Typo.

[text-free-culture-lessig.git] / freeculture.xml

diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml
index 884842f56a75f68ee84d6e31caccdcbb790b85f2..8ab41188ba80b85518b1946d4c3abf2d618cd964 100644 (file)
--- a/freeculture.xml
+++ b/freeculture.xml
@@ -845,7 +845,7 @@ individuals shared and transformed their culture—telling
 stories, reenacting scenes from plays or TV, participating in fan
 clubs, sharing music, making tapes—were left alone by the law.
 </para>
-<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitscommercialcreativityasprimarypurposeof' class='startofrange'><primary>Copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>commercial creativity as primary purpose of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitscommercialcreativityasprimarypurposeof' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>commercial creativity as primary purpose of</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly,
 then quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by
@@ -2776,7 +2776,7 @@ natural tendencies of today's digital kids. &hellip; We're building an
 architecture that unleashes 60 percent of the brain [and] a legal
 system that closes down that part of the brain.</quote>
 </para>
-<indexterm startref="idxbrownjohnseely" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxbrownjohnseely' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes
 moving images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an
@@ -2792,8 +2792,10 @@ quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence.
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="3" id="catalogs">
 <title>CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs</title>
+<indexterm><primary>Jordan, Jesse</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>RPI</primary><see>Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)</see></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxrensselaer' class='startofrange'><primary>Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrensselaerpolytechnicinstituterpicomputernetworksearchengineof' class='startofrange'><primary>Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)</primary><secondary>computer network search engine of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxsearchengines' class='startofrange'><primary>search engines</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxuniversitycomputernetworksppsharingon' class='startofrange'><primary>university computer networks, p2p sharing on</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxinternetsearchenginesusedon' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>search engines used on</secondary></indexterm>
@@ -2893,6 +2895,11 @@ this experiment. He was a kid tinkering with technology in an
 environment where tinkering with technology was precisely what he was
 supposed to do.
 </para>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsinrecordingindustry' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>in recording industry</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsagainststudentfilesharing' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>against student file sharing</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustrycopyrightinfringementlawsuitsof' class='startofrange'><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>copyright infringement lawsuits of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaacopyrightinfringementlawsuitsfiledby' class='startofrange'><primary>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</primary><secondary>copyright infringement lawsuits filed by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm startref='idxrensselaerpolytechnicinstituterpicomputernetworksearchengineof' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at
 RPI. The dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association
@@ -2916,7 +2923,11 @@ created or posted, and the vast majority of which had nothing to do
 with music.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxsearchengines' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>exaggerated claims of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>statutory damages of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsindividualdefendantsintimidatedby' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>individual defendants intimidated by</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>statutory damages</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaaintimidationtacticsof' class='startofrange'><primary>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</primary><secondary>intimidation tactics of</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a
 network and had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They
@@ -2928,8 +2939,8 @@ claim $150,000 per infringement. As the RIAA alleged more than one
 hundred specific copyright infringements, they therefore demanded that
 Jesse pay them at least $15,000,000.
 </para>
-<indexterm><primary>Princeton University</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Michigan Technical University</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Princeton University</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other
 student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at
@@ -2948,7 +2959,7 @@ Suit Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media Gro
 (2003): 5, available at 2003 WL 55179443.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
-<indexterm startref="idxrensselaer" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrensselaer' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened.
 An uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They
@@ -2968,6 +2979,7 @@ case, Matt Oppenheimer, told Jesse, <quote>You don't want to pay another
 visit to a dentist like me.</quote>) And throughout, the RIAA insisted it
 would not settle the case until it took every penny Jesse had saved.
 </para>
+<indexterm><primary>legal system, attorney costs in</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight.
 But Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the
@@ -2983,6 +2995,8 @@ So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning,
 or $12,000 and a settlement.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>artist remuneration in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</primary><secondary>lobbying power of</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality.
 Let's put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality.
@@ -3004,6 +3018,8 @@ Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and Punishment,</quote>
 <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, A24.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsindividualdefendantsintimidatedby' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaaintimidationtacticsof' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the
 RIAA. The case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this
@@ -3025,11 +3041,17 @@ I. &hellip; He's  not a tree hugger. &hellip; I  think it's bizarre that they wo
 pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the
 wrong message. And he wants to correct the record.</quote>
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxuniversitycomputernetworksppsharingon' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxjordanjesse' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsinrecordingindustry' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinfringementlawsuitsagainststudentfilesharing' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustrycopyrightinfringementlawsuitsof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxrecordingindustryassociationofamericariaacopyrightinfringementlawsuitsfiledby' class='endofrange'/>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 66 -->
 </chapter>
 <chapter label="4" id="pirates">
 <title>CHAPTER FOUR: <quote>Pirates</quote></title>
+<indexterm id='idxpiracyindevelopmentofcontentindustry' class='startofrange'><primary>piracy</primary><secondary>in development of content industry</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary><quote>if value, then right</quote> theory</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis>
@@ -3139,7 +3161,7 @@ Edison's creative property.
 The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see
 how requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music.
 </para>
-<indexterm id="idxfourneauxhenri" class='startofrange'><primary>Fourneaux, Henri</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxfourneauxhenri' class='startofrange'><primary>Fourneaux, Henri</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Russel, Phil</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines
@@ -3170,7 +3192,7 @@ then made copies of those recordings.  Because of this gap in the law,
 then, I could effectively pirate someone else's song without paying
 its composer anything.
 </para>
-<indexterm startref="idxfourneauxhenri" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxfourneauxhenri' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 69 -->
@@ -3388,7 +3410,7 @@ something for nothing. It gets to perform the recording artist's work
 for free, even if it must pay the composer something for the privilege
 of playing the song.
 </para>
-<indexterm id="idxmadonna" class='startofrange'><primary>Madonna</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmadonna' class='startofrange'><primary>Madonna</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music.
 Imagine it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize
@@ -3405,7 +3427,7 @@ the sale of her CDs. The public performance of her recording is not a
 <emphasis>pirate</emphasis> the value of Madonna's work without paying
 her anything.
 </para>
-<indexterm startref="idxmadonna" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxmadonna' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists
 benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the
@@ -3418,7 +3440,7 @@ to take something for nothing.
 </section>
 <section id="cabletv">
 <title>Cable TV</title>
-<indexterm id='idxcabletv1' class='startofrange'><primary>cable television</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcabletelevision' class='startofrange'><primary>cable television</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy.
 </para>
@@ -3535,7 +3557,8 @@ exercise veto power over the emerging technologies of cable. Cable
 companies thus built their empire in part upon a <quote>piracy</quote> of the value
 created by broadcasters' content.
 </para>
-<indexterm startref='idxcabletv1' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpiracyindevelopmentofcontentindustry' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcabletelevision' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a
 common theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone
@@ -6446,7 +6469,7 @@ be; my claim is not about comprehensiveness), these four are among the
 most significant, and any regulator (whether controlling or freeing)
 must consider how these four in particular interact.
 </para>
-<indexterm id="idxdrivespeed" class='startofrange'><primary>driving speed, constraints on</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxdrivespeed' class='startofrange'><primary>driving speed, constraints on</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>architecture, constraint effected through</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>market constraints</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>norms, regulatory influence of</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6490,7 +6513,7 @@ strict&mdash;a federal requirement that states decrease the speed
 limit, for example&mdash;so as to decrease the attractiveness of fast
 driving.
 </para>
-<indexterm startref="idxdrivespeed" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdrivespeed' class='endofrange'/>
 
 <figure id="fig-1361">
 <title>Law has a special role in affecting the three.</title>
@@ -6724,7 +6747,7 @@ effect of the changes the content industry wants.
 <para>
 Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow.
 </para>
-<indexterm id="idxddt" class='startofrange'><primary>DDT</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxddt' class='startofrange'><primary>DDT</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Müller, Paul Hermann</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss
@@ -6793,7 +6816,7 @@ In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences
 for free culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will
 be lost.
 </para>
-<indexterm startref="idxddt" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxddt' class='endofrange'/>
 </section>
 <section id="beginnings">
 <title>Beginnings</title>
@@ -7595,8 +7618,8 @@ tradition embraced, who said whether and how the law would restrict
 your freedom.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Casablanca</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxmarxbrothers" class='startofrange'><primary>Marx Brothers</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxwarnerbrothers" class='startofrange'><primary>Warner Brothers</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmarxbrothers' class='startofrange'><primary>Marx Brothers</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxwarnerbrothers' class='startofrange'><primary>Warner Brothers</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers
 and Warner Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of
@@ -7641,10 +7664,10 @@ problem with code regulations is that, unlike law, code has no
 shame. Code would not get the humor of the Marx Brothers. The
 consequence of that is not at all funny.
 </para>
-<indexterm startref="idxwarnerbrothers" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxmarxbrothers" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxwarnerbrothers' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxmarxbrothers' class='endofrange'/>
 
-<indexterm id="idxadobeebookreader" class='startofrange'><primary>Adobe eBook Reader</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxadobeebookreader' class='startofrange'><primary>Adobe eBook Reader</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader.
 </para>
@@ -7847,15 +7870,15 @@ technology enables control, and Adobe has an incentive to defend this
 control.  That incentive is understandable, yet what it creates is
 often crazy.
 </para>
-<indexterm startref="idxadobeebookreader" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxadobeebookreader' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxbooksoninternet' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite
 story of mine that makes the same point.
 </para>
-<indexterm id="idxaibo1" class='startofrange'><primary>Aibo robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxroboticdog1" class='startofrange'><primary>robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxsonyaibo1" class='startofrange'><primary>Sony</primary><secondary>Aibo robotic dog produced by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxaibo1' class='startofrange'><primary>Aibo robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxroboticdog1' class='startofrange'><primary>robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsonyaibo1' class='startofrange'><primary>Sony</primary><secondary>Aibo robotic dog produced by</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo
 learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity
@@ -7907,9 +7930,9 @@ dance jazz. The dog wasn't programmed to dance jazz. It was a clever
 bit of tinkering that turned the dog into a more talented creature
 than Sony had built.
 </para>
-<indexterm startref="idxsonyaibo1" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxroboticdog1" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxaibo1" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxsonyaibo1' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxroboticdog1' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxaibo1' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the
 United States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience,
@@ -7997,9 +8020,9 @@ academic essay, unintelligible to most people. But it clearly showed the
 weakness in the SDMI system, and why SDMI would not, as presently
 constituted, succeed.
 </para>
-<indexterm id="idxaibo2" class='startofrange'><primary>Aibo robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxroboticdog2" class='startofrange'><primary>robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxsonyaibo2" class='startofrange'><primary>Sony</primary><secondary>Aibo robotic dog produced by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxaibo2' class='startofrange'><primary>Aibo robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxroboticdog2' class='startofrange'><primary>robotic dog</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsonyaibo2' class='startofrange'><primary>Sony</primary><secondary>Aibo robotic dog produced by</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they
 then received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the
@@ -8013,9 +8036,9 @@ AIBO-ware's copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the
 anti-circumvention provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
 </para>
 </blockquote>
-<indexterm startref="idxsonyaibo2" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxroboticdog2" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxaibo2" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxsonyaibo2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxroboticdog2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxaibo2' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system
 of encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter
@@ -8969,9 +8992,9 @@ lawyer.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 186 -->
 <chapter label="11" id="chimera">
 <title>CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera</title>
-<indexterm id="idxchimera" class='startofrange'><primary>chimeras</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxwells" class='startofrange'><primary>Wells, H. G.</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxtcotb" class='startofrange'><primary><quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxchimera' class='startofrange'><primary>chimeras</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxwells' class='startofrange'><primary>Wells, H. G.</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxtcotb' class='startofrange'><primary><quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)</primary></indexterm>
 
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by
@@ -9052,8 +9075,8 @@ plot for murder mysteries. <quote>But the DNA shows with 100 percent
 certainty that she was not the person whose blood was at the
 scene. &hellip;</quote>
 </para>
-<indexterm startref="idxtcotb" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxwells" class="endofrange"/>
+<indexterm startref='idxtcotb' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxwells' class="endofrange"/>
 <para>
 Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were
 impossible.  A single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea
@@ -9159,7 +9182,7 @@ Name Students,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 8 August 2003, D3, a
 </para></footnote>
 
 </para>
-<indexterm startref="idxchimera" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxchimera' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act
 as though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be
@@ -9335,6 +9358,10 @@ work spread across the Internet. But as the law is currently crafted, this
 work is presumptively illegal.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Worldcom</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>exaggerated claims of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright infringement lawsuits</primary><secondary>in recording industry</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>doctors malpractice claims against</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Jordan, Jesse</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the
 examples of extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to
@@ -9594,7 +9621,7 @@ had a copy of the CD they wanted to access. So while this was 50,000
 copies, it was 50,000 copies directed at giving customers something
 they had already bought.
 </para>
-<indexterm id="idxvivendiuniversal" class='startofrange'><primary>Vivendi Universal</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxvivendiuniversal' class='startofrange'><primary>Vivendi Universal</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels,
 headed by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled
@@ -9629,7 +9656,7 @@ industry directs its guns against them. It is also you. So those of
 you who believe the law should be less restrictive should realize that
 such a view of the law will cost you and your firm dearly.
 </para>
-<indexterm startref="idxvivendiuniversal" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxvivendiuniversal' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm><primary>Hummer, John</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Barry, Hank</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Hummer Winblad</primary></indexterm>
@@ -10661,7 +10688,7 @@ success will require.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 220 -->
 <chapter label="13" id="eldred">
 <title>CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred</title>
-<indexterm id="idxhawthornenathaniel" class='startofrange'><primary>Hawthorne, Nathaniel</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxhawthornenathaniel' class='startofrange'><primary>Hawthorne, Nathaniel</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated
 that his daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was
@@ -12759,9 +12786,12 @@ controlled by this dead (and often unfindable) hand of the past.
 </part>
 <chapter label="15" id="c-conclusion">
 <title>CONCLUSION</title>
-<indexterm id="idxantiretroviraldrugs" class='startofrange'><primary>antiretroviral drugs</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxhivaidstherapies" class='startofrange'><primary>HIV/AIDS therapies</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm id="idxafricahivmed" class='startofrange'><primary>Africa, medications for HIV patients in</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxafricamedicationsforhivpatientsin' class='startofrange'><primary>Africa, medications for HIV patients in</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxaidsmedications' class='startofrange'><primary>AIDS medications</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxantiretroviraldrugs' class='startofrange'><primary>antiretroviral drugs</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxdevelopingcountriesforeignpatentcostsin2' class='startofrange'><primary>developing countries, foreign patent costs in</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxdrugspharmaceutical' class='startofrange'><primary>drugs</primary><secondary>pharmaceutical</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxhivaidstherapies' class='startofrange'><primary>HIV/AIDS therapies</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million
 people with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live
@@ -12794,6 +12824,8 @@ issued 9 July 2002, only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in
 the developing world receive them&mdash;and half of them are in Brazil.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
+<indexterm id='idxpatentsonpharmaceuticals' class='startofrange'><primary>patents</primary><secondary>on pharmaceuticals</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpharmaceuticalpatents' class='startofrange'><primary>pharmaceutical patents</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 265 -->
 These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are
@@ -12821,6 +12853,9 @@ African leaders began to recognize the devastation that AIDS was
 bringing, they started looking for ways to import HIV treatments at
 costs significantly below the market price.
 </para>
+<indexterm id='idxinternationallaw2' class='startofrange'><primary>international law</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxparallelimportation' class='startofrange'><primary>parallel importation</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsouthafricarepublicofpharmaceuticalimportsby' class='startofrange'><primary>South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the
 importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in
@@ -12837,6 +12872,7 @@ Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37.
 <indexterm><primary>Drahos, Peter</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
+<indexterm><primary>United States Trade Representative (USTR)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more
 than opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association
@@ -12876,6 +12912,7 @@ Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan
 Africa, a Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property
 Organization</citetitle> (Washington, D.C., 2000), 15.  </para></footnote>
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxparallelimportation' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 We should place the intervention by the United States in context.  No
 doubt patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't
@@ -12930,6 +12967,7 @@ drugs should not flow into Africa. It was a principle about the
 importance of <quote>intellectual property</quote> that led these government actors
 to intervene against the South African response to AIDS.
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxsouthafricarepublicofpharmaceuticalimportsby' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years
 from now when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have
@@ -12940,6 +12978,7 @@ idea?  What possible justification could there ever be for a policy
 that results in so many deaths? What exactly is the insanity that
 would allow so many to die for such an abstraction?
 </para>
+<indexterm id='idxcorporationsinpharmaceuticalindustry' class='startofrange'><primary>corporations</primary><secondary>in pharmaceutical industry</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations.
 Their managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation.
@@ -12956,6 +12995,7 @@ elsewhere.  There are issues they'd have to resolve to make sure the
 drugs didn't get back into the United States, but those are mere
 problems of technology.  They could be overcome.
 </para>
+<indexterm id='idxintellectualpropertyrightsofdrugpatents' class='startofrange'><primary>intellectual property rights</primary><secondary>of drug patents</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the
 fear of the grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of
@@ -12971,6 +13011,13 @@ unintended consequence that perhaps millions die. And that rational
 strategy thus becomes framed in terms of this ideal&mdash;the sanctity of an
 idea called <quote>intellectual property.</quote>
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxafricamedicationsforhivpatientsin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxaidsmedications' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxantiretroviraldrugs' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdevelopingcountriesforeignpatentcostsin2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdrugspharmaceutical' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxhivaidstherapies' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcorporationsinpharmaceuticalindustry' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will
 you say? When the common sense of a generation finally revolts
@@ -12989,6 +13036,9 @@ in any case. A sensible policy, in other words, could be a balanced
 policy. For most of our history, both copyright and patent policies
 were balanced in just this sense.
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxpatentsonpharmaceuticals' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpharmaceuticalpatents' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternationallaw2' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the
 critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and
@@ -12997,9 +13047,7 @@ our tradition, now reigns in this culture&mdash;bizarrely, and with
 consequences more grave to the spread of ideas and culture than almost
 any other single policy decision that we as a democracy will make.
 </para>
-<indexterm startref="idxafricahivmed" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxhivaidstherapies" class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxantiretroviraldrugs" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxintellectualpropertyrightsofdrugpatents' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under
 the cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if
@@ -13028,9 +13076,17 @@ hypocrisy reeks. Yet in a city like Washington, hypocrisy is not even
 noticed. Powerful lobbies, complex issues, and MTV attention spans
 produce the <quote>perfect storm</quote> for free culture.
 </para>
+<indexterm><primary>academic journals</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>biomedical research</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxintellectualpropertyrightsinternationalorganizationonissuesof' class='startofrange'><primary>intellectual property rights</primary><secondary>international organization on issues of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>development of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>IBM</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>PLoS (Public Library of Science)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>public projects in</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Wellcome Trust</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxworldintellectualpropertyorganizationwipo' class='startofrange'><primary>World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>World Wide Web</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Global Positioning System</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Reagan, Ronald</primary></indexterm>
@@ -13067,9 +13123,6 @@ Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche,
 Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It
 included the Global Positioning System, which Ronald Reagan set free
 in the early 1980s. And it included <quote>open source and free software.</quote>
-<indexterm><primary>academic journals</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>IBM</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>PLoS (Public Library of Science)</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxbiomedicalresearch' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
@@ -13079,6 +13132,7 @@ intellectual property extremism. Instead, in all of them, intellectual
 property was balanced by agreements to keep access open or to impose
 limitations on the way in which proprietary claims might be used.
 </para>
+<indexterm id='idxlessiglawrenceininternationaldebateonintellectualproperty' class='startofrange'><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary><secondary>in international debate on intellectual property</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f7. --> I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the
@@ -13121,8 +13175,12 @@ had thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And
 thus the meeting about <quote>open and collaborative projects to create
 public goods</quote> seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda.
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxintellectualpropertyrightsinternationalorganizationonissuesof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxworldintellectualpropertyorganizationwipo' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxworldsummitontheinformationsocietywsis' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxfreesoftwareopensourcesoftwarefsoss' class='startofrange'><primary>free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Apple Corporation</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmicrosoftonfreesoftware' class='startofrange'><primary>Microsoft</primary><secondary>on free software</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 But there is one project within that list that is highly
 controversial, at least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source
@@ -13167,6 +13225,7 @@ May 2001), available at
 <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #63</ulink>.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxlessiglawrenceininternationaldebateonintellectualproperty' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm><primary>General Public License (GPL)</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>GPL (General Public License)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
@@ -13187,7 +13246,9 @@ software. If copyright did not govern software, then free software
 could not impose the same kind of requirements on its adopters. It
 thus depends upon copyright law just as Microsoft does.
 </para>
-<indexterm><primary>Krim, Jonathan</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxintellectualpropertyrightsinternationalorganizationonissuesof2' class='startofrange'><primary>intellectual property rights</primary><secondary>international organization on issues of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxworldintellectualpropertyorganizationwipo2' class='startofrange'><primary>World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxkrimjonathan' class='startofrange'><primary>Krim, Jonathan</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Microsoft</primary><secondary>WIPO meeting opposed by</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software
@@ -13211,6 +13272,7 @@ its lobbying here, and nothing terribly surprising about the most
 powerful software producer in the United States having succeeded in
 its lobbying efforts.
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxmicrosoftonfreesoftware' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm><primary>Boland, Lois</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 What was surprising was the United States government's reason for
@@ -13222,9 +13284,11 @@ She is quoted as saying, <quote>To hold a meeting which has as its purpose
 to disclaim or waive such rights seems to us to be contrary to the
 goals of WIPO.</quote>
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxkrimjonathan' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 These statements are astonishing on a number of levels.
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxfreesoftwareopensourcesoftwarefsoss' class='endofrange'/>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 273 -->
 <para>
 First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and
@@ -13280,6 +13344,8 @@ WIPO is not just that intellectual property rights be maximized, but
 that they also should be exercised in the most extreme and restrictive
 way possible.
 </para>
+<indexterm id='idxfeudalsystem' class='startofrange'><primary>feudal system</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpropertyrightsfeudalsystemof' class='startofrange'><primary>property rights</primary><secondary>feudal system of</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 There is a history of just such a property system that is well known
 in the Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under
@@ -13306,6 +13372,8 @@ choice now is whether that information society will be
 <emphasis>free</emphasis> or <emphasis>feudal</emphasis>. The trend is
 toward the feudal.
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxfeudalsystem' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpropertyrightsfeudalsystemof' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the
 comment section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who
@@ -13313,6 +13381,8 @@ tried to show why her comments made sense. But there was one comment
 that was particularly depressing for me. An anonymous poster wrote,
 </para>
 <blockquote>
+<indexterm startref='idxintellectualpropertyrightsinternationalorganizationonissuesof2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxworldintellectualpropertyorganizationwipo2' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as
 it should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government,
@@ -13758,12 +13828,17 @@ that bind copyrighted code, Stallman was affirmatively reclaiming a
 space where free software would survive. He was actively protecting
 what before had been passively guaranteed.
 </para>
+<indexterm id='idxacademicjournals' class='startofrange'><primary>academic journals</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxscientificjournals' class='startofrange'><primary>scientific journals</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates
 with the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and
 scientific journals are produced.
 </para>
-<indexterm id="idxacademocjournals" class='startofrange'><primary>academic journals</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxlexisandwestlaw' class='startofrange'><primary>Lexis and Westlaw</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxlawdatabasesofcasereportsin' class='startofrange'><primary>law</primary><secondary>databases of case reports in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>libraries</primary><secondary>journals in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>access to opinions of</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that
 printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them
@@ -13780,6 +13855,8 @@ and Westlaw are also free
 to charge users for the privilege of gaining access to that Supreme
 Court opinion through their respective services.
 </para>
+<indexterm><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>access fees for material in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpublicdomainlicensesystemforrebuildingof' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>license system for rebuilding of</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to
 charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive
@@ -13789,6 +13866,8 @@ to flourish. And if there's nothing wrong with selling the public
 domain, then there could be nothing wrong, in principle, with selling
 access to material that is not in the public domain.
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxlexisandwestlaw' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxlawdatabasesofcasereportsin' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data
 was through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to
@@ -13814,6 +13893,8 @@ public libraries begin to disappear. Thus, as with privacy and with
 software, a changing technology and market shrink a freedom taken for
 granted before.
 </para>
+<indexterm><primary>PLoS (Public Library of Science)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to
 restore the freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science
@@ -13826,7 +13907,6 @@ then deposited in a public, electronic archive and made permanently
 available for free. PLoS also sells a print version of its work, but
 the copyright for the print journal does not inhibit the right of
 anyone to redistribute the work for free.
-<indexterm><primary>PLoS (Public Library of Science)</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <para>
 This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for
@@ -13837,12 +13917,12 @@ distribution of content. But competition in our tradition is
 presumptively a good&mdash;especially when it helps spread knowledge
 and science.
 </para>
-<indexterm startref="idxacademocjournals" class='endofrange'/>
-
+<indexterm startref='idxacademicjournals' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxscientificjournals' class='endofrange'/>
 </section>
 <section id="oneidea">
 <title>Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea</title>
-<indexterm id="idxcc" class='startofrange'><primary>Creative Commons</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcreativecommons' class='startofrange'><primary>Creative Commons</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the
 increasing control effected through law and technology.
@@ -14031,8 +14111,8 @@ make it easier for authors and creators to exercise their rights more
 flexibly and cheaply. That difference, we believe, will enable
 creativity to spread more easily.
 </para>
-<indexterm startref="idxcc" class='endofrange'/>
-
+<indexterm startref='idxpublicdomainlicensesystemforrebuildingof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcreativecommons' class='endofrange'/>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 292 -->
 </section>
 </section>