ""
"In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing "
"the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12751 freeculture.xml:12756
+#: freeculture.xml:12875 freeculture.xml:12880
msgid "Bolling, Ruben"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12745
+#: freeculture.xml:12869
msgid ""
"The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious "
"images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:12755
+#: freeculture.xml:12879
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"100%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12759
+#: freeculture.xml:12883
msgid ""
"The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from "
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12770
+#: freeculture.xml:12894
msgid "Chapter Fourteen: Eldred II"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12772
+#: freeculture.xml:12896
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was "
"decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12784
+#: freeculture.xml:12908
msgid ""
"It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San "
"Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same "
#. PAGE BREAK 256
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12794
+#: freeculture.xml:12918
msgid ""
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I "
"proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12802
+#: freeculture.xml:12926
msgid ""
"We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric "
"Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12807
+#: freeculture.xml:12931
msgid ""
"Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either "
"the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12815 freeculture.xml:13016
+#: freeculture.xml:12939 freeculture.xml:13142
msgid "Forbes, Steve"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12940
+msgid "Democratic Party"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12941
+msgid "Republican Party"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12817
+#: freeculture.xml:12943
msgid ""
"The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in "
"an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12829
+#: freeculture.xml:12955
msgid ""
"Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration "
"requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12839
+#: freeculture.xml:12965
msgid "Berlin Act (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12840 freeculture.xml:12881
+#: freeculture.xml:12966 freeculture.xml:13007
msgid "Berne Convention (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12848
+#: freeculture.xml:12974
msgid "German copyright law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12848
+#: freeculture.xml:12974
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the "
"Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12843
+#: freeculture.xml:12969
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12875
+#: freeculture.xml:13001
msgid ""
"That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd "
"copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12883
+#: freeculture.xml:13009
msgid ""
"The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in "
"1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12893
+#: freeculture.xml:13019
msgid ""
"These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the "
"formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12901
+#: freeculture.xml:13027
msgid ""
"Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the "
"nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a "
#. PAGE BREAK 258
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12909
+#: freeculture.xml:13035
msgid ""
"In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12921
+#: freeculture.xml:13047
msgid ""
"This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the "
"argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12930
+#: freeculture.xml:13056
msgid ""
"No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because "
"you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12946
+#: freeculture.xml:13072
msgid ""
"It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in "
"copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12961
+#: freeculture.xml:13087
msgid ""
"This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we "
"tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12971
+#: freeculture.xml:13097
msgid ""
"But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to "
"know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12980
+#: freeculture.xml:13106
msgid ""
"The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is "
"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12987
+#: freeculture.xml:13113
msgid ""
"If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended "
"term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12994
+#: freeculture.xml:13120
msgid ""
"Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the "
"work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than "
#. PAGE BREAK 260
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13000
+#: freeculture.xml:13126
msgid ""
"It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I "
"completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13018
+#: freeculture.xml:13144
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some "
"in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13024
+#: freeculture.xml:13150
msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13026
+#: freeculture.xml:13152
msgid ""
"One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
"bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
"reaction in the blog community that something good might happen here."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13160
+msgid "Eldred Act opposed by"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13035
+#: freeculture.xml:13162
msgid ""
"But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the "
"MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of "
#. PAGE BREAK 261
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13043
+#: freeculture.xml:13170
msgid ""
"The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central "
"concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13064
+#: freeculture.xml:13191
msgid ""
"Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do "
"this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13072
+#: freeculture.xml:13199
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two "
"stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13082
+#: freeculture.xml:13209
msgid ""
"I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been "
"about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And "
#. PAGE BREAK 262
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13091
+#: freeculture.xml:13218
msgid ""
"When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright "
"owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13101
+#: freeculture.xml:13228
msgid "Kelly, Kevin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13103
+#: freeculture.xml:13230
msgid ""
"But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, "
"then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13113
+#: freeculture.xml:13240
msgid "What does this industry really want?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13116
+#: freeculture.xml:13243
msgid ""
"With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the "
"effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13127
+#: freeculture.xml:13254
msgid ""
"The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The "
"most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not "
#. PAGE BREAK 263
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13135
+#: freeculture.xml:13262
msgid ""
"It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard "
"to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13147
+#: freeculture.xml:13274
msgid ""
"What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if "
"the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13154
+#: freeculture.xml:13281
msgid ""
"All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
"<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13166
+#: freeculture.xml:13293
msgid "Conclusion"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13167
+#: freeculture.xml:13294
msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13168
+#: freeculture.xml:13295
msgid "AIDS medications"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13169
+#: freeculture.xml:13296
msgid "antiretroviral drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13170
+#: freeculture.xml:13297
msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13171 freeculture.xml:13684
+#: freeculture.xml:13298 freeculture.xml:13812
msgid "drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13171 freeculture.xml:13684
+#: freeculture.xml:13298 freeculture.xml:13812
msgid "pharmaceutical"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13172
+#: freeculture.xml:13299
msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13174
+#: freeculture.xml:13301
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people "
"with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13181
+#: freeculture.xml:13308
msgid ""
"There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. "
"These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13196
+#: freeculture.xml:13323
msgid ""
"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating "
"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13189
+#: freeculture.xml:13316
msgid ""
"These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United "
"States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13205 freeculture.xml:13686
+#: freeculture.xml:13332 freeculture.xml:13814
msgid "on pharmaceuticals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13206
+#: freeculture.xml:13333
msgid "pharmaceutical patents"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 265
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13209
+#: freeculture.xml:13336
msgid ""
"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13217
+#: freeculture.xml:13344
msgid ""
"There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
"not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13228
+#: freeculture.xml:13355
msgid ""
"But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another "
"thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13234
+#: freeculture.xml:13361
msgid "international law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13235
+#: freeculture.xml:13362
msgid "parallel importation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13236
+#: freeculture.xml:13363
msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13249 freeculture.xml:13742
+#: freeculture.xml:13376 freeculture.xml:13870
msgid "Braithwaite, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13247
+#: freeculture.xml:13374
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: "
"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13238
+#: freeculture.xml:13365
msgid ""
"In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
"importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13253
+#: freeculture.xml:13380
msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)"
msgstr ""
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13261
+#: freeculture.xml:13388
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13288
+#: freeculture.xml:13415
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13255
+#: freeculture.xml:13382
msgid ""
"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13295
+#: freeculture.xml:13422
msgid ""
"We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt "
"patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13305
+#: freeculture.xml:13432
msgid ""
"By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
"government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13313
+#: freeculture.xml:13440
msgid ""
"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was "
#. f5.
#. PAGE BREAK 333
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13328
+#: freeculture.xml:13455
msgid ""
"See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's "
"Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13322
+#: freeculture.xml:13449
msgid ""
"Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
"which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13350
+#: freeculture.xml:13477
msgid ""
"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13359
+#: freeculture.xml:13486
msgid "in pharmaceutical industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13361
+#: freeculture.xml:13488
msgid ""
"Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their "
"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13369
+#: freeculture.xml:13496
msgid ""
"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13376
+#: freeculture.xml:13503
msgid "of drug patents"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 268
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13378
+#: freeculture.xml:13505
msgid ""
"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13400
+#: freeculture.xml:13527
msgid ""
"So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13406
+#: freeculture.xml:13533
msgid ""
"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13421
+#: freeculture.xml:13548
msgid ""
"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. "
#. PAGE BREAK 269
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13430
+#: freeculture.xml:13557
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the "
"cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13444
+#: freeculture.xml:13571
msgid ""
"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13457 freeculture.xml:14227
+#: freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:14360
msgid "academic journals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13458 freeculture.xml:13471
+#: freeculture.xml:13585 freeculture.xml:13598
msgid "biomedical research"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13459 freeculture.xml:13629
+#: freeculture.xml:13586 freeculture.xml:13756
msgid "international organization on issues of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13461 freeculture.xml:13578 freeculture.xml:14146
+#: freeculture.xml:13588 freeculture.xml:13705 freeculture.xml:14279
msgid "IBM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13462 freeculture.xml:14293
+#: freeculture.xml:13589 freeculture.xml:14426
msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13463 freeculture.xml:14294
+#: freeculture.xml:13590 freeculture.xml:14427
msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13464
+#: freeculture.xml:13591
msgid "public projects in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13465
+#: freeculture.xml:13592
msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13466
+#: freeculture.xml:13593
msgid "Wellcome Trust"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13467 freeculture.xml:13630
+#: freeculture.xml:13594 freeculture.xml:13757
msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13468
+#: freeculture.xml:13595
msgid "World Wide Web"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13469
+#: freeculture.xml:13596
msgid "Global Positioning System"
msgstr ""
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13476
+#: freeculture.xml:13603
msgid ""
"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, "
-"<quote>Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,</quote> "
-"<citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; "
-"William New, <quote>U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at "
-"WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 "
+"<quote>Global Group's Shift on <quote>Open Source</quote> Meeting Spurs "
+"Stir,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 "
"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#61</ulink>."
+"#60</ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official Opposes <quote>Open "
+"Source</quote> Talks at WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's "
+"Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 270
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13473
+#: freeculture.xml:13600
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the "
"United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13509
+#: freeculture.xml:13636
msgid ""
"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13515
+#: freeculture.xml:13642
msgid "in international debate on intellectual property"
msgstr ""
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13518
+#: freeculture.xml:13645
msgid ""
"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
"meeting."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13517
+#: freeculture.xml:13644
msgid ""
"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was "
"ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13527 freeculture.xml:13683
+#: freeculture.xml:13654 freeculture.xml:13811
msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 271
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13529
+#: freeculture.xml:13656
msgid ""
"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13553
+#: freeculture.xml:13680
msgid ""
"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13562 freeculture.xml:15292
+#: freeculture.xml:13689 freeculture.xml:15431
msgid "Apple Corporation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13563
+#: freeculture.xml:13690
msgid "on free software"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13565
+#: freeculture.xml:13692
msgid ""
"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
"least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13575
+#: freeculture.xml:13702
msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13591
+#: freeculture.xml:13718
msgid ""
"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13580
+#: freeculture.xml:13707
msgid ""
"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13609
+#: freeculture.xml:13736
msgid "General Public License (GPL)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13610
+#: freeculture.xml:13737
msgid "GPL (General Public License)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 272
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13612
+#: freeculture.xml:13739
msgid ""
"More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free "
"software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13631
+#: freeculture.xml:13758
msgid "Krim, Jonathan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13632
+#: freeculture.xml:13759
msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by"
msgstr ""
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13642
+#: freeculture.xml:13769
msgid ""
"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13634
+#: freeculture.xml:13761
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13648
+#: freeculture.xml:13775
msgid ""
"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13656 freeculture.xml:13714
+#: freeculture.xml:13783 freeculture.xml:13842
msgid "Boland, Lois"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13784
+msgid "Patent and Trademark Office, U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13658
+#: freeculture.xml:13786
msgid ""
"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13669
+#: freeculture.xml:13797
msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13674
+#: freeculture.xml:13802
msgid ""
"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13685
+#: freeculture.xml:13813
msgid "generic drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13688
+#: freeculture.xml:13816
msgid ""
"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to "
"<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13702
+#: freeculture.xml:13830
msgid ""
"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
#. PAGE BREAK 274
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13716
+#: freeculture.xml:13844
msgid ""
"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting "
"<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13727
+#: freeculture.xml:13855
msgid "feudal system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13728
+#: freeculture.xml:13856
msgid "feudal system of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13730
+#: freeculture.xml:13858
msgid ""
"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
"Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13747
+#: freeculture.xml:13875
msgid ""
"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13744
+#: freeculture.xml:13872
msgid ""
"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13758
+#: freeculture.xml:13886
msgid ""
"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
#. PAGE BREAK 275
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13767
+#: freeculture.xml:13895
msgid ""
"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
"should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13779
+#: freeculture.xml:13907
msgid ""
"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13790
+#: freeculture.xml:13918
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13798
+#: freeculture.xml:13926
msgid ""
"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13804
+#: freeculture.xml:13932
msgid ""
"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
"should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for "
#. PAGE BREAK 276
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13815
+#: freeculture.xml:13943
msgid ""
"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the "
"truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13823
+#: freeculture.xml:13952
msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13827
+#: freeculture.xml:13956
msgid "Turner, Ted"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13829
+#: freeculture.xml:13958
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this "
"struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13840
+#: freeculture.xml:13969
msgid ""
"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13848
+#: freeculture.xml:13977
msgid ""
"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness "
"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13855
+#: freeculture.xml:13984
msgid ""
"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13865
+#: freeculture.xml:13994
msgid ""
"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13872
+#: freeculture.xml:14001
msgid ""
"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13880
+#: freeculture.xml:14009
msgid ""
"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
"tragedy."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13883
+#: freeculture.xml:14012
msgid "Dylan, Bob"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13889
+#: freeculture.xml:14018
msgid ""
"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, "
"September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13907
+#: freeculture.xml:14036
msgid ""
"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old "
"Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f13.
#. PAGE BREAK 334
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13914
+#: freeculture.xml:14043
msgid ""
"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for "
"Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13885
+#: freeculture.xml:14014
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is "
"filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13931
+#: freeculture.xml:14060
msgid "BBC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13932
+#: freeculture.xml:14061
msgid "Brazil, free culture in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13933 freeculture.xml:14324
+#: freeculture.xml:14062 freeculture.xml:14457
msgid "Creative Commons"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13934
+#: freeculture.xml:14063
msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13935
+#: freeculture.xml:14064
msgid "public creative archive in"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13940
+#: freeculture.xml:14069
msgid ""
"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press "
"release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13949
+#: freeculture.xml:14078
msgid ""
"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 "
"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. PAGE BREAK 278
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13937
+#: freeculture.xml:14066
msgid ""
"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
"will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens "
#. PAGE BREAK 279
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13963
+#: freeculture.xml:14092
msgid ""
"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
"potential is ever to be realized."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13971
+#: freeculture.xml:14100
msgid "Afterword"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:14101 freeculture.xml:14135
+msgid "voluntary reform efforts on"
+msgstr ""
+
#. PAGE BREAK 280
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13975
+#: freeculture.xml:14105
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will "
"agree with me that something must be done to change where we are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13980
+#: freeculture.xml:14110
msgid ""
"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
"which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13986
+#: freeculture.xml:14116
msgid ""
"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
"significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13993
+#: freeculture.xml:14125
msgid ""
"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
"an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14002
+#: freeculture.xml:14134
msgid "Us, now"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14004
+#: freeculture.xml:14137
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright "
"warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14011
+#: freeculture.xml:14144
msgid ""
"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14021
+#: freeculture.xml:14154
msgid "initial free character of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 282
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14023
+#: freeculture.xml:14156
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
"tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14035
+#: freeculture.xml:14168
msgid ""
"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14051
+#: freeculture.xml:14184
msgid ""
"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither "
"<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14059
+#: freeculture.xml:14192
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14060
+#: freeculture.xml:14193
msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14062
+#: freeculture.xml:14195
msgid "privacy rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14064
+#: freeculture.xml:14197
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14074
+#: freeculture.xml:14207
msgid "What made it assured?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14078
+#: freeculture.xml:14211
msgid ""
"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref "
"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14093
+#: freeculture.xml:14226
msgid "Amazon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14094
+#: freeculture.xml:14227
msgid "cookies, Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14095
+#: freeculture.xml:14228
msgid "privacy protection on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14097
+#: freeculture.xml:14230
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14106
+#: freeculture.xml:14239
msgid "privacy rights in use of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14108
+#: freeculture.xml:14241
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14126
+#: freeculture.xml:14259
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the "
"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> "
#. PAGE BREAK 284
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14120
+#: freeculture.xml:14253
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define "
"<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14145
+#: freeculture.xml:14278
msgid "Data General"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14149
+#: freeculture.xml:14282
msgid ""
"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
"movement. When computers with software were first made available "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14156
+#: freeculture.xml:14289
msgid "Stallman, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14158
+#: freeculture.xml:14291
msgid ""
"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14166
+#: freeculture.xml:14299
msgid ""
"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14177
+#: freeculture.xml:14310
msgid "proprietary code"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14179
+#: freeculture.xml:14312
msgid ""
"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
#. PAGE BREAK 285
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14188
+#: freeculture.xml:14321
msgid ""
"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14197
+#: freeculture.xml:14330
msgid "Torvalds, Linus"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14199
+#: freeculture.xml:14332
msgid ""
"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14207
+#: freeculture.xml:14340
msgid ""
"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14218
+#: freeculture.xml:14351
msgid ""
"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14228
+#: freeculture.xml:14361
msgid "scientific journals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14230
+#: freeculture.xml:14363
msgid ""
"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14234
+#: freeculture.xml:14367
msgid "Lexis and Westlaw"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14236 freeculture.xml:14272
+#: freeculture.xml:14369 freeculture.xml:14405
msgid "journals in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14237
+#: freeculture.xml:14370
msgid "access to opinions of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 286
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14239
+#: freeculture.xml:14372
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14254
+#: freeculture.xml:14387
msgid "access fees for material in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14255
+#: freeculture.xml:14388
msgid "license system for rebuilding of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14257
+#: freeculture.xml:14390
msgid ""
"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14268
+#: freeculture.xml:14401
msgid ""
"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14274
+#: freeculture.xml:14407
msgid ""
"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14286
+#: freeculture.xml:14419
msgid ""
"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
#. PAGE BREAK 287
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14296
+#: freeculture.xml:14429
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14310
+#: freeculture.xml:14443
msgid ""
"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14323
+#: freeculture.xml:14456
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14326
+#: freeculture.xml:14459
msgid ""
"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
"increasing control effected through law and technology."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14329
+#: freeculture.xml:14462
msgid "Stanford University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14331
+#: freeculture.xml:14464
msgid ""
"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
#. PAGE BREAK 288
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14342
+#: freeculture.xml:14475
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14360
+#: freeculture.xml:14493
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14371
+#: freeculture.xml:14504
msgid ""
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14381
+#: freeculture.xml:14514
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 289
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14383
+#: freeculture.xml:14516
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14396
+#: freeculture.xml:14529
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The "
"aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14409
+#: freeculture.xml:14542
msgid ""
"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14416
+#: freeculture.xml:14549
msgid ""
"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14428
+#: freeculture.xml:14561
msgid ""
"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14433
+#: freeculture.xml:14566
msgid "Free for All (Wayner)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14434
+#: freeculture.xml:14567
msgid "Wayner, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 290
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14436
+#: freeculture.xml:14569
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14447
-msgid "Public Enemy"
+#: freeculture.xml:14580
+msgid "Leaphart, Walter"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14448
-msgid "rap music"
+#: freeculture.xml:14581
+msgid "Public Enemy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14449
-msgid "Leaphart, Walter"
+#: freeculture.xml:14583
+msgid "rap music"
msgstr ""
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14466
+#: freeculture.xml:14600
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14451
+#: freeculture.xml:14585
msgid ""
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14475
+#: freeculture.xml:14609
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
#. PAGE BREAK 291
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14487
+#: freeculture.xml:14621
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14497
+#: freeculture.xml:14631
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14505
+#: freeculture.xml:14639
msgid ""
"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14519
+#: freeculture.xml:14653
msgid "Them, soon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14521
+#: freeculture.xml:14655
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by "
"individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14528
+#: freeculture.xml:14662
msgid ""
"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14535
+#: freeculture.xml:14669
msgid "1. More Formalities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14537
+#: freeculture.xml:14671
msgid ""
"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If "
#. PAGE BREAK 293
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14544
+#: freeculture.xml:14678
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14549
+#: freeculture.xml:14683
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14555
+#: freeculture.xml:14689
msgid "Why?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14558
+#: freeculture.xml:14692
msgid ""
"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14567
+#: freeculture.xml:14701
msgid ""
"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14581
+#: freeculture.xml:14715
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14579
+#: freeculture.xml:14713
msgid ""
"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14589
+#: freeculture.xml:14723
msgid ""
"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14601
+#: freeculture.xml:14735
msgid "Registration and renewal"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14603
+#: freeculture.xml:14737
msgid ""
"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14616
+#: freeculture.xml:14750
msgid ""
"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
"that the government sets."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:14758
+msgid "domain names"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:14759
+msgid "domain name registration on"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:14760
+msgid "Web sites, domain name registration of"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14625
+#: freeculture.xml:14762
msgid ""
"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name "
#. PAGE BREAK 295
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14635
+#: freeculture.xml:14772
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14650
+#: freeculture.xml:14787
msgid "Marking"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14652
+#: freeculture.xml:14789
msgid ""
"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14662
+#: freeculture.xml:14799
msgid ""
"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14668
+#: freeculture.xml:14805
msgid ""
"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14685
+#: freeculture.xml:14822
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
#. PAGE BREAK 296
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14678
+#: freeculture.xml:14815
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14698
+#: freeculture.xml:14835
msgid ""
"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14704
+#: freeculture.xml:14841
msgid "copyright marking of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14706
+#: freeculture.xml:14843
msgid ""
"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14718
+#: freeculture.xml:14855
msgid ""
"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14726
+#: freeculture.xml:14863
msgid ""
"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14731
+#: freeculture.xml:14868
msgid ""
"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14743
+#: freeculture.xml:14880
msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14745
+#: freeculture.xml:14882
msgid ""
"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14758
+#: freeculture.xml:14895
msgid ""
"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 "
"(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14750
+#: freeculture.xml:14887
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a "
"seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14765
+#: freeculture.xml:14902
msgid ""
"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
#. (1)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14773
+#: freeculture.xml:14910
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
#. (2)
#. PAGE BREAK 298
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14782
+#: freeculture.xml:14919
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14794
+#: freeculture.xml:14931
msgid "veterans' pensions"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14805
+#: freeculture.xml:14942
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14797
+#: freeculture.xml:14934
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
#. (4)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14816
+#: freeculture.xml:14953
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14832
+#: freeculture.xml:14969
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14838
+#: freeculture.xml:14975
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After "
"all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14848
+#: freeculture.xml:14985
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14852
+#: freeculture.xml:14989
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14860
+#: freeculture.xml:14997
msgid ""
"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive "
"right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14868
+#: freeculture.xml:15005
msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
msgstr ""
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14874
+#: freeculture.xml:15011
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14870
+#: freeculture.xml:15007
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14887
+#: freeculture.xml:15024
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14883
+#: freeculture.xml:15020
msgid ""
"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14892
+#: freeculture.xml:15029
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14899
+#: freeculture.xml:15036
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14912
+#: freeculture.xml:15049
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14926
+#: freeculture.xml:15063
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14942
+#: freeculture.xml:15079
msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14940
+#: freeculture.xml:15077
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14934
+#: freeculture.xml:15071
msgid ""
"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14948
+#: freeculture.xml:15085
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 301
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14955
+#: freeculture.xml:15092
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14965
+#: freeculture.xml:15102
msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14967
+#: freeculture.xml:15104
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14974
+#: freeculture.xml:15111
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14983
+#: freeculture.xml:15120
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14990
+#: freeculture.xml:15127
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14999
+#: freeculture.xml:15136
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15004
+#: freeculture.xml:15141
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"purchasing CDs."
#. PAGE BREAK 302
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15010
+#: freeculture.xml:15147
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15016
+#: freeculture.xml:15153
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15024
+#: freeculture.xml:15161
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15032
+#: freeculture.xml:15169
msgid ""
"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15040
+#: freeculture.xml:15177
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15045
+#: freeculture.xml:15182
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
#. PAGE BREAK 303
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15057
+#: freeculture.xml:15194
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15071
+#: freeculture.xml:15208
msgid "cell phones, music streamed over"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15091
+#: freeculture.xml:15228
msgid ""
"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan "
"Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15073
+#: freeculture.xml:15210
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
#. PAGE BREAK 304
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15098
+#: freeculture.xml:15235
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15114
+#: freeculture.xml:15251
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different "
"<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15125
+#: freeculture.xml:15262
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content "
"that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15136
+#: freeculture.xml:15273
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15146
+#: freeculture.xml:15283
msgid ""
"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 305
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15157
+#: freeculture.xml:15294
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15167
+#: freeculture.xml:15304
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15177
+#: freeculture.xml:15314
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15185
+#: freeculture.xml:15322
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15189
+#: freeculture.xml:15326
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
#. PAGE BREAK 306
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15200
+#: freeculture.xml:15337
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15207 freeculture.xml:15249
+#: freeculture.xml:15344 freeculture.xml:15386
msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15247
+#: freeculture.xml:15384
msgid "Fisher, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15213
+#: freeculture.xml:15350
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, "
"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15209
+#: freeculture.xml:15346
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15263
+#: freeculture.xml:15400
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
"old system of controlling access."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:15416
+msgid "semiotic democracy"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:15417
+msgid "semiotic"
+msgstr ""
+
#. PAGE BREAK 307
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15280
+#: freeculture.xml:15419
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15293
+#: freeculture.xml:15432
msgid "MusicStore"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15295
+#: freeculture.xml:15434
msgid "prices of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15297
+#: freeculture.xml:15436
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of "
"<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15312
+#: freeculture.xml:15451
msgid "cable vs. broadcast"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15315
+#: freeculture.xml:15454
msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15317
+#: freeculture.xml:15456
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of "
"<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15329
+#: freeculture.xml:15468
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15338
+#: freeculture.xml:15477
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 308
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15343
+#: freeculture.xml:15482
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15350
+#: freeculture.xml:15489
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15356
+#: freeculture.xml:15495
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15360
+#: freeculture.xml:15499
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
#. 3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15366
+#: freeculture.xml:15505
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15371
+#: freeculture.xml:15510
msgid ""
"But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a "
"competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15377
+#: freeculture.xml:15516
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
#. PAGE BREAK 309
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15391
+#: freeculture.xml:15530
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15402
+#: freeculture.xml:15541
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15404
+#: freeculture.xml:15543
msgid ""
"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15410
+#: freeculture.xml:15549
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15417
+#: freeculture.xml:15556
msgid "Nimmer, Melville"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15418
+#: freeculture.xml:15557
msgid "Supreme Court challenge of"
msgstr ""
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15429
+#: freeculture.xml:15568
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville "
"B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15420
+#: freeculture.xml:15559
msgid ""
"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a "
"<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15435
+#: freeculture.xml:15574
msgid ""
"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15445
+#: freeculture.xml:15584
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15440
+#: freeculture.xml:15579
msgid ""
"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
#. PAGE BREAK 310
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15469
+#: freeculture.xml:15608
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15477
+#: freeculture.xml:15616
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15487
+#: freeculture.xml:15626
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15495
+#: freeculture.xml:15634
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15502
+#: freeculture.xml:15641
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
#. PAGE BREAK 311
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15511
+#: freeculture.xml:15650
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15520
+#: freeculture.xml:15659
msgid ""
"We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is "
"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15529
+#: freeculture.xml:15668
msgid "Notes"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15531
+#: freeculture.xml:15670
msgid ""
"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15551
+#: freeculture.xml:15690
msgid "Acknowledgments"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15553
+#: freeculture.xml:15692
msgid ""
"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15560
+#: freeculture.xml:15699
msgid ""
"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 337
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15573
+#: freeculture.xml:15712
msgid ""
"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15584
+#: freeculture.xml:15723
msgid ""
"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15604
+#: freeculture.xml:15743
msgid ""
"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15613
+#: freeculture.xml:15752
msgid ""
"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
"patience and love."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15623
-msgid "About this edition"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15625
-msgid ""
-"This edition of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is the result of three "
-"years of volunteer work. The idea came from a discussion I had around ten "
-"years ago with a friend about the copyright debate in Norway, and how rarely "
-"the difficulties of long copyright made it into the public debate. A bit "
-"more than three years ago I finally had a look again at the idea and decided "
-"to publish a printed Norwegian Bokmål version of <citetitle>Free "
-"Culture</citetitle>, translated and formatted by volunteers. The new "
-"English edition is a by-product of the translation process."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15637
-msgid ""
-"Thanks to the Debian Edu / Skolelinux project, I already had experience "
-"translating Docbook documents, and it seemed like a good format for this "
-"book too. I found a Docbook formatted version of the book created by Hans "
-"Schou. Initial testing showed lots of Docbook validation errors in this "
-"version, but after some work I was able to transform it to PDF and EPUB. "
-"This was the start of the translation project. The Docbook file improved "
-"over time, and build rules were added to create both English and Bokmål "
-"versions. Finally, a call for volunteers went out to help me with the "
-"translation."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15649
-msgid ""
-"Several people joined, and Anders Hagen Jarmund, Kirill Miazine, Odd Kleiva, "
-"Kjetil Kilhavn og Kjetil T. Homme assisted with the initial translation. "
-"Ralph Amissah and his SiSu version provided index entries. Morten Sickel "
-"and Alexander Alemayhu helped with the figures, redrawing some of the "
-"bitmaps as vector images. Wivi Reinholdtsen, Ingrid Yrvin, Johannes Larsen "
-"and Gisle Hannemyr did very valuable proofreading. Håkon Wium Lie helped me "
-"track down a good replacement font without usage restrictions instead of the "
-"one in the original PDF. The PDF typesetting is done using dblatex, which "
-"we selected over the alternatives thanks to the invaluable and quick help "
-"from Benoît Guillon and Andreas Hoenen. Thomas Gramstad donated ISBN "
-"numbers needed for distribution to book stores. Marc Jeanmougin from the "
-"inkscape community helped me replicate the original front cover. The "
-"support of Lawrence Lessig helped me to complete the project—I am very "
-"thankful he had the original screen shots still available after 11 years."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15668
-msgid ""
-"At the end of the project, when the translation was done and it was time to "
-"publish, NUUG Foundation was asked and was willing to sponsor books to "
-"members of the Norwegian parliament and other decision makers."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15675
-msgid ""
-"In addition to these great contributors, I am very grateful to Mari and my "
-"family for their patience with me in this project."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15680
-msgid "— Petter Reinholdtsen, Oslo 2015-09-07"
+#. type: Attribute 'href' of: <book><xi:include>
+#: freeculture.xml:15761
+msgid "freeculture-about-edition-en.xml"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15690
+#: freeculture.xml:15771
msgid ""
"Free culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture "
"and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15694
+#: freeculture.xml:15775
msgid "Copyright © 2004 Lawrence Lessig. Some rights reserved."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15698
+#: freeculture.xml:15779
msgid "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15702
+#: freeculture.xml:15783
+msgid "Published in 2015. First published 2004 by The Penguin Press."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15787
msgid ""
-"Published in English and Norwegian Bokmål 2015 by Petter Reinholdtsen with "
-"help from many volunteers. Typeset with dblatex using the font Crimson "
-"Text."
+"This English and Norwegian Bokmål edition was published by Petter "
+"Reinholdtsen with help from many volunteers."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15708
-msgid "First published 2004 by The Penguin Press."
+#: freeculture.xml:15792
+msgid ""
+"Typeset with <ulink url=\"http://dblatex.sourceforge.net\">dblatex</ulink> "
+"using the font Crimson Text."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15712
+#: freeculture.xml:15798
msgid ""
"Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright "
"Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15718
+#: freeculture.xml:15804
msgid ""
"Cartoon in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" "
"linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15724
+#: freeculture.xml:15810
msgid ""
"Diagram in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" "
"linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> courtesy of the office "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15730
+#: freeculture.xml:15816
msgid "Cover created by Petter Reinholdtsen using inkscape."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15734
+#: freeculture.xml:15820
msgid ""
"The quotes on the cover came from <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/jacket/\"/>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15739
+#: freeculture.xml:15825
msgid ""
"Portrait on the cover was created 2013 by ActuaLitté and licensed under a "
"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license. It was downloaded from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15746
+#: freeculture.xml:15832
msgid "Classifications:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15750
+#: freeculture.xml:15836
msgid "(Dewey) 306.4, 306.40973, 306.46, 341.7582, 343.7309/9"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15759
+#: freeculture.xml:15845
msgid "(UDK) 347.78"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15763
+#: freeculture.xml:15849
msgid "(US Library of Congress) KF2979.L47 2004"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15767
+#: freeculture.xml:15853
msgid "(ACM CRCS) K.4.1"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15771
-msgid "Thomas Gramstad Forlag donated the ISBN numbers."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15775
+#: freeculture.xml:15857
msgid ""
"Printing was sponsed by NUUG Foundation, <ulink "
"url=\"http://www.nuugfoundation.no/\"/>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15780
+#: freeculture.xml:15862
msgid "Includes index."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15787
+#: freeculture.xml:15869
msgid ""
"The Docbook source is available from <ulink "
"url=\"https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\"/>. Please "
msgstr ""
#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><colophon><para><informalfigure><graphic>
-#: freeculture.xml:15794
+#: freeculture.xml:15876
msgid "images/cc.svg"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15806
+#: freeculture.xml:15888
msgid ""
"This book is a proof reading draft. Please visit the github URL above to "
"get the latest version."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15815
+#: freeculture.xml:15897
msgid "Format / MIME-type"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15816
+#: freeculture.xml:15898
msgid "ISBN"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15821
+#: freeculture.xml:15903
msgid "US Trade edition from lulu.com"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15822
-msgid "978-82-8067-010-6"
+#: freeculture.xml:15904
+msgid "978-82-690182-0-2"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15825
+#: freeculture.xml:15907
msgid "application/pdf"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15826
-msgid "978-82-8067-011-3"
+#: freeculture.xml:15908
+msgid "978-82-690182-1-9"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15829
+#: freeculture.xml:15911
msgid "application/epub+zip"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15830
-msgid "978-82-8067-012-0"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15833
-msgid "application/x-mobipocket-ebook"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15834
-msgid "978-82-8067-013-7"
+#: freeculture.xml:15912
+msgid "978-82-690182-2-6"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <chapter><para>
"now has a veto over technological innovation and has halted most "
"contributions to the public domain from which so many have benefited. The "
"patent system has spun out of control, giving enormous power to entrenched "
-"interests, and even trademarks are being misused. Lawrence Lessig's latest "
-"book is essential reading for anyone who want to join this conversation. He "
-"explains how technology and the law are robbing us of the public domain; but "
-"for all his educated pessimism, Professor Lessig offers some solutions, too, "
-"because he recognizes that technology can be the catalyst for freedom. If "
-"you care about the future of innovation, read this book.</quote> — "
+"interests, and even trademarks are being misused. Lawrence Lessig's book is "
+"essential reading for anyone who want to join this conversation. He explains "
+"how technology and the law are robbing us of the public domain; but for all "
+"his educated pessimism, Professor Lessig offers some solutions, too, because "
+"he recognizes that technology can be the catalyst for freedom. If you care "
+"about the future of innovation, read this book.</quote> — "
"<emphasis>Dan Gillmor, author of <citetitle>We the media</citetitle>, an "
"book on the collision of media and technology</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / blobdiff