Adjust text placement a bit

[text-free-culture-lessig.git] / freeculture.xml

diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml
index 5cb29339cfdb9559c827a3a10c076fc50b24722c..886b3e3bc79a07cd5f17dcee4089e0ff1ca3b614 100644 (file)
--- a/freeculture.xml
+++ b/freeculture.xml
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
  <subtitle>How big media uses technology and the law to lock down
  culture and control creativity</subtitle>
 
  <subtitle>How big media uses technology and the law to lock down
  culture and control creativity</subtitle>
 

- <pubdate>2015-09-04</pubdate>
+ <pubdate>2015-10-15</pubdate>

 
  <edition>1</edition>
 
 
  <edition>1</edition>
 


@@ -124,19 +124,17 @@ Circuit Court of Appeals.
 <!-- testing different ways to tag the cover page -->
  <mediaobject role="cover">
    <imageobject remap="lrg" role="front-large">
 <!-- testing different ways to tag the cover page -->
  <mediaobject role="cover">
    <imageobject remap="lrg" role="front-large">

-     <imagedata fileref="images/cover.png" format="PNG" width="444" />
+     <imagedata fileref="images/cover-front-72dpi.png" format="PNG" width="444" />

    </imageobject>
    </imageobject>

-<!--

    <imageobject remap="s" role="front">
    <imageobject remap="s" role="front">

-     <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" />
+     <imagedata fileref="images/cover-front-10dpi.png" format="PNG" width="444" />

    </imageobject>
    <imageobject remap="xs" role="front-small">
    </imageobject>
    <imageobject remap="xs" role="front-small">

-     <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" />
+     <imagedata fileref="images/cover-front-10dpi.png" format="PNG" width="444" />

    </imageobject>
    <imageobject remap="cs" role="thumbnail">
    </imageobject>
    <imageobject remap="cs" role="thumbnail">

-     <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" />
+     <imagedata fileref="images/cover-front-10dpi.png" format="PNG" width="444" />

    </imageobject>
    </imageobject>

--->

  </mediaobject>
 
  <biblioid class="isbn">978-82-8067-010-6</biblioid>
  </mediaobject>
 
  <biblioid class="isbn">978-82-8067-010-6</biblioid>


@@ -181,15 +179,15 @@ Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace (1999)
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 5 -->
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 6 -->
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 7 -->
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 5 -->
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 6 -->
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 7 -->

-<dedication><title></title>
+<dedication id='dedication'><title></title>

 <!-- FIXME figure out how to do this better in dblatex and docbook-xsl -->
 <!-- FIXME figure out how to do this better in dblatex and docbook-xsl -->

-<?latex {\Huge \centering
+<?latex {\huge \centering

 ?>
 <para>
 To Eric Eldred &mdash; whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom
 it continues still.
 </para>
 ?>
 <para>
 To Eric Eldred &mdash; whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom
 it continues still.
 </para>

-<?latex } % \Huge \centering
+<?latex } % \huge \centering

 ?>
 </dedication>
 
 ?>
 </dedication>
 


@@ -260,6 +258,7 @@ c      INDEX
 <preface id="preface">
 <title>Preface</title>
 <indexterm id='idxpoguedavid' class='startofrange'><primary>Pogue, David</primary></indexterm>
 <preface id="preface">
 <title>Preface</title>
 <indexterm id='idxpoguedavid' class='startofrange'><primary>Pogue, David</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Code (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis role="bold">At the end</emphasis> of his review of my first
 book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David
 <para>
 <emphasis role="bold">At the end</emphasis> of his review of my first
 book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David


@@ -759,6 +758,7 @@ has introduced.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxinternetdevelopmentof' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm><primary>Barlow, Joel</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxinternetdevelopmentof' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm><primary>Barlow, Joel</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>culture</primary><seealso>free culture</seealso></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxculturecommercialvsnoncommercial' class='startofrange'><primary>culture</primary><secondary>commercial vs. noncommercial</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Webster, Noah</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm id='idxculturecommercialvsnoncommercial' class='startofrange'><primary>culture</primary><secondary>commercial vs. noncommercial</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Webster, Noah</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -798,8 +798,8 @@ State copyright law historically protected not just the commercial interest in
 publication, but also a privacy interest. By granting authors the exclusive
 right to first publication, state copyright law gave authors the power to
 control the spread of facts about them. See Samuel D. Warren and Louis
 publication, but also a privacy interest. By granting authors the exclusive
 right to first publication, state copyright law gave authors the power to
 control the spread of facts about them. See Samuel D. Warren and Louis

-D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> Harvard Law Review 4 (1890): 193,
-198&ndash;200.
+D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> <citetitle>Harvard
+Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193, 198&ndash;200.

 <indexterm><primary>Brandeis, Louis D.</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 This is also, of course, an important part of creativity and culture,
 <indexterm><primary>Brandeis, Louis D.</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 This is also, of course, an important part of creativity and culture,


@@ -1144,6 +1144,7 @@ piracy.
 <indexterm><primary>ASCAP</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Dreyfuss, Rochelle</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Girl Scouts</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>ASCAP</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Dreyfuss, Rochelle</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Girl Scouts</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>creative property</primary><seealso>intellectual property rights</seealso></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxcreativepropertyifvaluethenrighttheoryof' class='startofrange'><primary>creative property</primary><secondary><quote>if value, then right</quote> theory of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxifvaluethenrighttheory' class='startofrange'><primary><quote>if value, then right</quote> theory</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm id='idxcreativepropertyifvaluethenrighttheoryof' class='startofrange'><primary>creative property</primary><secondary><quote>if value, then right</quote> theory of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxifvaluethenrighttheory' class='startofrange'><primary><quote>if value, then right</quote> theory</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -1180,6 +1181,7 @@ creative property.  It has never taken hold within our law.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxifvaluethenrighttheory' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawonrepublishingvstransformationoforiginalwork' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>on republishing vs. transformation of original work</secondary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxifvaluethenrighttheory' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawonrepublishingvstransformationoforiginalwork' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>on republishing vs. transformation of original work</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>creativity</primary><seealso>innovation</seealso></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxcreativitylegalrestrictionson' class='startofrange'><primary>creativity</primary><secondary>legal restrictions on</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It
 <indexterm id='idxcreativitylegalrestrictionson' class='startofrange'><primary>creativity</primary><secondary>legal restrictions on</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It


@@ -1428,6 +1430,7 @@ culture around us and makes it something different.
 <indexterm startref='idxderivativeworkspiracyvs' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxcreativitybytransformingpreviousworks' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxderivativeworkspiracyvs' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxcreativitybytransformingpreviousworks' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><seealso>copyright law</seealso></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxcopyrightdurationof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxpublicdomaindefined' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>defined</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxpublicdomaintraditionaltermforconversionto' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>traditional term for conversion to</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcopyrightdurationof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxpublicdomaindefined' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>defined</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxpublicdomaintraditionaltermforconversionto' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>traditional term for conversion to</secondary></indexterm>


@@ -2219,8 +2222,8 @@ close to the lives of these students. The project <quote>gave them a tool
 and empowered them to be able to both understand it and talk about
 it,</quote> Barish explained. That tool succeeded in creating
 expression&mdash;far more successfully and powerfully than could have
 and empowered them to be able to both understand it and talk about
 it,</quote> Barish explained. That tool succeeded in creating
 expression&mdash;far more successfully and powerfully than could have

-been created using only text. <quote>If you had said to these students, `you
-have to do it in text,' they would've just thrown their hands up and
+been created using only text. <quote>If you had said to these students, <quote>you
+have to do it in text,</quote> they would've just thrown their hands up and

 gone and done something else,</quote> Barish described, in part, no doubt,
 because expressing themselves in text is not something these students
 can do well. Yet neither is text a form in which
 gone and done something else,</quote> Barish described, in part, no doubt,
 because expressing themselves in text is not something these students
 can do well. Yet neither is text a form in which


@@ -2307,6 +2310,9 @@ entertainment is tragedy.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>ABC</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>CBS</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>ABC</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>CBS</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Cyber Rights (Godwin)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Godwin, Mike</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetnewseventson' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>news events on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September
 11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different
 <para>
 But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September
 11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different


@@ -2354,6 +2360,7 @@ such as in Japan, it functions very much like a diary. In those
 cultures, it records private facts in a public way&mdash;it's a kind
 of electronic <citetitle>Jerry Springer</citetitle>, available anywhere in the world.
 </para>
 cultures, it records private facts in a public way&mdash;it's a kind
 of electronic <citetitle>Jerry Springer</citetitle>, available anywhere in the world.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxinternetnewseventson' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>political discourse</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxinternetpublicdiscourseconductedon' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>public discourse conducted on</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>political discourse</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxinternetpublicdiscourseconductedon' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>public discourse conducted on</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -2486,8 +2493,8 @@ more instances of the same <quote>misspeaking</quote> emerged. Finally, the stor
 broke back into the mainstream press. In the end, Lott was forced to
 resign as senate majority leader.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f18 -->
 broke back into the mainstream press. In the end, Lott was forced to
 resign as senate majority leader.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f18 -->

-Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,</quote> New
-York Times, 16 January 2003, G5.
+Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the
+Pot,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 16 January 2003, G5.

 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 <indexterm id='idxmediacommercialimperativesof' class='startofrange'><primary>media</primary><secondary>commercial imperatives of</secondary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 <indexterm id='idxmediacommercialimperativesof' class='startofrange'><primary>media</primary><secondary>commercial imperatives of</secondary></indexterm>


@@ -2727,13 +2734,14 @@ natural tendencies of today's digital kids. &hellip; We're building an
 architecture that unleashes 60 percent of the brain [and] a legal
 system that closes down that part of the brain.</quote>
 </para>
 architecture that unleashes 60 percent of the brain [and] a legal
 system that closes down that part of the brain.</quote>
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxbrownjohnseely' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes
 moving images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an
 opportunity to spread that creativity everywhere. But we're building
 the law to close down that technology.
 </para>
 <para>
 We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes
 moving images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an
 opportunity to spread that creativity everywhere. But we're building
 the law to close down that technology.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Kahle, Brewster</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm startref='idxbrownjohnseely' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 <quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in
 chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber" linkend="collectors"/>,
 <para>
 <quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in
 chapter <xref xrefstyle="select: labelnumber" linkend="collectors"/>,


@@ -3016,6 +3024,9 @@ now.
 </para>
 <section id="film">
 <title>Film</title>
 </para>
 <section id="film">
 <title>Film</title>

+<indexterm><primary>Hollywood film industry</primary><seealso>film industry</seealso></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxhollywoodfilmindustry' class='startofrange'><primary>Hollywood film industry</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpatentsonfilmtechnology' class='startofrange'><primary>patents</primary><secondary>on film technology</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f1 -->
 <para>
 The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f1 -->


@@ -3078,11 +3089,12 @@ Working Paper No. 159.
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 <para>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 <para>

-The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies like
-Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously
-resisted.  <quote>Shooting was disrupted by machinery stolen, and
-`accidents' resulting in loss of negatives, equipment, buildings and
-sometimes life and limb frequently occurred.</quote><footnote><para>
+The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were
+companies like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were
+vigorously resisted.  <quote>Shooting was disrupted by machinery
+stolen, and <quote>accidents</quote> resulting in loss of negatives,
+equipment, buildings and sometimes life and limb frequently
+occurred.</quote><footnote><para>

 <!-- f3 -->
 Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents Majority</citetitle>, archived at
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #12</ulink>.
 <!-- f3 -->
 Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents Majority</citetitle>, archived at
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #12</ulink>.


@@ -3093,6 +3105,7 @@ filmmakers there could pirate his inventions without fear of the
 law. And the leaders of Hollywood filmmaking, Fox most prominently,
 did just that.
 </para>
 law. And the leaders of Hollywood filmmaking, Fox most prominently,
 did just that.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxhollywoodfilmindustry' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement
 of federal law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the
 <para>
 Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement
 of federal law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the


@@ -3103,6 +3116,7 @@ time), by the time enough federal marshals appeared, the patents had
 expired. A new industry had been born, in part from the piracy of
 Edison's creative property.
 </para>
 expired. A new industry had been born, in part from the piracy of
 Edison's creative property.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxpatentsonfilmtechnology' class='endofrange'/>

 </section>
 <section id="recordedmusic">
 <title>Recorded Music</title>
 </section>
 <section id="recordedmusic">
 <title>Recorded Music</title>


@@ -3143,6 +3157,8 @@ then, I could effectively pirate someone else's song without paying
 its composer anything.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxfourneauxhenri' class='endofrange'/>
 its composer anything.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxfourneauxhenri' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm id='idxkittredgealfred' class='startofrange'><primary>Kittredge, Alfred</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmusicpublishing' class='startofrange'><primary>music publishing</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 69 -->
 <para>
 The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 69 -->


@@ -3169,6 +3185,7 @@ Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976).
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxkittredgealfred' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Sousa, John Philip</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 The innovators who developed the technology to record other
 <indexterm><primary>Sousa, John Philip</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 The innovators who developed the technology to record other


@@ -3192,6 +3209,7 @@ To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23
 (statement of John Philip Sousa, composer).
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 (statement of John Philip Sousa, composer).
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxmusicpublishing' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>American Graphophone Company</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>player pianos</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>sheet music</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>American Graphophone Company</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>player pianos</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>sheet music</primary></indexterm>


@@ -3214,7 +3232,7 @@ Perforating Company of New York).
 </para></footnote> In any case, the innovators argued, the job of
 Congress was <quote>to consider first the interest of [the public], whom
 they represent, and whose servants they are.</quote> <quote>All talk about
 </para></footnote> In any case, the innovators argued, the job of
 Congress was <quote>to consider first the interest of [the public], whom
 they represent, and whose servants they are.</quote> <quote>All talk about

-`theft,'</quote> the general counsel of the American Graphophone Company
+<quote>theft,</quote></quote> the general counsel of the American Graphophone Company

 wrote, <quote>is the merest claptrap, for there exists no property in ideas
 musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by
 statute.</quote><footnote><para>
 wrote, <quote>is the merest claptrap, for there exists no property in ideas
 musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by
 statute.</quote><footnote><para>


@@ -3352,6 +3370,7 @@ As I described above, the law gives the composer (or copyright holder)
 an exclusive right to public performances of his work. The radio
 station thus owes the composer money for that performance.
 </para>
 an exclusive right to public performances of his work. The radio
 station thus owes the composer money for that performance.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxradiomusicrecordingsplayedon' class='startofrange'><primary>radio</primary><secondary>music recordings played on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a
 copy of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is
 <para>
 But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a
 copy of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is


@@ -3393,6 +3412,7 @@ the sale of her CDs. The public performance of her recording is not a
 her anything.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxartistsrecordingindustrypaymentsto' class='endofrange'/>
 her anything.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxartistsrecordingindustrypaymentsto' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm startref='idxradiomusicrecordingsplayedon' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm startref='idxmadonna' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists
 <indexterm startref='idxmadonna' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists


@@ -3701,6 +3721,7 @@ permission of a property owner. That is exactly what <quote>property</quote> mea
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Asia, commercial piracy in</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>piracy</primary><secondary>in Asia</secondary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Asia, commercial piracy in</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>piracy</primary><secondary>in Asia</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>open-source software</primary><see>free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)</see></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>GNU/Linux operating system</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Linux operating system</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>GNU/Linux operating system</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Linux operating system</primary></indexterm>


@@ -3801,6 +3822,7 @@ author of his profit.
 </para>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>Fanning, Shawn</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>Fanning, Shawn</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>innovation</primary><seealso>creativity</seealso></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>innovation</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxnapster' class='startofrange'><primary>Napster</primary></indexterm>
 Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of
 <indexterm><primary>innovation</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxnapster' class='startofrange'><primary>Napster</primary></indexterm>
 Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of


@@ -3880,6 +3902,8 @@ carefully than the polarized voices around this debate usually
 do&mdash;the kinds of sharing that file sharing enables, and the kinds
 of harm it entails.
 </para>
 do&mdash;the kinds of sharing that file sharing enables, and the kinds
 of harm it entails.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxpeertopeerppfilesharingfourtypesof' class='startofrange'><primary>peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing</primary><secondary>four types of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>range of content on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 81 -->
 File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 81 -->
 File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these


@@ -3933,6 +3957,7 @@ to content that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner
 wants to give away.
 </para></listitem>
 </orderedlist>
 wants to give away.
 </para></listitem>
 </orderedlist>

+<indexterm startref='idxpeertopeerppfilesharingfourtypesof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 How do these different types of sharing balance out?
 </para>
 <para>
 How do these different types of sharing balance out?
 </para>


@@ -3970,6 +3995,7 @@ cassette recording is a good example. As a study by Cap Gemini Ernst
 technology, the labels fought it.</quote><footnote><para>
 <!-- f10 -->
 <indexterm><primary>cassette recording</primary></indexterm>
 technology, the labels fought it.</quote><footnote><para>
 <!-- f10 -->
 <indexterm><primary>cassette recording</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>DAT (digital audio tape)</primary></indexterm>

 See Cap Gemini Ernst &amp; Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution and the
 Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report
 describes the music industry's effort to stigmatize the budding
 See Cap Gemini Ernst &amp; Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution and the
 Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report
 describes the music industry's effort to stigmatize the budding


@@ -3989,10 +4015,11 @@ regulating technology was the answer.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>MTV</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>MTV</primary></indexterm>
 <para>

-Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity
-to enact regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record
-turnaround. <quote>In the end,</quote> Cap Gemini concludes, <quote>the `crisis' &hellip; was
-not the fault of the tapers&mdash;who did not [stop after MTV came into
+Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to
+enact regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record
+turnaround. <quote>In the end,</quote> Cap Gemini concludes,
+<quote>the <quote>crisis</quote> &hellip; was not the fault of the
+tapers&mdash;who did not [stop after MTV came into

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 83 -->
 being]&mdash;but had to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical
 innovation at the major labels.</quote><footnote><para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 83 -->
 being]&mdash;but had to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical
 innovation at the major labels.</quote><footnote><para>


@@ -4125,6 +4152,7 @@ publisher or the distributor has decided it no longer makes economic
 sense <emphasis>to the company</emphasis> to make it available.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>resales of</secondary></indexterm>
 sense <emphasis>to the company</emphasis> to make it available.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>resales of</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>used record sales</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In real space&mdash;long before the Internet&mdash;the market had a simple
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 85 -->
 <para>
 In real space&mdash;long before the Internet&mdash;the market had a simple
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 85 -->


@@ -4230,6 +4258,9 @@ found only with time.
 <quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target
 just what you call type A sharing?</quote>
 </para>
 <quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target
 just what you call type A sharing?</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitszerotolerancein' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>zero tolerance in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxnapsterinfringingmaterialblockedby' class='startofrange'><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>infringing material blocked by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpeertopeerppfilesharinginfringementprotectionsin' class='startofrange'><primary>peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing</primary><secondary>infringement protections in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect
 of the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far
 <para>
 You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect
 of the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far


@@ -4253,6 +4284,8 @@ account of the litigation and its toll on Napster, see Joseph Menn,
 York: Crown Business, 2003), 269&ndash;82.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 York: Crown Business, 2003), 269&ndash;82.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxnapsterinfringingmaterialblockedby' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpeertopeerppfilesharinginfringementprotectionsin' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing
 technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to
 <para>
 If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing
 technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to


@@ -4264,6 +4297,7 @@ The court's ruling means that we as a society must lose the benefits of
 p2p, even for the totally legal and beneficial uses they serve, simply to
 assure that there are zero copyright infringements caused by p2p.
 </para>
 p2p, even for the totally legal and beneficial uses they serve, simply to
 assure that there are zero copyright infringements caused by p2p.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitszerotolerancein' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the
 content industry that we know today. The history of American law has
 <para>
 Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the
 content industry that we know today. The history of American law has


@@ -4307,6 +4341,7 @@ companies the right to the content, so long as they paid the statutory
 price.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxcongressusonrecordingindustry2' class='endofrange'/>
 price.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxcongressusonrecordingindustry2' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>two central goals of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 88 -->
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 88 -->


@@ -4330,6 +4365,7 @@ Congress chose a path that would assure
 <indexterm startref='idxcabletv2' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm id='idxbetamax' class='startofrange'><primary>Betamax</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcassettevcrs1' class='startofrange'><primary>cassette recording</primary><secondary>VCRs</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm startref='idxcabletv2' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm id='idxbetamax' class='startofrange'><primary>Betamax</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcassettevcrs1' class='startofrange'><primary>cassette recording</primary><secondary>VCRs</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxsonybetamaxtechnologydevelopedby' class='startofrange'><primary>Sony</primary><secondary>Betamax technology developed by</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major
 producers and distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against
 <para>
 In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major
 producers and distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against


@@ -4361,13 +4397,14 @@ for the architecture it chose.
 </para>
 <indexterm id='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws3' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on copyright laws</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on VCR technology</secondary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm id='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws3' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on copyright laws</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on VCR technology</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxvalentijackonvcrtechnology' class='startofrange'><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>on VCR technology</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal
 <para>
 MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal

-champion. Valenti called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are
-20, 30, 40 million of these VCRs in the land, we will be invaded by
-millions of `tapeworms,' eating away at the very heart and essence of
-the most precious asset the copyright owner has, his
-copyright.</quote><footnote><para>
+champion. Valenti called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned,
+<quote>When there are 20, 30, 40 million of these VCRs in the land, we
+will be invaded by millions of <quote>tapeworms,</quote> eating away
+at the very heart and essence of the most precious asset the copyright
+owner has, his copyright.</quote><footnote><para>

 <!-- f18 -->
 Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on
 S. 1758 Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st
 <!-- f18 -->
 Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on
 S. 1758 Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st


@@ -4402,6 +4439,7 @@ of Jack Valenti).
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxbetamax' class='endofrange'/>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxbetamax' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm startref='idxsonybetamaxtechnologydevelopedby' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme
 Court. In the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which
 <para>
 It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme
 Court. In the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which


@@ -4420,6 +4458,7 @@ technology.<footnote><para>
 </para></footnote>
 <indexterm><primary>Kozinski, Alex</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 </para></footnote>
 <indexterm><primary>Kozinski, Alex</primary></indexterm>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxvalentijackonvcrtechnology' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit.
 
 <para>
 But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit.
 


@@ -4495,6 +4534,7 @@ together, a pattern is clear:
 <para>
 In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the
 way content was distributed.<footnote><para>
 <para>
 In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the
 way content was distributed.<footnote><para>

+<indexterm><primary>DAT (digital audio tape)</primary></indexterm>

 <!-- f24 -->
 These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other
 cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example,
 <!-- f24 -->
 These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other
 cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example,


@@ -4591,10 +4631,11 @@ argument. <quote>All this hand waving about balance and
 incentives,</quote> they say, <quote>misses a fundamental point. Our
 content,</quote> the warriors insist, <quote>is our
 <emphasis>property</emphasis>. Why should we wait for Congress to
 incentives,</quote> they say, <quote>misses a fundamental point. Our
 content,</quote> the warriors insist, <quote>is our
 <emphasis>property</emphasis>. Why should we wait for Congress to

-`rebalance' our property rights? Do you have to wait before calling
-the police when your car has been stolen? And why should Congress
-deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask whether
-the car thief had a good use for the car before we arrest him?</quote>
+<quote>rebalance</quote> our property rights? Do you have to wait
+before calling the police when your car has been stolen? And why
+should Congress deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do
+we ask whether the car thief had a good use for the car before we
+arrest him?</quote>

 </para>
 <para>
 <quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors
 </para>
 <para>
 <quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors


@@ -5363,8 +5404,6 @@ And second, Fox <quote>wanted ten thousand dollars as a licensing fee for us
 to use this four-point-five seconds of &hellip; entirely unsolicited
 <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.</quote>
 </para>
 to use this four-point-five seconds of &hellip; entirely unsolicited
 <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.</quote>
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxgroeningmatt' class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref='idxfoxfilmcompany' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm id='idxherrerarebecca' class='startofrange'><primary>Herrera, Rebecca</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone
 <indexterm id='idxherrerarebecca' class='startofrange'><primary>Herrera, Rebecca</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone


@@ -5398,8 +5437,6 @@ very last minute before the film was to be released, Else digitally
 replaced the shot with a clip from another film that he had worked on,
 <citetitle>The Day After Trinity</citetitle>, from ten years before.
 </para>
 replaced the shot with a clip from another film that he had worked on,
 <citetitle>The Day After Trinity</citetitle>, from ten years before.
 </para>

-<indexterm id='idxfoxfilmcompany2' class='startofrange'><primary>Fox (film company)</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id='idxgroeningmatt2' class='startofrange'><primary>Groening, Matt</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the
 copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their property.  To use
 <para>
 There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the
 copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their property.  To use


@@ -5434,8 +5471,8 @@ Else's use of just 4.5 seconds of an indirect shot of a <citetitle>Simpsons</cit
 episode is clearly a fair use of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>&mdash;and fair use does
 not require the permission of anyone.
 </para>
 episode is clearly a fair use of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>&mdash;and fair use does
 not require the permission of anyone.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxfoxfilmcompany2' class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref='idxgroeningmatt2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfoxfilmcompany' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxgroeningmatt' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 109 -->
 So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's his reply:
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 109 -->
 So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's his reply:


@@ -5938,6 +5975,7 @@ perhaps, you also have the power to find what you don't remember and
 what others might prefer you forget.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f1 -->
 <indexterm><primary>Iraq war</primary></indexterm>
 what others might prefer you forget.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f1 -->
 <indexterm><primary>Iraq war</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Kahle, Brewster</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>White House press releases</primary></indexterm>
 The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White
 House changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003,
 <indexterm><primary>White House press releases</primary></indexterm>
 The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White
 House changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003,


@@ -5978,6 +6016,7 @@ think that we have scads of archives of newspapers from tiny towns
 around the world, yet there is but one copy of the Internet&mdash;the
 one kept by the Internet Archive.
 </para>
 around the world, yet there is but one copy of the Internet&mdash;the
 one kept by the Internet Archive.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxkahlebrewster' class='startofrange'><primary>Kahle, Brewster</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very
 successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer
 <para>
 Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very
 successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer


@@ -6206,6 +6245,10 @@ Kahle describes,
 </para>
 <blockquote>
 <indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>total number of</secondary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <blockquote>
 <indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>total number of</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>films</primary><secondary>total number of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>music recordings</primary><see>peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing</see></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>music recordings</primary><see>recording industry</see></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>music recordings</primary><secondary>total number of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music.
 Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of
 <para>
 It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music.
 Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of


@@ -6245,12 +6288,14 @@ someone's <quote>property.</quote> And the law of property restricts the freedom
 that Kahle and others would exercise.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxarchivesdigital1' class='endofrange'/>
 that Kahle and others would exercise.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxarchivesdigital1' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm startref='idxkahlebrewster' class='endofrange'/>

 <!-- PAGE BREAK 127 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="10" id="property-i">
 <title>Chapter Ten: <quote>Property</quote></title>
 <indexterm><primary>Johnson, Lyndon</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Kennedy, John F.</primary></indexterm>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 127 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="10" id="property-i">
 <title>Chapter Ten: <quote>Property</quote></title>
 <indexterm><primary>Johnson, Lyndon</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Kennedy, John F.</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxvalentijackbackgroundof' class='startofrange'><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>background of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president
 of the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president
 of the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came


@@ -6262,10 +6307,10 @@ running the MPAA, Valenti has established himself as perhaps the most
 prominent and effective lobbyist in Washington.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Disney, Inc.</primary></indexterm>
 prominent and effective lobbyist in Washington.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Disney, Inc.</primary></indexterm>

-<indexterm><primary>Sony Pictures Entertainment</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>MGM</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Paramount Pictures</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Twentieth Century Fox</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>MGM</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Paramount Pictures</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Twentieth Century Fox</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Sony Pictures Entertainment</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Universal Pictures</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Warner Brothers</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>Universal Pictures</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Warner Brothers</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -6349,6 +6394,7 @@ have <emphasis>no</emphasis> reasonable connection to our actual legal
 tradition, even if the subtle pull of his Texan charm has slowly
 redefined that tradition, at least in Washington.
 </para>
 tradition, even if the subtle pull of his Texan charm has slowly
 redefined that tradition, at least in Washington.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxvalentijackbackgroundof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> in a nerdy and
 precise sense that lawyers are trained to understand,<footnote><para>
 <para>
 While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> in a nerdy and
 precise sense that lawyers are trained to understand,<footnote><para>


@@ -6475,6 +6521,8 @@ ought to be. Not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> artists should be paid,
 but whether institutions designed to assure that artists get paid need
 also control how culture develops.
 </para>
 but whether institutions designed to assure that artists get paid need
 also control how culture develops.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Code (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxfreeculturefourmodalitiesofconstrainton' class='startofrange'><primary>free culture</primary><secondary>four modalities of constraint on</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxregulationfourmodalitiesof' class='startofrange'><primary>regulation</primary><secondary>four modalities of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawasexpostregulationmodality' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>as ex post regulation modality</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxfreeculturefourmodalitiesofconstrainton' class='startofrange'><primary>free culture</primary><secondary>four modalities of constraint on</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxregulationfourmodalitiesof' class='startofrange'><primary>regulation</primary><secondary>four modalities of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawasexpostregulationmodality' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>as ex post regulation modality</secondary></indexterm>


@@ -6492,7 +6540,7 @@ weaken the right or regulation. I represented it with this diagram:
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1331">
 <title></title>
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1331">
 <title></title>

-<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>

 </figure>
 <indexterm><primary>Madonna</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 </figure>
 <indexterm><primary>Madonna</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -6604,6 +6652,7 @@ other three is more timidly expressed.  See Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>Code: An
 Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle> (New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90&ndash;95;
 Lawrence Lessig, <quote>The New Chicago School,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Legal Studies</citetitle>,
 June 1998.
 Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle> (New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90&ndash;95;
 Lawrence Lessig, <quote>The New Chicago School,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Legal Studies</citetitle>,
 June 1998.

+<indexterm><primary>Code (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>

 </para></footnote>
 The law, in other words, sometimes operates to increase or decrease
 the constraint of a particular modality.  Thus, the law might be used
 </para></footnote>
 The law, in other words, sometimes operates to increase or decrease
 the constraint of a particular modality.  Thus, the law might be used


@@ -6621,7 +6670,7 @@ driving.
 <indexterm startref='idxspeedingconstraintson' class='endofrange'/>
 <figure id="fig-1361">
 <title></title>
 <indexterm startref='idxspeedingconstraintson' class='endofrange'/>
 <figure id="fig-1361">
 <title></title>

-<graphic fileref="images/1361.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1361.svg" align="center" width="12em"></graphic>

 
 </figure>
 <indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
 
 </figure>
 <indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>


@@ -6667,6 +6716,7 @@ effective liberty that each of these groups might face.
 <indexterm><primary>Commons, John R.</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Commons, John R.</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Code (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>

 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxlawasconstraintmodality2' class='endofrange'/>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxlawasconstraintmodality2' class='endofrange'/>


@@ -6685,7 +6735,7 @@ Internet:
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1371">
 <title></title>
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1371">
 <title></title>

-<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>

 
 </figure>
 <indexterm id='idxarchitectureconstrainteffectedthrough' class='startofrange'><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
 
 </figure>
 <indexterm id='idxarchitectureconstrainteffectedthrough' class='startofrange'><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>


@@ -6731,7 +6781,7 @@ looting that results.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1381">
 <title></title>
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1381">
 <title></title>

-<graphic fileref="images/1381.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1381.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>

 
 </figure>
 <indexterm><primary>Commerce, U.S. Department of</primary></indexterm>
 
 </figure>
 <indexterm><primary>Commerce, U.S. Department of</primary></indexterm>


@@ -6989,12 +7039,16 @@ The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to
 Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very
 odd. Article I, section 8, clause 8 of our Constitution states that:
 </para>
 Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very
 odd. Article I, section 8, clause 8 of our Constitution states that:
 </para>

+<blockquote>

 <para>
 Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and
 useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors
 the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.
 <para>
 Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and
 useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors
 the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.

+</para>
+</blockquote>

 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 142 -->
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 142 -->

+<para>

 We can call this the <quote>Progress Clause,</quote> for notice what this clause
 does not say. It does not say Congress has the power to grant
 <quote>creative property rights.</quote> It says that Congress has the power
 We can call this the <quote>Progress Clause,</quote> for notice what this clause
 does not say. It does not say Congress has the power to grant
 <quote>creative property rights.</quote> It says that Congress has the power


@@ -7055,14 +7109,14 @@ started here:
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1441">
 <title></title>
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1441">
 <title></title>

-<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1331.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>

 </figure>
 <para>
 We will end here:
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1442">
 <title></title>
 </figure>
 <para>
 We will end here:
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1442">
 <title></title>

-<graphic fileref="images/1442.svg" align="center" width="50%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1442.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>

 </figure>
 <para>
 Let me explain how.
 </figure>
 <para>
 Let me explain how.


@@ -7085,12 +7139,13 @@ supplemented common law rights that already protected creative
 authorship.<footnote>
 <para>
 <!-- f8 -->
 authorship.<footnote>
 <para>
 <!-- f8 -->

-William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History of
-the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1,
-485&ndash;86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain implication of `the supreme
-Law of the Land,' <emphasis>the perpetual rights which authors had, or
-were supposed by some to have, under the Common Law</emphasis></quote>
-(emphasis added).
+William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the
+History of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University
+Press, 1953), vol. 1, 485&ndash;86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain
+implication of <quote>the supreme Law of the Land,</quote>
+<emphasis>the perpetual rights which authors had, or were supposed by
+some to have, under the Common Law</emphasis></quote> (emphasis
+added).

 <indexterm><primary>Crosskey, William W.</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 This meant that there was no guaranteed public domain in the United
 <indexterm><primary>Crosskey, William W.</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 This meant that there was no guaranteed public domain in the United


@@ -7197,6 +7252,7 @@ from 14 years to 28 years. In the next fifty years of the Republic,
 the term increased once again. In 1909, Congress extended the renewal
 term of 14 years to 28 years, setting a maximum term of 56 years.
 </para>
 the term increased once again. In 1909, Congress extended the renewal
 term of 14 years to 28 years, setting a maximum term of 56 years.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>CTEA</primary><seealso>Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)</seealso></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxsonnybonocopyrighttermextensionactctea' class='startofrange'><primary>Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxpublicdomainfuturepatentsvsfuturecopyrightsin' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>future patents vs. future copyrights in</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm id='idxsonnybonocopyrighttermextensionactctea' class='startofrange'><primary>Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxpublicdomainfuturepatentsvsfuturecopyrightsin' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>future patents vs. future copyrights in</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -7557,7 +7613,7 @@ empty circle.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1521">
 <title></title>
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1521">
 <title></title>

-<graphic fileref="images/1521.svg" align="center" width="40%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1521.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>

 </figure>
 <indexterm id='idxbooksthreetypesofusesof' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>three types of uses of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawcopiesascoreissueof2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>copies as core issue of</secondary></indexterm>
 </figure>
 <indexterm id='idxbooksthreetypesofusesof' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>three types of uses of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawcopiesascoreissueof2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>copies as core issue of</secondary></indexterm>


@@ -7581,7 +7637,7 @@ acts do not make a copy.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1531">
 <title></title>
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1531">
 <title></title>

-<graphic fileref="images/1531.png" align="center" width="40%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1531.png" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>

 </figure>
 <para>
 Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated
 </figure>
 <para>
 Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated


@@ -7595,7 +7651,7 @@ diagram in figure <xref xrefstyle="template:%n" linkend="fig-1541"/>).
 <indexterm startref='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs4' class='endofrange'/>
 <figure id="fig-1541">
 <title></title>
 <indexterm startref='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs4' class='endofrange'/>
 <figure id="fig-1541">
 <title></title>

-<graphic fileref="images/1541.svg" align="center" width="40%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1541.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>

 </figure>
 <indexterm id='idxfairuse' class='startofrange'><primary>fair use</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawfairuseand2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>fair use and</secondary></indexterm>
 </figure>
 <indexterm id='idxfairuse' class='startofrange'><primary>fair use</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawfairuseand2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>fair use and</secondary></indexterm>


@@ -7618,7 +7674,7 @@ for public policy (and possibly First Amendment) reasons.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1542">
 <title></title>
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1542">
 <title></title>

-<graphic fileref="images/1542.svg" align="center" width="40%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1542.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>

 </figure>
 <indexterm id='idxcopyrightusagerestrictionsattachedto' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>usage restrictions attached to</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 </figure>
 <indexterm id='idxcopyrightusagerestrictionsattachedto' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>usage restrictions attached to</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -7682,7 +7738,7 @@ copyright owner's wish.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1551">
 <title></title>
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1551">
 <title></title>

-<graphic fileref="images/1551.svg" align="center" width="40%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/1551.svg" align="center" width="10em"></graphic>

 </figure>
 <para>
 There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim
 </figure>
 <para>
 There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim


@@ -7917,6 +7973,7 @@ silly claim. This extremism was irrelevant to the real freedoms anyone
 (including Warner Brothers) enjoyed.
 </para>
 <indexterm id='idxbooksoninternet2' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>
 (including Warner Brothers) enjoyed.
 </para>
 <indexterm id='idxbooksoninternet2' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxinternetbookson3' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>books on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on
 the Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a
 <para>
 On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on
 the Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a


@@ -8029,6 +8086,7 @@ times. But that obligation (and the limits for creating that
 obligation) would come from the contract, not from copyright law, and
 the obligations of contract would not necessarily pass to anyone who
 subsequently acquired the book.
 obligation) would come from the contract, not from copyright law, and
 the obligations of contract would not necessarily pass to anyone who
 subsequently acquired the book.

+<indexterm><primary>contracts</primary></indexterm>

 </para></footnote>
 When my e-book of <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> says I have the
 permission to copy only ten text selections into the memory every ten
 </para></footnote>
 When my e-book of <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> says I have the
 permission to copy only ten text selections into the memory every ten


@@ -8134,6 +8192,7 @@ control.  That incentive is understandable, yet what it creates is
 often crazy.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxadobeebookreader' class='endofrange'/>
 often crazy.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxadobeebookreader' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm startref='idxinternetbookson3' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm startref='idxbooksoninternet2' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite
 <indexterm startref='idxbooksoninternet2' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite


@@ -8430,7 +8489,7 @@ No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close.
 <title>&mdash; On which item have the courts ruled that manufacturers and
 retailers be held responsible for having supplied the
 equipment?</title>
 <title>&mdash; On which item have the courts ruled that manufacturers and
 retailers be held responsible for having supplied the
 equipment?</title>

-<graphic fileref="images/vcr-comic.png" align="center" width="65%"></graphic>
+<graphic fileref="images/vcr-comic.png" align="center" width="55%"></graphic>

 </figure>
 <para>
 The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright
 </figure>
 <para>
 The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright


@@ -8605,6 +8664,7 @@ Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> <citetitle>Char
 31 May 2003.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 31 May 2003.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxradioownershipconsolidationin' class='startofrange'><primary>radio</primary><secondary>ownership consolidation in</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation,
 the nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than
 <para>
 The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation,
 the nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than


@@ -8617,6 +8677,7 @@ market's revenues. Overall, just four companies control 90 percent of
 the nation's radio advertising revenues.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>cable television</primary></indexterm>
 the nation's radio advertising revenues.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>cable television</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxnewspapersownershipconsolidationof' class='startofrange'><primary>newspapers</primary><secondary>ownership consolidation of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well.  Today,
 there are six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than
 <para>
 Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well.  Today,
 there are six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than


@@ -8653,6 +8714,8 @@ James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic Monthly</c
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm startref='idxnewspapersownershipconsolidationof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxradioownershipconsolidationin' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not
 just large companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies
 <para>
 The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not
 just large companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies


@@ -8775,6 +8838,7 @@ Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available at
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm><primary>democracy</primary><secondary>media concentration and</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such
 large and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous.
 <para>
 This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such
 large and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous.


@@ -8827,6 +8891,7 @@ In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug
 wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels;
 criminal and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle.
 </para>
 wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels;
 criminal and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>criminal justice system</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to
 any position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound
 <para>
 Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to
 any position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound


@@ -9302,10 +9367,10 @@ sight to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are
 <quote>blind.</quote> They don't have the word <citetitle>blind</citetitle>. They think he's just thick.
 Indeed, as they increasingly notice the things he can't do (hear the
 sound of grass being stepped on, for example), they increasingly try
 <quote>blind.</quote> They don't have the word <citetitle>blind</citetitle>. They think he's just thick.
 Indeed, as they increasingly notice the things he can't do (hear the
 sound of grass being stepped on, for example), they increasingly try

-to control him. He, in turn, becomes increasingly frustrated. <quote>`You
-don't understand,' he cried, in a voice that was meant to be great and
-resolute, and which broke. `You are blind and I can see. Leave me
-alone!'</quote>
+to control him. He, in turn, becomes increasingly frustrated. <quote><quote>You
+don't understand,</quote> he cried, in a voice that was meant to be great and
+resolute, and which broke. <quote>You are blind and I can see. Leave me
+alone!</quote></quote>

 </para>
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 187 -->
 </para>
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 187 -->


@@ -9608,6 +9673,8 @@ statement. You could write a poem to express your love, or you could
 weave together a string&mdash;a mash-up&mdash; of songs from your
 favorite artists in a collage and make it available on the Net.
 </para>
 weave together a string&mdash;a mash-up&mdash; of songs from your
 favorite artists in a collage and make it available on the Net.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>democracy</primary><secondary>digital sharing within</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Kodak cameras</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of the
 capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture,
 <para>
 This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of the
 capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture,


@@ -9671,15 +9738,17 @@ negligently removes the wrong leg in an operation would be liable for
 no more than $250,000 in damages for pain and
 suffering.<footnote>
 <para>
 no more than $250,000 in damages for pain and
 suffering.<footnote>
 <para>

-<!-- f2. --> The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the
+<!-- f2. -->
+The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the

 House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For
 House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For

-an overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: `We'll Be Back,'
+an overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: <quote>We'll Be Back,</quote>

 Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #38</ulink>,
 and <quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003,
 available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #39</ulink>. President Bush has continued to urge tort reform in
 recent months.
 Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #38</ulink>,
 and <quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003,
 available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #39</ulink>. President Bush has continued to urge tort reform in
 recent months.

+<indexterm><primary>tort reform</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Bush, George W.</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 Can common sense recognize the absurdity in a world where
 <indexterm><primary>Bush, George W.</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 Can common sense recognize the absurdity in a world where


@@ -10032,6 +10101,10 @@ that will obviously and necessarily stifle new innovation. It is hard
 enough to start a company. It is impossibly hard if that company is
 constantly threatened by litigation.
 </para>
 enough to start a company. It is impossibly hard if that company is
 constantly threatened by litigation.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxmarketconstraints3' class='startofrange'><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpermissionculturetransactioncostof' class='startofrange'><primary>permission culture</primary><secondary>transaction cost of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>regulation</primary><secondary>outsize penalties of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>technology</primary><secondary>legal murkiness on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 201 -->
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 201 -->


@@ -10048,7 +10121,6 @@ innovation. If innovation is constantly checked by this uncertain and
 unlimited liability, we will have much less vibrant innovation and
 much less creativity.
 </para>
 unlimited liability, we will have much less vibrant innovation and
 much less creativity.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair
 use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of law in
 <para>
 The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair
 use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of law in


@@ -10080,6 +10152,8 @@ within a permission culture are enough to bury a wide range of
 creativity.  Someone needs to do a lot of justifying to justify that
 result.
 </para>
 creativity.  Someone needs to do a lot of justifying to justify that
 result.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxmarketconstraints3' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpermissionculturetransactioncostof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one
 burden on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one
 burden on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more


@@ -10231,6 +10305,8 @@ the story of the demise of Internet radio.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Kennedy, John F.</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Kennedy, John F.</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Monroe, Marilyn</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxradiomusicrecordingsplayedon2' class='startofrange'><primary>radio</primary><secondary>music recordings played on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 204 -->
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 204 -->


@@ -10255,6 +10331,7 @@ than with the power of radio stations: Their lobbyists were quite good
 at stopping any efforts to get Congress to require compensation to the
 recording artists.
 </para>
 at stopping any efforts to get Congress to require compensation to the
 recording artists.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxradiomusicrecordingsplayedon2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a
 technology to stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The
 <para>
 Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a
 technology to stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The


@@ -10866,7 +10943,7 @@ Jesse Jordan.<footnote><para>
 See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single
 Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote>
 <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, <quote>Worried Parents
 See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single
 Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote>
 <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, <quote>Worried Parents

-Pull Plug on File `Stealing'; With the Music Industry Cracking Down on
+Pull Plug on File <quote>Stealing</quote>; With the Music Industry Cracking Down on

 File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software from Home PCs to Avoid
 Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson
 Graham, <quote>Recording Industry Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 15 September
 File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software from Home PCs to Avoid
 Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson
 Graham, <quote>Recording Industry Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 15 September


@@ -10876,6 +10953,7 @@ Brianna a Criminal?</quote> <citetitle>Toronto Star</citetitle>, 18 September 20
 </para></footnote>
 
 </para>
 </para></footnote>
 
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxnapsterrecordingindustrytrackingusersof' class='startofrange'><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>recording industry tracking users of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the
 RIAA. A report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the
 <para>
 Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the
 RIAA. A report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the


@@ -10906,7 +10984,7 @@ See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,</quote>
 <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank Ahrens, <quote>Four
 Students Sued over Music Sites; Industry Group Targets File Sharing at
 Colleges,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong,
 <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank Ahrens, <quote>Four
 Students Sued over Music Sites; Industry Group Targets File Sharing at
 Colleges,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong,

-<quote>Students `Rip, Mix, Burn' at Their Own Risk,</quote> <citetitle>Christian Science
+<quote>Students <quote>Rip, Mix, Burn</quote> at Their Own Risk,</quote> <citetitle>Christian Science

 Monitor</citetitle>, 2 September 2003, 20; Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, <quote>Music
 Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two Students Names Are Handed Over;
 Lawsuit Possible,</quote> <citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16 July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, <quote>RIAA
 Monitor</citetitle>, 2 September 2003, 20; Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, <quote>Music
 Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two Students Names Are Handed Over;
 Lawsuit Possible,</quote> <citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16 July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, <quote>RIAA


@@ -10936,6 +11014,7 @@ have already learned, our presumptions about innocence disappear in
 the middle of wars of prohibition. This war is no different.
 Says von Lohmann,
 </para>
 the middle of wars of prohibition. This war is no different.
 Says von Lohmann,
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxnapsterrecordingindustrytrackingusersof' class='endofrange'/>

 <blockquote>
 <para>
 So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million
 <blockquote>
 <para>
 So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million


@@ -11145,6 +11224,7 @@ Sonny Bono, who, his widow, Mary Bono, says, believed that
 <!-- f2. -->
 <indexterm><primary>Bono, Mary</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Bono, Sonny</primary></indexterm>
 <!-- f2. -->
 <indexterm><primary>Bono, Mary</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Bono, Sonny</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>perpetual copyright term proposed by</secondary></indexterm>

 The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright
 protection to last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change
 would violate the Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me to
 The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright
 protection to last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change
 would violate the Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me to


@@ -11288,7 +11368,7 @@ much is it worth?</quote>
 <para>
 <quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you will continue
 to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the
 <para>
 <quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you will continue
 to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the

-`discount rate' that we use to evaluate estate investments (6 percent),
+<quote>discount rate</quote> that we use to evaluate estate investments (6 percent),

 then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the estate.</quote>
 </para>
 <para>
 then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the estate.</quote>
 </para>
 <para>


@@ -11304,7 +11384,7 @@ would assure that the bill was passed?</quote>
 <para>
 <quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to you to 
                contribute
 <para>
 <quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to you to 
                contribute

-up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these
+up to the <quote>present value</quote> of the income you expect from these

 copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote>
 </para>
 <para>
 copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote>
 </para>
 <para>


@@ -11380,6 +11460,9 @@ Supreme Court's
 decision in 1995 to strike down a law that banned the possession of
 guns near schools.
 </para>
 decision in 1995 to strike down a law that banned the possession of
 guns near schools.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcommerceinterstate' class='startofrange'><primary>commerce, interstate</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressusconstitutionalpowersof2' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>constitutional powers of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinterstatecommerce' class='startofrange'><primary>interstate commerce</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted
 powers very broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the
 <para>
 Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted
 powers very broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the


@@ -11398,6 +11481,7 @@ commerce.  A Constitution designed to limit Congress's power was
 instead interpreted to impose no limit.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Rehnquist, William H.</primary></indexterm>
 instead interpreted to impose no limit.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Rehnquist, William H.</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxunitedstatesvlopez' class='startofrange'><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed
 that in <citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The government had
 <para>
 The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed
 that in <citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The government had


@@ -11422,8 +11506,11 @@ Congress's power. The decision in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> was reaffirmed fi
 later in <citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f7. -->
 <citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 U.S. 598 (2000).
 later in <citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f7. -->
 <citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 U.S. 598 (2000).

+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Morrison</primary></indexterm>

 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcommerceinterstate' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxunitedstatesvlopez' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress
 Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<footnote><para>
 <para>
 If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress
 Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<footnote><para>


@@ -11448,6 +11535,9 @@ limit. Thus, the same principle applied to the power to grant
 copyrights should entail that Congress is not allowed to extend the
 term of existing copyrights.
 </para>
 copyrights should entail that Congress is not allowed to extend the
 term of existing copyrights.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxinterstatecommerce' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressussupremecourtrestrainton2' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>Supreme Court restraint on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>
 stood for a principle.  Many believed the decision in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for
 <para>
 <emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>
 stood for a principle.  Many believed the decision in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for


@@ -11461,6 +11551,7 @@ its politics struck me as extraordinarily boring.  I was not going to
 devote my life to teaching constitutional law if these nine Justices
 were going to be petty politicians.
 </para>
 devote my life to teaching constitutional law if these nine Justices
 were going to be petty politicians.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusconstitutionalpowersof2' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>copyright purpose established in</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>constitutional purpose of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>copyright purpose established in</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>constitutional purpose of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>


@@ -11512,6 +11603,8 @@ have created the perfect storm for the public domain. Copyrights have
 not expired, and will not expire, so long as Congress is free to be
 bought to extend them again.
 </para>
 not expired, and will not expire, so long as Congress is free to be
 bought to extend them again.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcongressussupremecourtrestrainton2' class='endofrange'/>
+

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are
 responsible for terms being extended.  Mickey Mouse and
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are
 responsible for terms being extended.  Mickey Mouse and


@@ -11539,6 +11632,7 @@ of Petitioners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>
 </para></footnote>
 
 </para>
 </para></footnote>
 
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Kahle, Brewster</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Think practically about the consequence of this 
                extension&mdash;practically,
 <para>
 Think practically about the consequence of this 
                extension&mdash;practically,


@@ -11796,6 +11890,7 @@ would not have interfered with anything.
 <para>
 But this situation has now changed.
 </para>
 <para>
 But this situation has now changed.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxkahlebrewster2' class='startofrange'><primary>Kahle, Brewster</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxarchivesdigital2' class='startofrange'><primary>archives, digital</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital
 <indexterm id='idxarchivesdigital2' class='startofrange'><primary>archives, digital</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital


@@ -11837,6 +11932,7 @@ Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too.
 So won't Random House do as well as Brewster Kahle in spreading
 culture widely?</quote>
 </para>
 So won't Random House do as well as Brewster Kahle in spreading
 culture widely?</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxkahlebrewster2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that
 publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes &amp; Noble
 <para>
 Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that
 publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes &amp; Noble


@@ -11862,8 +11958,8 @@ culture, 94 percent of the films, books, and music produced between
 commercial market, if access is a value, then 6 percent is a failure
 to provide that value.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f13. -->
 commercial market, if access is a value, then 6 percent is a failure
 to provide that value.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f13. -->

-Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> 20
-December 2002, available at
+Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright
+<quote>Chaos</quote> Theory,</quote> 20 December 2002, available at

 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #54</ulink>.
 </para></footnote>
 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #54</ulink>.
 </para></footnote>
 


@@ -11912,11 +12008,12 @@ most liberal judges in the D.C. Circuit believed Congress had
 overstepped its bounds.
 </para>
 <para>
 overstepped its bounds.
 </para>
 <para>

-It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the
-Supreme Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It
-hears about one hundred cases a year, out of more than five thousand
-appeals.) And it practically never reviews a decision that upholds a
-statute when no other court has yet reviewed the statute.
+It was here that most expected <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle>
+v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle> would die, for the Supreme Court
+rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one
+hundred cases a year, out of more than five thousand appeals.) And it
+practically never reviews a decision that upholds a statute when no
+other court has yet reviewed the statute.

 </para>
 <para>
 But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by
 </para>
 <para>
 But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by


@@ -11942,6 +12039,7 @@ retell this story to myself, I can never escape believing that my own
 mistake lost it.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Steward, Geoffrey</primary></indexterm>
 mistake lost it.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Steward, Geoffrey</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxjonesdayreavisandpoguejonesday' class='startofrange'><primary>Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though
 it became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though
 it became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported


@@ -11966,6 +12064,7 @@ Court. It had to seem as if dramatic harm were being done to free
 speech and free culture; otherwise, they would never vote against <quote>the
 most powerful media companies in the world.</quote>
 </para>
 speech and free culture; otherwise, they would never vote against <quote>the
 most powerful media companies in the world.</quote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxjonesdayreavisandpoguejonesday' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act
 was a dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still
 <para>
 I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act
 was a dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still


@@ -12091,6 +12190,7 @@ to describe special-interest legislation gone wild.
 <indexterm><primary>Morrison, Alan</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Public Citizen</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Reagan, Ronald</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Morrison, Alan</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Public Citizen</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Reagan, Ronald</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered
 to write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with
 <para>
 The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered
 to write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with


@@ -12187,8 +12287,17 @@ favorites, through copyright, with who has the right to speak.
 was little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said,
 I set the strategy.
 </para>
 was little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said,
 I set the strategy.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Kennedy, Anthony</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>O'Connor, Sandra Day</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Rehnquist, William H.</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>O'Connor, Sandra Day</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Rehnquist, William H.</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>O'Connor, Sandra Day</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Thomas, Clarence</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Morrison</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Scalia, Antonin</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>Supreme Court restraint on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>congressional actions restrained by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsupremecourtusfactionsof' class='startofrange'><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>factions of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we
 called <quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the Rest.</quote>  The
 <para>
 The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we
 called <quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the Rest.</quote>  The


@@ -12233,6 +12342,7 @@ also very sensitive to free speech concerns. And as we strongly
 believed, there was a very important free speech argument against
 these retrospective extensions.
 </para>
 believed, there was a very important free speech argument against
 these retrospective extensions.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxsupremecourtusfactionsof' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm startref='idxginsburg' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice
 <indexterm startref='idxginsburg' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice


@@ -12252,6 +12362,13 @@ argument that Judge Sentelle had relied upon in the Court of Appeals,
 that Congress's power must be interpreted so that its enumerated
 powers have limits.
 </para>
 that Congress's power must be interpreted so that its enumerated
 powers have limits.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>commerce, interstate</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>interstate commerce</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>in constitutional Progress Clause</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Progress Clause</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressuscopyrighttermsextendedby5' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>copyright terms extended by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>Progress Clause of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This then was the core of our strategy&mdash;a strategy for which I am
 responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the
 <para>
 This then was the core of our strategy&mdash;a strategy for which I am
 responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the


@@ -12274,6 +12391,7 @@ beginning, Congress has been extending the term of existing
 copyrights. So, the government argued, the Court should not now say
 that practice is unconstitutional.
 </para>
 copyrights. So, the government argued, the Court should not now say
 that practice is unconstitutional.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcongressuscopyrighttermsextendedby5' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We
 certainly agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831
 <para>
 There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We
 certainly agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831


@@ -12319,6 +12437,7 @@ this central idea.
 <indexterm><primary>Ayer, Don</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Reagan, Ronald</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Fried, Charles</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Ayer, Don</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Reagan, Ronald</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Fried, Charles</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the
 skeptic. He had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor
 <para>
 One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the
 skeptic. He had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor


@@ -12437,6 +12556,7 @@ number of briefs had been written about it. He wanted to hear it. And
 here was the place Don Ayer's advice should have mattered. This was a
 softball; my answer was a swing and a miss.
 </para>
 here was the place Don Ayer's advice should have mattered. This was a
 softball; my answer was a swing and a miss.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been
 crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> ruling,
 <para>
 The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been
 crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> ruling,


@@ -12533,6 +12653,7 @@ money in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here
 was the last naïve law professor, scouring the pages, looking for
 reasoning.
 </para>
 was the last naïve law professor, scouring the pages, looking for
 reasoning.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxunitedstatesvlopez2' class='startofrange'><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would
 distinguish the principle in this case from the principle in
 <para>
 I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would
 distinguish the principle in this case from the principle in


@@ -12565,6 +12686,7 @@ talk about the two together.  There was therefore no principle that
 followed from the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case: In that context, Congress's power would
 be limited, but in this context it would not.
 </para>
 followed from the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case: In that context, Congress's power would
 be limited, but in this context it would not.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxunitedstatesvlopez2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values
 they would respect? By what right did they&mdash;the silent
 <para>
 Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values
 they would respect? By what right did they&mdash;the silent


@@ -12601,6 +12723,7 @@ way, the point was clear: If the Constitution said a term had to be
 <quote>limited,</quote> and the existing term was so long as to be effectively
 unlimited, then it was unconstitutional.
 </para>
 <quote>limited,</quote> and the existing term was so long as to be effectively
 unlimited, then it was unconstitutional.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxunitedstatesvlopez3' class='startofrange'><primary>United States v. Lopez</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But
 because neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was willing to push
 <para>
 These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But
 because neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was willing to push


@@ -12628,6 +12751,7 @@ light of the structure of the Constitution. That method had produced
 <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> and many other <quote>originalist</quote> rulings. Where was their
 <quote>originalism</quote> now?
 </para>
 <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> and many other <quote>originalist</quote> rulings. Where was their
 <quote>originalism</quote> now?
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxunitedstatesvlopez3' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain
 what the framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they
 <para>
 Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain
 what the framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they


@@ -12813,6 +12937,8 @@ Congress allows for those works where its worth is at least $1. But for
 everything else, let the content go.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Forbes, Steve</primary></indexterm>
 everything else, let the content go.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Forbes, Steve</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Democratic Party</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Republican Party</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed
 it in an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters
 <para>
 The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed
 it in an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters


@@ -13031,6 +13157,7 @@ introduced. On May 16, I posted on the Eldred Act blog, <quote>we are
 close.</quote> There was a general reaction in the blog community that
 something good might happen here.
 </para>
 close.</quote> There was a general reaction in the blog community that
 something good might happen here.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>Eldred Act opposed by</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and
 the MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give
 <para>
 But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and
 the MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give


@@ -13476,10 +13603,10 @@ Property Organization to cancel a meeting.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f6. --> Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>,
 August 2003, E1, available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #59</ulink>; William New, <quote>Global Group's
 <!-- f6. --> Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>,
 August 2003, E1, available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #59</ulink>; William New, <quote>Global Group's

-Shift on `Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology
+Shift on <quote>Open Source</quote> Meeting Spurs Stir,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology

 Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #60</ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official
 Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #60</ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official

-Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology
+Opposes <quote>Open Source</quote> Talks at WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology

 Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #61</ulink>.
 </para></footnote>
 Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at 
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #61</ulink>.
 </para></footnote>


@@ -13654,6 +13781,7 @@ its lobbying efforts.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxmicrosoftonfreesoftware' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm><primary>Boland, Lois</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxmicrosoftonfreesoftware' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm><primary>Boland, Lois</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxpatentandtrademarkofficeus' class='startofrange'><primary>Patent and Trademark Office, U.S.</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 What was surprising was the United States government's reason for
 opposing the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting
 <para>
 What was surprising was the United States government's reason for
 opposing the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting


@@ -13711,7 +13839,7 @@ property system. That is, on the contrary, just what a property system
 is supposed to be about: giving individuals the right to decide what
 to do with <emphasis>their</emphasis> property.
 </para>
 is supposed to be about: giving individuals the right to decide what
 to do with <emphasis>their</emphasis> property.
 </para>

-<indexterm id='idxboland' class='startofrange'><primary>Boland, Lois</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbolandlois' class='startofrange'><primary>Boland, Lois</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting
 <quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> she's
 <para>
 When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting
 <quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> she's


@@ -13785,7 +13913,7 @@ mistake. I have no illusion about the extremism of our government,
 whether Republican or Democrat. My only illusion apparently is about
 whether our government should speak the truth or not.)
 </para>
 whether Republican or Democrat. My only illusion apparently is about
 whether our government should speak the truth or not.)
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxboland' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxbolandlois' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea.  Instead,
 the poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the
 <para>
 Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea.  Instead,
 the poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the


@@ -13819,6 +13947,7 @@ something more than the handmaiden of the most powerful interests.
 It might be crazy to argue that we should preserve a tradition that has
 been part of our tradition for most of our history&mdash;free culture.
 </para>
 It might be crazy to argue that we should preserve a tradition that has
 been part of our tradition for most of our history&mdash;free culture.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxpatentandtrademarkofficeus' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon.
 </para>
 <para>
 If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon.
 </para>


@@ -13969,6 +14098,7 @@ potential is ever to be realized.
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="" id="c-afterword">
 <title>Afterword</title>
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="" id="c-afterword">
 <title>Afterword</title>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightvoluntaryreformeffortson' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>voluntary reform efforts on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 280 -->
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 280 -->


@@ -13989,6 +14119,8 @@ authors, musicians, filmmakers, scientists&mdash;all to tell this
 story in their own words, and to tell their neighbors why this battle
 is so important.
 </para>
 story in their own words, and to tell their neighbors why this battle
 is so important.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>RCA</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightvoluntaryreformeffortson' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of
 having an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people
 <para>
 Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of
 having an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people


@@ -14000,6 +14132,7 @@ sketch changes that Congress could make to better secure a free culture.
 
 <section id="usnow">
 <title>Us, now</title>
 
 <section id="usnow">
 <title>Us, now</title>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightvoluntaryreformeffortson2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>voluntary reform efforts on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright
 warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright
 warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the


@@ -14444,9 +14577,10 @@ downloads increased, the used book price for his book increased, as
 well.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxbooksfreeonline2' class='endofrange'/>
 well.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxbooksfreeonline2' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm><primary>Leaphart, Walter</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Public Enemy</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Public Enemy</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightvoluntaryreformeffortson2' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>rap music</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>rap music</primary></indexterm>

-<indexterm><primary>Leaphart, Walter</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary
 content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the
 <para>
 These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary
 content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the


@@ -14621,6 +14755,9 @@ doesn't follow that the government must actually administer the
 role. Instead, we should be creating incentives for private parties to
 serve the public, subject to standards that the government sets.
 </para>
 role. Instead, we should be creating incentives for private parties to
 serve the public, subject to standards that the government sets.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>domain names</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>domain name registration on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Web sites, domain name registration of</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet.
 There are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world.
 <para>
 In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet.
 There are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world.


@@ -15276,6 +15413,8 @@ controlling access.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxpromisestokeepfisher' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxpromisestokeepfisher' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>semiotic democracy</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>democracy</primary><secondary>semiotic</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim
 is not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that
 <para>
 Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim
 is not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that


@@ -15619,61 +15758,10 @@ grateful for her perpetual patience and love.
 
 </chapter>
 
 
 </chapter>
 

-<chapter label="" id="c-about-this-edition">
-  <title>About this edition</title>
-  <para>
-This edition of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is the result of
-three years of volunteer work.  The idea came from a discussion I had
-around ten years ago with a friend about the copyright debate in
-Norway, and how rarely the difficulties of long copyright made it into
-the public debate.  A bit more than three years ago I finally had a
-look again at the idea and decided to publish a printed Norwegian
-Bokmål version of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle>, translated and
-formatted by volunteers.  The new English edition is a by-product of
-the translation process.
-  </para>
-
-  <para>
-Thanks to the Debian Edu / Skolelinux project, I already had
-experience translating Docbook documents, and it seemed like a good
-format for this book too.  I found a Docbook formatted version of the
-book created by Hans Schou.  Initial testing showed lots of Docbook
-validation errors in this version, but after some work I was able to
-transform it to PDF and EPUB.  This was the start of the translation
-project.  The Docbook file improved over time, and build rules were
-added to create both English and Bokmål versions.  Finally, a call for
-volunteers went out to help me with the translation.
-  </para>
+<xi:include href="freeculture-about-edition-en.xml" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+  <xi:fallback/>
+</xi:include>

 
 

-  <para>
-Several people joined, and Anders Hagen Jarmund, Kirill Miazine, Odd
-Kleiva, Kjetil Kilhavn og Kjetil T. Homme assisted with the initial
-translation.  Ralph Amissah and his SiSu version provided index
-entries.  Morten Sickel and Alexander Alemayhu helped with the
-figures, redrawing some of the bitmaps as vector images.  Wivi
-Reinholdtsen, Ingrid Yrvin, Johannes Larsen and Gisle Hannemyr did
-very valuable proofreading.  Håkon Wium Lie helped me track down a
-good replacement font without usage restrictions instead of the one in
-the original PDF.  The PDF typesetting is done using dblatex, which we
-selected over the alternatives thanks to the invaluable and quick help
-from Benoît Guillon and Andreas Hoenen.  Thomas Gramstad donated ISBN
-numbers needed for distribution to book stores.  Marc Jeanmougin from
-the inkscape community helped me replicate the original front cover.
-The support of Lawrence Lessig helped me to complete the
-project&mdash;I am very thankful he had the original screen shots
-still available after 11 years.
-  </para>
-
-  <para>
-In addition to these great contributors, I am very grateful to Mari
-and my family for their patience with me in this project.
-  </para>
-
-  <para>
-&mdash; Petter Reinholdtsen, Oslo 2015-09-07
-  </para>
-
-</chapter>

 <index></index>
 <colophon>
 <title></title>
 <index></index>
 <colophon>
 <title></title>


@@ -15692,13 +15780,18 @@ Copyright &copy; 2004 Lawrence Lessig.  Some rights reserved.
 </para>
 
 <para>
 </para>
 
 <para>

-Published in English and Norwegian Bokmål 2015 by Petter Reinholdtsen
-with help from many volunteers.  Typeset with dblatex using the font
-Crimson Text.
+Published in 2015.  First published 2004 by The Penguin Press.

 </para>
 
 <para>
 </para>
 
 <para>

-First published 2004 by The Penguin Press.
+This English and Norwegian Bokmål edition was published by Petter
+Reinholdtsen with help from many volunteers.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Typeset with
+<ulink url="http://dblatex.sourceforge.net">dblatex</ulink> using the
+font Crimson Text.

 </para>
 
 <para>
 </para>
 
 <para>


@@ -15761,7 +15854,8 @@ Classifications:
 </para>
 
 <para>
 </para>
 
 <para>

-Thomas Gramstad Forlag donated the ISBN numbers.
+Printing was sponsed by NUUG Foundation,
+<ulink url="http://www.nuugfoundation.no/"/>.

 </para>
 
 <para>
 </para>
 
 <para>


@@ -15777,6 +15871,12 @@ The Docbook source is available from
 Please report any issues with the book there.
 </para>
 
 Please report any issues with the book there.
 </para>
 

+<para>
+  <informalfigure id="cc-logo">
+    <graphic fileref="images/cc.svg" align="center" width="11%"></graphic>
+  </informalfigure>
+</para>
+

 <para>
 This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license
 permits non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is
 <para>
 This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license
 permits non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is


@@ -15784,6 +15884,11 @@ given.  For more information about the license visit
 <ulink url="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/"/>.
 </para>
 
 <ulink url="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/"/>.
 </para>
 

+<para>
+This book is a proof reading draft.  Please visit the github URL above
+to get the latest version.
+</para>
+

 <para>
 <informaltable id="isbn">
 <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
 <para>
 <informaltable id="isbn">
 <tgroup cols="2" align="left">


@@ -15796,30 +15901,24 @@ given.  For more information about the license visit
 <tbody>
  <row>
  <entry>US Trade edition from lulu.com</entry>
 <tbody>
  <row>
  <entry>US Trade edition from lulu.com</entry>

- <entry>978-82-8067-010-6</entry>
+ <entry>978-82-690182-0-2</entry>

  </row>
  <row>
  <entry>application/pdf</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
  <entry>application/pdf</entry>

- <entry>978-82-8067-011-3</entry>
+ <entry>978-82-690182-1-9</entry>

  </row>
  <row>
  <entry>application/epub+zip</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
  <entry>application/epub+zip</entry>

- <entry>978-82-8067-012-0</entry>
+ <entry>978-82-690182-2-6</entry>

  </row>
  <row>
  <entry>application/x-mobipocket-ebook</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
  <entry>application/x-mobipocket-ebook</entry>

- <entry>978-82-8067-013-7</entry>
+ <entry>978-82-690182-3-3</entry>

  </row>
 </tbody>
 </tgroup>
 </informaltable>
 </para>
 
  </row>
 </tbody>
 </tgroup>
 </informaltable>
 </para>
 

-<para>
-  <informalfigure id="cc-logo">
-    <graphic fileref="images/cc.svg" align="center" width="11%"></graphic>
-  </informalfigure>
-</para>
-

 </colophon>
 </book>
 </colophon>
 </book>