msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-07-21 19:23+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-05 21:50+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
msgid "en"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:17
+#. type: Content of: <chapter><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:17 cover-text.xml:14
msgid "Free Culture"
msgstr ""
msgid "<abbrev>\"freeculture\"</abbrev>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subtitle>
-#: freeculture.xml:21
+#. type: Content of: <chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:21 cover-text.xml:23
msgid ""
-"HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL "
-"CREATIVITY"
+"How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture and control "
+"creativity"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
#: freeculture.xml:24
-msgid "<pubdate>2004-03-25</pubdate>"
+msgid "<pubdate>2015-09-04</pubdate> <edition>1</edition>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><releaseinfo>
-#: freeculture.xml:26
+#: freeculture.xml:28
msgid "Version 2004-02-10"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname>
-#: freeculture.xml:30
+#: freeculture.xml:32
msgid "Lawrence"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname>
-#: freeculture.xml:31
+#: freeculture.xml:33
msgid "Lessig"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm>
-#: freeculture.xml:54
+#: freeculture.xml:56
msgid "Intellectual property—United States."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm>
-#: freeculture.xml:57
+#: freeculture.xml:59
msgid "Mass media—United States."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm>
-#: freeculture.xml:60
+#: freeculture.xml:62
msgid "Technological innovations—United States."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm>
-#: freeculture.xml:63
+#: freeculture.xml:65
msgid "Art—United States."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher><address>
-#: freeculture.xml:70
+#: freeculture.xml:72
#, no-wrap
msgid "<city>Oslo</city>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
-#: freeculture.xml:68
+#: freeculture.xml:70
msgid ""
"<publisher> <publishername>Petter Reinholdtsen</publishername> <placeholder "
"type=\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher> <copyright> <year>2004</year> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject>
-#: freeculture.xml:80
+#: freeculture.xml:82
msgid ""
"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" contentdepth=\"3em\" "
"width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase>
-#: freeculture.xml:87
+#: freeculture.xml:89
msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:79
+#: freeculture.xml:81
msgid "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:93
+#. type: Content of: <book><
colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:15780
msgid ""
-"This version of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is licensed under a "
-"Creative Commons license. This license permits non-commercial use of this "
-"work, so long as attribution is given. For more information about the "
-"license, click the icon above, or visit <ulink "
-"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/</ulink>"
+"This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license permits "
+"non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is given. For more "
+"information about the license visit <ulink "
+"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\"/>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:102
-msgid "ABOUT THE AUTHOR"
+#: freeculture.xml:103
+msgid "About the author"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:104
+#: freeculture.xml:105
msgid ""
-"L
AWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink "
+"L
awrence Lessig (<ulink "
"url=\"http://www.lessig.org\">http://www.lessig.org</ulink>), professor of "
-"law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty Scholar at Stanford Law "
+"law and a Roy L. Furman Professor of Law and Leadership at Harvard Law "
"School, is founder of the Stanford Center for Internet and Society and is "
"chairman of the Creative Commons (<ulink "
"url=\"http://creativecommons.org\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). The "
#. </imageobject>
#
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><mediaobject>
-#: freeculture.xml:125
+#: freeculture.xml:126
msgid ""
"<imageobject remap=\"lrg\" role=\"front-large\"> <imagedata "
"fileref=\"images/cover.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject>"
#. http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+2003063276&CNT=10+records+per+page
#.
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
-#: freeculture.xml:123
+#: freeculture.xml:124
msgid ""
" <placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/> <biblioid "
-"class=\"isbn\">978-82-92812-XX-Y</biblioid> <biblioid "
-"class=\"libraryofcongress\">2003063276</biblioid>"
+"class=\"isbn\">978-82-8067-010-6</biblioid> <biblioid "
+"class=\"libraryofcongress\">2003063276</biblioid> <biblioid "
+"class=\"uri\">http://free-culture.cc/</biblioid>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:152
+#: freeculture.xml:155
msgid "Also by Lawrence Lessig"
msgstr ""
-#. 2014
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:159
-msgid "The USA is lesterland: The nature of congressional corruption"
+#: freeculture.xml:161
+msgid "The USA is lesterland: The nature of congressional corruption (2014)"
msgstr ""
-#. 2011, 2012
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:163
-msgid "Republic, lost: How money corrupts Congress - and a plan to stop it"
+#: freeculture.xml:164
+msgid "Republic, lost: How money corrupts Congress - and a plan to stop it (2011)"
msgstr ""
-#. 2008
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: freeculture.xml:167
-msgid "Remix: Making art and commerce thrive in the hybrid economy"
+msgid "Remix: Making art and commerce thrive in the hybrid economy (2008)"
msgstr ""
-#. 2006
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:171
-msgid "Code: Version 2.0"
+#: freeculture.xml:170
+msgid "Code: Version 2.0 (2006)"
msgstr ""
-#. 2001, 2002
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:175
-msgid "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World"
+#: freeculture.xml:173
+msgid "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World (2001)"
msgstr ""
-#. 1999
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:179
-msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace"
+#: freeculture.xml:176
+msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace (1999)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:191
+#: freeculture.xml:189
msgid ""
"To Eric Eldred — whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom "
"it continues still."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><lot><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:200
+#: freeculture.xml:199
msgid "List of figures"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:262
-msgid "PREFACE"
+#: freeculture.xml:261
+msgid "Preface"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:263
+#: freeculture.xml:262
msgid "Pogue, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:265
+#: freeculture.xml:264
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"bold\">At the end</emphasis> of his review of my first "
"book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:276
+#: freeculture.xml:275
msgid ""
"David Pogue, <quote>Don't Just Chat, Do Something,</quote> <citetitle>New "
"York Times</citetitle>, 30 January 2000."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:272
+#: freeculture.xml:271
msgid ""
"Unlike actual law, Internet software has no capacity to punish. It doesn't "
"affect people who aren't online (and only a tiny minority of the world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:281
+#: freeculture.xml:280
msgid ""
"Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or "
"<quote>code,</quote> functioned as a kind of law—and his review "
#. PAGE BREAK 12
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:290
+#: freeculture.xml:289
msgid ""
"Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But "
"even if he was right then, the point is not right now: <citetitle>Free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:301
+#: freeculture.xml:300
msgid ""
"But unlike <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, the argument here is not much about "
"the Internet itself. It is instead about the consequence of the Internet to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:313
+#: freeculture.xml:312
msgid ""
"Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free Societies</citetitle> 57 "
"(Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:308
+#: freeculture.xml:307
msgid ""
"That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages "
"that follow, we come from a tradition of <quote>free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:328
+#: freeculture.xml:327
msgid ""
"If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not "
"<quote>we</quote> on the Left or <quote>you</quote> on the Right, but we who "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:990
+#: freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:989
msgid "power, concentration of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:337 freeculture.xml:13824
+#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:13825
msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:338 freeculture.xml:359 freeculture.xml:13825
+#: freeculture.xml:337 freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:13826
msgid "Safire, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:339
+#: freeculture.xml:338
msgid "Stevens, Ted"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:341
+#: freeculture.xml:340
msgid ""
"We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As "
"the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:357
+#: freeculture.xml:356
msgid ""
"William Safire, <quote>The Great Media Gulp,</quote> <citetitle>New York "
"Times</citetitle>, 22 May 2003. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:353
+#: freeculture.xml:352
msgid ""
"Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of "
"power—political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:364
+#: freeculture.xml:363
msgid ""
"This idea is an element of the argument of <citetitle>Free "
"Culture</citetitle>, though my focus is not just on the concentration of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:375
+#: freeculture.xml:374
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">The inspiration</emphasis> for the title and for "
"much of the argument of this book comes from the work of Richard Stallman "
#. PAGE BREAK 14
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:384
+#: freeculture.xml:383
msgid ""
"I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer "
"is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:402
+#: freeculture.xml:401
msgid ""
"Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between "
"anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:417
-msgid "INTRODUCTION"
+#: freeculture.xml:416
+msgid "Introduction"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:418 freeculture.xml:521 freeculture.xml:979
+#: freeculture.xml:417 freeculture.xml:520 freeculture.xml:978
msgid "Wright brothers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:420
+#: freeculture.xml:419
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">On December 17</emphasis>, 1903, on a windy North "
"Carolina beach for just shy of one hundred seconds, the Wright brothers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:427
+#: freeculture.xml:426
msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:14848
+#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14849
msgid "land ownership, air traffic and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:429 freeculture.xml:4655 freeculture.xml:13727 freeculture.xml:14849
+#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:4652 freeculture.xml:13728 freeculture.xml:14850
msgid "property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:429 freeculture.xml:14849
+#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:14850
msgid "air traffic vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:435
+#: freeculture.xml:434
msgid ""
"St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South "
"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:431
+#: freeculture.xml:430
msgid ""
"At the time the Wright brothers invented the airplane, American law held "
"that a property owner presumptively owned not just the surface of his land, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:445
+#: freeculture.xml:444
msgid ""
"Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American "
"law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:453 freeculture.xml:466 freeculture.xml:499 freeculture.xml:519 freeculture.xml:705 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9577 freeculture.xml:13143 freeculture.xml:13928
+#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:831 freeculture.xml:958 freeculture.xml:976 freeculture.xml:1024 freeculture.xml:9577 freeculture.xml:13144 freeculture.xml:13929
msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:454 freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:500 freeculture.xml:520 freeculture.xml:706 freeculture.xml:833 freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:978 freeculture.xml:1026 freeculture.xml:9578 freeculture.xml:13144 freeculture.xml:13929
+#: freeculture.xml:453 freeculture.xml:466 freeculture.xml:499 freeculture.xml:519 freeculture.xml:705 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9578 freeculture.xml:13145 freeculture.xml:13930
msgid "Causby, Tinie"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:456
+#: freeculture.xml:455
msgid ""
"In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers "
"Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:468
+#: freeculture.xml:467
msgid "Douglas, William O."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:469 freeculture.xml:4544 freeculture.xml:5146 freeculture.xml:8890 freeculture.xml:14236
+#: freeculture.xml:468 freeculture.xml:4541 freeculture.xml:5143 freeculture.xml:8890 freeculture.xml:14237
msgid "Supreme Court, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:469
+#: freeculture.xml:468
msgid "on airspace vs. land rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:471
+#: freeculture.xml:470
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared "
"the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:491
+#: freeculture.xml:490
msgid ""
"United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that "
"there could be a <quote>taking</quote> if the government's use of its land "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:482
+#: freeculture.xml:481
msgid ""
"[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public "
"highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:505
+#: freeculture.xml:504
msgid "<quote>Common sense revolts at the idea.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 18
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:509
+#: freeculture.xml:508
msgid ""
"This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, "
"but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:523
+#: freeculture.xml:522
msgid ""
"Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the "
"other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:544 freeculture.xml:9585 freeculture.xml:10280
+#: freeculture.xml:543 freeculture.xml:9585 freeculture.xml:10280
msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:545
+#: freeculture.xml:544
msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:546
+#: freeculture.xml:545
msgid "Edison, Thomas"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:547
+#: freeculture.xml:546
msgid "Faraday, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:548 freeculture.xml:4285 freeculture.xml:6827 freeculture.xml:10187
+#: freeculture.xml:547 freeculture.xml:4282 freeculture.xml:6824 freeculture.xml:10187
msgid "radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:548 freeculture.xml:6827
+#: freeculture.xml:547 freeculture.xml:6824
msgid "FM spectrum of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 19
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:550
+#: freeculture.xml:549
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Edwin Howard Armstrong</emphasis> is one of "
"America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He came to the great American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:563
+#: freeculture.xml:562
msgid ""
"On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for "
"his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:573
+#: freeculture.xml:572
msgid ""
"On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the "
"Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:584
+#: freeculture.xml:583
msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:595
+#: freeculture.xml:594
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard "
"Armstrong</citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:588
+#: freeculture.xml:587
msgid ""
"A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded "
"like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:600 freeculture.xml:6830
+#: freeculture.xml:599 freeculture.xml:6827
msgid "RCA"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:601 freeculture.xml:2478 freeculture.xml:2496 freeculture.xml:2530 freeculture.xml:2532
+#: freeculture.xml:600 freeculture.xml:2475 freeculture.xml:2493 freeculture.xml:2527 freeculture.xml:2529
msgid "media"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:601 freeculture.xml:2532
+#: freeculture.xml:600 freeculture.xml:2529
msgid "ownership concentration in"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 20
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:603
+#: freeculture.xml:602
msgid ""
"As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior "
"radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:611 freeculture.xml:633
+#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:632
msgid "Sarnoff, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:613
+#: freeculture.xml:612
msgid ""
"RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that "
"Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:624
+#: freeculture.xml:623
msgid ""
"See <quote>Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,</quote> "
"First Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:621
+#: freeculture.xml:620
msgid ""
"I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from "
"our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:632 freeculture.xml:6826
+#: freeculture.xml:631 freeculture.xml:6823
msgid "FM radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:635
+#: freeculture.xml:634
msgid ""
"Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a "
"campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:640
+#: freeculture.xml:639
msgid "Lessing, Lawrence"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:648
+#: freeculture.xml:647
msgid "Lessing, 226."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:643
+#: freeculture.xml:642
msgid ""
"The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of "
"strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:652
+#: freeculture.xml:651
msgid "FCC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:652
+#: freeculture.xml:651
msgid "on FM radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:654
+#: freeculture.xml:653
msgid ""
"RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were "
"needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:673
+#: freeculture.xml:672
msgid "Lessing, 256."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:669
+#: freeculture.xml:668
msgid ""
"The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a "
"series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:678
+#: freeculture.xml:677
msgid "AT&T"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:680
+#: freeculture.xml:679
msgid ""
"To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio "
"users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:692
+#: freeculture.xml:691
msgid ""
"Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's "
"patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for "
#. PAGE BREAK 22
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:708
+#: freeculture.xml:707
msgid ""
"This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely "
"with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:725 freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:2349 freeculture.xml:2361 freeculture.xml:2445 freeculture.xml:2479 freeculture.xml:2505 freeculture.xml:2755 freeculture.xml:4161 freeculture.xml:6710 freeculture.xml:7567 freeculture.xml:7640 freeculture.xml:10186 freeculture.xml:13459 freeculture.xml:14019 freeculture.xml:14020 freeculture.xml:14094
+#: freeculture.xml:724 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2346 freeculture.xml:2358 freeculture.xml:2442 freeculture.xml:2476 freeculture.xml:2502 freeculture.xml:2752 freeculture.xml:4158 freeculture.xml:6707 freeculture.xml:7564 freeculture.xml:7632 freeculture.xml:10186 freeculture.xml:13460 freeculture.xml:14020 freeculture.xml:14021 freeculture.xml:14095
msgid "Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:725 freeculture.xml:4695 freeculture.xml:13459 freeculture.xml:14019
+#: freeculture.xml:724 freeculture.xml:4692 freeculture.xml:13460 freeculture.xml:14020
msgid "development of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:733
+#: freeculture.xml:732
msgid ""
"Amanda Lenhart, <quote>The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at "
"Internet Access and the Digital Divide,</quote> Pew Internet and American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:727
+#: freeculture.xml:726
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">There's no</emphasis> single inventor of the "
"Internet. Nor is there any good date upon which to mark its birth. Yet in a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:742
+#: freeculture.xml:741
msgid ""
"As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed "
"things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:753
+#: freeculture.xml:752
msgid ""
"Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet "
"itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:762
+#: freeculture.xml:761
msgid "Barlow, Joel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:763
+#: freeculture.xml:762
msgid "culture"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:763
+#: freeculture.xml:762
msgid "commercial vs. noncommercial"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:764
+#: freeculture.xml:763
msgid "Webster, Noah"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 23
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:766
+#: freeculture.xml:765
msgid ""
"We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial "
"and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:778
+#: freeculture.xml:777
msgid ""
"At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our "
"tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:788 freeculture.xml:2851 freeculture.xml:2852 freeculture.xml:2879 freeculture.xml:2880 freeculture.xml:2881 freeculture.xml:7799 freeculture.xml:9644 freeculture.xml:9645 freeculture.xml:9920 freeculture.xml:9921 freeculture.xml:9922 freeculture.xml:9965
+#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:2848 freeculture.xml:2849 freeculture.xml:2876 freeculture.xml:2877 freeculture.xml:2878 freeculture.xml:7795 freeculture.xml:9644 freeculture.xml:9645 freeculture.xml:9920 freeculture.xml:9921 freeculture.xml:9922 freeculture.xml:9965
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:788
+#: freeculture.xml:787
msgid "commercial creativity as primary purpose of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:804 freeculture.xml:1940 freeculture.xml:1953
+#: freeculture.xml:803 freeculture.xml:1939 freeculture.xml:1952
msgid "Brandeis, Louis D."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:796
+#: freeculture.xml:795
msgid ""
"This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly "
"primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:790
+#: freeculture.xml:789
msgid ""
"The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then "
"quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:811 freeculture.xml:1699 freeculture.xml:5253 freeculture.xml:6481 freeculture.xml:14059
+#: freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1698 freeculture.xml:5250 freeculture.xml:6478 freeculture.xml:14060
msgid "free culture"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:811
+#: freeculture.xml:810
msgid "permission culture vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:812
+#: freeculture.xml:811
msgid "permission culture"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:812
+#: freeculture.xml:811
msgid "free culture vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:818 freeculture.xml:10170
+#: freeculture.xml:817 freeculture.xml:10170
msgid "Litman, Jessica"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:816
+#: freeculture.xml:815
msgid ""
"See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: "
"Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:814
+#: freeculture.xml:813
msgid ""
"This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been "
"erased.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:834
+#: freeculture.xml:833
msgid "protection of artists vs. business interests"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:836
+#: freeculture.xml:835
msgid ""
"This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. "
"And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:850
+#: freeculture.xml:849
msgid ""
"For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to "
"participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:869
+#: freeculture.xml:868
msgid ""
"Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is "
"happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:878 freeculture.xml:7522
+#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:7519
msgid "Valenti, Jack"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:878 freeculture.xml:7522
+#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:7519
msgid "on creative property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:888
+#: freeculture.xml:887
msgid ""
"Amy Harmon, <quote>Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New "
"Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,</quote> <citetitle>New "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:880
+#: freeculture.xml:879
msgid ""
"It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the "
"Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:897
+#: freeculture.xml:896
msgid ""
"If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the "
"content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:905
+#: freeculture.xml:904
msgid ""
"But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much "
"more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:6862 freeculture.xml:6975 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7022 freeculture.xml:7610 freeculture.xml:8888 freeculture.xml:11173 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:12110
+#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6859 freeculture.xml:6972 freeculture.xml:6973 freeculture.xml:6974 freeculture.xml:7019 freeculture.xml:7607 freeculture.xml:8888 freeculture.xml:11173 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:12110
msgid "Constitution, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:6862 freeculture.xml:7610 freeculture.xml:8888
+#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6859 freeculture.xml:7607 freeculture.xml:8888
msgid "First Amendment to"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:1208 freeculture.xml:1552 freeculture.xml:1596 freeculture.xml:1710 freeculture.xml:3112 freeculture.xml:3203 freeculture.xml:4283 freeculture.xml:4284 freeculture.xml:4695 freeculture.xml:4696 freeculture.xml:5297 freeculture.xml:6483 freeculture.xml:6929 freeculture.xml:7009 freeculture.xml:7010 freeculture.xml:7194 freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:7325 freeculture.xml:7355 freeculture.xml:7390 freeculture.xml:7504 freeculture.xml:7505 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:7600 freeculture.xml:7705 freeculture.xml:7719 freeculture.xml:7778 freeculture.xml:7779 freeculture.xml:7877 freeculture.xml:9806 freeculture.xml:10159 freeculture.xml:11113 freeculture.xml:11158
+#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:1182 freeculture.xml:1207 freeculture.xml:1551 freeculture.xml:1595 freeculture.xml:1709 freeculture.xml:3109 freeculture.xml:3200 freeculture.xml:4280 freeculture.xml:4281 freeculture.xml:4692 freeculture.xml:4693 freeculture.xml:5294 freeculture.xml:6480 freeculture.xml:6926 freeculture.xml:7006 freeculture.xml:7007 freeculture.xml:7191 freeculture.xml:7290 freeculture.xml:7322 freeculture.xml:7352 freeculture.xml:7387 freeculture.xml:7501 freeculture.xml:7502 freeculture.xml:7563 freeculture.xml:7601 freeculture.xml:7701 freeculture.xml:7715 freeculture.xml:7774 freeculture.xml:7775 freeculture.xml:7873 freeculture.xml:9806 freeculture.xml:10159 freeculture.xml:11113 freeculture.xml:11158
msgid "copyright law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:7009
+#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:7006
msgid "as protection of creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:6863 freeculture.xml:7611 freeculture.xml:8889
+#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:6860 freeculture.xml:7608 freeculture.xml:8889
msgid "First Amendment"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:913 freeculture.xml:923 freeculture.xml:15247
+#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:15248
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:921
+#: freeculture.xml:920
msgid ""
"Neil W. Netanel, <quote>Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:915
+#: freeculture.xml:914
msgid ""
"These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our "
"Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:931
+#: freeculture.xml:930
msgid ""
"Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the "
"technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:943
+#: freeculture.xml:942
msgid ""
"The story that follows is about this war. It is not about the "
"<quote>centrality of technology</quote> to ordinary life. I don't believe in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:951
+#: freeculture.xml:950
msgid ""
"It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired "
"by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:961 freeculture.xml:13375 freeculture.xml:13458 freeculture.xml:13628
+#: freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:13376 freeculture.xml:13459 freeculture.xml:13629
msgid "intellectual property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:963
+#: freeculture.xml:962
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Like the Causbys'</emphasis> battle, this war is, "
"in part, about <quote>property.</quote> The property of this war is not as "
#. PAGE BREAK 27
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:981
+#: freeculture.xml:980
msgid ""
"And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright "
"brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:992
+#: freeculture.xml:991
msgid ""
"My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly "
"amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1002
+#: freeculture.xml:1001
msgid ""
"The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about "
"the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1008
+#: freeculture.xml:1007
msgid ""
"Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture "
"benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1012
+#: freeculture.xml:1011
msgid ""
"Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of "
"America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1019
+#: freeculture.xml:1018
msgid ""
"Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense "
"actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in "
#. PAGE BREAK 28
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1028
+#: freeculture.xml:1027
msgid ""
"I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was "
"right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1039
+#: freeculture.xml:1038
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">The struggle</emphasis> that rages just now "
"centers on two ideas: <quote>piracy</quote> and <quote>property.</quote> My "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1044
+#: freeculture.xml:1043
msgid ""
"My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you "
"into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1052
+#: freeculture.xml:1051
msgid ""
"The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet "
"has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1063
+#: freeculture.xml:1062
msgid ""
"We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of "
"us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1073
-msgid "<quote>PIRACY</quote>"
+#: freeculture.xml:1072
+msgid "<quote>Piracy</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:4696
+#: freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:4693
msgid "English"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:5106
+#: freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:5103
msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1078
+#: freeculture.xml:1077
msgid "music publishing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1079 freeculture.xml:3200
+#: freeculture.xml:1078 freeculture.xml:3197
msgid "sheet music"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1081
+#: freeculture.xml:1080
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Since the inception</emphasis> of the law "
"regulating creative property, there has been a war against "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1093
+#: freeculture.xml:1092
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 "
"Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1089
+#: freeculture.xml:1088
msgid ""
"A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the "
"author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1098
+#: freeculture.xml:1097
msgid "efficient content distribution on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1099 freeculture.xml:6711 freeculture.xml:11161
+#: freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:6708 freeculture.xml:11161
msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1099
+#: freeculture.xml:1098
msgid "efficiency of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 31
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1101
+#: freeculture.xml:1100
msgid ""
"Today we are in the middle of another <quote>war</quote> against "
"<quote>piracy.</quote> The Internet has provoked this war. The Internet "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1110
+#: freeculture.xml:1109
msgid ""
"This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The "
"network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1119
+#: freeculture.xml:1118
msgid ""
"The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and "
"increasingly to technology to defend their <quote>property</quote> against "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1127
+#: freeculture.xml:1126
msgid ""
"There's no doubt that <quote>piracy</quote> is wrong, and that pirates "
"should be punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1133
+#: freeculture.xml:1132
msgid "The idea goes something like this:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1137
+#: freeculture.xml:1136
msgid ""
"Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative "
"work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1145
+#: freeculture.xml:1144
msgid "ASCAP"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1146
+#: freeculture.xml:1145
msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1147
+#: freeculture.xml:1146
msgid "Girl Scouts"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:6980 freeculture.xml:7080 freeculture.xml:7523
+#: freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7077 freeculture.xml:7520
msgid "creative property"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1148
+#: freeculture.xml:1147
msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1149 freeculture.xml:3008
+#: freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:3005
msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1155
+#: freeculture.xml:1154
msgid ""
"See Rochelle Dreyfuss, <quote>Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language "
"in the Pepsi Generation,</quote> <citetitle>Notre Dame Law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1168 freeculture.xml:7459
+#: freeculture.xml:1167 freeculture.xml:7456
msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1163
+#: freeculture.xml:1162
msgid ""
"Lisa Bannon, <quote>The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay "
"Up,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1151
+#: freeculture.xml:1150
msgid ""
"This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor "
"Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the <quote>if value, then right</quote> "
#. PAGE BREAK 32
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1175
+#: freeculture.xml:1174
msgid ""
"This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property "
"should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:7390 freeculture.xml:7705
+#: freeculture.xml:1182 freeculture.xml:7290 freeculture.xml:7387 freeculture.xml:7701
msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1366 freeculture.xml:1523
+#: freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:1365 freeculture.xml:1522
msgid "creativity"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1184
+#: freeculture.xml:1183
msgid "legal restrictions on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1186
+#: freeculture.xml:1185
msgid ""
"Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets "
"the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1193
+#: freeculture.xml:1192
msgid ""
"The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes "
"care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1201
+#: freeculture.xml:1200
msgid ""
"Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all "
"that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1208
+#: freeculture.xml:1207
msgid "creativity impeded by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1240
+#: freeculture.xml:1208 freeculture.xml:1239
msgid "Florida, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1210 freeculture.xml:1241
+#: freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1240
msgid "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1232
+#: freeculture.xml:1231
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic "
"Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1212
+#: freeculture.xml:1211
msgid ""
"But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the "
"law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1248
+#: freeculture.xml:1247
msgid ""
"These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by "
"understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1256
-msgid "Creators"
+#: freeculture.xml:1255
+msgid "Chapter One: Creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1257
+#: freeculture.xml:1256
msgid "animated cartoons"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1258
+#: freeculture.xml:1257
msgid "cartoon films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1259 freeculture.xml:5301 freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:6050 freeculture.xml:6094
+#: freeculture.xml:1258 freeculture.xml:5298 freeculture.xml:5332 freeculture.xml:6047 freeculture.xml:6091
msgid "films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1259
+#: freeculture.xml:1258
msgid "animated"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1260
+#: freeculture.xml:1259
msgid "Steamboat Willie"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1261 freeculture.xml:7484
+#: freeculture.xml:1260 freeculture.xml:7481
msgid "Mickey Mouse"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1263
+#: freeculture.xml:1262
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">In 1928</emphasis>, a cartoon character was "
"born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut in May of that year, in a silent "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1269 freeculture.xml:1486 freeculture.xml:1540 freeculture.xml:1681 freeculture.xml:1927 freeculture.xml:4531 freeculture.xml:6226 freeculture.xml:7483 freeculture.xml:11054 freeculture.xml:11467
+#: freeculture.xml:1268 freeculture.xml:1485 freeculture.xml:1539 freeculture.xml:1680 freeculture.xml:1926 freeculture.xml:4528 freeculture.xml:6223 freeculture.xml:7480 freeculture.xml:11054 freeculture.xml:11467
msgid "Disney, Walt"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1271
+#: freeculture.xml:1270
msgid ""
"Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie "
"<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy "
#. PAGE BREAK 35
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1280
+#: freeculture.xml:1279
msgid ""
"A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth "
"organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1287
+#: freeculture.xml:1286
msgid ""
"The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false "
"starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1300
+#: freeculture.xml:1299
msgid ""
"Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated "
"Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1294
+#: freeculture.xml:1293
msgid ""
"The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They "
"responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1305
+#: freeculture.xml:1304
msgid "Iwerks, Ub"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1307
+#: freeculture.xml:1306
msgid ""
"Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub "
"Iwerks, put it more strongly: <quote>I have never been so thrilled in my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1312
+#: freeculture.xml:1311
msgid ""
"Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively "
"new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1321 freeculture.xml:1683
+#: freeculture.xml:1320 freeculture.xml:1682
msgid "Keaton, Buster"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1322 freeculture.xml:1553 freeculture.xml:1941
+#: freeculture.xml:1321 freeculture.xml:1552 freeculture.xml:1940
msgid "Steamboat Bill, Jr."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1324
+#: freeculture.xml:1323
msgid ""
"This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks "
"another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1330
+#: freeculture.xml:1329
msgid ""
"Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, "
"he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1337 freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:7294 freeculture.xml:7391 freeculture.xml:7569 freeculture.xml:7678 freeculture.xml:7720
+#: freeculture.xml:1336 freeculture.xml:1493 freeculture.xml:7291 freeculture.xml:7388 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:7670 freeculture.xml:7716
msgid "derivative works"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1337 freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:7391 freeculture.xml:7569
+#: freeculture.xml:1336 freeculture.xml:1493 freeculture.xml:7388 freeculture.xml:7566
msgid "piracy vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1338 freeculture.xml:1497 freeculture.xml:3007 freeculture.xml:3706 freeculture.xml:7392 freeculture.xml:7570 freeculture.xml:15313
+#: freeculture.xml:1337 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:3004 freeculture.xml:3703 freeculture.xml:7389 freeculture.xml:7567 freeculture.xml:15314
msgid "piracy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1338 freeculture.xml:1497 freeculture.xml:7392 freeculture.xml:7570
+#: freeculture.xml:1337 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7389 freeculture.xml:7567
msgid "derivative work vs."
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1346
+#: freeculture.xml:1345
msgid ""
"I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1340
+#: freeculture.xml:1339
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon "
"Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1366 freeculture.xml:1523
+#: freeculture.xml:1365 freeculture.xml:1522
msgid "by transforming previous works"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1367 freeculture.xml:6267 freeculture.xml:7777
+#: freeculture.xml:1366 freeculture.xml:6264 freeculture.xml:7773
msgid "Disney, Inc."
msgstr ""
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1373
+#: freeculture.xml:1372
msgid ""
"He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse "
"that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1369
+#: freeculture.xml:1368
msgid ""
"This <quote>borrowing</quote> was nothing unique, either for Disney or for "
"the industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1387 freeculture.xml:1682 freeculture.xml:11055
+#: freeculture.xml:1386 freeculture.xml:1681 freeculture.xml:11055
msgid "Grimm fairy tales"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1389
+#: freeculture.xml:1388
msgid ""
"Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think "
"about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I "
#. PAGE BREAK 37
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1398
+#: freeculture.xml:1397
msgid ""
"Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a "
"new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1421
+#: freeculture.xml:1420
msgid ""
"This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and "
"celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1432 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4815 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4909 freeculture.xml:4955 freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:6678 freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:6982 freeculture.xml:7051 freeculture.xml:7077 freeculture.xml:7116 freeculture.xml:7239 freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:7323 freeculture.xml:7631 freeculture.xml:7798 freeculture.xml:11112 freeculture.xml:11136 freeculture.xml:11465 freeculture.xml:11466
+#: freeculture.xml:1431 freeculture.xml:4745 freeculture.xml:4746 freeculture.xml:4812 freeculture.xml:4850 freeculture.xml:4906 freeculture.xml:4952 freeculture.xml:5087 freeculture.xml:5181 freeculture.xml:6675 freeculture.xml:6975 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:7048 freeculture.xml:7074 freeculture.xml:7113 freeculture.xml:7236 freeculture.xml:7283 freeculture.xml:7320 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:7794 freeculture.xml:11112 freeculture.xml:11136 freeculture.xml:11465 freeculture.xml:11466
msgid "copyright"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1432 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:4909 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:6982 freeculture.xml:7077 freeculture.xml:11112 freeculture.xml:11466
+#: freeculture.xml:1431 freeculture.xml:4745 freeculture.xml:4906 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:7074 freeculture.xml:11112 freeculture.xml:11466
msgid "duration of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:5185 freeculture.xml:7081 freeculture.xml:7204 freeculture.xml:8089 freeculture.xml:11046 freeculture.xml:13463 freeculture.xml:14253 freeculture.xml:14254
+#: freeculture.xml:1432 freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:5182 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:7201 freeculture.xml:8086 freeculture.xml:11046 freeculture.xml:13464 freeculture.xml:14254 freeculture.xml:14255
msgid "public domain"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1433
+#: freeculture.xml:1432
msgid "defined"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1434
+#: freeculture.xml:1433
msgid "traditional term for conversion to"
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1441
+#: freeculture.xml:1440
msgid ""
"Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an "
"initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1435
+#: freeculture.xml:1434
msgid ""
"In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively "
"fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1458
+#: freeculture.xml:1457
msgid ""
"At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No "
"permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, "
#. PAGE BREAK 38
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1469
+#: freeculture.xml:1468
msgid ""
"This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of "
"our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1488
+#: freeculture.xml:1487
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Of course</emphasis>, Walt Disney had no monopoly "
"on <quote>Walt Disney creativity.</quote> Nor does America. The norm of free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1493 freeculture.xml:1597 freeculture.xml:1711
+#: freeculture.xml:1492 freeculture.xml:1596 freeculture.xml:1710
msgid "comics, Japanese"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1713
+#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:1712
msgid "Japanese comics"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:1714
+#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1713
msgid "manga"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1499
+#: freeculture.xml:1498
msgid ""
"Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many "
"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1508
+#: freeculture.xml:1507
msgid ""
"Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an "
"unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1519
+#: freeculture.xml:1518
msgid ""
"But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant "
"on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1524 freeculture.xml:1712
+#: freeculture.xml:1523 freeculture.xml:1711
msgid "doujinshi comics"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 39
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1526
+#: freeculture.xml:1525
msgid ""
"This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are "
"also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1542
+#: freeculture.xml:1541
msgid ""
"These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are "
"huge. More than 33,000 <quote>circles</quote> of creators from across Japan "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1552 freeculture.xml:1596 freeculture.xml:1710
+#: freeculture.xml:1551 freeculture.xml:1595 freeculture.xml:1709
msgid "Japanese"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1555
+#: freeculture.xml:1554
msgid ""
"The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the "
"law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1569
+#: freeculture.xml:1568
msgid "Winick, Judd"
msgstr ""
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1581
+#: freeculture.xml:1580
msgid ""
"For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing "
"Comics</citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1571
+#: freeculture.xml:1570
msgid ""
"Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the "
"view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1586
+#: freeculture.xml:1585
msgid "Superman comics"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1588
+#: freeculture.xml:1587
msgid ""
"American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of "
"the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1598
+#: freeculture.xml:1597
msgid "Mehra, Salil"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1608
+#: freeculture.xml:1607
msgid ""
"See Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain "
"Why All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1600
+#: freeculture.xml:1599
msgid ""
"The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely "
"the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1622
+#: freeculture.xml:1621
msgid ""
"The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that "
"the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1635
+#: freeculture.xml:1634
msgid ""
"I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often "
"as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from "
#. PAGE BREAK 41
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1642
+#: freeculture.xml:1641
msgid ""
"This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a "
"function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1655
+#: freeculture.xml:1654
msgid "<emphasis role='strong'>Let's pause</emphasis> for a moment."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1658
+#: freeculture.xml:1657
msgid ""
"If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first "
"start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1668 freeculture.xml:3025 freeculture.xml:4761 freeculture.xml:5020 freeculture.xml:7908 freeculture.xml:9033
+#: freeculture.xml:1667 freeculture.xml:3022 freeculture.xml:4758 freeculture.xml:5017 freeculture.xml:7904 freeculture.xml:9033
msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1668
+#: freeculture.xml:1667
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The term <citetitle>intellectual "
"property</citetitle> is of relatively recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1663
+#: freeculture.xml:1662
msgid ""
"We live in a world that celebrates <quote>property.</quote> I am one of "
"those celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1685
+#: freeculture.xml:1684
msgid ""
"But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of "
"value out there that <quote>property</quote> doesn't capture. I don't mean "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1699
+#: freeculture.xml:1698
msgid "derivative works based on"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 42
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1701
+#: freeculture.xml:1700
msgid ""
"Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the "
"things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1716
+#: freeculture.xml:1715
msgid ""
"The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a "
"publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1725
+#: freeculture.xml:1724
msgid ""
"Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that "
"the copycat comic artists are <quote>stealing.</quote> This form of Walt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1736 freeculture.xml:4701 freeculture.xml:4833 freeculture.xml:4870 freeculture.xml:5200
+#: freeculture.xml:1735 freeculture.xml:4698 freeculture.xml:4830 freeculture.xml:4867 freeculture.xml:5197
msgid "Shakespeare, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1738
+#: freeculture.xml:1737
msgid ""
"It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin "
"to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking "
#. PAGE BREAK 43
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1752
+#: freeculture.xml:1751
msgid ""
"Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the "
"creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1764
+#: freeculture.xml:1763
msgid ""
"The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is "
"free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1776
+#: freeculture.xml:1775
msgid ""
"Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build "
"upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1785
-msgid "<quote>Mere Copyists</quote>"
+#: freeculture.xml:1784
+msgid "Chapter Two: <quote>Mere Copyists</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1786
+#: freeculture.xml:1785
msgid "Daguerre, Louis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1787 freeculture.xml:1942 freeculture.xml:1997 freeculture.xml:6789
+#: freeculture.xml:1786 freeculture.xml:1941 freeculture.xml:1996 freeculture.xml:6786
msgid "camera technology"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1788
+#: freeculture.xml:1787
msgid "photography"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1790
+#: freeculture.xml:1789
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1839</emphasis>, Louis Daguerre invented the "
"first practical technology for producing what we would call "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1799
+#: freeculture.xml:1798
msgid "Talbot, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1801
+#: freeculture.xml:1800
msgid ""
"Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This "
"pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make <quote>automatic "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1811
+#: freeculture.xml:1810
msgid "Eastman, George"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 45
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1813
+#: freeculture.xml:1812
msgid ""
"The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen "
"until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1824 freeculture.xml:1979 freeculture.xml:6791
+#: freeculture.xml:1823 freeculture.xml:1978 freeculture.xml:6788
msgid "Kodak cameras"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1825
+#: freeculture.xml:1824
msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1832
+#: freeculture.xml:1831
msgid ""
"Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: "
"Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1827
+#: freeculture.xml:1826
msgid ""
"Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of "
"it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1848 freeculture.xml:1874
+#: freeculture.xml:1847 freeculture.xml:1873
msgid "Coe, Brian"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1848
+#: freeculture.xml:1847
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth "
"of Photography</citetitle> (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1837
+#: freeculture.xml:1836
msgid ""
"The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any "
"person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1867
+#: freeculture.xml:1866
msgid "Jenkins, 177."
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1871
+#: freeculture.xml:1870
msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1856
+#: freeculture.xml:1855
msgid ""
"For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, "
"and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, "
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1889
+#: freeculture.xml:1888
msgid "Coe, 58."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1878
+#: freeculture.xml:1877
msgid ""
"The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It "
"was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1892 freeculture.xml:1998 freeculture.xml:2376 freeculture.xml:2394
+#: freeculture.xml:1891 freeculture.xml:1997 freeculture.xml:2373 freeculture.xml:2391
msgid "democracy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1892 freeculture.xml:1998 freeculture.xml:2376
+#: freeculture.xml:1891 freeculture.xml:1997 freeculture.xml:2373
msgid "in technologies of expression"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1893 freeculture.xml:1999 freeculture.xml:2039 freeculture.xml:2378
+#: freeculture.xml:1892 freeculture.xml:1998 freeculture.xml:2038 freeculture.xml:2375
msgid "expression, technologies of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1893 freeculture.xml:1999 freeculture.xml:2378
+#: freeculture.xml:1892 freeculture.xml:1998 freeculture.xml:2375
msgid "democratic"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1895
+#: freeculture.xml:1894
msgid ""
"In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The "
"pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1908
+#: freeculture.xml:1907
msgid "permissions"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1908
+#: freeculture.xml:1907
msgid "photography exempted from"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1919
+#: freeculture.xml:1918
msgid ""
"For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1910
+#: freeculture.xml:1909
msgid ""
"What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's "
"genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1928 freeculture.xml:9732
+#: freeculture.xml:1927 freeculture.xml:9732
msgid "images, ownership of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 47
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1930
+#: freeculture.xml:1929
msgid ""
"The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly "
"familiar. The photographer was <quote>taking</quote> something from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1954
+#: freeculture.xml:1953
msgid "Warren, Samuel D."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1951
+#: freeculture.xml:1950
msgid ""
"Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1944
+#: freeculture.xml:1943
msgid ""
"On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, "
"there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the "
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1972
+#: freeculture.xml:1971
msgid ""
"See Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1962
+#: freeculture.xml:1961
msgid ""
"Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early "
"decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1980 freeculture.xml:3808 freeculture.xml:3830 freeculture.xml:3831 freeculture.xml:5780 freeculture.xml:9973
+#: freeculture.xml:1979 freeculture.xml:3805 freeculture.xml:3827 freeculture.xml:3828 freeculture.xml:5777 freeculture.xml:9973
msgid "Napster"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1982
+#: freeculture.xml:1981
msgid ""
"We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law "
"gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, "
#. PAGE BREAK 48
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2003
+#: freeculture.xml:2002
msgid ""
"But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard "
"to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2019 freeculture.xml:6790
+#: freeculture.xml:2018 freeculture.xml:6787
msgid "digital cameras"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2020
+#: freeculture.xml:2019
msgid "Just Think!"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2022
+#: freeculture.xml:2021
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San Francisco's "
"Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2037 freeculture.xml:2835
+#: freeculture.xml:2036 freeculture.xml:2832
msgid "education"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2037
+#: freeculture.xml:2036
msgid "in media literacy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2038
+#: freeculture.xml:2037
msgid "media literacy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2039
+#: freeculture.xml:2038
msgid "media literacy and"
msgstr ""
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2047
+#: freeculture.xml:2046
msgid ""
"H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and "
"Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2041
+#: freeculture.xml:2040
msgid ""
"These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly "
"so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2057
+#: freeculture.xml:2056
msgid "Yanofsky, Dave"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 49
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2060
+#: freeculture.xml:2059
msgid ""
"<quote>Media literacy,</quote> as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of "
"Just Think!, puts it, <quote>is the ability … to understand, analyze, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2068
+#: freeculture.xml:2067
msgid ""
"This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For "
"most people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2073 freeculture.xml:2625 freeculture.xml:6786 freeculture.xml:7758 freeculture.xml:8855 freeculture.xml:8909
+#: freeculture.xml:2072 freeculture.xml:2622 freeculture.xml:6783 freeculture.xml:7754 freeculture.xml:8855 freeculture.xml:8909
msgid "advertising"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2074 freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:8856
+#: freeculture.xml:2073 freeculture.xml:6785 freeculture.xml:8856
msgid "commercials"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2075 freeculture.xml:6787 freeculture.xml:8857 freeculture.xml:8891 freeculture.xml:15311
+#: freeculture.xml:2074 freeculture.xml:6784 freeculture.xml:8857 freeculture.xml:8891 freeculture.xml:15312
msgid "television"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2075 freeculture.xml:6787 freeculture.xml:8857
+#: freeculture.xml:2074 freeculture.xml:6784 freeculture.xml:8857
msgid "advertising on"
msgstr ""
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2081
+#: freeculture.xml:2080
msgid ""
"Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> "
"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2077
+#: freeculture.xml:2076
msgid ""
"Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television "
"commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2092
+#: freeculture.xml:2091
msgid ""
"A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as "
"crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2103
+#: freeculture.xml:2102
msgid ""
"It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But "
"even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2110 freeculture.xml:2126 freeculture.xml:2232
+#: freeculture.xml:2109 freeculture.xml:2125 freeculture.xml:2231
msgid "Daley, Elizabeth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2111
+#: freeculture.xml:2110
msgid "Crichton, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2125 freeculture.xml:2185 freeculture.xml:2192 freeculture.xml:2265 freeculture.xml:2688
+#: freeculture.xml:2124 freeculture.xml:2184 freeculture.xml:2191 freeculture.xml:2264 freeculture.xml:2685
msgid "Barish, Stephanie"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2123
+#: freeculture.xml:2122
msgid ""
"Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2137
+#: freeculture.xml:2136
msgid ""
"See Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,</quote> E!online, "
"4 November 2000, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2113
+#: freeculture.xml:2112
msgid ""
"This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as "
"Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2144
+#: freeculture.xml:2143
msgid "computer games"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2146
+#: freeculture.xml:2145
msgid ""
"This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, "
"<quote>people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2153
+#: freeculture.xml:2152
msgid ""
"Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to "
"include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2160
+#: freeculture.xml:2159
msgid ""
"From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not "
"access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2168
+#: freeculture.xml:2167
msgid ""
"<quote>Read-only.</quote> Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. "
"Couch potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2184
+#: freeculture.xml:2183
msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. f31
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2189 freeculture.xml:4075 freeculture.xml:5248 freeculture.xml:8744
+#: freeculture.xml:2188 freeculture.xml:4072 freeculture.xml:5245 freeculture.xml:8744
msgid "Ibid."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2173
+#: freeculture.xml:2172
msgid ""
"The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It "
"could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2194
+#: freeculture.xml:2193
msgid ""
"As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to "
"others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2207
+#: freeculture.xml:2206
msgid ""
"The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new "
"problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2215
+#: freeculture.xml:2214
msgid ""
"Using whatever <quote>free web stuff they could find,</quote> and relatively "
"simple tools to enable the kids to mix <quote>image, sound, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 52
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2236
+#: freeculture.xml:2235
msgid ""
"<quote>But isn't education about teaching kids to write?</quote> I asked. In "
"part, of course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2247
+#: freeculture.xml:2246
msgid ""
"What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all "
"you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2267
+#: freeculture.xml:2266
msgid ""
"That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, "
"as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, "
#. PAGE BREAK 53
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2274
+#: freeculture.xml:2273
msgid ""
"Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say "
"something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2288 freeculture.xml:2347 freeculture.xml:6079
+#: freeculture.xml:2285 freeculture.xml:2344 freeculture.xml:6076
msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2289
+#: freeculture.xml:2286
msgid "World Trade Center"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2290 freeculture.xml:5999
+#: freeculture.xml:2287 freeculture.xml:5996
msgid "news coverage"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2292
+#: freeculture.xml:2289
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>When two planes</emphasis> crashed into the World "
"Trade Center, another into the Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2304
+#: freeculture.xml:2301
msgid ""
"These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored "
"for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2311 freeculture.xml:8683 freeculture.xml:8903
+#: freeculture.xml:2308 freeculture.xml:8683 freeculture.xml:8903
msgid "ABC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2312
+#: freeculture.xml:2309
msgid "CBS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2314
+#: freeculture.xml:2311
msgid ""
"But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September "
"11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different "
#. PAGE BREAK 54
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2329
+#: freeculture.xml:2326
msgid ""
"I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the "
"people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2339
+#: freeculture.xml:2336
msgid ""
"But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows "
"these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2348 freeculture.xml:2443 freeculture.xml:2582
+#: freeculture.xml:2345 freeculture.xml:2440 freeculture.xml:2579
msgid "blogs (Web-logs)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2349 freeculture.xml:2445
+#: freeculture.xml:2346 freeculture.xml:2442
msgid "blogs on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:2446
+#: freeculture.xml:2347 freeculture.xml:2443
msgid "Web-logs (blogs)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2352
+#: freeculture.xml:2349
msgid ""
"September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same "
"time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2360 freeculture.xml:2429
+#: freeculture.xml:2357 freeculture.xml:2426
msgid "political discourse"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2361
+#: freeculture.xml:2358
msgid "public discourse conducted on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2363
+#: freeculture.xml:2360
msgid ""
"But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. "
"There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2377
+#: freeculture.xml:2374
msgid "elections"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 55
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2380
+#: freeculture.xml:2377
msgid ""
"That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it "
"does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2393
+#: freeculture.xml:2390
msgid "Tocqueville, Alexis de"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2394
+#: freeculture.xml:2391
msgid "public discourse in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2395
+#: freeculture.xml:2392
msgid "jury system"
msgstr ""
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2412
+#: freeculture.xml:2409
msgid ""
"See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in "
"America</citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2397
+#: freeculture.xml:2394
msgid ""
"But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by "
"the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our "
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2422
+#: freeculture.xml:2419
msgid ""
"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2418
+#: freeculture.xml:2415
msgid ""
"Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, "
"there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are "
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2438
+#: freeculture.xml:2435
msgid ""
"Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton "
"University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2431
+#: freeculture.xml:2428
msgid ""
"More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, "
"the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2444
+#: freeculture.xml:2441
msgid "e-mail"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 56
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2451
+#: freeculture.xml:2448
msgid ""
"Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this "
"problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2462
+#: freeculture.xml:2459
msgid ""
"But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of "
"norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2469
+#: freeculture.xml:2466
msgid "Dean, Howard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2471
+#: freeculture.xml:2468
msgid ""
"The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name "
"Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2476
+#: freeculture.xml:2473
msgid "Lott, Trent"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2477
+#: freeculture.xml:2474
msgid "Thurmond, Strom"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2478
+#: freeculture.xml:2475
msgid "blog pressure on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2479
+#: freeculture.xml:2476
msgid "news events on"
msgstr ""
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2492
+#: freeculture.xml:2489
msgid ""
"Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the "
"Pot,</quote> New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2481
+#: freeculture.xml:2478
msgid ""
"One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the "
"mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2496 freeculture.xml:2530
+#: freeculture.xml:2493 freeculture.xml:2527
msgid "commercial imperatives of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2498
+#: freeculture.xml:2495
msgid ""
"This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't "
"exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2505
+#: freeculture.xml:2502
msgid "peer-generated rankings on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2507
+#: freeculture.xml:2504
msgid ""
"But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can "
"focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2516
+#: freeculture.xml:2513
msgid "journalism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2517
+#: freeculture.xml:2514
msgid "Winer, Dave"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 57
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2519
+#: freeculture.xml:2516
msgid ""
"There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from "
"the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2529 freeculture.xml:2579
+#: freeculture.xml:2526 freeculture.xml:2576
msgid "CNN"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2531 freeculture.xml:2580 freeculture.xml:5943
+#: freeculture.xml:2528 freeculture.xml:2577 freeculture.xml:5940
msgid "Iraq war"
msgstr ""
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2540
+#: freeculture.xml:2537
msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2534
+#: freeculture.xml:2531
msgid ""
"These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated "
"(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public "
#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2560
+#: freeculture.xml:2557
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of "
"Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2552
+#: freeculture.xml:2549
msgid ""
"Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the "
"debate—<quote>amateur</quote> not in the sense of inexperienced, but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2581
+#: freeculture.xml:2578
msgid "Olafson, Steve"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2579
+#: freeculture.xml:2576
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
#. PAGE BREAK 58
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2572
+#: freeculture.xml:2569
msgid ""
"Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with "
"blogs. <quote>It's going to become an essential skill,</quote> Winer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2603
+#: freeculture.xml:2600
msgid ""
"This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you "
"don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2624 freeculture.xml:6777
+#: freeculture.xml:2621 freeculture.xml:6774
msgid "Brown, John Seely"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2627
+#: freeculture.xml:2624
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>John Seely Brown</emphasis> is the chief scientist "
"of the Xerox Corporation. His work, as his Web site describes it, is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2633
+#: freeculture.xml:2630
msgid ""
"Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit "
"differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be "
#. PAGE BREAK 59
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2640
+#: freeculture.xml:2637
msgid ""
"As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When <quote>a lot of us grew "
"up,</quote> he explains, that tinkering was done <quote>on motorcycle "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2653
+#: freeculture.xml:2650
msgid ""
"The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free "
"software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2660
+#: freeculture.xml:2657
msgid ""
"This opportunity creates a <quote>completely new kind of learning "
"platform,</quote> as Brown describes. <quote>As soon as you start doing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2668
+#: freeculture.xml:2665
msgid ""
"In this process, <quote>the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. "
"They are code.</quote> Kids are <quote>shifting to the ability to tinker in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2677
+#: freeculture.xml:2674
msgid ""
"This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same "
"collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, "
#. PAGE BREAK 60
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2690
+#: freeculture.xml:2687
msgid ""
"Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just "
"Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2698
+#: freeculture.xml:2695
msgid ""
"Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as "
"we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly "
#. f22
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2714
+#: freeculture.xml:2711
msgid ""
"See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, <quote>Technological "
"Access Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2707
+#: freeculture.xml:2704
msgid ""
"These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. "
"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2722
+#: freeculture.xml:2719
msgid ""
"<quote>This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,</quote> "
"Brown explains. We need to <quote>understand how kids who grow up digital "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2727
+#: freeculture.xml:2724
msgid ""
"<quote>Yet,</quote> as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will "
"evince, <quote>we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2735
+#: freeculture.xml:2732
msgid ""
"We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving "
"images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2741
+#: freeculture.xml:2738
msgid ""
"<quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet "
"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2748
-msgid "Catalogs"
+#: freeculture.xml:2745
+msgid "Chapter Three: Catalogs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2749 freeculture.xml:2792 freeculture.xml:9647
+#: freeculture.xml:2746 freeculture.xml:2789 freeculture.xml:9647
msgid "Jordan, Jesse"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2750
+#: freeculture.xml:2747
msgid "RPI"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2750 freeculture.xml:2751 freeculture.xml:2752
+#: freeculture.xml:2747 freeculture.xml:2748 freeculture.xml:2749
msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2752
+#: freeculture.xml:2749
msgid "computer network search engine of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2753
+#: freeculture.xml:2750
msgid "search engines"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2754
+#: freeculture.xml:2751
msgid "university computer networks, p2p sharing on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2755
+#: freeculture.xml:2752
msgid "search engines used on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2757
+#: freeculture.xml:2754
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In the fall</emphasis> of 2002, Jesse Jordan of "
"Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2765
+#: freeculture.xml:2762
msgid ""
"RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It "
"offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2773
+#: freeculture.xml:2770
msgid ""
"RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one "
"another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2779 freeculture.xml:2834
+#: freeculture.xml:2776 freeculture.xml:2831
msgid "Google"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 62
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2781
+#: freeculture.xml:2778
msgid ""
"Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the "
"Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2793 freeculture.xml:3710 freeculture.xml:3712 freeculture.xml:3713 freeculture.xml:5532 freeculture.xml:8219 freeculture.xml:13562 freeculture.xml:13631
+#: freeculture.xml:2790 freeculture.xml:3707 freeculture.xml:3709 freeculture.xml:3710 freeculture.xml:5529 freeculture.xml:8215 freeculture.xml:13563 freeculture.xml:13632
msgid "Microsoft"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2793
+#: freeculture.xml:2790
msgid "network file system of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2795
+#: freeculture.xml:2792
msgid ""
"These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for "
"example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2805
+#: freeculture.xml:2802
msgid ""
"Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, "
"his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2818
+#: freeculture.xml:2815
msgid ""
"Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, "
"he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system "
#. PAGE BREAK 63
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2826
+#: freeculture.xml:2823
msgid ""
"Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students "
"could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2835
+#: freeculture.xml:2832
msgid "tinkering as means of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2837
+#: freeculture.xml:2834
msgid ""
"But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files "
"that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2851 freeculture.xml:9645 freeculture.xml:9922
+#: freeculture.xml:2848 freeculture.xml:9645 freeculture.xml:9922
msgid "in recording industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2852
+#: freeculture.xml:2849
msgid "against student file sharing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2853 freeculture.xml:2951 freeculture.xml:3204 freeculture.xml:3333 freeculture.xml:4286 freeculture.xml:4287 freeculture.xml:4288 freeculture.xml:9923 freeculture.xml:10334 freeculture.xml:10335 freeculture.xml:10336 freeculture.xml:10492
+#: freeculture.xml:2850 freeculture.xml:2948 freeculture.xml:3201 freeculture.xml:3330 freeculture.xml:4283 freeculture.xml:4284 freeculture.xml:4285 freeculture.xml:9923 freeculture.xml:10334 freeculture.xml:10335 freeculture.xml:10336 freeculture.xml:10492
msgid "recording industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2853 freeculture.xml:9923
+#: freeculture.xml:2850 freeculture.xml:9923
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2854 freeculture.xml:2883 freeculture.xml:2952 freeculture.xml:9924 freeculture.xml:10337 freeculture.xml:10338 freeculture.xml:10490
+#: freeculture.xml:2851 freeculture.xml:2880 freeculture.xml:2949 freeculture.xml:9924 freeculture.xml:10337 freeculture.xml:10338 freeculture.xml:10490
msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2854 freeculture.xml:9924
+#: freeculture.xml:2851 freeculture.xml:9924
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2857
+#: freeculture.xml:2854
msgid ""
"On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The "
"dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2866
+#: freeculture.xml:2863
msgid ""
"<quote>It was absurd,</quote> he told me. <quote>I don't think I did "
"anything wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2879 freeculture.xml:9644 freeculture.xml:9921
+#: freeculture.xml:2876 freeculture.xml:9644 freeculture.xml:9921
msgid "exaggerated claims of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2880
+#: freeculture.xml:2877
msgid "statutory damages of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2881
+#: freeculture.xml:2878
msgid "individual defendants intimidated by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2882
+#: freeculture.xml:2879
msgid "statutory damages"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2883
+#: freeculture.xml:2880
msgid "intimidation tactics of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 64
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2885
+#: freeculture.xml:2882
msgid ""
"But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and "
"had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2895
+#: freeculture.xml:2892
msgid "Michigan Technical University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2896
+#: freeculture.xml:2893
msgid "Princeton University"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2910
+#: freeculture.xml:2907
msgid ""
"Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit "
"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2898
+#: freeculture.xml:2895
msgid ""
"Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other "
"student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2917
+#: freeculture.xml:2914
msgid ""
"Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An "
"uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2923
+#: freeculture.xml:2920
msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2925
+#: freeculture.xml:2922
msgid ""
"The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They "
"wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2935
+#: freeculture.xml:2932
msgid "legal system, attorney costs in"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 65
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2937
+#: freeculture.xml:2934
msgid ""
"Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But "
"Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2947
+#: freeculture.xml:2944
msgid ""
"So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or "
"$12,000 and a settlement."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2950 freeculture.xml:3334 freeculture.xml:4279 freeculture.xml:5541 freeculture.xml:5590 freeculture.xml:10232 freeculture.xml:10330 freeculture.xml:10491 freeculture.xml:10514 freeculture.xml:15212 freeculture.xml:15277
+#: freeculture.xml:2947 freeculture.xml:3331 freeculture.xml:4276 freeculture.xml:5538 freeculture.xml:5587 freeculture.xml:10232 freeculture.xml:10330 freeculture.xml:10491 freeculture.xml:10514 freeculture.xml:15213 freeculture.xml:15278
msgid "artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2950 freeculture.xml:3334 freeculture.xml:4279 freeculture.xml:10232 freeculture.xml:10330 freeculture.xml:10491 freeculture.xml:10514 freeculture.xml:15212 freeculture.xml:15277
+#: freeculture.xml:2947 freeculture.xml:3331 freeculture.xml:4276 freeculture.xml:10232 freeculture.xml:10330 freeculture.xml:10491 freeculture.xml:10514 freeculture.xml:15213 freeculture.xml:15278
msgid "recording industry payments to"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2951 freeculture.xml:4286 freeculture.xml:10334 freeculture.xml:10492
+#: freeculture.xml:2948 freeculture.xml:4283 freeculture.xml:10334 freeculture.xml:10492
msgid "artist remuneration in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2952 freeculture.xml:10338
+#: freeculture.xml:2949 freeculture.xml:10338
msgid "lobbying power of"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2962
+#: freeculture.xml:2959
msgid ""
"Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) "
"(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2970
+#: freeculture.xml:2967
msgid ""
"Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and "
"Punishment,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2954
+#: freeculture.xml:2951
msgid ""
"The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's "
"put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2977
+#: freeculture.xml:2974
msgid ""
"On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The "
"case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2984
+#: freeculture.xml:2981
msgid ""
"I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an "
"activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2991
+#: freeculture.xml:2988
msgid ""
"Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his "
"father told me, Jesse <quote>considers himself very conservative, and so do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3006
-msgid "<quote>Pirates</quote>"
+#: freeculture.xml:3003
+msgid "Chapter Four: <quote>Pirates</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3007
+#: freeculture.xml:3004
msgid "in development of content industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3010
+#: freeculture.xml:3007
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis> using the "
"creative property of others without their permission—if <quote>if "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3021
+#: freeculture.xml:3018
msgid "Film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3025
+#: freeculture.xml:3022
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> I am grateful to Peter DiMauro "
"for pointing me to this extraordinary history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, "
#. PAGE BREAK 67
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3023
+#: freeculture.xml:3020
msgid ""
"The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3041
+#: freeculture.xml:3038
msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3045
+#: freeculture.xml:3042
msgid ""
"A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the "
"license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3053
+#: freeculture.xml:3050
msgid "Fox, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3054
+#: freeculture.xml:3051
msgid "General Film Company"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3055 freeculture.xml:3352 freeculture.xml:4513 freeculture.xml:10380
+#: freeculture.xml:3052 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4510 freeculture.xml:10380
msgid "Picker, Randal C."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3079 freeculture.xml:4512 freeculture.xml:10100 freeculture.xml:10213
+#: freeculture.xml:3076 freeculture.xml:4509 freeculture.xml:10100 freeculture.xml:10213
msgid "broadcast flag"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3068
+#: freeculture.xml:3065
msgid ""
"J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent "
"Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3057
+#: freeculture.xml:3054
msgid ""
"With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of "
"nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3090
+#: freeculture.xml:3087
msgid ""
"Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents "
"Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3084
+#: freeculture.xml:3081
msgid ""
"The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies "
"like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously "
#. PAGE BREAK 68
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3100
+#: freeculture.xml:3097
msgid ""
"Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal "
"law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3111
+#: freeculture.xml:3108
msgid "Recorded Music"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3112 freeculture.xml:4283
+#: freeculture.xml:3109 freeculture.xml:4280
msgid "on music recordings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3114
+#: freeculture.xml:3111
msgid ""
"The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how "
"requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3117
+#: freeculture.xml:3114
msgid "Fourneaux, Henri"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3118
+#: freeculture.xml:3115
msgid "Russel, Phil"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3120
+#: freeculture.xml:3117
msgid ""
"At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for "
"reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3129 freeculture.xml:3267
+#: freeculture.xml:3126 freeculture.xml:3264
msgid "Beatles"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3131
+#: freeculture.xml:3128
msgid ""
"But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's "
"phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3154 freeculture.xml:3171
+#: freeculture.xml:3151 freeculture.xml:3168
msgid "Kittredge, Alfred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3150
+#: freeculture.xml:3147
msgid ""
"The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to "
"pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3165
+#: freeculture.xml:3162
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 "
"and H.R. 19853 Before the (Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3158
+#: freeculture.xml:3155
msgid ""
"Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A "
"publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3175
+#: freeculture.xml:3172
msgid "Sousa, John Philip"
msgstr ""
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3181
+#: freeculture.xml:3178
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of "
"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3187
+#: freeculture.xml:3184
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of "
"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3194
+#: freeculture.xml:3191
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of "
"John Philip Sousa, composer)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3177
+#: freeculture.xml:3174
msgid ""
"The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works "
"were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3198
+#: freeculture.xml:3195
msgid "American Graphophone Company"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3199
+#: freeculture.xml:3196
msgid "player pianos"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3201 freeculture.xml:3202 freeculture.xml:4281 freeculture.xml:4282 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:4366 freeculture.xml:6989 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:7192 freeculture.xml:7193 freeculture.xml:10331 freeculture.xml:10332 freeculture.xml:10333 freeculture.xml:11111 freeculture.xml:11172 freeculture.xml:12109
+#: freeculture.xml:3198 freeculture.xml:3199 freeculture.xml:4278 freeculture.xml:4279 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:4363 freeculture.xml:6986 freeculture.xml:7075 freeculture.xml:7189 freeculture.xml:7190 freeculture.xml:10331 freeculture.xml:10332 freeculture.xml:10333 freeculture.xml:11111 freeculture.xml:11172 freeculture.xml:12109
msgid "Congress, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3201 freeculture.xml:4281 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:7192 freeculture.xml:10331
+#: freeculture.xml:3198 freeculture.xml:4278 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:7075 freeculture.xml:7189 freeculture.xml:10331
msgid "on copyright laws"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3202 freeculture.xml:4282 freeculture.xml:10333
+#: freeculture.xml:3199 freeculture.xml:4279 freeculture.xml:10333
msgid "on recording industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3203 freeculture.xml:4284 freeculture.xml:10159
+#: freeculture.xml:3200 freeculture.xml:4281 freeculture.xml:10159
msgid "statutory licenses in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3204
+#: freeculture.xml:3201
msgid "statutory license system in"
msgstr ""
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3214
+#: freeculture.xml:3211
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 "
"(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating "
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3225
+#: freeculture.xml:3222
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared "
"memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3206
+#: freeculture.xml:3203
msgid ""
"These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the "
"arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3230
+#: freeculture.xml:3227
msgid "cover songs"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 70
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3232
+#: freeculture.xml:3229
msgid ""
"The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer "
"<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3246
+#: freeculture.xml:3243
msgid "compulsory license"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3247 freeculture.xml:4289 freeculture.xml:10158
+#: freeculture.xml:3244 freeculture.xml:4286 freeculture.xml:10158
msgid "statutory licenses"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3249
+#: freeculture.xml:3246
msgid ""
"American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but "
"I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3256 freeculture.xml:14908
+#: freeculture.xml:3253 freeculture.xml:14909
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3258
+#: freeculture.xml:3255
msgid ""
"This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a "
"novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the "
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3283
+#: freeculture.xml:3280
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and "
"H.R. 11794 Before the (Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3269
+#: freeculture.xml:3266
msgid ""
"But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in "
"effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3294
+#: freeculture.xml:3291
msgid ""
"While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, "
"historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for "
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3316
+#: freeculture.xml:3313
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on "
"the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3301
+#: freeculture.xml:3298
msgid ""
"the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system "
"must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3327
+#: freeculture.xml:3324
msgid ""
"By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative "
"work, the record producers, and the public, benefit."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3332 freeculture.xml:4477
+#: freeculture.xml:3329 freeculture.xml:4474
msgid "Radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3333 freeculture.xml:4288 freeculture.xml:10335
+#: freeculture.xml:3330 freeculture.xml:4285 freeculture.xml:10335
msgid "radio broadcast and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3336
+#: freeculture.xml:3333
msgid "Radio was also born of piracy."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3351
+#: freeculture.xml:3348
msgid "Hand, Learned"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3342
+#: freeculture.xml:3339
msgid ""
"See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At "
"the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3339
+#: freeculture.xml:3336
msgid ""
"When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a "
"<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3369 freeculture.xml:9401 freeculture.xml:9876 freeculture.xml:12957
+#: freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:9401 freeculture.xml:9876 freeculture.xml:12958
msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 72
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3359
+#: freeculture.xml:3356
msgid ""
"But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy "
"of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3374
+#: freeculture.xml:3371
msgid ""
"But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio "
"station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3381 freeculture.xml:3893 freeculture.xml:6500 freeculture.xml:6516
+#: freeculture.xml:3378 freeculture.xml:3890 freeculture.xml:6497 freeculture.xml:6513
msgid "Madonna"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3383
+#: freeculture.xml:3380
msgid ""
"This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine "
"it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3389
+#: freeculture.xml:3386
msgid ""
"Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then "
"decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3401
+#: freeculture.xml:3398
msgid ""
"No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists "
"benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3411 freeculture.xml:4483
+#: freeculture.xml:3408 freeculture.xml:4480
msgid "Cable TV"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3412 freeculture.xml:4303 freeculture.xml:8580 freeculture.xml:8619 freeculture.xml:15310
+#: freeculture.xml:3409 freeculture.xml:4300 freeculture.xml:8580 freeculture.xml:8619 freeculture.xml:15311
msgid "cable television"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3414
+#: freeculture.xml:3411
msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 73
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3417
+#: freeculture.xml:3414
msgid ""
"When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable "
"television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3427
+#: freeculture.xml:3424
msgid "Anello, Douglas"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3428
+#: freeculture.xml:3425
msgid "Burdick, Quentin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3429 freeculture.xml:3440
+#: freeculture.xml:3426 freeculture.xml:3437
msgid "Hyde, Rosel H."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3435
+#: freeculture.xml:3432
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the "
"Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee "
#. f14
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3447
+#: freeculture.xml:3444
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, "
"general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3431
+#: freeculture.xml:3428
msgid ""
"Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel "
"Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair "
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3458
+#: freeculture.xml:3455
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, "
"general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3454
+#: freeculture.xml:3451
msgid ""
"The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only "
"business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3464
+#: freeculture.xml:3461
msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:"
msgstr ""
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3473
+#: freeculture.xml:3470
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, "
"president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3468
+#: freeculture.xml:3465
msgid ""
"All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our "
"property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3479 freeculture.xml:3487
+#: freeculture.xml:3476 freeculture.xml:3484
msgid "Heston, Charlton"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3485
+#: freeculture.xml:3482
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, "
"president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3481
+#: freeculture.xml:3478
msgid ""
"These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president "
"Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3492
+#: freeculture.xml:3489
msgid ""
"But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney "
"General Edwin Zimmerman put it,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3508 freeculture.xml:3510
+#: freeculture.xml:3505 freeculture.xml:3507
msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3506
+#: freeculture.xml:3503
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, "
"acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3497
+#: freeculture.xml:3494
msgid ""
"Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright "
"protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3514
+#: freeculture.xml:3511
msgid ""
"Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court "
"held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3518
+#: freeculture.xml:3515
msgid ""
"It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of "
"whether cable companies had to pay for the content they "
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3537
+#: freeculture.xml:3534
msgid ""
"See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The "
"Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3532
+#: freeculture.xml:3529
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a common "
"theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone else's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3554
-msgid "<quote>Piracy</quote>"
+#: freeculture.xml:3551
+msgid "Chapter Five: <quote>Piracy</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3556
+#: freeculture.xml:3553
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted "
"material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most significant "
#. PAGE BREAK 76
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3564
+#: freeculture.xml:3561
msgid ""
"But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of "
"<quote>taking</quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3574
+#: freeculture.xml:3571
msgid "Piracy I"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3575 freeculture.xml:3655 freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:15312
+#: freeculture.xml:3572 freeculture.xml:3652 freeculture.xml:3702 freeculture.xml:15313
msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3576 freeculture.xml:4028 freeculture.xml:9877 freeculture.xml:10732 freeculture.xml:14703 freeculture.xml:15294
+#: freeculture.xml:3573 freeculture.xml:4025 freeculture.xml:9877 freeculture.xml:10732 freeculture.xml:14704 freeculture.xml:15295
msgid "CDs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3576
+#: freeculture.xml:3573
msgid "foreign piracy of"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3584
+#: freeculture.xml:3581
msgid ""
"See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), "
"<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3578
+#: freeculture.xml:3575
msgid ""
"All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are "
"businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3594
+#: freeculture.xml:3591
msgid ""
"This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor "
"in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3600
+#: freeculture.xml:3597
msgid ""
"Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for "
"it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3609
+#: freeculture.xml:3606
msgid ""
"That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the "
"taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American "
#. PAGE BREAK 77
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3620
+#: freeculture.xml:3617
msgid ""
"True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these "
"countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3648
+#: freeculture.xml:3645
msgid "agricultural patents"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3649 freeculture.xml:13249 freeculture.xml:13740 freeculture.xml:13747
+#: freeculture.xml:3646 freeculture.xml:13250 freeculture.xml:13741 freeculture.xml:13748
msgid "Drahos, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3633
+#: freeculture.xml:3630
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: "
"<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3628
+#: freeculture.xml:3625
msgid ""
"If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its "
"laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3670 freeculture.xml:3949 freeculture.xml:15460
+#: freeculture.xml:3667 freeculture.xml:3946 freeculture.xml:15461
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3663
+#: freeculture.xml:3660
msgid ""
"For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan "
"Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3657
+#: freeculture.xml:3654
msgid ""
"Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any "
"case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3674
+#: freeculture.xml:3671
msgid ""
"This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands "
"of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they "
#. PAGE BREAK 78
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3688
+#: freeculture.xml:3685
msgid ""
"This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property "
"right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3706 freeculture.xml:15313
+#: freeculture.xml:3703 freeculture.xml:15314
msgid "in Asia"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3707 freeculture.xml:13560 freeculture.xml:14146
+#: freeculture.xml:3704 freeculture.xml:13561 freeculture.xml:14147
msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3708 freeculture.xml:3738 freeculture.xml:12041 freeculture.xml:13575 freeculture.xml:14202
+#: freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:3735 freeculture.xml:12041 freeculture.xml:13576 freeculture.xml:14203
msgid "GNU/Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3709 freeculture.xml:3739 freeculture.xml:12043 freeculture.xml:13576 freeculture.xml:14203
+#: freeculture.xml:3706 freeculture.xml:3736 freeculture.xml:12043 freeculture.xml:13577 freeculture.xml:14204
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3710
+#: freeculture.xml:3707
msgid "competitive strategies of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3711
+#: freeculture.xml:3708
msgid "Windows"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3712
+#: freeculture.xml:3709
msgid "international software piracy of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3713
+#: freeculture.xml:3710
msgid "Windows operating system of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3715
+#: freeculture.xml:3712
msgid ""
"Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the "
"piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:4770 freeculture.xml:4994 freeculture.xml:6484 freeculture.xml:6560 freeculture.xml:6695 freeculture.xml:7107 freeculture.xml:14234
+#: freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:4767 freeculture.xml:4991 freeculture.xml:6481 freeculture.xml:6557 freeculture.xml:6692 freeculture.xml:7104 freeculture.xml:14235
msgid "law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:14234
+#: freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:14235
msgid "databases of case reports in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3729
+#: freeculture.xml:3726
msgid ""
"This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good "
"one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3736
+#: freeculture.xml:3733
msgid "Netscape"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3737
+#: freeculture.xml:3734
msgid "Internet Explorer"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3741
+#: freeculture.xml:3738
msgid ""
"Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic "
"a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it "
#. PAGE BREAK 79
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3755
+#: freeculture.xml:3752
msgid ""
"Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I "
"certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3765
+#: freeculture.xml:3762
msgid ""
"But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part "
"suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3774
+#: freeculture.xml:3771
msgid ""
"This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy "
"concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3780
+#: freeculture.xml:3777
msgid ""
"For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly "
"controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3786
+#: freeculture.xml:3783
msgid ""
"These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push "
"us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3792
+#: freeculture.xml:3789
msgid "Piracy II"
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3797
+#: freeculture.xml:3794
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 "
"Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)."
#. PAGE BREAK 80
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3794
+#: freeculture.xml:3791
msgid ""
"The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use "
"that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3806
+#: freeculture.xml:3803
msgid "Fanning, Shawn"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3807 freeculture.xml:3814 freeculture.xml:9807
+#: freeculture.xml:3804 freeculture.xml:3811 freeculture.xml:9807
msgid "innovation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3824 freeculture.xml:8813
+#: freeculture.xml:3821 freeculture.xml:8813
msgid "Christensen, Clayton M."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3814
+#: freeculture.xml:3811
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, "
"<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3806
+#: freeculture.xml:3803
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> Peer-to-peer sharing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3829
+#: freeculture.xml:3826
msgid "Kazaa"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3830
+#: freeculture.xml:3827
msgid "number of registrations on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3831
+#: freeculture.xml:3828
msgid "replacement of"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3837
+#: freeculture.xml:3834
msgid ""
"See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood "
"Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3829
+#: freeculture.xml:3826
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The result was "
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3860
+#: freeculture.xml:3857
msgid ""
"See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music "
"Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of "
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3869
+#: freeculture.xml:3866
msgid ""
"Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> "
"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3854
+#: freeculture.xml:3851
msgid ""
"According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have "
"tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3878
+#: freeculture.xml:3875
msgid ""
"Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does "
"not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, "
#. PAGE BREAK 81
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3888
+#: freeculture.xml:3885
msgid ""
"File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different "
"kinds into four types."
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3896
+#: freeculture.xml:3893
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, "
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3906
+#: freeculture.xml:3903
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing "
"it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard "
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3917
+#: freeculture.xml:3914
msgid ""
"There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content "
"that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the "
#. PAGE BREAK 82
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3934
+#: freeculture.xml:3931
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3940
+#: freeculture.xml:3937
msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3948
+#: freeculture.xml:3945
msgid ""
"See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, "
"148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3943
+#: freeculture.xml:3940
msgid ""
"Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of "
"the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3959
+#: freeculture.xml:3956
msgid ""
"Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful "
"type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3966 freeculture.xml:3975 freeculture.xml:4335 freeculture.xml:8379 freeculture.xml:8408 freeculture.xml:10156 freeculture.xml:15020
+#: freeculture.xml:3963 freeculture.xml:3972 freeculture.xml:4332 freeculture.xml:8375 freeculture.xml:8404 freeculture.xml:10156 freeculture.xml:15021
msgid "cassette recording"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3966 freeculture.xml:4335 freeculture.xml:8379 freeculture.xml:8408 freeculture.xml:10156 freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:15020 freeculture.xml:15021
+#: freeculture.xml:3963 freeculture.xml:4332 freeculture.xml:8375 freeculture.xml:8404 freeculture.xml:10156 freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:15021 freeculture.xml:15022
msgid "VCRs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3975
+#: freeculture.xml:3972
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, "
"<citetitle>Technology Evolution and the Music Industry's Business Model "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3968
+#: freeculture.xml:3965
msgid ""
"While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder "
"to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3993
+#: freeculture.xml:3990
msgid "MTV"
msgstr ""
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4003
+#: freeculture.xml:4000
msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3995
+#: freeculture.xml:3992
msgid ""
"Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact "
"regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4008
+#: freeculture.xml:4005
msgid ""
"But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong "
"today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4018
+#: freeculture.xml:4015
msgid ""
"We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the "
"standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4028
+#: freeculture.xml:4025
msgid "sales levels of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4030
+#: freeculture.xml:4027
msgid ""
"Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file "
"sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4039
+#: freeculture.xml:4036
msgid ""
"See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend "
"Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4066
+#: freeculture.xml:4063
msgid "Black, Jane"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4063
+#: freeculture.xml:4060
msgid ""
"Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, "
"13 February 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4035
+#: freeculture.xml:4032
msgid ""
"In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 "
"million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder "
#. PAGE BREAK 84
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4081
+#: freeculture.xml:4078
msgid ""
"But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is "
"because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4089
+#: freeculture.xml:4086
msgid ""
"There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain "
"these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4105
+#: freeculture.xml:4102
msgid ""
"These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, "
"real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording "
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4117
+#: freeculture.xml:4114
msgid ""
"By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no "
"longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4111
+#: freeculture.xml:4108
msgid ""
"One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is "
"technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4130 freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:4183 freeculture.xml:4694 freeculture.xml:6154 freeculture.xml:6159 freeculture.xml:6211 freeculture.xml:7178 freeculture.xml:7179 freeculture.xml:7565 freeculture.xml:7639 freeculture.xml:7923 freeculture.xml:14406 freeculture.xml:15132 freeculture.xml:15133
+#: freeculture.xml:4127 freeculture.xml:4135 freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:4180 freeculture.xml:4691 freeculture.xml:6151 freeculture.xml:6156 freeculture.xml:6208 freeculture.xml:7175 freeculture.xml:7176 freeculture.xml:7562 freeculture.xml:7631 freeculture.xml:7919 freeculture.xml:14407 freeculture.xml:15133 freeculture.xml:15134
msgid "books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4130 freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:7178 freeculture.xml:15133
+#: freeculture.xml:4127 freeculture.xml:4135 freeculture.xml:7175 freeculture.xml:15134
msgid "resales of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4138
+#: freeculture.xml:4135
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good "
"estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4132
+#: freeculture.xml:4129
msgid ""
"In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple "
"response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:6154 freeculture.xml:6159 freeculture.xml:7179 freeculture.xml:15132
+#: freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:6151 freeculture.xml:6156 freeculture.xml:7176 freeculture.xml:15133
msgid "out of print"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4160
+#: freeculture.xml:4157
msgid "Bernstein, Leonard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4161 freeculture.xml:7640
+#: freeculture.xml:4158 freeculture.xml:7632
msgid "books on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4163
+#: freeculture.xml:4160
msgid ""
"Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record "
"stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4176
+#: freeculture.xml:4173
msgid ""
"It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the "
"copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4183 freeculture.xml:14406
+#: freeculture.xml:4180 freeculture.xml:14407
msgid "free on-line releases of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4184
+#: freeculture.xml:4181
msgid "Doctorow, Cory"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4185
+#: freeculture.xml:4182
msgid "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 86
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4187
+#: freeculture.xml:4184
msgid ""
"Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D "
"sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4205
+#: freeculture.xml:4202
msgid ""
"Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with "
"no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4211
+#: freeculture.xml:4208
msgid ""
"The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably "
"says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4219
+#: freeculture.xml:4216
msgid ""
"For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much "
"of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4233
+#: freeculture.xml:4230
msgid ""
"<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the "
"target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>"
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4249
+#: freeculture.xml:4246
msgid ""
"See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 "
"(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4237
+#: freeculture.xml:4234
msgid ""
"You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of "
"the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4260
+#: freeculture.xml:4257
msgid ""
"If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing "
"technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4271
+#: freeculture.xml:4268
msgid ""
"Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content "
"industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4280
+#: freeculture.xml:4277
msgid "composers, copyright protections of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4285
+#: freeculture.xml:4282
msgid "music recordings played on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4287
+#: freeculture.xml:4284
msgid "copyright protections in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4290
+#: freeculture.xml:4287
msgid "composer's rights vs. producers' rights in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4292
+#: freeculture.xml:4289
msgid ""
"So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened "
"the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4305
+#: freeculture.xml:4302
msgid ""
"Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the "
"claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, "
#. PAGE BREAK 88
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4316
+#: freeculture.xml:4313
msgid ""
"This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, "
"served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4334
+#: freeculture.xml:4331
msgid "Betamax"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4337
+#: freeculture.xml:4334
msgid ""
"In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and "
"distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the "
#. PAGE BREAK 89
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4351
+#: freeculture.xml:4348
msgid ""
"There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to "
"design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4366
+#: freeculture.xml:4363
msgid "on VCR technology"
msgstr ""
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4375
+#: freeculture.xml:4372
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 "
"Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., "
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4387
+#: freeculture.xml:4384
msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475."
msgstr ""
#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4392
+#: freeculture.xml:4389
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)."
#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4403
+#: freeculture.xml:4400
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack "
"Valenti)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4368
+#: freeculture.xml:4365
msgid ""
"MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti "
"called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, "
#. f22
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4421
+#: freeculture.xml:4418
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4424
+#: freeculture.xml:4421
msgid "Kozinski, Alex"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4409
+#: freeculture.xml:4406
msgid ""
"It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In "
"the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in "
#. PAGE BREAK 90
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4427
+#: freeculture.xml:4424
msgid ""
"But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in "
"its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and "
#. f23
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4446
+#: freeculture.xml:4443
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4436
+#: freeculture.xml:4433
msgid ""
"Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to "
"Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4452
+#: freeculture.xml:4449
msgid ""
"Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with "
"the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4463
+#: freeculture.xml:4460
msgid "CASE"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4464
+#: freeculture.xml:4461
msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4465
+#: freeculture.xml:4462
msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4466
+#: freeculture.xml:4463
msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4471
+#: freeculture.xml:4468
msgid "Recordings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4472
+#: freeculture.xml:4469
msgid "Composers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4473 freeculture.xml:4485 freeculture.xml:4491
+#: freeculture.xml:4470 freeculture.xml:4482 freeculture.xml:4488
msgid "No protection"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4474 freeculture.xml:4486
+#: freeculture.xml:4471 freeculture.xml:4483
msgid "Statutory license"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4478
+#: freeculture.xml:4475
msgid "Recording artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4479
+#: freeculture.xml:4476
msgid "N/A"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4480 freeculture.xml:4492
+#: freeculture.xml:4477 freeculture.xml:4489
msgid "Nothing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4484
+#: freeculture.xml:4481
msgid "Broadcasters"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4489
+#: freeculture.xml:4486
msgid "VCR"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4490
+#: freeculture.xml:4487
msgid "Film creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4502
+#: freeculture.xml:4499
msgid ""
"These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other "
"cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4499
+#: freeculture.xml:4496
msgid ""
"In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way "
"content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each "
#. PAGE BREAK 91
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4520
+#: freeculture.xml:4517
msgid ""
"In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or "
"Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4533
+#: freeculture.xml:4530
msgid ""
"When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up "
"the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4544
+#: freeculture.xml:4541
msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law"
msgstr ""
#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4551
+#: freeculture.xml:4548
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4546
+#: freeculture.xml:4543
msgid ""
"We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has "
"answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4562
+#: freeculture.xml:4559
msgid ""
"We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is "
"changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires "
#. f26
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4586
+#: freeculture.xml:4583
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software "
"Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4578
+#: freeculture.xml:4575
msgid ""
"This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode "
"of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4591
+#: freeculture.xml:4588
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about "
"<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4603
+#: freeculture.xml:4600
msgid ""
"<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors "
"insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4612
-msgid "<quote>PROPERTY</quote>"
+#: freeculture.xml:4609
+msgid "<quote>Property</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 94
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4617
+#: freeculture.xml:4614
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A "
"copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4624
+#: freeculture.xml:4621
msgid ""
"But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> "
"right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4635 freeculture.xml:6445 freeculture.xml:14393
+#: freeculture.xml:4632 freeculture.xml:6442 freeculture.xml:14394
msgid "Jefferson, Thomas"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4650
+#: freeculture.xml:4647
msgid ""
"Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in "
"<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4637
+#: freeculture.xml:4634
msgid ""
"The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, "
"though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4655
+#: freeculture.xml:4652
msgid "intangibility of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4657
+#: freeculture.xml:4654
msgid ""
"The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the "
"law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4670
+#: freeculture.xml:4667
msgid ""
"As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are "
"intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4665
+#: freeculture.xml:4662
msgid ""
"But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other "
"words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4680
+#: freeculture.xml:4677
msgid ""
"My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding "
"part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4693
-msgid "Founders"
+#: freeculture.xml:4690
+msgid "Chapter Six: Founders"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4694
+#: freeculture.xml:4691
msgid "English copyright law developed for"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4697
+#: freeculture.xml:4694
msgid "England, copyright laws developed in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4698 freeculture.xml:13934
+#: freeculture.xml:4695 freeculture.xml:13935
msgid "United Kingdom"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4698
+#: freeculture.xml:4695
msgid "history of copyright law in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4699 freeculture.xml:4869
+#: freeculture.xml:4696 freeculture.xml:4866
msgid "Branagh, Kenneth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4700
+#: freeculture.xml:4697
msgid "Henry V"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4702 freeculture.xml:4834
+#: freeculture.xml:4699 freeculture.xml:4831
msgid "Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4704
+#: freeculture.xml:4701
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote "
"<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4715 freeculture.xml:4799 freeculture.xml:4908 freeculture.xml:5041
+#: freeculture.xml:4712 freeculture.xml:4796 freeculture.xml:4905 freeculture.xml:5038
msgid "Conger"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4716
+#: freeculture.xml:4713
msgid "Tonson, Jacob"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4722
+#: freeculture.xml:4719
msgid "Jonson, Ben"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4723
+#: freeculture.xml:4720
msgid "Dryden, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4722
+#: freeculture.xml:4719
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4735
+#: freeculture.xml:4732
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical "
"Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), "
#. PAGE BREAK 97
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4718
+#: freeculture.xml:4715
msgid ""
"In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was "
"written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4747 freeculture.xml:4800 freeculture.xml:4940 freeculture.xml:5121 freeculture.xml:5277
+#: freeculture.xml:4744 freeculture.xml:4797 freeculture.xml:4937 freeculture.xml:5118 freeculture.xml:5274
msgid "British Parliament"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:7116
+#: freeculture.xml:4746 freeculture.xml:7113
msgid "renewability of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4846 freeculture.xml:4953 freeculture.xml:5040 freeculture.xml:7106
+#: freeculture.xml:4747 freeculture.xml:4799 freeculture.xml:4843 freeculture.xml:4950 freeculture.xml:5037 freeculture.xml:7103
msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4761
+#: freeculture.xml:4758
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely "
"argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4752
+#: freeculture.xml:4749
msgid ""
"Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a "
"little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4770 freeculture.xml:4994
+#: freeculture.xml:4767 freeculture.xml:4991
msgid "common vs. positive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4771 freeculture.xml:4995
+#: freeculture.xml:4768 freeculture.xml:4992
msgid "positive law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4772
+#: freeculture.xml:4769
msgid "Licensing Act (1662)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4774
+#: freeculture.xml:4771
msgid ""
"The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a "
"<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5064 freeculture.xml:5164
+#: freeculture.xml:4782 freeculture.xml:4990 freeculture.xml:5061 freeculture.xml:5161
msgid "common law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4787
+#: freeculture.xml:4784
msgid ""
"There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that "
"there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4801 freeculture.xml:5030 freeculture.xml:5138 freeculture.xml:5216
+#: freeculture.xml:4798 freeculture.xml:5027 freeculture.xml:5135 freeculture.xml:5213
msgid "Scottish publishers"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 98
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4804
+#: freeculture.xml:4801
msgid ""
"This question was important to the publishers, or "
"<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4815
+#: freeculture.xml:4812
msgid "as narrow monopoly right"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4817
+#: freeculture.xml:4814
msgid ""
"The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a "
"book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4827
+#: freeculture.xml:4824
msgid ""
"Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament "
"limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4836
+#: freeculture.xml:4833
msgid ""
"For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very "
"strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4848
+#: freeculture.xml:4845
msgid ""
"The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about "
"the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:7631 freeculture.xml:7798
+#: freeculture.xml:4850 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:7794
msgid "usage restrictions attached to"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 99
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4855
+#: freeculture.xml:4852
msgid ""
"First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to "
"apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4872
+#: freeculture.xml:4869
msgid ""
"So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were "
"perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4881
+#: freeculture.xml:4878
msgid "Henry VIII, King of England"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4882
+#: freeculture.xml:4879
msgid "monopoly, copyright as"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4883
+#: freeculture.xml:4880
msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4885
+#: freeculture.xml:4882
msgid ""
"Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had "
"had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4898
+#: freeculture.xml:4895
msgid ""
"Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was "
"naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4906 freeculture.xml:5199
+#: freeculture.xml:4903 freeculture.xml:5196
msgid "Milton, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4907
+#: freeculture.xml:4904
msgid "booksellers, English"
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4926
+#: freeculture.xml:4923
msgid ""
"Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary "
"Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4911
+#: freeculture.xml:4908
msgid ""
"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a "
"monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4930
+#: freeculture.xml:4927
msgid "Enlightenment"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4931
+#: freeculture.xml:4928
msgid "knowledge, freedom of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4933
+#: freeculture.xml:4930
msgid ""
"Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of "
"knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4942
+#: freeculture.xml:4939
msgid ""
"To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among "
"booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4955 freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:11136
+#: freeculture.xml:4952 freeculture.xml:5087 freeculture.xml:5181 freeculture.xml:11136
msgid "in perpetuity"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4957
+#: freeculture.xml:4954
msgid ""
"When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting "
"anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4966
+#: freeculture.xml:4963
msgid ""
"Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that "
"echo today,"
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4981
+#: freeculture.xml:4978
msgid ""
"A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the "
"House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4971
+#: freeculture.xml:4968
msgid ""
"I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well "
"for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4997
+#: freeculture.xml:4994
msgid ""
"Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series "
"of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5019 freeculture.xml:5029 freeculture.xml:5072
+#: freeculture.xml:5016 freeculture.xml:5026 freeculture.xml:5069
msgid "Patterson, Raymond"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5019
+#: freeculture.xml:5016
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5013
+#: freeculture.xml:5010
msgid ""
"This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the "
"leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5028 freeculture.xml:5137
+#: freeculture.xml:5025 freeculture.xml:5134
msgid "Donaldson, Alexander"
msgstr ""
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5036
+#: freeculture.xml:5033
msgid ""
"For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and "
"Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5032
+#: freeculture.xml:5029
msgid ""
"The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of "
"this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5042
+#: freeculture.xml:5039
msgid "Boswell, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5043
+#: freeculture.xml:5040
msgid "Erskine, Andrew"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5052 freeculture.xml:15556
+#: freeculture.xml:5049 freeculture.xml:15558
msgid "Rose, Mark"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5050
+#: freeculture.xml:5047
msgid ""
"Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard "
"University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5061
+#: freeculture.xml:5058
msgid "Ibid., 93."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5045
+#: freeculture.xml:5042
msgid ""
"Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in "
"Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5072
+#: freeculture.xml:5069
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, "
"<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5066
+#: freeculture.xml:5063
msgid ""
"When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, "
"he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5081
+#: freeculture.xml:5078
msgid "Millar v. Taylor"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5083
+#: freeculture.xml:5080
msgid ""
"The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> "
"like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5089 freeculture.xml:5143
+#: freeculture.xml:5086 freeculture.xml:5140
msgid "Thomson, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5091
+#: freeculture.xml:5088
msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5092
+#: freeculture.xml:5089
msgid "Taylor, Robert"
msgstr ""
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5101
+#: freeculture.xml:5098
msgid ""
"Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5094
+#: freeculture.xml:5091
msgid ""
"Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James "
"Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5108
+#: freeculture.xml:5105
msgid ""
"Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English "
"history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection "
#. PAGE BREAK 103
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5123
+#: freeculture.xml:5120
msgid ""
"Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice "
"were just a matter of logical deduction from first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5140
+#: freeculture.xml:5137
msgid ""
"The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, "
"however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5144
+#: freeculture.xml:5141
msgid "Beckett, Thomas"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5145 freeculture.xml:5252
+#: freeculture.xml:5142 freeculture.xml:5249
msgid "House of Lords"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5146
+#: freeculture.xml:5143
msgid "House of Lords vs."
msgstr ""
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5152
+#: freeculture.xml:5149
msgid "Ibid., 1156."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5148
+#: freeculture.xml:5145
msgid ""
"Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate "
"sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5163
+#: freeculture.xml:5160
msgid "Donaldson v. Beckett"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5166
+#: freeculture.xml:5163
msgid ""
"As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5177
+#: freeculture.xml:5174
msgid ""
"The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to "
"the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5185 freeculture.xml:5253
+#: freeculture.xml:5182 freeculture.xml:5250
msgid "English legal establishment of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 104
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5187
+#: freeculture.xml:5184
msgid ""
"The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks "
"as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5196
+#: freeculture.xml:5193
msgid "Bacon, Francis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5197
+#: freeculture.xml:5194
msgid "Bunyan, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5198
+#: freeculture.xml:5195
msgid "Johnson, Samuel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5202
+#: freeculture.xml:5199
msgid ""
"<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of "
"<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there "
#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5228
+#: freeculture.xml:5225
msgid "Rose, 97."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5218
+#: freeculture.xml:5215
msgid ""
"It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled "
"an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5233
+#: freeculture.xml:5230
msgid ""
"In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally "
"strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5239
+#: freeculture.xml:5236
msgid ""
"By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was "
"honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property "
#. PAGE BREAK 105
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5256
+#: freeculture.xml:5253
msgid ""
"<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an "
"exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5279
+#: freeculture.xml:5276
msgid ""
"At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, "
"resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5296
-msgid "Recorders"
+#: freeculture.xml:5293
+msgid "Chapter Seven: Recorders"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5297 freeculture.xml:7600 freeculture.xml:7719 freeculture.xml:7778
+#: freeculture.xml:5294 freeculture.xml:7601 freeculture.xml:7715 freeculture.xml:7774
msgid "fair use and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5298
+#: freeculture.xml:5295
msgid "documentary film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5299
+#: freeculture.xml:5296
msgid "Else, Jon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5300 freeculture.xml:5447 freeculture.xml:7599 freeculture.xml:7641 freeculture.xml:7718 freeculture.xml:7780
+#: freeculture.xml:5297 freeculture.xml:5444 freeculture.xml:7600 freeculture.xml:7633 freeculture.xml:7714 freeculture.xml:7776
msgid "fair use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5300
+#: freeculture.xml:5297
msgid "in documentary film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5301
+#: freeculture.xml:5298
msgid "fair use of copyrighted material in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5303
+#: freeculture.xml:5300
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known "
"for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5310
+#: freeculture.xml:5307
msgid ""
"Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me "
"a story about the freedom to create with film in America today."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5314 freeculture.xml:5380
+#: freeculture.xml:5311 freeculture.xml:5377
msgid "Wagner, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5315 freeculture.xml:5394
+#: freeculture.xml:5312 freeculture.xml:5391
msgid "San Francisco Opera"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5317
+#: freeculture.xml:5314
msgid ""
"In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The "
"focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5324
+#: freeculture.xml:5321
msgid "Simpsons, The"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 107
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5326
+#: freeculture.xml:5323
msgid ""
"During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing "
"checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5335
+#: freeculture.xml:5332
msgid "multiple copyrights associated with"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5337
+#: freeculture.xml:5334
msgid ""
"Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else "
"attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5343
+#: freeculture.xml:5340
msgid "Gracie Films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5344 freeculture.xml:5405 freeculture.xml:5469
+#: freeculture.xml:5341 freeculture.xml:5402 freeculture.xml:5466
msgid "Groening, Matt"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5346
+#: freeculture.xml:5343
msgid ""
"Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office "
"to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5352 freeculture.xml:5404 freeculture.xml:5468
+#: freeculture.xml:5349 freeculture.xml:5401 freeculture.xml:5465
msgid "Fox (film company)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5354
+#: freeculture.xml:5351
msgid ""
"Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be "
"careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5362
+#: freeculture.xml:5359
msgid ""
"Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered "
"… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5371
+#: freeculture.xml:5368
msgid "Herrera, Rebecca"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5373
+#: freeculture.xml:5370
msgid ""
"Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he "
"thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained "
#. PAGE BREAK 108
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5382
+#: freeculture.xml:5379
msgid ""
"<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told "
"me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5395
+#: freeculture.xml:5392
msgid "Day After Trinity, The"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5397
+#: freeculture.xml:5394
msgid ""
"Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on "
"the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5407
+#: freeculture.xml:5404
msgid ""
"There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the "
"copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5418
+#: freeculture.xml:5415
msgid ""
"For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The "
"Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5430
+#: freeculture.xml:5427
msgid ""
"For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that "
"lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5427
+#: freeculture.xml:5424
msgid ""
"But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought "
"is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's "
#. PAGE BREAK 109
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5444
+#: freeculture.xml:5441
msgid ""
"So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's "
"his reply:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5447 freeculture.xml:7780
+#: freeculture.xml:5444 freeculture.xml:7776
msgid "legal intimidation tactics against"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5449
+#: freeculture.xml:5446
msgid ""
"The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the "
"gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5458
+#: freeculture.xml:5455
msgid "Errors and Omissions insurance"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5461
+#: freeculture.xml:5458
msgid ""
"Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors "
"and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5470
+#: freeculture.xml:5467
msgid "Lucas, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5471
+#: freeculture.xml:5468
msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5474
+#: freeculture.xml:5471
msgid ""
"I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I "
"knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and "
#. 3.
#. PAGE BREAK 110
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5486
+#: freeculture.xml:5483
msgid ""
"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School "
"… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox "
#. 4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5498
+#: freeculture.xml:5495
msgid ""
"The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we "
"are up against a release deadline and out of money."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5506
+#: freeculture.xml:5503
msgid ""
"In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore "
"supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5514
+#: freeculture.xml:5511
msgid ""
"This practice shows just how far the law has come from its "
"eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5529
-msgid "Transformers"
+#: freeculture.xml:5526
+msgid "Chapter Eight: Transformers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5530
+#: freeculture.xml:5527
msgid "Allen, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5531 freeculture.xml:5591 freeculture.xml:5776 freeculture.xml:10489 freeculture.xml:14923
+#: freeculture.xml:5528 freeculture.xml:5588 freeculture.xml:5773 freeculture.xml:10489 freeculture.xml:14924
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5534
+#: freeculture.xml:5531
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working "
"at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5541
+#: freeculture.xml:5538
msgid "retrospective compilations on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5542
+#: freeculture.xml:5539
msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5544
+#: freeculture.xml:5541
msgid ""
"Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the "
"emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5554
+#: freeculture.xml:5551
msgid ""
"At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a "
"director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him "
#. PAGE BREAK 112
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5561
+#: freeculture.xml:5558
msgid ""
"That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave "
"wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5568
+#: freeculture.xml:5565
msgid ""
"Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our "
"goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5576
+#: freeculture.xml:5573
msgid ""
"Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, "
"<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5590
+#: freeculture.xml:5587
msgid "publicity rights on images of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5586
+#: freeculture.xml:5583
msgid ""
"Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of "
"publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5580
+#: freeculture.xml:5577
msgid ""
"Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from "
"everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5595
+#: freeculture.xml:5592
msgid ""
"The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing "
"those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5602
+#: freeculture.xml:5599
msgid ""
"I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his "
"resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5608
+#: freeculture.xml:5605
msgid ""
"So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some "
"artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were "
#. PAGE BREAK 113
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5617
+#: freeculture.xml:5614
msgid ""
"We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for "
"the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5628
+#: freeculture.xml:5625
msgid "Sutherland, Donald"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5630
+#: freeculture.xml:5627
msgid ""
"Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed "
"up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5641
+#: freeculture.xml:5638
msgid ""
"It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we "
"weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5645
+#: freeculture.xml:5642
msgid ""
"Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the "
"only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5651
+#: freeculture.xml:5648
msgid ""
"Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands "
"and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the "
#. PAGE BREAK 114
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5663
+#: freeculture.xml:5660
msgid ""
"And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, "
"and it sold very well."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5666
+#: freeculture.xml:5663
msgid "Drucker, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5674
+#: freeculture.xml:5671
msgid ""
"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, "
"<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5668
+#: freeculture.xml:5665
msgid ""
"But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a "
"year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5682
+#: freeculture.xml:5679
msgid ""
"For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and "
"resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5690
+#: freeculture.xml:5687
msgid ""
"I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she "
"gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5698
+#: freeculture.xml:5695
msgid ""
"Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be "
"compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of "
#. PAGE BREAK 115
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5709
+#: freeculture.xml:5706
msgid ""
"Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing "
"mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5729
+#: freeculture.xml:5726
msgid ""
"Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the "
"richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5738
+#: freeculture.xml:5735
msgid ""
"These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat "
"for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of "
#. PAGE BREAK 116
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5751
+#: freeculture.xml:5748
msgid ""
"I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a "
"few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5761
+#: freeculture.xml:5758
msgid ""
"The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth "
"century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5766
+#: freeculture.xml:5763
msgid "Nimmer, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5768
+#: freeculture.xml:5765
msgid ""
"When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, "
"perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5777
+#: freeculture.xml:5774
msgid "Boies, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5778
+#: freeculture.xml:5775
msgid "Court of Appeals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5778
+#: freeculture.xml:5775
msgid "Ninth Circuit"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5779
+#: freeculture.xml:5776
msgid "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5776
+#: freeculture.xml:5773
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5796
+#: freeculture.xml:5793
msgid ""
"We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by "
"technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5802
+#: freeculture.xml:5799
msgid "Camp Chaos"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 117
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5804
+#: freeculture.xml:5801
msgid ""
"But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its "
"archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5815
+#: freeculture.xml:5812
msgid ""
"All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted "
"to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5822
+#: freeculture.xml:5819
msgid ""
"To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so "
"that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5837
+#: freeculture.xml:5834
msgid ""
"Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for "
"objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if "
#. PAGE BREAK 118
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5843
+#: freeculture.xml:5840
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios "
"announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5856
+#: freeculture.xml:5853
msgid ""
"The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers "
"explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5865
+#: freeculture.xml:5862
msgid ""
"Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you "
"don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5875
+#: freeculture.xml:5872
msgid ""
"This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first "
"continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5890
-msgid "Collectors"
+#: freeculture.xml:5887
+msgid "Chapter Nine: Collectors"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5891 freeculture.xml:9231 freeculture.xml:11554 freeculture.xml:11799
+#: freeculture.xml:5888 freeculture.xml:9231 freeculture.xml:11554 freeculture.xml:11799
msgid "archives, digital"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5892 freeculture.xml:8518
+#: freeculture.xml:5889 freeculture.xml:8518
msgid "bots"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5894
+#: freeculture.xml:5891
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of "
"<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5904 freeculture.xml:5935 freeculture.xml:5997
+#: freeculture.xml:5901 freeculture.xml:5932 freeculture.xml:5994
msgid "Way Back Machine"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5906
+#: freeculture.xml:5903
msgid ""
"By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And "
"at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5913
+#: freeculture.xml:5910
msgid "Orwell, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5915
+#: freeculture.xml:5912
msgid ""
"This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In "
"the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were "
#. PAGE BREAK 120
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5923
+#: freeculture.xml:5920
msgid ""
"Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way "
"ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5928
+#: freeculture.xml:5925
msgid ""
"It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no "
"way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5944
+#: freeculture.xml:5941
msgid "White House press releases"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5943
+#: freeculture.xml:5940
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5937
+#: freeculture.xml:5934
msgid ""
"Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the "
"Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5952
+#: freeculture.xml:5949
msgid "history, records of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5954
+#: freeculture.xml:5951
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go "
"back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5965
+#: freeculture.xml:5962
msgid ""
"It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat "
"it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget "
#. PAGE BREAK 121
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5974
+#: freeculture.xml:5971
msgid ""
"The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet "
"Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5985
+#: freeculture.xml:5982
msgid ""
"Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very "
"successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5994 freeculture.xml:6049 freeculture.xml:10474
+#: freeculture.xml:5991 freeculture.xml:6046 freeculture.xml:10474
msgid "Library of Congress"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5995
+#: freeculture.xml:5992
msgid "Television Archive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5996
+#: freeculture.xml:5993
msgid "Vanderbilt University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5998 freeculture.xml:11045 freeculture.xml:14105 freeculture.xml:14235 freeculture.xml:14271
+#: freeculture.xml:5995 freeculture.xml:11045 freeculture.xml:14106 freeculture.xml:14236 freeculture.xml:14272
msgid "libraries"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5998
+#: freeculture.xml:5995
msgid "archival function of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6001
+#: freeculture.xml:5998
msgid ""
"The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human "
"history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6018
+#: freeculture.xml:6015
msgid "Quayle, Dan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6019
+#: freeculture.xml:6016
msgid "60 Minutes"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 122
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6021
+#: freeculture.xml:6018
msgid ""
"Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember "
"that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6032
+#: freeculture.xml:6029
msgid "newspapers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6032
+#: freeculture.xml:6029
msgid "archives of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6034
+#: freeculture.xml:6031
msgid ""
"Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in "
"newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6042
+#: freeculture.xml:6039
msgid ""
"In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, "
"copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6050 freeculture.xml:6094
+#: freeculture.xml:6047 freeculture.xml:6091
msgid "archive of"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6061
+#: freeculture.xml:6058
msgid ""
"Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at "
"the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6052
+#: freeculture.xml:6049
msgid ""
"These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress "
"made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6069
+#: freeculture.xml:6066
msgid ""
"The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were "
"originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, "
#. PAGE BREAK 123
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6081
+#: freeculture.xml:6078
msgid ""
"Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his "
"allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6091
+#: freeculture.xml:6088
msgid "Movie Archive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6092
+#: freeculture.xml:6089
msgid "archive.org"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6092 freeculture.xml:6095
+#: freeculture.xml:6089 freeculture.xml:6092
msgid "Internet Archive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6096
+#: freeculture.xml:6093
msgid "Duck and Cover film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6097
+#: freeculture.xml:6094
msgid "ephemeral films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6098
+#: freeculture.xml:6095
msgid "Prelinger, Rick"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6100
+#: freeculture.xml:6097
msgid ""
"Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose "
"archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6118
+#: freeculture.xml:6115
msgid ""
"Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we "
"otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6126
+#: freeculture.xml:6123
msgid ""
"The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this "
"content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is "
#. PAGE BREAK 124
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6134
+#: freeculture.xml:6131
msgid ""
"For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of "
"creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6146
+#: freeculture.xml:6143
msgid ""
"After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has "
"always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6159
+#: freeculture.xml:6156
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling "
"Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6156
+#: freeculture.xml:6153
msgid ""
"The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very "
"quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6174
+#: freeculture.xml:6171
msgid ""
"Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative "
"property does not hold true with the most important components of popular "
#. PAGE BREAK 125
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6185
+#: freeculture.xml:6182
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was "
"economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6197
+#: freeculture.xml:6194
msgid ""
"Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that "
"for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6205
+#: freeculture.xml:6202
msgid ""
"The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined "
"before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6211
+#: freeculture.xml:6208
msgid "total number of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6213
+#: freeculture.xml:6210
msgid ""
"It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. "
"Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, "
#. PAGE BREAK 126
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6228
+#: freeculture.xml:6225
msgid ""
"Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only "
"archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6243
+#: freeculture.xml:6240
msgid ""
"Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an "
"archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6254
-msgid "<quote>Property</quote>"
+#: freeculture.xml:6251
+msgid "Chapter Ten: <quote>Property</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6255
+#: freeculture.xml:6252
msgid "Johnson, Lyndon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6256 freeculture.xml:10233
+#: freeculture.xml:6253 freeculture.xml:10233
msgid "Kennedy, John F."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6258
+#: freeculture.xml:6255
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of "
"the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6268
+#: freeculture.xml:6265
msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6269
+#: freeculture.xml:6266
msgid "MGM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6270
+#: freeculture.xml:6267
msgid "Paramount Pictures"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6271
+#: freeculture.xml:6268
msgid "Twentieth Century Fox"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6272
+#: freeculture.xml:6269
msgid "Universal Pictures"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6273 freeculture.xml:7889 freeculture.xml:8060
+#: freeculture.xml:6270 freeculture.xml:7885 freeculture.xml:8057
msgid "Warner Brothers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6275
+#: freeculture.xml:6272
msgid ""
"The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture "
"Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to "
#. PAGE BREAK 128
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6288
+#: freeculture.xml:6285
msgid ""
"Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has "
"had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6300
+#: freeculture.xml:6297
msgid ""
"In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture "
"depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6309
+#: freeculture.xml:6306
msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6323
+#: freeculture.xml:6320
msgid ""
"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, "
"H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6314
+#: freeculture.xml:6311
msgid ""
"No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the "
"counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and "
#. PAGE BREAK 129
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6333
+#: freeculture.xml:6330
msgid ""
"The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's "
"rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6344
+#: freeculture.xml:6341
msgid ""
"This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with "
"such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6359
+#: freeculture.xml:6356
msgid ""
"Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a "
"bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6356
+#: freeculture.xml:6353
msgid ""
"While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> "
"in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6374
+#: freeculture.xml:6371
msgid ""
"Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our "
"tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is "
#. PAGE BREAK 130
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6382
+#: freeculture.xml:6379
msgid ""
"I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, "
"historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6397
+#: freeculture.xml:6394
msgid ""
"Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of "
"the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6406
+#: freeculture.xml:6403
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is "
"something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6411
+#: freeculture.xml:6408
msgid ""
"The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so "
"strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an "
#. PAGE BREAK 131
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6422
+#: freeculture.xml:6419
msgid ""
"Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti "
"calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6437
+#: freeculture.xml:6434
msgid ""
"The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property "
"are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6447
+#: freeculture.xml:6444
msgid ""
"Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There "
"was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6459
+#: freeculture.xml:6456
msgid ""
"Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least "
"try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6469
+#: freeculture.xml:6466
msgid ""
"To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of "
"these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6481
+#: freeculture.xml:6478
msgid "four modalities of constraint on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6482 freeculture.xml:6741 freeculture.xml:9808 freeculture.xml:9925
+#: freeculture.xml:6479 freeculture.xml:6738 freeculture.xml:9808 freeculture.xml:9925
msgid "regulation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6482
+#: freeculture.xml:6479
msgid "four modalities of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6483
+#: freeculture.xml:6480
msgid "as ex post regulation modality"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6484 freeculture.xml:6560 freeculture.xml:6695
+#: freeculture.xml:6481 freeculture.xml:6557 freeculture.xml:6692
msgid "as constraint modality"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 132
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6488
+#: freeculture.xml:6485
msgid ""
"To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how "
"property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the "
"right or regulation. I represented it with this diagram:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6497
-msgid ""
-"How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken "
-"the right or regulation."
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6498 freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:7061
+#: freeculture.xml:6495 freeculture.xml:6688 freeculture.xml:7058
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.svg\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6502
+#: freeculture.xml:6499
msgid ""
"At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group "
"that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6518 freeculture.xml:6580 freeculture.xml:6696
+#: freeculture.xml:6515 freeculture.xml:6577 freeculture.xml:6693
msgid "norms, regulatory influence of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6520
+#: freeculture.xml:6517
msgid ""
"Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual "
"for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6530 freeculture.xml:6579 freeculture.xml:6672 freeculture.xml:6712 freeculture.xml:9817 freeculture.xml:10051
+#: freeculture.xml:6527 freeculture.xml:6576 freeculture.xml:6669 freeculture.xml:6709 freeculture.xml:9817 freeculture.xml:10051
msgid "market constraints"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6532
+#: freeculture.xml:6529
msgid ""
"The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through "
"conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6541 freeculture.xml:6578 freeculture.xml:6630 freeculture.xml:6671 freeculture.xml:6694
+#: freeculture.xml:6538 freeculture.xml:6575 freeculture.xml:6627 freeculture.xml:6668 freeculture.xml:6691
msgid "architecture, constraint effected through"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6543
+#: freeculture.xml:6540
msgid ""
"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, "
"<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds "
#. PAGE BREAK 134
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6564
+#: freeculture.xml:6561
msgid ""
"So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: "
"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6570
+#: freeculture.xml:6567
msgid ""
"The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective "
"freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6581
+#: freeculture.xml:6578
msgid "driving speed, constraints on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6582
+#: freeculture.xml:6579
msgid "speeding, constraints on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6584
+#: freeculture.xml:6581
msgid ""
"So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a "
"high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6602
+#: freeculture.xml:6599
msgid ""
"By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean "
"to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's "
#. PAGE BREAK 135
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6598
+#: freeculture.xml:6595
msgid ""
"The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While "
"these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role "
"driving."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6626
-msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three."
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6627
+#: freeculture.xml:6624
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.svg\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6669
+#: freeculture.xml:6666
msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6670
+#: freeculture.xml:6667
msgid "Commons, John R."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6640
+#: freeculture.xml:6637
msgid ""
"Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They "
"object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6632
+#: freeculture.xml:6629
msgid ""
"These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand "
"the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6677
+#: freeculture.xml:6674
msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6678 freeculture.xml:7051
+#: freeculture.xml:6675 freeculture.xml:7048
msgid "four regulatory modalities on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6680
+#: freeculture.xml:6677
msgid ""
"The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, "
"Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6686
+#: freeculture.xml:6683
msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6690 freeculture.xml:7060
-msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet."
-msgstr ""
-
#. PAGE BREAK 136
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6699
+#: freeculture.xml:6696
msgid ""
"There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law "
"limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6710
+#: freeculture.xml:6707
msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6711
+#: freeculture.xml:6708
msgid "regulatory balance lost in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6713
+#: freeculture.xml:6710
msgid "MP3s"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6715
+#: freeculture.xml:6712
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p "
"sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6724 freeculture.xml:7568 freeculture.xml:7878
+#: freeculture.xml:6721 freeculture.xml:7565 freeculture.xml:7874
msgid "technology"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6724
+#: freeculture.xml:6721
msgid "established industries threatened by changes in"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 137
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6726
+#: freeculture.xml:6723
msgid ""
"Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. "
"Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, "
"results."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6736
-msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet."
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6737
+#: freeculture.xml:6734
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.svg\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6740
+#: freeculture.xml:6737
msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6741 freeculture.xml:9808
+#: freeculture.xml:6738 freeculture.xml:9808
msgid "as establishment protectionism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6743
+#: freeculture.xml:6740
msgid ""
"Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the "
"warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6756 freeculture.xml:6896
+#: freeculture.xml:6753 freeculture.xml:6893
msgid "farming"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6757
+#: freeculture.xml:6754
msgid "steel industry"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 138
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6759
+#: freeculture.xml:6756
msgid ""
"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to "
"preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6779
+#: freeculture.xml:6776
msgid ""
"Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign "
"to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6792
+#: freeculture.xml:6789
msgid "railroad industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6793
+#: freeculture.xml:6790
msgid "remote channel changers"
msgstr ""
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6803
+#: freeculture.xml:6800
msgid ""
"See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a "
"Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6795
+#: freeculture.xml:6792
msgid ""
"But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it "
"doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6824
+#: freeculture.xml:6821
msgid "free market, technological changes in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6825 freeculture.xml:15499
+#: freeculture.xml:6822 freeculture.xml:15500
msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6828 freeculture.xml:13699
+#: freeculture.xml:6825 freeculture.xml:13700
msgid "Gates, Bill"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6829 freeculture.xml:7843
+#: freeculture.xml:6826 freeculture.xml:7839
msgid "market competition"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6842
+#: freeculture.xml:6839
msgid ""
"Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, "
"1994), 170–71."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6832
+#: freeculture.xml:6829
msgid ""
"The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free "
"society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6853
+#: freeculture.xml:6850
msgid ""
"Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new "
"technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6864
+#: freeculture.xml:6861
msgid "speech, freedom of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6864
+#: freeculture.xml:6861
msgid "constitutional guarantee of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6866
+#: freeculture.xml:6863
msgid ""
"In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, "
"copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry "
#. PAGE BREAK 140
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6882
+#: freeculture.xml:6879
msgid ""
"My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes "
"that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6891
+#: freeculture.xml:6888
msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6893
+#: freeculture.xml:6890
msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6894
+#: freeculture.xml:6891
msgid "DDT"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6895
+#: freeculture.xml:6892
msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6898
+#: freeculture.xml:6895
msgid ""
"In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul "
"Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6905
+#: freeculture.xml:6902
msgid ""
"No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop "
"production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6909
+#: freeculture.xml:6906
msgid "Carson, Rachel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6910
+#: freeculture.xml:6907
msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6911
+#: freeculture.xml:6908
msgid "environmentalism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6913
+#: freeculture.xml:6910
msgid ""
"But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, "
"which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6919
+#: freeculture.xml:6916
msgid ""
"No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim "
"to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6928
+#: freeculture.xml:6925
msgid "Boyle, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6929
+#: freeculture.xml:6926
msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in"
msgstr ""
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6935
+#: freeculture.xml:6932
msgid ""
"See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
"Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law "
#. PAGE BREAK 141
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6931
+#: freeculture.xml:6928
msgid ""
"It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle "
"appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6953
+#: freeculture.xml:6950
msgid ""
"My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this "
"effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6965
+#: freeculture.xml:6962
msgid ""
"In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free "
"culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6974
+#: freeculture.xml:6971
msgid "Beginnings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6975
+#: freeculture.xml:6972
msgid "on creative property"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:11464
+#: freeculture.xml:6973 freeculture.xml:11464
msgid "copyright purpose established in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:11173
+#: freeculture.xml:6974 freeculture.xml:11173
msgid "Progress Clause of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:11465
+#: freeculture.xml:6975 freeculture.xml:11465
msgid "constitutional purpose of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6980
+#: freeculture.xml:6977
msgid "constitutional tradition on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6981 freeculture.xml:11174
+#: freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:11174
msgid "Progress Clause"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6984
+#: freeculture.xml:6981
msgid ""
"America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved "
"English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6989
+#: freeculture.xml:6986
msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6991
+#: freeculture.xml:6988
msgid ""
"The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to "
"Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article "
#. PAGE BREAK 142
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6996
+#: freeculture.xml:6993
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, "
"by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7010
+#: freeculture.xml:7007
msgid "history of American"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7012
+#: freeculture.xml:7009
msgid ""
"The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in "
"chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7021
+#: freeculture.xml:7018
msgid "Senate, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7022
+#: freeculture.xml:7019
msgid "structural checks and balances of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7023
+#: freeculture.xml:7020
msgid "electoral college"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7025
+#: freeculture.xml:7022
msgid ""
"The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the "
"Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7042
+#: freeculture.xml:7039
msgid ""
"I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call "
"<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond "
#. PAGE BREAK 143
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7053
+#: freeculture.xml:7050
msgid ""
"Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in "
"technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7064
+#: freeculture.xml:7061
msgid "We will end here:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7067
-msgid "<quote>Copyright</quote> today."
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7068
+#: freeculture.xml:7065
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.svg\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
#. PAGE BREAK 144
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7071
+#: freeculture.xml:7068
msgid "Let me explain how."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7076
+#: freeculture.xml:7073
msgid "Law: Duration"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7079 freeculture.xml:7371
+#: freeculture.xml:7076 freeculture.xml:7368
msgid "Copyright Act (1790)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7080
+#: freeculture.xml:7077
msgid "common law protections of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7081
+#: freeculture.xml:7078
msgid "balance of U.S. content in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7097
+#: freeculture.xml:7094
msgid "Crosskey, William W."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7091
+#: freeculture.xml:7088
msgid ""
"William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History "
"of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7083
+#: freeculture.xml:7080
msgid ""
"When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced "
"the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7107
+#: freeculture.xml:7104
msgid "federal vs. state"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7109
+#: freeculture.xml:7106
msgid ""
"That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting "
"copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7118
+#: freeculture.xml:7115
msgid ""
"In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal "
"copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was "
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7134
+#: freeculture.xml:7131
msgid ""
"Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to "
"1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7126
+#: freeculture.xml:7123
msgid ""
"While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten "
"years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered "
#. PAGE BREAK 145
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7152
+#: freeculture.xml:7149
msgid ""
"This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of "
"copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted "
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7167
+#: freeculture.xml:7164
msgid ""
"Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of "
"the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7161
+#: freeculture.xml:7158
msgid ""
"Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of "
"copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of "
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7185
+#: freeculture.xml:7182
msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7181
+#: freeculture.xml:7178
msgid ""
"Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an "
"actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7193 freeculture.xml:11111
+#: freeculture.xml:7190 freeculture.xml:11111
msgid "copyright terms extended by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7194 freeculture.xml:11113
+#: freeculture.xml:7191 freeculture.xml:11113
msgid "term extensions in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7196
+#: freeculture.xml:7193
msgid ""
"In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was "
"changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7203 freeculture.xml:7238 freeculture.xml:11137 freeculture.xml:15417
+#: freeculture.xml:7200 freeculture.xml:7235 freeculture.xml:11137 freeculture.xml:15418
msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7204 freeculture.xml:11117
+#: freeculture.xml:7201 freeculture.xml:11117
msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7206
+#: freeculture.xml:7203
msgid ""
"Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined "
"copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7215 freeculture.xml:11116 freeculture.xml:11117 freeculture.xml:13204 freeculture.xml:13685
+#: freeculture.xml:7212 freeculture.xml:11116 freeculture.xml:11117 freeculture.xml:13205 freeculture.xml:13686
msgid "patents"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7215 freeculture.xml:11116
+#: freeculture.xml:7212 freeculture.xml:11116
msgid "in public domain"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 146
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7217
+#: freeculture.xml:7214
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of "
"works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7229
+#: freeculture.xml:7226
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, "
"little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7239
+#: freeculture.xml:7236
msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:13358
+#: freeculture.xml:7237 freeculture.xml:13359
msgid "corporations"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7240
+#: freeculture.xml:7237
msgid "copyright terms for"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7242
+#: freeculture.xml:7239
msgid ""
"The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works "
"created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7252
+#: freeculture.xml:7249
msgid ""
"This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure "
"that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7271
+#: freeculture.xml:7268
msgid ""
"These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first "
"year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7263
+#: freeculture.xml:7260
msgid ""
"The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is "
"dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7285
+#: freeculture.xml:7282
msgid "Law: Scope"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:7505
+#: freeculture.xml:7283 freeculture.xml:7502
msgid "scope of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7288
+#: freeculture.xml:7285
msgid ""
"The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by "
"the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7294
+#: freeculture.xml:7291
msgid "historical shift in copyright coverage of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7296
+#: freeculture.xml:7293
msgid ""
"In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, "
"charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7309
+#: freeculture.xml:7306
msgid ""
"This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today "
"are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7323
+#: freeculture.xml:7320
msgid "marking of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7324
+#: freeculture.xml:7321
msgid "formalities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7325
+#: freeculture.xml:7322
msgid "registration requirement of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 148
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7327
+#: freeculture.xml:7324
msgid ""
"At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural "
"limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7342
+#: freeculture.xml:7339
msgid ""
"The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding "
"that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7355
+#: freeculture.xml:7352
msgid "European"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7357
+#: freeculture.xml:7354
msgid ""
"All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American "
"system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7368
+#: freeculture.xml:7365
msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences."
msgstr ""
#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7380
+#: freeculture.xml:7377
msgid ""
"See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the "
"Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7373
+#: freeculture.xml:7370
msgid ""
"If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually "
"copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another "
#. PAGE BREAK 149
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7395
+#: freeculture.xml:7392
msgid ""
"The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by "
"hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7405
+#: freeculture.xml:7402
msgid ""
"Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is "
"automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7414
+#: freeculture.xml:7411
msgid ""
"That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use "
"exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7419
+#: freeculture.xml:7416
msgid ""
"That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control "
"competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7434
+#: freeculture.xml:7431
msgid ""
"It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, "
"though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7456
+#: freeculture.xml:7453
msgid ""
"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal "
"Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7446
+#: freeculture.xml:7443
msgid ""
"In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free "
"culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7478
+#: freeculture.xml:7475
msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7471
+#: freeculture.xml:7468
msgid ""
"Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about "
"the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7466
+#: freeculture.xml:7463
msgid ""
"Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can "
"go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7486
+#: freeculture.xml:7483
msgid ""
"This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be "
"able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7494
+#: freeculture.xml:7491
msgid ""
"These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the "
"derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7503
+#: freeculture.xml:7500
msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7504 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:7779
+#: freeculture.xml:7501 freeculture.xml:7563 freeculture.xml:7775
msgid "copies as core issue of"
msgstr ""
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7512
+#: freeculture.xml:7509
msgid ""
"This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly "
"regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7507
+#: freeculture.xml:7504
msgid ""
"Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in "
"copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7523
+#: freeculture.xml:7520
msgid "other property rights vs."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 151
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7526
+#: freeculture.xml:7523
msgid ""
"<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for "
"<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's "
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7545
+#: freeculture.xml:7542
msgid ""
"Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we "
"should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7540
+#: freeculture.xml:7537
msgid ""
"This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very "
"slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7558
+#: freeculture.xml:7555
msgid ""
"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty "
"circle."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7562
-msgid "All potential uses of a book."
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7563
+#: freeculture.xml:7560
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.svg\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
+"width=\"40%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7565
+#: freeculture.xml:7562
msgid "three types of uses of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7567
+#: freeculture.xml:7564
msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7568
+#: freeculture.xml:7565
msgid "copyright intent altered by"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 152
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7573
+#: freeculture.xml:7570
msgid ""
"Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all "
"its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated "
"law, because those acts do not make a copy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7586
-msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book."
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7587
+#: freeculture.xml:7584
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
+"width=\"40%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7590
+#: freeculture.xml:7587
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by "
"copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is "
"therefore regulated by copyright law. Indeed, this particular use stands at "
"the core of this circle of possible uses of a copyrighted work. It is the "
"paradigmatic use properly regulated by copyright regulation (see diagram in "
-"<xref linkend=\"fig-1541\"/>)."
+"figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1541\"/>)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7602
-msgid ""
-"Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that "
-"remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7607
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:7598
msgid ""
-"Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a "
-"copyrighted work."
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.svg\" align=\"center\" "
+"width=\"40%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7608
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:7603
msgid ""
-"<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.svg\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
+"Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that "
+"remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7613
+#: freeculture.xml:7610
msgid ""
"These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as "
"unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You "
"Amendment) reasons."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7623
-msgid "Unregulated copying considered <quote>fair uses.</quote>"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7624
+#: freeculture.xml:7621
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.svg\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7628
-msgid ""
-"Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively "
-"regulated."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7629
-msgid ""
-"<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
+"width=\"40%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 154
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7634
+#: freeculture.xml:7626
msgid ""
"In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three "
"sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7639 freeculture.xml:7923 freeculture.xml:10187
+#: freeculture.xml:7631 freeculture.xml:7919 freeculture.xml:10187
msgid "on Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7641 freeculture.xml:7718
+#: freeculture.xml:7633 freeculture.xml:7714
msgid "Internet burdens on"
msgstr ""
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7646
+#: freeculture.xml:7638
msgid ""
"I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be "
"different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7643
+#: freeculture.xml:7635
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a "
"copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
#. PAGE BREAK 155
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7666
+#: freeculture.xml:7658
msgid ""
"So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the "
"Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7677
+#: freeculture.xml:7669
msgid "e-books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7678
+#: freeculture.xml:7670
msgid "technological developments and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7680
+#: freeculture.xml:7672
msgid ""
"But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of "
"rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or "
"the copyright owner's wish."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:7685
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.svg\" align=\"center\" "
+"width=\"40%\"></graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7692
+#: freeculture.xml:7688
msgid ""
"There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is "
"not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7698
+#: freeculture.xml:7694
msgid ""
"First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever "
"intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7707
+#: freeculture.xml:7703
msgid ""
"Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative "
"uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7720
+#: freeculture.xml:7716
msgid "fair use vs."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 156
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7722
+#: freeculture.xml:7718
msgid ""
"Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden "
"on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7741
+#: freeculture.xml:7737
msgid ""
"This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free "
"culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7757
+#: freeculture.xml:7753
msgid "Video Pipeline"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7759 freeculture.xml:15314
+#: freeculture.xml:7755 freeculture.xml:15315
msgid "film industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7759
+#: freeculture.xml:7755
msgid "trailer advertisements of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7761
+#: freeculture.xml:7757
msgid ""
"The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the "
"business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7767 freeculture.xml:7842 freeculture.xml:14060
+#: freeculture.xml:7763 freeculture.xml:7838 freeculture.xml:14061
msgid "browsing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7769
+#: freeculture.xml:7765
msgid ""
"The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to "
"think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The "
#. PAGE BREAK 157
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7782
+#: freeculture.xml:7778
msgid ""
"In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it "
"intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7799
+#: freeculture.xml:7795
msgid "willful infringement findings in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7800
+#: freeculture.xml:7796
msgid "willful infringement"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7802
+#: freeculture.xml:7798
msgid ""
"Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were "
"predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7812
+#: freeculture.xml:7808
msgid ""
"Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video "
"stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7820
+#: freeculture.xml:7816
msgid "first-sale doctrine"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7822
+#: freeculture.xml:7818
msgid ""
"Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would "
"consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7841
+#: freeculture.xml:7837
msgid "Barnes & Noble"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 158
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7846
+#: freeculture.xml:7842
msgid ""
"No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control "
"is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7861
+#: freeculture.xml:7857
msgid ""
"Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed "
"architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7870
+#: freeculture.xml:7866
msgid "Architecture and Law: Force"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7872
+#: freeculture.xml:7868
msgid ""
"The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second "
"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7877
+#: freeculture.xml:7873
msgid "technology as automatic enforcer of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7878
+#: freeculture.xml:7874
msgid "copyright enforcement controlled by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7880
+#: freeculture.xml:7876
msgid ""
"In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that "
"controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7887
+#: freeculture.xml:7883
msgid "Casablanca"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7888 freeculture.xml:8059
+#: freeculture.xml:7884 freeculture.xml:8056
msgid "Marx Brothers"
msgstr ""
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7899
+#: freeculture.xml:7895
msgid ""
"See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7891
+#: freeculture.xml:7887
msgid ""
"There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner "
"Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7908
+#: freeculture.xml:7904
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, "
"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7904
+#: freeculture.xml:7900
msgid ""
"This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers "
"that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7918
+#: freeculture.xml:7914
msgid ""
"An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the "
"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7925
+#: freeculture.xml:7921
msgid ""
"On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the "
"Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7937
+#: freeculture.xml:7933
msgid "Adobe eBook Reader"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7939
+#: freeculture.xml:7935
msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7942
+#: freeculture.xml:7938
msgid ""
"An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a "
"book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that "
"publisher delivers the content by using the technology."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:7946
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/example-adobe-ebook-reader.png\" align=\"center\" "
+"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
#: freeculture.xml:7949
msgid ""
-"In <xref linkend=\"fig-example-adobe-ebook-reader\"/> is a picture of an old "
-"version of my Adobe eBook Reader."
+"In figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" "
+"linkend=\"fig-example-adobe-ebook-reader\"/> is a picture of an old version "
+"of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 160
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7953
+#: freeculture.xml:7954
msgid ""
"As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book "
"library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: "
"cover, and then a button at the bottom called Permissions."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7966
-msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7967
-msgid ""
-"<graphic fileref=\"images/example-adobe-ebook-reader.png\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7970
+#: freeculture.xml:7967
msgid ""
"If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions "
"that the publisher purports to grant with this book."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7974
-msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant."
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7975
+#: freeculture.xml:7972
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
#. PAGE BREAK 161
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7979
+#: freeculture.xml:7976
msgid ""
"According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard "
"of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7986
+#: freeculture.xml:7983
msgid "Aristotle"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7987
+#: freeculture.xml:7984
msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7989
+#: freeculture.xml:7986
msgid ""
"Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the "
"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7993
-msgid "E-book of Aristotle's <quote>Politics</quote>"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7994
+#: freeculture.xml:7991
msgid ""
-"<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\" align=\"center\" "
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/aristotele-ebook.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7997
+#: freeculture.xml:7994
msgid ""
"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at "
"all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8002
-msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle's <quote>Politics</quote>."
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8003
+#: freeculture.xml:8000
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8005 freeculture.xml:9858
+#: freeculture.xml:8002 freeculture.xml:9858
msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8006 freeculture.xml:9859 freeculture.xml:11175 freeculture.xml:11221 freeculture.xml:13514
+#: freeculture.xml:8003 freeculture.xml:9859 freeculture.xml:11175 freeculture.xml:11221 freeculture.xml:13515
msgid "Lessig, Lawrence"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8008
+#: freeculture.xml:8005
msgid ""
"Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original "
"e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8014
-msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>."
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8015
+#: freeculture.xml:8012
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8018
+#: freeculture.xml:8015
msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!"
msgstr ""
#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8028
+#: freeculture.xml:8025
msgid ""
"In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for "
"example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8021
+#: freeculture.xml:8018
msgid ""
"Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls "
"<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8043
+#: freeculture.xml:8040
msgid ""
"The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within "
"which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are "
#. PAGE BREAK 163
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8063
+#: freeculture.xml:8060
msgid ""
"These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world "
"where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8069
+#: freeculture.xml:8066
msgid ""
"This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright "
"<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8078
+#: freeculture.xml:8075
msgid ""
"How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls "
"built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8085
+#: freeculture.xml:8082
msgid ""
"We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook "
"Reader."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8088
+#: freeculture.xml:8085
msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8089
+#: freeculture.xml:8086
msgid "e-book restrictions on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8091
+#: freeculture.xml:8088
msgid ""
"Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public "
"relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the "
"when you clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the following report:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8099
-msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</quote>."
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8101
+#: freeculture.xml:8097
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8105
+#: freeculture.xml:8101
msgid ""
"Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, "
"not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8110
+#: freeculture.xml:8106
msgid ""
"The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the "
"text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8118
+#: freeculture.xml:8114
msgid ""
"Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to "
"restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8133
+#: freeculture.xml:8129
msgid ""
"The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative "
"companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8143
+#: freeculture.xml:8139
msgid ""
"To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story "
"of mine that makes the same point."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8146 freeculture.xml:8290 freeculture.xml:8355 freeculture.xml:8463
+#: freeculture.xml:8142 freeculture.xml:8286 freeculture.xml:8351 freeculture.xml:8463
msgid "Aibo robotic dog"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8147 freeculture.xml:8291 freeculture.xml:8356 freeculture.xml:8464
+#: freeculture.xml:8143 freeculture.xml:8287 freeculture.xml:8352 freeculture.xml:8464
msgid "robotic dog"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8148 freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:8357 freeculture.xml:8465
+#: freeculture.xml:8144 freeculture.xml:8288 freeculture.xml:8353 freeculture.xml:8465
msgid "Sony"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8148 freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:8357 freeculture.xml:8465
+#: freeculture.xml:8144 freeculture.xml:8288 freeculture.xml:8353 freeculture.xml:8465
msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8150
+#: freeculture.xml:8146
msgid ""
"Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo "
"learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and "
#. PAGE BREAK 165
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8155
+#: freeculture.xml:8151
msgid ""
"The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up "
"clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8164
+#: freeculture.xml:8160
msgid ""
"<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute "
"computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8171
+#: freeculture.xml:8167
msgid "hacks"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8173
+#: freeculture.xml:8169
msgid ""
"If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word "
"<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8187
+#: freeculture.xml:8183
msgid ""
"Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like "
"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8194
+#: freeculture.xml:8190
msgid ""
"The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and "
"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance "
#. PAGE BREAK 166
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8204
+#: freeculture.xml:8200
msgid ""
"I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United "
"States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8219
+#: freeculture.xml:8215
msgid "government case against"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8221
+#: freeculture.xml:8217
msgid ""
"Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not "
"literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8244 freeculture.xml:10813
+#: freeculture.xml:8240 freeculture.xml:10813
msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8234
+#: freeculture.xml:8230
msgid ""
"See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to "
"Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8232
+#: freeculture.xml:8228
msgid ""
"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8252
+#: freeculture.xml:8248
msgid ""
"The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to "
"exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8262
+#: freeculture.xml:8258
msgid ""
"When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In "
"exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of "
#. PAGE BREAK 167
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8269
+#: freeculture.xml:8265
msgid ""
"Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the "
"team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8275
+#: freeculture.xml:8271
msgid ""
"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United "
"States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8283
+#: freeculture.xml:8279
msgid ""
"What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing "
"the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8294
+#: freeculture.xml:8290
msgid ""
"What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then "
"received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8301
+#: freeculture.xml:8297
msgid ""
"Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's "
"copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8310
+#: freeculture.xml:8306
msgid ""
"And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of "
"encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an "
#. PAGE BREAK 168
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8316
+#: freeculture.xml:8312
msgid ""
"Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public "
"Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8324
+#: freeculture.xml:8320
msgid ""
"In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread "
"of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8329
+#: freeculture.xml:8325
msgid ""
"The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about "
"cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8340
+#: freeculture.xml:8336
msgid ""
"The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code "
"designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8347
+#: freeculture.xml:8343
msgid ""
"But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the "
"extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at "
#. PAGE BREAK 169
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8359
+#: freeculture.xml:8355
msgid ""
"Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a "
"copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8371
+#: freeculture.xml:8367
msgid ""
"The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line "
"of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8378 freeculture.xml:8413
+#: freeculture.xml:8374 freeculture.xml:8409
msgid "Rogers, Fred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8389 freeculture.xml:8426 freeculture.xml:8452
+#: freeculture.xml:8385 freeculture.xml:8424 freeculture.xml:8452
msgid "Conrad, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8381
+#: freeculture.xml:8377
msgid ""
"The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by "
"Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8408
+#: freeculture.xml:8404
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of "
"America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8393
+#: freeculture.xml:8389
msgid ""
"Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the "
"<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I "
#. PAGE BREAK 170
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8419
+#: freeculture.xml:8415
msgid ""
"Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses "
"that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8424
+#: freeculture.xml:8420
msgid ""
-"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon in figure <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/>, "
+"which we can adopt to the DMCA. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8429
+#: freeculture.xml:8427
msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:8430
+msgid ""
+"— On which item have the courts ruled that manufacturers and retailers "
+"be held responsible for having supplied the equipment?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:8433
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/vcr-comic.png\" align=\"center\" "
+"width=\"65%\"></graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8432
+#: freeculture.xml:8436
msgid ""
"The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention "
"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8439
+#: freeculture.xml:8443
msgid "handguns"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 171
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8441
+#: freeculture.xml:8445
msgid ""
"A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree "
"such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to "
"be good. It, too, is a technology that has both good and bad uses."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8449
-msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8450
-msgid ""
-"<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"70%\"></graphic>"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
#: freeculture.xml:8454
msgid ""
"thousand words could do:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8663
-msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership."
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
#: freeculture.xml:8664
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/pattern-modern-media-ownership.png\" "
-"align=\"center\" width=\"90%\"></graphic>"
+"align=\"center\" width=\"100%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 175
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
#: freeculture.xml:9273
-msgid "PUZZLES"
+msgid "Puzzles"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
#: freeculture.xml:9277
-msgid "Chimera"
+msgid "Chapter Eleven: Chimera"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
#: freeculture.xml:9556
-msgid "Harms"
+msgid "Chapter Twelve: Harms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10488 freeculture.xml:15293
+#: freeculture.xml:10488 freeculture.xml:15294
msgid "Real Networks"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
#: freeculture.xml:10974
-msgid "BALANCES"
+msgid "Balances"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
#: freeculture.xml:11033
-msgid "Eldred"
+msgid "Chapter Thirteen: Eldred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11956 freeculture.xml:12319 freeculture.xml:12335 freeculture.xml:12432 freeculture.xml:12652 freeculture.xml:12683 freeculture.xml:12781
+#: freeculture.xml:11956 freeculture.xml:12319 freeculture.xml:12335 freeculture.xml:12432 freeculture.xml:12652 freeculture.xml:12683 freeculture.xml:12782
msgid "Ayer, Don"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12093 freeculture.xml:12320 freeculture.xml:13469
+#: freeculture.xml:12093 freeculture.xml:12320 freeculture.xml:13470
msgid "Reagan, Ronald"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12750 freeculture.xml:12755
+#: freeculture.xml:12751 freeculture.xml:12756
msgid "Bolling, Ruben"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious "
"images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the "
-"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced in <xref linkend=\"fig-18\"/>. The "
-"<quote>powerful and wealthy</quote> line is a bit unfair. But the punch in "
-"the face felt exactly like that. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12753
-msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon"
+"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced in figure <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-18\"/>. The <quote>powerful and "
+"wealthy</quote> line is a bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly "
+"like that. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:12754
+#: freeculture.xml:12755
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"
95%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"width=\"
100%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12758
+#: freeculture.xml:12759
msgid ""
"The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from "
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12769
-msgid "Eldred II"
+#: freeculture.xml:12770
+msgid "Chapter Fourteen: Eldred II"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12771
+#: freeculture.xml:12772
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was "
"decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12783
+#: freeculture.xml:12784
msgid ""
"It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San "
"Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same "
#. PAGE BREAK 256
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12793
+#: freeculture.xml:12794
msgid ""
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I "
"proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12801
+#: freeculture.xml:12802
msgid ""
"We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric "
"Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12806
+#: freeculture.xml:12807
msgid ""
"Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either "
"the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12814 freeculture.xml:13015
+#: freeculture.xml:12815 freeculture.xml:13016
msgid "Forbes, Steve"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12816
+#: freeculture.xml:12817
msgid ""
"The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in "
"an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12828
+#: freeculture.xml:12829
msgid ""
"Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration "
"requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12838
+#: freeculture.xml:12839
msgid "Berlin Act (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12839 freeculture.xml:12880
+#: freeculture.xml:12840 freeculture.xml:12881
msgid "Berne Convention (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12847
+#: freeculture.xml:12848
msgid "German copyright law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12847
+#: freeculture.xml:12848
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the "
"Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12842
+#: freeculture.xml:12843
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12874
+#: freeculture.xml:12875
msgid ""
"That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd "
"copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12882
+#: freeculture.xml:12883
msgid ""
"The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in "
"1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12892
+#: freeculture.xml:12893
msgid ""
"These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the "
"formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12900
+#: freeculture.xml:12901
msgid ""
"Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the "
"nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a "
#. PAGE BREAK 258
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12908
+#: freeculture.xml:12909
msgid ""
"In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12920
+#: freeculture.xml:12921
msgid ""
"This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the "
"argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12929
+#: freeculture.xml:12930
msgid ""
"No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because "
"you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12945
+#: freeculture.xml:12946
msgid ""
"It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in "
"copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12960
+#: freeculture.xml:12961
msgid ""
"This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we "
"tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12970
+#: freeculture.xml:12971
msgid ""
"But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to "
"know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12979
+#: freeculture.xml:12980
msgid ""
"The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is "
"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12986
+#: freeculture.xml:12987
msgid ""
"If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended "
"term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12993
+#: freeculture.xml:12994
msgid ""
"Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the "
"work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than "
#. PAGE BREAK 260
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12999
+#: freeculture.xml:13000
msgid ""
"It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I "
"completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13017
+#: freeculture.xml:13018
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some "
"in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13023
+#: freeculture.xml:13024
msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13025
+#: freeculture.xml:13026
msgid ""
"One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
"bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13034
+#: freeculture.xml:13035
msgid ""
"But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the "
"MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of "
#. PAGE BREAK 261
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13042
+#: freeculture.xml:13043
msgid ""
"The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central "
"concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13063
+#: freeculture.xml:13064
msgid ""
"Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do "
"this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13071
+#: freeculture.xml:13072
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two "
"stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13081
+#: freeculture.xml:13082
msgid ""
"I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been "
"about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And "
#. PAGE BREAK 262
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13090
+#: freeculture.xml:13091
msgid ""
"When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright "
"owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13100
+#: freeculture.xml:13101
msgid "Kelly, Kevin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13102
+#: freeculture.xml:13103
msgid ""
"But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, "
"then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13112
+#: freeculture.xml:13113
msgid "What does this industry really want?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13115
+#: freeculture.xml:13116
msgid ""
"With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the "
"effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13126
+#: freeculture.xml:13127
msgid ""
"The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The "
"most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not "
#. PAGE BREAK 263
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13134
+#: freeculture.xml:13135
msgid ""
"It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard "
"to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13146
+#: freeculture.xml:13147
msgid ""
"What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if "
"the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13153
+#: freeculture.xml:13154
msgid ""
"All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
"<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13165
-msgid "CONCLUSION"
+#: freeculture.xml:13166
+msgid "Conclusion"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13166
+#: freeculture.xml:13167
msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13167
+#: freeculture.xml:13168
msgid "AIDS medications"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13168
+#: freeculture.xml:13169
msgid "antiretroviral drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13169
+#: freeculture.xml:13170
msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13170 freeculture.xml:13683
+#: freeculture.xml:13171 freeculture.xml:13684
msgid "drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13170 freeculture.xml:13683
+#: freeculture.xml:13171 freeculture.xml:13684
msgid "pharmaceutical"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13171
+#: freeculture.xml:13172
msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13173
+#: freeculture.xml:13174
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people "
"with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13180
+#: freeculture.xml:13181
msgid ""
"There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. "
"These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13195
+#: freeculture.xml:13196
msgid ""
"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating "
"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13188
+#: freeculture.xml:13189
msgid ""
"These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United "
"States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13204 freeculture.xml:13685
+#: freeculture.xml:13205 freeculture.xml:13686
msgid "on pharmaceuticals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13205
+#: freeculture.xml:13206
msgid "pharmaceutical patents"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 265
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13208
+#: freeculture.xml:13209
msgid ""
"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13216
+#: freeculture.xml:13217
msgid ""
"There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
"not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13227
+#: freeculture.xml:13228
msgid ""
"But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another "
"thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13233
+#: freeculture.xml:13234
msgid "international law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13234
+#: freeculture.xml:13235
msgid "parallel importation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13235
+#: freeculture.xml:13236
msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13248 freeculture.xml:13741
+#: freeculture.xml:13249 freeculture.xml:13742
msgid "Braithwaite, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13246
+#: freeculture.xml:13247
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: "
"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13237
+#: freeculture.xml:13238
msgid ""
"In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
"importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13252
+#: freeculture.xml:13253
msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)"
msgstr ""
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13260
+#: freeculture.xml:13261
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13287
+#: freeculture.xml:13288
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13254
+#: freeculture.xml:13255
msgid ""
"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13294
+#: freeculture.xml:13295
msgid ""
"We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt "
"patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13304
+#: freeculture.xml:13305
msgid ""
"By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
"government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13312
+#: freeculture.xml:13313
msgid ""
"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was "
#. f5.
#. PAGE BREAK 333
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13327
+#: freeculture.xml:13328
msgid ""
"See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's "
"Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13321
+#: freeculture.xml:13322
msgid ""
"Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
"which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13349
+#: freeculture.xml:13350
msgid ""
"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13358
+#: freeculture.xml:13359
msgid "in pharmaceutical industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13360
+#: freeculture.xml:13361
msgid ""
"Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their "
"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13368
+#: freeculture.xml:13369
msgid ""
"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13375
+#: freeculture.xml:13376
msgid "of drug patents"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 268
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13377
+#: freeculture.xml:13378
msgid ""
"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13399
+#: freeculture.xml:13400
msgid ""
"So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13405
+#: freeculture.xml:13406
msgid ""
"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13420
+#: freeculture.xml:13421
msgid ""
"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. "
#. PAGE BREAK 269
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13429
+#: freeculture.xml:13430
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the "
"cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13443
+#: freeculture.xml:13444
msgid ""
"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13456 freeculture.xml:14226
+#: freeculture.xml:13457 freeculture.xml:14227
msgid "academic journals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13457 freeculture.xml:13470
+#: freeculture.xml:13458 freeculture.xml:13471
msgid "biomedical research"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13458 freeculture.xml:13628
+#: freeculture.xml:13459 freeculture.xml:13629
msgid "international organization on issues of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13460 freeculture.xml:13577 freeculture.xml:14145
+#: freeculture.xml:13461 freeculture.xml:13578 freeculture.xml:14146
msgid "IBM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13461 freeculture.xml:14292
+#: freeculture.xml:13462 freeculture.xml:14293
msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13462 freeculture.xml:14293
+#: freeculture.xml:13463 freeculture.xml:14294
msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13463
+#: freeculture.xml:13464
msgid "public projects in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13464
+#: freeculture.xml:13465
msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13465
+#: freeculture.xml:13466
msgid "Wellcome Trust"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13466 freeculture.xml:13629
+#: freeculture.xml:13467 freeculture.xml:13630
msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13467
+#: freeculture.xml:13468
msgid "World Wide Web"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13468
+#: freeculture.xml:13469
msgid "Global Positioning System"
msgstr ""
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13475
+#: freeculture.xml:13476
msgid ""
"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink "
#. PAGE BREAK 270
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13472
+#: freeculture.xml:13473
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the "
"United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13508
+#: freeculture.xml:13509
msgid ""
"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13514
+#: freeculture.xml:13515
msgid "in international debate on intellectual property"
msgstr ""
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13517
+#: freeculture.xml:13518
msgid ""
"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
"meeting."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13516
+#: freeculture.xml:13517
msgid ""
"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was "
"ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13526 freeculture.xml:13682
+#: freeculture.xml:13527 freeculture.xml:13683
msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 271
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13528
+#: freeculture.xml:13529
msgid ""
"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13552
+#: freeculture.xml:13553
msgid ""
"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13561 freeculture.xml:15291
+#: freeculture.xml:13562 freeculture.xml:15292
msgid "Apple Corporation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13562
+#: freeculture.xml:13563
msgid "on free software"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13564
+#: freeculture.xml:13565
msgid ""
"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
"least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13574
+#: freeculture.xml:13575
msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13590
+#: freeculture.xml:13591
msgid ""
"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13579
+#: freeculture.xml:13580
msgid ""
"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13608
+#: freeculture.xml:13609
msgid "General Public License (GPL)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13609
+#: freeculture.xml:13610
msgid "GPL (General Public License)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 272
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13611
+#: freeculture.xml:13612
msgid ""
"More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free "
"software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13630
+#: freeculture.xml:13631
msgid "Krim, Jonathan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13631
+#: freeculture.xml:13632
msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by"
msgstr ""
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13641
+#: freeculture.xml:13642
msgid ""
"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13633
+#: freeculture.xml:13634
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13647
+#: freeculture.xml:13648
msgid ""
"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13655 freeculture.xml:13713
+#: freeculture.xml:13656 freeculture.xml:13714
msgid "Boland, Lois"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13657
+#: freeculture.xml:13658
msgid ""
"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13668
+#: freeculture.xml:13669
msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13673
+#: freeculture.xml:13674
msgid ""
"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13684
+#: freeculture.xml:13685
msgid "generic drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13687
+#: freeculture.xml:13688
msgid ""
"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to "
"<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13701
+#: freeculture.xml:13702
msgid ""
"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
#. PAGE BREAK 274
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13715
+#: freeculture.xml:13716
msgid ""
"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting "
"<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13726
+#: freeculture.xml:13727
msgid "feudal system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13727
+#: freeculture.xml:13728
msgid "feudal system of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13729
+#: freeculture.xml:13730
msgid ""
"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
"Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13746
+#: freeculture.xml:13747
msgid ""
"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13743
+#: freeculture.xml:13744
msgid ""
"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13757
+#: freeculture.xml:13758
msgid ""
"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
#. PAGE BREAK 275
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13766
+#: freeculture.xml:13767
msgid ""
"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
"should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13778
+#: freeculture.xml:13779
msgid ""
"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13789
+#: freeculture.xml:13790
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13797
+#: freeculture.xml:13798
msgid ""
"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13803
+#: freeculture.xml:13804
msgid ""
"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
"should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for "
#. PAGE BREAK 276
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13814
+#: freeculture.xml:13815
msgid ""
"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the "
"truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13822
+#: freeculture.xml:13823
msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13826
+#: freeculture.xml:13827
msgid "Turner, Ted"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13828
+#: freeculture.xml:13829
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this "
"struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13839
+#: freeculture.xml:13840
msgid ""
"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13847
+#: freeculture.xml:13848
msgid ""
"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness "
"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13854
+#: freeculture.xml:13855
msgid ""
"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13864
+#: freeculture.xml:13865
msgid ""
"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13871
+#: freeculture.xml:13872
msgid ""
"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13879
+#: freeculture.xml:13880
msgid ""
"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
"tragedy."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13882
+#: freeculture.xml:13883
msgid "Dylan, Bob"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13888
+#: freeculture.xml:13889
msgid ""
"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, "
"September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13906
+#: freeculture.xml:13907
msgid ""
"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old "
"Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f13.
#. PAGE BREAK 334
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13913
+#: freeculture.xml:13914
msgid ""
"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for "
"Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13884
+#: freeculture.xml:13885
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is "
"filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13930
+#: freeculture.xml:13931
msgid "BBC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13931
+#: freeculture.xml:13932
msgid "Brazil, free culture in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13932 freeculture.xml:14323
+#: freeculture.xml:13933 freeculture.xml:14324
msgid "Creative Commons"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13933
+#: freeculture.xml:13934
msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13934
+#: freeculture.xml:13935
msgid "public creative archive in"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13939
+#: freeculture.xml:13940
msgid ""
"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press "
"release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13948
+#: freeculture.xml:13949
msgid ""
"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 "
"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. PAGE BREAK 278
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13936
+#: freeculture.xml:13937
msgid ""
"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
"will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens "
#. PAGE BREAK 279
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13962
+#: freeculture.xml:13963
msgid ""
"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
"potential is ever to be realized."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13970
-msgid "AFTERWORD"
+#: freeculture.xml:13971
+msgid "Afterword"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 280
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13974
+#: freeculture.xml:13975
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will "
"agree with me that something must be done to change where we are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13979
+#: freeculture.xml:13980
msgid ""
"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
"which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13985
+#: freeculture.xml:13986
msgid ""
"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
"significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13992
+#: freeculture.xml:13993
msgid ""
"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
"an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14001
-msgid "US, NOW"
+#: freeculture.xml:14002
+msgid "Us, now"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14003
+#: freeculture.xml:14004
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright "
"warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14010
+#: freeculture.xml:14011
msgid ""
"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14020
+#: freeculture.xml:14021
msgid "initial free character of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 282
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14022
+#: freeculture.xml:14023
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
"tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14034
+#: freeculture.xml:14035
msgid ""
"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14050
+#: freeculture.xml:14051
msgid ""
"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither "
"<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14058
+#: freeculture.xml:14059
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14059
+#: freeculture.xml:14060
msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14061
+#: freeculture.xml:14062
msgid "privacy rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14063
+#: freeculture.xml:14064
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14073
+#: freeculture.xml:14074
msgid "What made it assured?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14077
+#: freeculture.xml:14078
msgid ""
"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref "
"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14092
+#: freeculture.xml:14093
msgid "Amazon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14093
+#: freeculture.xml:14094
msgid "cookies, Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14094
+#: freeculture.xml:14095
msgid "privacy protection on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14096
+#: freeculture.xml:14097
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14105
+#: freeculture.xml:14106
msgid "privacy rights in use of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14107
+#: freeculture.xml:14108
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14125
+#: freeculture.xml:14126
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the "
"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> "
#. PAGE BREAK 284
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14119
+#: freeculture.xml:14120
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define "
"<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14144
+#: freeculture.xml:14145
msgid "Data General"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14148
+#: freeculture.xml:14149
msgid ""
"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
"movement. When computers with software were first made available "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14155
+#: freeculture.xml:14156
msgid "Stallman, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14157
+#: freeculture.xml:14158
msgid ""
"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14165
+#: freeculture.xml:14166
msgid ""
"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14176
+#: freeculture.xml:14177
msgid "proprietary code"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14178
+#: freeculture.xml:14179
msgid ""
"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
#. PAGE BREAK 285
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14187
+#: freeculture.xml:14188
msgid ""
"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14196
+#: freeculture.xml:14197
msgid "Torvalds, Linus"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14198
+#: freeculture.xml:14199
msgid ""
"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14206
+#: freeculture.xml:14207
msgid ""
"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14217
+#: freeculture.xml:14218
msgid ""
"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14227
+#: freeculture.xml:14228
msgid "scientific journals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14229
+#: freeculture.xml:14230
msgid ""
"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14233
+#: freeculture.xml:14234
msgid "Lexis and Westlaw"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14235 freeculture.xml:14271
+#: freeculture.xml:14236 freeculture.xml:14272
msgid "journals in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14236
+#: freeculture.xml:14237
msgid "access to opinions of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 286
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14238
+#: freeculture.xml:14239
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14253
+#: freeculture.xml:14254
msgid "access fees for material in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14254
+#: freeculture.xml:14255
msgid "license system for rebuilding of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14256
+#: freeculture.xml:14257
msgid ""
"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14267
+#: freeculture.xml:14268
msgid ""
"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14273
+#: freeculture.xml:14274
msgid ""
"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14285
+#: freeculture.xml:14286
msgid ""
"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
#. PAGE BREAK 287
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14295
+#: freeculture.xml:14296
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14309
+#: freeculture.xml:14310
msgid ""
"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14322
+#: freeculture.xml:14323
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14325
+#: freeculture.xml:14326
msgid ""
"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
"increasing control effected through law and technology."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14328
+#: freeculture.xml:14329
msgid "Stanford University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14330
+#: freeculture.xml:14331
msgid ""
"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
#. PAGE BREAK 288
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14341
+#: freeculture.xml:14342
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14359
+#: freeculture.xml:14360
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14370
+#: freeculture.xml:14371
msgid ""
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14380
+#: freeculture.xml:14381
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 289
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14382
+#: freeculture.xml:14383
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14395
+#: freeculture.xml:14396
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The "
"aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14408
+#: freeculture.xml:14409
msgid ""
"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14415
+#: freeculture.xml:14416
msgid ""
"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14427
+#: freeculture.xml:14428
msgid ""
"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14432
+#: freeculture.xml:14433
msgid "Free for All (Wayner)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14433
+#: freeculture.xml:14434
msgid "Wayner, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 290
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14435
+#: freeculture.xml:14436
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14446
+#: freeculture.xml:14447
msgid "Public Enemy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14447
+#: freeculture.xml:14448
msgid "rap music"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14448
+#: freeculture.xml:14449
msgid "Leaphart, Walter"
msgstr ""
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14465
+#: freeculture.xml:14466
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14450
+#: freeculture.xml:14451
msgid ""
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14474
+#: freeculture.xml:14475
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
#. PAGE BREAK 291
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14486
+#: freeculture.xml:14487
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14496
+#: freeculture.xml:14497
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14504
+#: freeculture.xml:14505
msgid ""
"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14518
-msgid "THEM, SOON"
+#: freeculture.xml:14519
+msgid "Them, soon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14520
+#: freeculture.xml:14521
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by "
"individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14527
+#: freeculture.xml:14528
msgid ""
"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14534
+#: freeculture.xml:14535
msgid "1. More Formalities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14536
+#: freeculture.xml:14537
msgid ""
"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If "
#. PAGE BREAK 293
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14543
+#: freeculture.xml:14544
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14548
+#: freeculture.xml:14549
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14554
+#: freeculture.xml:14555
msgid "Why?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14557
+#: freeculture.xml:14558
msgid ""
"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14566
+#: freeculture.xml:14567
msgid ""
"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14580
+#: freeculture.xml:14581
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14578
+#: freeculture.xml:14579
msgid ""
"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14588
+#: freeculture.xml:14589
msgid ""
"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14600
-msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
+#: freeculture.xml:14601
+msgid "Registration and renewal"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14602
+#: freeculture.xml:14603
msgid ""
"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14615
+#: freeculture.xml:14616
msgid ""
"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14624
+#: freeculture.xml:14625
msgid ""
"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name "
#. PAGE BREAK 295
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14634
+#: freeculture.xml:14635
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14649
-msgid "MARKING"
+#: freeculture.xml:14650
+msgid "Marking"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14651
+#: freeculture.xml:14652
msgid ""
"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14661
+#: freeculture.xml:14662
msgid ""
"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14667
+#: freeculture.xml:14668
msgid ""
"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14684
+#: freeculture.xml:14685
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
#. PAGE BREAK 296
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14677
+#: freeculture.xml:14678
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14697
+#: freeculture.xml:14698
msgid ""
"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14703
+#: freeculture.xml:14704
msgid "copyright marking of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14705
+#: freeculture.xml:14706
msgid ""
"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14717
+#: freeculture.xml:14718
msgid ""
"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14725
+#: freeculture.xml:14726
msgid ""
"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14730
+#: freeculture.xml:14731
msgid ""
"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14742
+#: freeculture.xml:14743
msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14744
+#: freeculture.xml:14745
msgid ""
"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14757
+#: freeculture.xml:14758
msgid ""
"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 "
"(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14749
+#: freeculture.xml:14750
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a "
"seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14764
+#: freeculture.xml:14765
msgid ""
"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
#. (1)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14772
+#: freeculture.xml:14773
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
#. (2)
#. PAGE BREAK 298
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14781
+#: freeculture.xml:14782
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14793
+#: freeculture.xml:14794
msgid "veterans' pensions"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14804
+#: freeculture.xml:14805
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14796
+#: freeculture.xml:14797
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
#. (4)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14815
+#: freeculture.xml:14816
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14831
+#: freeculture.xml:14832
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14837
+#: freeculture.xml:14838
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After "
"all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14847
+#: freeculture.xml:14848
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14851
+#: freeculture.xml:14852
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14859
+#: freeculture.xml:14860
msgid ""
"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive "
"right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14867
+#: freeculture.xml:14868
msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
msgstr ""
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14873
+#: freeculture.xml:14874
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14869
+#: freeculture.xml:14870
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14886
+#: freeculture.xml:14887
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14882
+#: freeculture.xml:14883
msgid ""
"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14891
+#: freeculture.xml:14892
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14898
+#: freeculture.xml:14899
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14911
+#: freeculture.xml:14912
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14925
+#: freeculture.xml:14926
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14941
+#: freeculture.xml:14942
msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14939
+#: freeculture.xml:14940
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14933
+#: freeculture.xml:14934
msgid ""
"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14947
+#: freeculture.xml:14948
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 301
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14954
+#: freeculture.xml:14955
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14964
+#: freeculture.xml:14965
msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14966
+#: freeculture.xml:14967
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14973
+#: freeculture.xml:14974
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14982
+#: freeculture.xml:14983
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14989
+#: freeculture.xml:14990
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14998
+#: freeculture.xml:14999
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15003
+#: freeculture.xml:15004
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"purchasing CDs."
#. PAGE BREAK 302
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15009
+#: freeculture.xml:15010
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15015
+#: freeculture.xml:15016
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15023
+#: freeculture.xml:15024
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15031
+#: freeculture.xml:15032
msgid ""
"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15039
+#: freeculture.xml:15040
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15044
+#: freeculture.xml:15045
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
#. PAGE BREAK 303
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15056
+#: freeculture.xml:15057
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15070
+#: freeculture.xml:15071
msgid "cell phones, music streamed over"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15090
+#: freeculture.xml:15091
msgid ""
"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan "
"Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15072
+#: freeculture.xml:15073
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
#. PAGE BREAK 304
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15097
+#: freeculture.xml:15098
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15113
+#: freeculture.xml:15114
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different "
"<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15124
+#: freeculture.xml:15125
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content "
"that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15135
+#: freeculture.xml:15136
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15145
+#: freeculture.xml:15146
msgid ""
"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 305
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15156
+#: freeculture.xml:15157
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15166
+#: freeculture.xml:15167
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15176
+#: freeculture.xml:15177
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15184
+#: freeculture.xml:15185
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15188
+#: freeculture.xml:15189
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
#. PAGE BREAK 306
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15199
+#: freeculture.xml:15200
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15206 freeculture.xml:15248
+#: freeculture.xml:15207 freeculture.xml:15249
msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15246
+#: freeculture.xml:15247
msgid "Fisher, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15212
+#: freeculture.xml:15213
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, "
"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15208
+#: freeculture.xml:15209
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15262
+#: freeculture.xml:15263
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
#. PAGE BREAK 307
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15279
+#: freeculture.xml:15280
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15292
+#: freeculture.xml:15293
msgid "MusicStore"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15294
+#: freeculture.xml:15295
msgid "prices of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15296
+#: freeculture.xml:15297
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of "
"<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15311
+#: freeculture.xml:15312
msgid "cable vs. broadcast"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15314
+#: freeculture.xml:15315
msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15316
+#: freeculture.xml:15317
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of "
"<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15328
+#: freeculture.xml:15329
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15337
+#: freeculture.xml:15338
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 308
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15342
+#: freeculture.xml:15343
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15349
+#: freeculture.xml:15350
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15355
+#: freeculture.xml:15356
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15359
+#: freeculture.xml:15360
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
#. 3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15365
+#: freeculture.xml:15366
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15370
+#: freeculture.xml:15371
msgid ""
"But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a "
"competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15376
+#: freeculture.xml:15377
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
#. PAGE BREAK 309
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15390
+#: freeculture.xml:15391
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15401
+#: freeculture.xml:15402
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15403
+#: freeculture.xml:15404
msgid ""
"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15409
+#: freeculture.xml:15410
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15416
+#: freeculture.xml:15417
msgid "Nimmer, Melville"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15417
+#: freeculture.xml:15418
msgid "Supreme Court challenge of"
msgstr ""
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15428
+#: freeculture.xml:15429
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville "
"B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15419
+#: freeculture.xml:15420
msgid ""
"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a "
"<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15434
+#: freeculture.xml:15435
msgid ""
"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15444
+#: freeculture.xml:15445
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15439
+#: freeculture.xml:15440
msgid ""
"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
#. PAGE BREAK 310
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15468
+#: freeculture.xml:15469
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15476
+#: freeculture.xml:15477
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15486
+#: freeculture.xml:15487
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15494
+#: freeculture.xml:15495
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15501
+#: freeculture.xml:15502
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
#. PAGE BREAK 311
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15510
+#: freeculture.xml:15511
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15519
+#: freeculture.xml:15520
msgid ""
"We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is "
"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15528
-msgid "NOTES"
+#: freeculture.xml:15529
+msgid "Notes"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15530
+#: freeculture.xml:15531
msgid ""
"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
"unstable. I have tried to remedy the instability by redirecting readers to "
"the original source through the Web site associated with this book. For each "
-"link below, you can go to http://free-culture.cc/notes and locate the "
-"original source by clicking on the number after the # sign. If the original "
-"link remains alive, you will be redirected to that link. If the original "
-"link has disappeared, you will be redirected to an appropriate reference for "
-"the material."
+"link below, you can go to <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes\"/> and "
+"locate the original source by clicking on the number after the # sign. If "
+"the original link remains alive, you will be redirected to that link. If the "
+"original link has disappeared, you will be redirected to an appropriate "
+"reference for the material."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15549
-msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
+#: freeculture.xml:15551
+msgid "Acknowledgments"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15551
+#: freeculture.xml:15553
msgid ""
"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15558
+#: freeculture.xml:15560
msgid ""
"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 337
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15571
+#: freeculture.xml:15573
msgid ""
"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15582
+#: freeculture.xml:15584
msgid ""
"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15602
+#: freeculture.xml:15604
msgid ""
"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15611
+#: freeculture.xml:15613
msgid ""
"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
"patience and love."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
#: freeculture.xml:15623
+msgid "About this edition"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15625
+msgid ""
+"This edition of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is the result of three "
+"years of volunteer work. The idea came from a discussion I had around ten "
+"years ago with a friend about the copyright debate in Norway, and how rarely "
+"the difficulties of long copyright made it into the public debate. A bit "
+"more than three years ago I finally had a look again at the idea and decided "
+"to publish a printed Norwegian Bokmål version of <citetitle>Free "
+"Culture</citetitle>, translated and formatted by volunteers. The new "
+"English edition is a by-product of the translation process."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15637
+msgid ""
+"Thanks to the Debian Edu / Skolelinux project, I already had experience "
+"translating Docbook documents, and it seemed like a good format for this "
+"book too. I found a Docbook formatted version of the book created by Hans "
+"Schou. Initial testing showed lots of Docbook validation errors in this "
+"version, but after some work I was able to transform it to PDF and EPUB. "
+"This was the start of the translation project. The Docbook file improved "
+"over time, and build rules were added to create both English and Bokmål "
+"versions. Finally, a call for volunteers went out to help me with the "
+"translation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15649
+msgid ""
+"Several people joined, and Anders Hagen Jarmund, Kirill Miazine and Odd "
+"Kleiva assisted with the initial translation. Ralph Amissah and his SiSu "
+"version provided index entries. Morten Sickel and Alexander Alemayhu helped "
+"with the figures, redrawing some of the bitmaps as vector images. Wivi "
+"Reinholdtsen, Ingrid Yrvin and Johannes Larsen did very valuable "
+"proofreading. Håkon Wium Lie helped me track down a good replacement font "
+"without usage restrictions instead of the one in the original PDF. The PDF "
+"typesetting is done using dblatex, which we selected over the alternatives "
+"thanks to the invaluable and quick help from Benoît Guillon and Andreas "
+"Hoenen. Thomas Gramstad donated ISBN numbers needed for distribution to "
+"book stores. Marc Jeanmougin from the inkscape community helped me "
+"replicate the original front cover. The support of Lawrence Lessig helped "
+"me to complete the project—I am very thankful he had the original "
+"screen shots still available after 11 years."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15667
+msgid ""
+"In addition to these great contributors, I am very grateful to Mari and my "
+"family for their patience with me in this project."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15672
+msgid "— Petter Reinholdtsen, Oslo 2015-09-07"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15682
msgid ""
"Free culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture "
"and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15627
-msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig. Some rights reserved."
+#: freeculture.xml:15686
+msgid "Copyright © 2004 Lawrence Lessig. Some rights reserved."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15630
-msgid ""
-"This version of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is licensed under a "
-"Creative Commons license. This license permits non-commercial use of this "
-"work, so long as attribution is given. For more information about the "
-"license visit <ulink "
-"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/</ulink>"
+#: freeculture.xml:15690
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15637
+#: freeculture.xml:15694
msgid ""
-"This digital book was published by Petter Reinholdtsen in 2015. The "
-"original hardcover paper book was published in 2004 by The Penguin Press."
+"Published in English and Norwegian Bokmål 2015 by Petter Reinholdtsen with "
+"help from many volunteers. Typeset with dblatex using the font Crimson "
+"Text."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15642
+#: freeculture.xml:15700
+msgid "First published 2004 by The Penguin Press."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15704
msgid ""
"Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright "
"Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15648
+#: freeculture.xml:15710
msgid ""
-"Cartoon in <xref linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul "
-"Conrad, copyright Tribune Media Services, Inc. All rights "
-"reserved. Reprinted with permission."
+"Cartoon in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" "
+"linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright "
+"Tribune Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with "
+"permission."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15653
+#: freeculture.xml:15716
msgid ""
-"Diagram in <xref linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> "
-"courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, Michael J. Copps."
+"Diagram in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" "
+"linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> courtesy of the office "
+"of FCC Commissioner, Michael J. Copps."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15722
+msgid "Cover created by Petter Reinholdtsen using inkscape."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15658
+#: freeculture.xml:15726
msgid ""
-"The source of this version of the book is written using DocBook notation and "
-"the other formats are derived from the DocBook source. The DocBook source "
-"is based on a DocBook XML version created by Hans Schou, and extended by "
-"Petter Reinholdtsen with formatting and index references. The source files "
-"for this book are available from <ulink "
-"url=\"https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\"/>."
+"The quotes on the cover came from <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/jacket/\"/>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15667
-msgid "&translationblock;"
+#: freeculture.xml:15731
+msgid ""
+"Portrait on the cover was created 2013 by ActuaLitté and licensed under a "
+"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license. It was downloaded from "
+"<ulink "
+"url=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ALawrence_Lessig_(11014343366)_(cropped).jpg\"/>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15671
+#: freeculture.xml:15738
msgid "Includes index."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15675
+#: freeculture.xml:15742
+msgid "Classifications:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15746
+msgid "(Dewey) 306.4, 306.40973, 306.46, 341.7582, 343.7309/9"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15755
+msgid "(UDK) 347.78"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15759
+msgid "(US Library of Congress) KF2979.L47 2004"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15763
+msgid "(ACM CRCS) K.4.1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15767
+msgid "Thomas Gramstad Forlag donated the ISBN numbers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15774
msgid ""
-"Classifications: (Dewey) 306.4 306.40973 306.46 341.7582 343.7309/9, (UDK) "
-"347.78 (US Lib. of Congress) KF2979.L47 2004 (ACM CRCS) K.4.1"
+"The Docbook source is available from <ulink "
+"url=\"https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\"/>. Please "
+"report any issues with the book there."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:15787
+msgid ""
+"This book is a proof reading draft. Please visit the github URL above to "
+"get the latest version."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15691
+#: freeculture.xml:15796
msgid "ISBN"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15692
+#: freeculture.xml:15797
msgid "Format / MIME-type"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15697 freeculture.xml:15701 freeculture.xml:15705 freeculture.xml:15709 freeculture.xml:15713 freeculture.xml:15717
-msgid "978-82-92812-XX-Y"
+#: freeculture.xml:15802
+msgid "978-82-8067-010-6"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15698
-msgid "text/plain"
+#: freeculture.xml:15803
+msgid "US Trade edition from lulu.com"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15702
+#: freeculture.xml:15806
+msgid "978-82-8067-011-3"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#: freeculture.xml:15807
msgid "application/pdf"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15706
-msgid "text/html"
+#: freeculture.xml:15810
+msgid "978-82-8067-012-0"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15710
+#: freeculture.xml:15811
msgid "application/epub+zip"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15714
-msgid "application/docbook+xml"
+#: freeculture.xml:15814
+msgid "978-82-8067-013-7"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15718
+#: freeculture.xml:15815
msgid "application/x-mobipocket-ebook"
msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <chapter><para>
+#: cover-text.xml:19
+msgid "Lawrence Lessig"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <chapter><para>
+#: cover-text.xml:28
+msgid ""
+"<quote><citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is an entertaining and important "
+"look at the past and future of the cold war between the media industry and "
+"new technologies.</quote> — <emphasis>Marc Andreessen, cofounder of "
+"Netscape</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <chapter><para>
+#: cover-text.xml:35
+msgid ""
+"<quote><citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> goes beyond illuminating the "
+"catastrophe to our culture of increasing regulation to show examples of how "
+"we can make a different future. These new-style heroes and examples are "
+"rooted in the traditions of the founding fathers in ways that seem obvious "
+"after reading this book. Recommended reading to those trying to unravel the "
+"shrill hype around <quote>intellectual property.</quote></quote> — "
+"<emphasis>Brewster Kahle, founder of the Internet Archive</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <chapter><para>
+#: cover-text.xml:46
+msgid ""
+"<quote>America needs a national conversation about the way in which "
+"so-called <quote>intellectual property rights</quote> have come to dominate "
+"the rights of scholars, researchers, and everyday citizens. A copyright "
+"cartel, bidding for absolute control over digital worlds, music, and movies, "
+"now has a veto over technological innovation and has halted most "
+"contributions to the public domain from which so many have benefited. The "
+"patent system has spun out of control, giving enormous power to entrenched "
+"interests, and even trademarks are being misused. Lawrence Lessig's latest "
+"book is essential reading for anyone who want to join this conversation. He "
+"explains how technology and the law are robbing us of the public domain; but "
+"for all his educated pessimism, Professor Lessig offers some solutions, too, "
+"because he recognizes that technology can be the catalyst for freedom. If "
+"you care about the future of innovation, read this book.</quote> — "
+"<emphasis>Dan Gillmor, author of <citetitle>We the media</citetitle>, an "
+"book on the collision of media and technology</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / blobdiff