-"potential public benefits," as John Schwartz writes in <em class="citetitle">The New
-York Times</em>, "could be delayed in the P2P fight."<sup>[<a name="id2733746" href="#ftn.id2733746" class="footnote">95</a>]</sup> Yet when anyone begins to talk about "balance," the
-copyright warriors raise a different argument. "All this hand waving about
-balance and incentives," they say, "misses a fundamental point. Our
-content," the warriors insist, "is our <span class="emphasis"><em>property</em></span>. Why
-should we wait for Congress to `rebalance' our property rights? Do you have
-to wait before calling the police when your car has been stolen? And why
-should Congress deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask
-whether the car thief had a good use for the car before we arrest him?"
-</p><p>
-"It is <span class="emphasis"><em>our property</em></span>," the warriors insist. "And it
-should be protected just as any other property is protected."
-</p></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br><hr width="100" align="left"><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2728146" href="#id2728146" class="para">15</a>] </sup>
-
-
-<em class="citetitle">Bach</em> v. <em class="citetitle">Longman</em>, 98
-Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield).
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2728273" href="#id2728273" class="para">16</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Se Rochelle Dreyfuss, "Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in the
-Pepsi Generation," <em class="citetitle">Notre Dame Law Review</em> 65 (1990):
-397.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2728294" href="#id2728294" class="para">17</a>] </sup>
-
-Lisa Bannon, "The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,"
-<em class="citetitle">Wall Street Journal</em>, 21 August 1996, available at
-<a class="ulink" href="http://free-culture.cc/notes/" target="_top">link #3</a>; Jonathan
-Zittrain, "Calling Off the Copyright War: In Battle of Property vs. Free
-Speech, No One Wins," <em class="citetitle">Boston Globe</em>, 24 November
-2002. <a class="indexterm" name="id2728312"></a>
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2728385" href="#id2728385" class="para">18</a>] </sup>
-
-I <em class="citetitle">The Rise of the Creative Class</em> (New York: Basic
-Books, 2002), dokumenterer Richard Florida en endring i arbeidsstokken mot
-kreativitetsarbeide. Hans tekst omhandler derimot ikke direkte de juridiske
-vilkår som kreativiteten blir muliggjort eller hindret under. Jeg er helt
-klart enig med ham i viktigheten og betydningen av denne endringen, men jeg
-tror også at vilkårene som disse endringene blir aktivert under er mye
-vanskeligere. <a class="indexterm" name="id2728440"></a>
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2728552" href="#id2728552" class="para">19</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Leonard Maltin, <em class="citetitle">Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated
-Cartoons</em> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2728643" href="#id2728643" class="para">20</a>] </sup>
-
-
-I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <a class="ulink" href="http://free-culture.cc/notes/" target="_top">link #4</a>. According to Dave
-Smith of the Disney Archives, Disney paid royalties to use the music for
-five songs in <em class="citetitle">Steamboat Willie</em>: "Steamboat Bill,"
-"The Simpleton" (Delille), "Mischief Makers" (Carbonara), "Joyful Hurry
-No. 1" (Baron), and "Gawky Rube" (Lakay). A sixth song, "The Turkey in the
-Straw," was already in the public domain. Letter from David Smith to Harry
-Surden, 10 July 2003, on file with author.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2728687" href="#id2728687" class="para">21</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Han var også tilhenger av allmannseiet. Se Chris Sprigman, "The Mouse that
-Ate the Public Domain," Findlaw, 5. mars 2002, fra <a class="ulink" href="http://free-culture.cc/notes/" target="_top">link #5</a>.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2728829" href="#id2728829" class="para">22</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an
-initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the "average" term by
-determining the weighted average of total registrations for any particular
-year, and the proportion renewing. Thus, if 100 copyrights are registered in
-year 1, and only 15 are renewed, and the renewal term is 28 years, then the
-average term is 32.2 years. For the renewal data and other relevant data,
-see the Web site associated with this book, available at <a class="ulink" href="http://free-culture.cc/notes/" target="_top">link #6</a>.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2728954" href="#id2728954" class="para">23</a>] </sup>
-
-
-For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <em class="citetitle">Reinventing
-Comics</em> (New York: Perennial, 2000).
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2729061" href="#id2729061" class="para">24</a>] </sup>
-
-
-See Salil K. Mehra, "Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why All
-the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?" <em class="citetitle">Rutgers Law
-Review</em> 55 (2002): 155, 182. "[T]here might be a collective
-economic rationality that would lead manga and anime artists to forgo
-bringing legal actions for infringement. One hypothesis is that all manga
-artists may be better off collectively if they set aside their individual
-self-interest and decide not to press their legal rights. This is
-essentially a prisoner's dilemma solved."
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2729136" href="#id2729136" class="para">25</a>] </sup>
-
-The term <em class="citetitle">intellectual property</em> is of relatively
-recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, <em class="citetitle">Copyrights and
-Copywrongs</em>, 11 (New York: New York University Press, 2001). See
-also Lawrence Lessig, <em class="citetitle">The Future of Ideas</em> (New York:
-Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. The term accurately describes a set of
-"property" rights—copyright, patents, trademark, and
-trade-secret—but the nature of those rights is very different.
-<a class="indexterm" name="id2729153"></a>
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2729360" href="#id2729360" class="para">26</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Reese V. Jenkins, <em class="citetitle">Images and Enterprise</em> (Baltimore:
-Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2729388" href="#id2729388" class="para">27</a>] </sup>
-
-Brian Coe, <em class="citetitle">The Birth of Photography</em> (New York:
-Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53. <a class="indexterm" name="id2729396"></a>
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2729421" href="#id2729421" class="para">28</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Jenkins, 177.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2729429" href="#id2729429" class="para">29</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Basert på et diagram i Jenkins, s. 178.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2729457" href="#id2729457" class="para">30</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Coe, 58.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2729504" href="#id2729504" class="para">31</a>] </sup>
-
-
-For illustrative cases, see, for example, <em class="citetitle">Pavesich</em>
-v. <em class="citetitle">N.E. Life Ins. Co</em>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905);
-<em class="citetitle">Foster-Milburn Co</em>. v. <em class="citetitle">Chinn</em>,
-123090 S.W. 364, 366 (Ky. 1909); <em class="citetitle">Corliss</em>
-v. <em class="citetitle">Walker</em>, 64 F. 280 (Mass. Dist. Ct. 1894).
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2729557" href="#id2729557" class="para">32</a>] </sup>
-
-Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, "The Right to Privacy,"
-<em class="citetitle">Harvard Law Review</em> 4 (1890): 193. <a class="indexterm" name="id2729566"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2729574"></a>
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2729602" href="#id2729602" class="para">33</a>] </sup>
-
-
-See Melville B. Nimmer, "The Right of Publicity," <em class="citetitle">Law and
-Contemporary Problems</em> 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser,
-"Privacy," <em class="citetitle">California Law Review</em> 48 (1960)
-398–407; <em class="citetitle">White</em> v. <em class="citetitle">Samsung
-Electronics America, Inc</em>., 971 F. 2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992),
-cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993).
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2729692" href="#id2729692" class="para">34</a>] </sup>
-
-
-H. Edward Goldberg, "Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software You
-Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations," cadalyst, februar 2002,
-tilgjengelig fra <a class="ulink" href="http://free-culture.cc/notes/" target="_top">link #7</a>.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2729742" href="#id2729742" class="para">35</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Judith Van Evra, <em class="citetitle">Television and Child Development</em>
-(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); "Findings on Family
-and TV Study," <em class="citetitle">Denver Post</em>, 25 May 1997, B6.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2729800" href="#id2729800" class="para">36</a>] </sup>
-
-Intervju med Elizabeth Daley og Stephanie Barish, 13. desember 2002.
-<a class="indexterm" name="id2729808"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2729816"></a>
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2729832" href="#id2729832" class="para">37</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Se Scott Steinberg, "Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs," E!online, 4. november
-2000, tilgjengelig fra <a class="ulink" href="http://free-culture.cc/notes/" target="_top">link
-#8</a>; "Timeline," 22. november 2000, tilgjengelig fra <a class="ulink" href="http://free-culture.cc/notes/" target="_top">link #9</a>.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2729903" href="#id2729903" class="para">38</a>] </sup>
-
-Intervju med Daley og Barish. <a class="indexterm" name="id2729910"></a>
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2729921" href="#id2729921" class="para">39</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Ibid.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2730129" href="#id2730129" class="para">40</a>] </sup>
-
-
-See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <em class="citetitle">Democracy in
-America</em>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books,
-2000), ch. 16.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2730216" href="#id2730216" class="para">41</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, "Deliberation Day," <em class="citetitle">Journal of
-Political Philosophy</em> 10 (2) (2002): 129.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2730246" href="#id2730246" class="para">42</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Cass Sunstein, <em class="citetitle">Republic.com</em> (Princeton: Princeton
-University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2730309" href="#id2730309" class="para">43</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Noah Shachtman, "With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot," New York
-Times, 16 January 2003, G5.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2730190" href="#id2730190" class="para">44</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Telefonintervju med David Winer, 16. april 2003.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2730405" href="#id2730405" class="para">45</a>] </sup>
-
-
-John Schwartz, "Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information
-Online," <em class="citetitle">New York Times</em>, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci
-D. Kramer, "Shuttle Disaster Coverage Mixed, but Strong Overall," Online
-Journalism Review, 2 February 2003, available at <a class="ulink" href="http://free-culture.cc/notes/" target="_top">link #10</a>.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2730435" href="#id2730435" class="para">46</a>] </sup>
-
-See Michael Falcone, "Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?"
-<em class="citetitle">New York Times</em>, 29 September 2003, C4. ("Not all news
-organizations have been as accepting of employees who blog. Kevin Sites, a
-CNN correspondent in Iraq who started a blog about his reporting of the war
-on March 9, stopped posting 12 days later at his bosses' request. Last year
-Steve Olafson, a <em class="citetitle">Houston Chronicle</em> reporter, was
-fired for keeping a personal Web log, published under a pseudonym, that
-dealt with some of the issues and people he was covering.") <a class="indexterm" name="id2730467"></a>
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2730629" href="#id2730629" class="para">47</a>] </sup>
-
-
-See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, "Technological Access
-Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,"
-<em class="citetitle">Communications of the Association for Computer
-Machinery</em> 43 (2000): 9.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2727105" href="#id2727105" class="para">48</a>] </sup>
-
-
-
-Tim Goral, "Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit
-Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages," <em class="citetitle">Professional Media Group
-LCC</em> 6 (2003): 5, available at 2003 WL 55179443.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2727171" href="#id2727171" class="para">49</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001)
-(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for
-the Arts, <em class="citetitle">More Than One in a Blue Moon</em> (2000).
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2727187" href="#id2727187" class="para">50</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in "KaZaA and Punishment,"
-<em class="citetitle">Wall Street Journal</em>, 10 September 2003, A24.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2727268" href="#id2727268" class="para">51</a>] </sup>
-
-I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary
-history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, <em class="citetitle">Copyrights and
-Copywrongs</em>, 87–93, which details Edison's "adventures"
-with copyright and patent. <a class="indexterm" name="id2727178"></a>
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2727327" href="#id2727327" class="para">52</a>] </sup>
-
-
-J. A. Aberdeen, <em class="citetitle">Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent
-Motion Picture Producers</em> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and
-expanded texts posted at "The Edison Movie Monopoly: The Motion Picture
-Patents Company vs. the Independent Outlaws," available at <a class="ulink" href="http://free-culture.cc/notes/" target="_top">link #11</a>. For a discussion of
-the economic motive behind both these limits and the limits imposed by
-Victor on phonographs, see Randal C. Picker, "From Edison to the Broadcast
-Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the Propertization of Copyright"
-(September 2002), University of Chicago Law School, James M. Olin Program in
-Law and Economics, Working Paper No. 159. </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2731406" href="#id2731406" class="para">53</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Marc Wanamaker, "The First Studios," <em class="citetitle">The Silents
-Majority</em>, archived at <a class="ulink" href="http://free-culture.cc/notes/" target="_top">link #12</a>.
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2731515" href="#id2731515" class="para">54</a>] </sup>
-
-
-To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330
-and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st
-sess. (1906) (statement of Senator Alfred B. Kittredge, of South Dakota,
-chairman), reprinted in <em class="citetitle">Legislative History of the Copyright
-Act</em>, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South
-Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976).
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2731538" href="#id2731538" class="para">55</a>] </sup>
-
-
-To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of
-Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association).
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2731548" href="#id2731548" class="para">56</a>] </sup>
-
-
-To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of
-Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association).
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2731559" href="#id2731559" class="para">57</a>] </sup>
-
-
-To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of
-John Philip Sousa, composer).
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2731577" href="#id2731577" class="para">58</a>] </sup>
-
-
-
-To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84
-(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating
-Company of New York).
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2731583" href="#id2731583" class="para">59</a>] </sup>
-
-
-To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared
-memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American
-Graphophone Company Association).
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2727293" href="#id2727293" class="para">60</a>] </sup>
-
-
-
-Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and
-H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess.,
-217 (1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted in
-<em class="citetitle">Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act</em>,
-E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman
-Reprints, 1976).
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2731726" href="#id2731726" class="para">61</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on
-the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March
-1967). I am grateful to Glenn Brown for drawing my attention to this report.</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2731762" href="#id2731762" class="para">62</a>] </sup>
-
-See 17 <em class="citetitle">United States Code</em>, sections 106 and 110. At
-the beginning, record companies printed "Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast"
-and other messages purporting to restrict the ability to play a record on a
-radio station. Judge Learned Hand rejected the argument that a warning
-attached to a record might restrict the rights of the radio station. See
-<em class="citetitle">RCA Manufacturing
-Co</em>. v. <em class="citetitle">Whiteman</em>, 114 F. 2d 86 (2nd
-Cir. 1940). See also Randal C. Picker, "From Edison to the Broadcast Flag:
-Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the Propertization of Copyright,"
-<em class="citetitle">University of Chicago Law Review</em> 70 (2003): 281.
-<a class="indexterm" name="id2731787"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id2731796"></a>
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2731949" href="#id2731949" class="para">63</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the
-Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee
-on the Judiciary, 89th Cong., 2nd sess., 78 (1966) (statement of Rosel
-H. Hyde, chairman of the Federal Communications Commission).
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2731965" href="#id2731965" class="para">64</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello,
-general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters).
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2731982" href="#id2731982" class="para">65</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes,
-general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.).
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2732006" href="#id2732006" class="para">66</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim,
-president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United
-Artists Television, Inc.).
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2732024" href="#id2732024" class="para">67</a>] </sup>
-
-
-Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (vitnemål fra Charlton Heston,
-president i Screen Actors Guild).
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2732051" href="#id2732051" class="para">68</a>] </sup>
-
-Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman,
-acting assistant attorney general). <a class="indexterm" name="id2732029"></a>
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2732056" href="#id2732056" class="para">69</a>] </sup>
-
-
-See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <em class="citetitle">The
-Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free
-Information</em>, available at <a class="ulink" href="http://free-culture.cc/notes/" target="_top">link #13</a>. "The threat of
-piracy—the use of someone else's creative work without permission or
-compensation—has grown with the Internet."
-</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2732133" href="#id2732133" class="para">70</a>] </sup>