Improve translation.

[text-free-culture-lessig.git] / freeculture.xml

diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml
index c2eaba3f33ba5c13f013fe0d7a5e9c7f022ab2ad..eae61d52e91d44c27d27b9be5cc17f2e5f32d4f5 100644 (file)
--- a/freeculture.xml
+++ b/freeculture.xml
@@ -966,7 +966,7 @@ this change, the war to rid the world of Internet <quote>pirates</quote> will al
 culture of values that have been integral to our tradition from the start.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>First Amendment to</secondary></indexterm>
 culture of values that have been integral to our tradition from the start.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>First Amendment to</secondary></indexterm>

-<indexterm><primary>Copyright law</primary><secondary>as protection of creators</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>as protection of creators</secondary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>First Amendment</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Netanel, Neil Weinstock</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>First Amendment</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Netanel, Neil Weinstock</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ to which most of us remain oblivious.
 <title><quote>PIRACY</quote></title>
 <partintro>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 30 -->
 <title><quote>PIRACY</quote></title>
 <partintro>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 30 -->

-<indexterm><primary>Copyright law</primary><secondary>English</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>English</secondary></indexterm>

 <indexterm id='idxmansfieldwilliammurraylord' class='startofrange'><primary>Mansfield, William Murray, Lord</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>music publishing</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>sheet music</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxmansfieldwilliammurraylord' class='startofrange'><primary>Mansfield, William Murray, Lord</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>music publishing</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>sheet music</primary></indexterm>


@@ -1983,6 +1983,7 @@ Dist. Ct. 1894).
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxcameratechnology' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm id='idxdisneywalt4' class='startofrange'><primary>Disney, Walt</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxcameratechnology' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm id='idxdisneywalt4' class='startofrange'><primary>Disney, Walt</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idximagesownershipof' class='startofrange'><primary>images, ownership of</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly
 familiar. The photographer was <quote>taking</quote> something from the person or
 <para>
 The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly
 familiar. The photographer was <quote>taking</quote> something from the person or


@@ -1996,6 +1997,7 @@ that they thought valuable.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Brandeis, Louis D.</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Steamboat Bill, Jr.</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Brandeis, Louis D.</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Steamboat Bill, Jr.</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxcameratechnology2' class='startofrange'><primary>camera technology</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well.
 Sure, there may be something of value being used. But citizens should
 <para>
 On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well.
 Sure, there may be something of value being used. But citizens should


@@ -2014,7 +2016,6 @@ gets something for nothing. Just as Disney could take inspiration from
 free to capture an image without compensating the source.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxdisneywalt4' class='endofrange'/>
 free to capture an image without compensating the source.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxdisneywalt4' class='endofrange'/>

-<indexterm><primary>images, ownership of</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these
 early decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no
 <para>
 Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these
 early decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no


@@ -2033,6 +2034,7 @@ Inc</citetitle>., 971 F.  2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951
 (1993).
 </para></footnote>)
 </para>
 (1993).
 </para></footnote>)
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Kodak cameras</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>Napster</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had
 <indexterm><primary>Napster</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had


@@ -2049,6 +2051,8 @@ imagine the law then requiring that some form of permission be
 demonstrated before a company developed pictures. We could imagine a
 system developing to demonstrate that permission.
 </para>
 demonstrated before a company developed pictures. We could imagine a
 system developing to demonstrate that permission.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcameratechnology2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxcameratechnology3' class='startofrange'><primary>camera technology</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>democracy</primary><secondary>in technologies of expression</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>expression, technologies of</primary><secondary>democratic</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm><primary>democracy</primary><secondary>in technologies of expression</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>expression, technologies of</primary><secondary>democratic</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -2069,6 +2073,7 @@ realized.
 <indexterm startref='idxphotography' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxeastmangeorge' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxpermissionsphotographyexemptedfrom' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxphotography' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxeastmangeorge' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxpermissionsphotographyexemptedfrom' class='endofrange'/>

+<indexterm startref='idximagesownershipof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San
 Francisco's Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San
 Francisco's Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses


@@ -2118,6 +2123,8 @@ and noticing split infinitives are the things that <quote>literate</quote> peopl
 about.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>
 about.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>commercials</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>television</primary><secondary>advertising on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of
 television commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 
 <para>
 Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of
 television commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 


@@ -2143,6 +2150,7 @@ how difficult media is. Or more fundamentally, few of us have a sense
 of how media works, how it holds an audience or leads it through a
 story, how it triggers emotion or builds suspense.
 </para>
 of how media works, how it holds an audience or leads it through a
 story, how it triggers emotion or builds suspense.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcameratechnology3' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well.
 But even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about
 <para>
 It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well.
 But even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about


@@ -2152,6 +2160,7 @@ reflecting upon what one has written. One learns to write with images
 by making them and then reflecting upon what one has created.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Crichton, Michael</primary></indexterm>
 by making them and then reflecting upon what one has created.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Crichton, Michael</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxdaleyelizabeth' class='startofrange'><primary>Daley, Elizabeth</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film,
 as Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern
 <para>
 This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film,
 as Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern


@@ -2232,7 +2241,7 @@ language of the twenty-first century.</quote><footnote><para>
 Ibid.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 Ibid.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Barish, Stephanie</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbarishstephanie' class='startofrange'><primary>Barish, Stephanie</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to
 others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in
 <para>
 As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to
 others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in


@@ -2245,6 +2254,7 @@ failure. But Daley and Barish ran a program that gave kids an
 opportunity to use film to express meaning about something the
 students know something about&mdash;gun violence.
 </para>
 opportunity to use film to express meaning about something the
 students know something about&mdash;gun violence.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxdaleyelizabeth' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively
 new problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was
 <para>
 The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively
 new problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was


@@ -2270,6 +2280,7 @@ can do well. Yet neither is text a form in which
 <emphasis>these</emphasis> ideas can be expressed well. The power of
 this message depended upon its connection to this form of expression.
 </para>
 <emphasis>these</emphasis> ideas can be expressed well. The power of
 this message depended upon its connection to this form of expression.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxbarishstephanie' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 52 -->
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 52 -->


@@ -2320,7 +2331,9 @@ had a lot of power with this language.
 <!-- FIXME removed a " from the end of the previous paragraph that did
      not match with any start quote. -->
 </blockquote>
 <!-- FIXME removed a " from the end of the previous paragraph that did
      not match with any start quote. -->
 </blockquote>

+<indexterm id='idxseptemberterroristattacksof' class='startofrange'><primary>September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>World Trade Center</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>World Trade Center</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxnewscoverage' class='startofrange'><primary>news coverage</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>When two planes</emphasis> crashed into the
 World Trade Center, another into the Pentagon, and a fourth into a
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>When two planes</emphasis> crashed into the
 World Trade Center, another into the Pentagon, and a fourth into a


@@ -2357,6 +2370,7 @@ the term in his book <citetitle>Cyber Rights</citetitle>, around a news event th
 captured the attention of the world. There was ABC and CBS, but there
 was also the Internet.
 </para>
 captured the attention of the world. There was ABC and CBS, but there
 was also the Internet.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxseptemberterroristattacksof' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 I don't mean simply to praise the Internet&mdash;though I do think the
 people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean
 <para>
 I don't mean simply to praise the Internet&mdash;though I do think the
 people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean


@@ -2376,6 +2390,10 @@ and obviously not just that events are commented upon critically, but
 that this mix of captured images, sound, and commentary can be widely
 spread practically instantaneously.
 </para>
 that this mix of captured images, sound, and commentary can be widely
 spread practically instantaneously.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxblogsweblogs' class='startofrange'><primary>blogs (Web-logs)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetblogson' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>blogs on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxweblogsblogs' class='startofrange'><primary>Web-logs (blogs)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the
 same time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was
 <para>
 September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the
 same time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was


@@ -2385,7 +2403,8 @@ such as in Japan, it functions very much like a diary. In those
 cultures, it records private facts in a public way&mdash;it's a kind
 of electronic <citetitle>Jerry Springer</citetitle>, available anywhere in the world.
 </para>
 cultures, it records private facts in a public way&mdash;it's a kind
 of electronic <citetitle>Jerry Springer</citetitle>, available anywhere in the world.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>blogs (Web-logs)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>political discourse</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetpublicdiscourseconductedon' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>public discourse conducted on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different
 character.  There are some who use the space simply to talk about
 <para>
 But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different
 character.  There are some who use the space simply to talk about


@@ -2400,6 +2419,9 @@ are relatively short; they point directly to words used by others,
 criticizing with or adding to them.  They are arguably the most
 important form of unchoreographed public discourse that we have.
 </para>
 criticizing with or adding to them.  They are arguably the most
 important form of unchoreographed public discourse that we have.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxdemocracyintechnologiesofexpression' class='startofrange'><primary>democracy</primary><secondary>in technologies of expression</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxelections' class='startofrange'><primary>elections</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxexpressiontechnologiesofdemocratic' class='startofrange'><primary>expression, technologies of</primary><secondary>democratic</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as
 it does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most
 <para>
 That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as
 it does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most


@@ -2411,7 +2433,11 @@ people vote
 in those elections. The cycle of these elections has become totally
 professionalized and routinized. Most of us think this is democracy.
 </para>
 in those elections. The cycle of these elections has become totally
 professionalized and routinized. Most of us think this is democracy.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxblogsweblogs' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetblogson' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxweblogsblogs' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Tocqueville, Alexis de</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Tocqueville, Alexis de</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxdemocracypublicdiscoursein' class='startofrange'><primary>democracy</primary><secondary>public discourse in</secondary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>jury system</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy
 <indexterm><primary>jury system</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy


@@ -2433,6 +2459,7 @@ See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in America</citeti
 bk. 1, trans.  Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), ch. 16.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>
 bk. 1, trans.  Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), ch. 16.
 </para></footnote>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxelections' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its
 place, there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some
 <para>
 Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its
 place, there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some


@@ -2445,6 +2472,7 @@ And in some towns in New England, something close to deliberation
 remains. But for most of us for most of the time, there is no time or
 place for <quote>democratic deliberation</quote> to occur.
 </para>
 remains. But for most of us for most of the time, there is no time or
 place for <quote>democratic deliberation</quote> to occur.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxpoliticaldiscourse' class='startofrange'><primary>political discourse</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to
 occur.  We, the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a
 <para>
 More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to
 occur.  We, the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a


@@ -2458,8 +2486,13 @@ Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton Univers
 </para></footnote> We say what our friends want to hear, and hear very
 little beyond what our friends say.
 </para>
 </para></footnote> We say what our friends want to hear, and hear very
 little beyond what our friends say.
 </para>

-<indexterm id='idxblogs1' class='startofrange'><primary>blogs (Web-logs)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxblogsweblogs2' class='startofrange'><primary>blogs (Web-logs)</primary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>e-mail</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>e-mail</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxinternetblogson2' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>blogs on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxweblogsblogs2' class='startofrange'><primary>Web-logs (blogs)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm startref='idxdemocracyintechnologiesofexpression' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxexpressiontechnologiesofdemocratic' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdemocracypublicdiscoursein' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this
 problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they
 <para>
 Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this
 problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they


@@ -2615,8 +2648,13 @@ Today there are probably a couple of million blogs where such writing
 happens. When there are ten million, there will be something
 extraordinary to report.
 </para>
 happens. When there are ten million, there will be something
 extraordinary to report.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxblogs1' class='endofrange'/>
-<indexterm startref="idxwinerdave" class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxnewscoverage' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpoliticaldiscourse' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxblogsweblogs2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetblogson2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxweblogsblogs2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxwinerdave' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetpublicdiscourseconductedon' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm id='idxbrownjohnseely' class='startofrange'><primary>Brown, John Seely</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxadvertising1' class='startofrange'><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <indexterm id='idxbrownjohnseely' class='startofrange'><primary>Brown, John Seely</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxadvertising1' class='startofrange'><primary>advertising</primary></indexterm>
 <para>


@@ -3070,6 +3108,7 @@ Edison's creative property.
 </section>
 <section id="recordedmusic">
 <title>Recorded Music</title>
 </section>
 <section id="recordedmusic">
 <title>Recorded Music</title>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawonmusicrecordings' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>on music recordings</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see
 how requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music.
 <para>
 The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see
 how requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music.


@@ -3206,6 +3245,7 @@ Copyright Act in 1909, record companies were free to distribute copies
 of recordings so long as they paid the composer (or copyright holder)
 the fee set by the statute.
 </para>
 of recordings so long as they paid the composer (or copyright holder)
 the fee set by the statute.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>Grisham, John</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham
 writes a novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if
 <para>
 This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham
 writes a novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if


@@ -3214,8 +3254,8 @@ charge whatever he wants for that permission. The price to publish
 Grisham is thus set by Grisham, and copyright law ordinarily says you
 have no permission to use Grisham's work except with permission of
 Grisham.
 Grisham is thus set by Grisham, and copyright law ordinarily says you
 have no permission to use Grisham's work except with permission of
 Grisham.

-<indexterm><primary>Grisham, John</primary></indexterm>

 </para>
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawonmusicrecordings' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And
 thus, in effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording
 <para>
 But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And
 thus, in effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording


@@ -4211,6 +4251,17 @@ legitimate rights of creators while protecting innovation. Sometimes
 this has meant more rights for creators. Sometimes less.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>
 this has meant more rights for creators. Sometimes less.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>artists</primary><secondary>recording industry payments to</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>composers, copyright protections of</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws2' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on copyright laws</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressusonrecordingindustry2' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>on recording industry</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawonmusicrecordings2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>on music recordings</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawstatutorylicensesin2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>statutory licenses in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>radio</primary><secondary>music recordings played on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>artist remuneration in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>copyright protections in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>recording industry</primary><secondary>radio broadcast and</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>statutory licenses</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>composer's rights vs. producers' rights in</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened the
 interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers
 <para>
 So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened the
 interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers


@@ -4232,6 +4283,7 @@ compensation, but at a level set by the law. It likewise gave cable
 companies the right to the content, so long as they paid the statutory
 price.
 </para>
 companies the right to the content, so long as they paid the statutory
 price.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusonrecordingindustry2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 88 -->
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 88 -->


@@ -4250,6 +4302,8 @@ Congress chose a path that would assure
 <emphasis>compensation</emphasis> without giving the past
 (broadcasters) control over the future (cable).
 </para>
 <emphasis>compensation</emphasis> without giving the past
 (broadcasters) control over the future (cable).
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawonmusicrecordings2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawstatutorylicensesin2' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm startref='idxcabletv2' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm><primary>Betamax</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcassettevcrs1' class='startofrange'><primary>cassette recording</primary><secondary>VCRs</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm startref='idxcabletv2' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm><primary>Betamax</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxcassettevcrs1' class='startofrange'><primary>cassette recording</primary><secondary>VCRs</secondary></indexterm>


@@ -4266,6 +4320,7 @@ and shows. Sony was therefore benefiting from the copyright
 infringement of its customers. It should therefore, Disney and
 Universal claimed, be partially liable for that infringement.
 </para>
 infringement of its customers. It should therefore, Disney and
 Universal claimed, be partially liable for that infringement.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusoncopyrightlaws2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did
 decide to design its machine to make it very simple to record television
 <para>
 There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did
 decide to design its machine to make it very simple to record television


@@ -4303,7 +4358,7 @@ and plain common sense.</quote><footnote><para>
 <!-- f19 -->
 Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475.
 </para></footnote>
 <!-- f19 -->
 Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475.
 </para></footnote>

-Indeed, as surveys would later show,
+Indeed, as surveys would later show, 45

 percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or more<footnote><para>
 <!-- f20 -->
 <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429,
 percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or more<footnote><para>
 <!-- f20 -->
 <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429,


@@ -4311,8 +4366,8 @@ percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or more<footnote><para>
 </para></footnote>
 &mdash; a use the Court would later hold was not <quote>fair.</quote> By
 <quote>allowing VCR owners to copy freely by the means of an exemption from
 </para></footnote>
 &mdash; a use the Court would later hold was not <quote>fair.</quote> By
 <quote>allowing VCR owners to copy freely by the means of an exemption from

-copyright infringementwithout creating a mechanism to compensate
-copyrightowners,</quote> Valenti testified, Congress would <quote>take from the
+copyright infringement without creating a mechanism to compensate
+copyright owners,</quote> Valenti testified, Congress would <quote>take from the

 owners the very essence of their property: the exclusive right to
 control who may use their work, that is, who may copy it and thereby
 profit from its reproduction.</quote><footnote><para>
 owners the very essence of their property: the exclusive right to
 control who may use their work, that is, who may copy it and thereby
 profit from its reproduction.</quote><footnote><para>


@@ -5781,6 +5836,7 @@ billion pages, and it was growing at about a billion pages a month.
 <indexterm><primary>Vanderbilt University</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Way Back Machine</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>libraries</primary><secondary>archival function of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Vanderbilt University</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Way Back Machine</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>libraries</primary><secondary>archival function of</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxnewscoverage2' class='startofrange'><primary>news coverage</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in
 human history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty
 <para>
 The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in
 human history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty


@@ -5874,6 +5930,7 @@ events of that day.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Movie Archive</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>archive.org</primary><seealso>Internet Archive</seealso></indexterm>
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Movie Archive</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>archive.org</primary><seealso>Internet Archive</seealso></indexterm>

+<indexterm startref='idxnewscoverage2' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>films</primary><secondary>archive of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Internet Archive</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Duck and Cover film</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>films</primary><secondary>archive of</secondary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Internet Archive</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Duck and Cover film</primary></indexterm>


@@ -7203,14 +7260,19 @@ current reach of copyright was never contemplated, much less chosen,
 by the legislators who enacted copyright law.
 </para>
 <para>
 by the legislators who enacted copyright law.
 </para>
 <para>

-We  can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely
+We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely

 empty circle.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1521">
 <title>All potential uses of a book.</title>
 <graphic fileref="images/1521.png"></graphic>
 </figure>
 empty circle.
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1521">
 <title>All potential uses of a book.</title>
 <graphic fileref="images/1521.png"></graphic>
 </figure>

-<indexterm id='idxbooksusetypes' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>three types of uses of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxbooksthreetypesofusesof' class='startofrange'><primary>books</primary><secondary>three types of uses of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawcopiesascoreissueof2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>copies as core issue of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxinternetcopyrightapplicabilityalteredbytechnologyof' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>copyright applicability altered by technology of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxtechnologycopyrightintentalteredby' class='startofrange'><primary>technology</primary><secondary>copyright intent altered by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxderivativeworkspiracyvs4' class='startofrange'><primary>derivative works</primary><secondary>piracy vs.</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs4' class='startofrange'><primary>piracy</primary><secondary>derivative work vs.</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 152 -->
 Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 152 -->
 Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent


@@ -7237,6 +7299,8 @@ at the core of this circle of possible uses of a copyrighted work. It is the
 paradigmatic use properly regulated by copyright regulation (see first
 diagram on next page).
 </para>
 paradigmatic use properly regulated by copyright regulation (see first
 diagram on next page).
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxderivativeworkspiracyvs4' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpiracyderivativeworkvs4' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses
 that remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>
 <para>
 Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses
 that remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>


@@ -7271,7 +7335,7 @@ In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three
 sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that
 are nonetheless deemed <quote>fair</quote> regardless of the copyright owner's views.
 </para>
 sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that
 are nonetheless deemed <quote>fair</quote> regardless of the copyright owner's views.
 </para>

-<indexterm startref='idxbooksusetypes' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxbooksthreetypesofusesof' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Enter the Internet&mdash;a distributed, digital network where every use
 <indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Enter the Internet&mdash;a distributed, digital network where every use


@@ -7307,6 +7371,7 @@ use&mdash;reading&mdash; could be regulated by copyright law because
 none of those uses produced a copy.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>
 none of those uses produced a copy.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>books</primary><secondary>on Internet</secondary></indexterm>

+<indexterm id='idxderivativeworkstechnologicaldevelopmentsand' class='startofrange'><primary>derivative works</primary><secondary>technological developments and</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different
 set of rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book
 <para>
 But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different
 set of rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book


@@ -7333,6 +7398,7 @@ evidence at all that policy makers had this idea in mind when they
 allowed our policy here to shift. Unregulated uses were an important
 part of free culture before the Internet.
 </para>
 allowed our policy here to shift. Unregulated uses were an important
 part of free culture before the Internet.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawonrepublishingvstransformationoforiginalwork3' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>on republishing vs. transformation of original work</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of
 transformative uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand
 <para>
 Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of
 transformative uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand


@@ -7359,6 +7425,11 @@ copyright law and hence the need for a fair use defense. The right to
 read was effectively protected before because reading was not
 regulated.
 </para>
 read was effectively protected before because reading was not
 regulated.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawcopiesascoreissueof2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxinternetcopyrightapplicabilityalteredbytechnologyof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxtechnologycopyrightintentalteredby' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxderivativeworkstechnologicaldevelopmentsand' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawonrepublishingvstransformationoforiginalwork3' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for
 free culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights
 <para>
 This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for
 free culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights


@@ -7597,6 +7668,8 @@ the book.
 <title>List of the permissions for Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>.</title>
 <graphic fileref="images/1622.png"></graphic>
 </figure>
 <title>List of the permissions for Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>.</title>
 <graphic fileref="images/1622.png"></graphic>
 </figure>

+<indexterm><primary>Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the
 original e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of
 <para>
 Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the
 original e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of


@@ -7650,6 +7723,7 @@ if you push the Read Aloud button with my book, the machine simply
 won't read aloud.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Marx Brothers</primary></indexterm>
 won't read aloud.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Marx Brothers</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Warner Brothers</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 163 -->
 These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a
 <para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 163 -->
 These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a


@@ -7677,7 +7751,8 @@ to defeat these protections as well?
 We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe
 eBook Reader.
 </para>
 We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe
 eBook Reader.
 </para>

-<indexterm><primary>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxalicesadventuresinwonderlandcarroll' class='startofrange'><primary>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpublicdomainebookrestrictionson2' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>e-book restrictions on</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public
 relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free
 <para>
 Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public
 relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free


@@ -7718,6 +7793,8 @@ could use a computer to read the book aloud, would Adobe agree that
 such a use of an eBook Reader was fair? Adobe didn't answer because
 the answer, however absurd it might seem, is no.
 </para>
 such a use of an eBook Reader was fair? Adobe didn't answer because
 the answer, however absurd it might seem, is no.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxalicesadventuresinwonderlandcarroll' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpublicdomainebookrestrictionson2' class='endofrange'/>

 <para>
 The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most
 innovative companies developing strategies to balance open access to
 <para>
 The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most
 innovative companies developing strategies to balance open access to


@@ -10596,6 +10673,7 @@ social causes. But with the Internet, it includes a wide range of
 individuals and groups dedicated to spreading culture
 generally.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f1. -->
 individuals and groups dedicated to spreading culture
 generally.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f1. -->

+<indexterm><primary>pornography</primary></indexterm>

 There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to
 describe, but it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet
 created was a world of noncommercial pornographers&mdash;people who
 There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to
 describe, but it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet
 created was a world of noncommercial pornographers&mdash;people who


@@ -11580,6 +11658,8 @@ who had advised us early on about a First Amendment strategy; and
 finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Fried, Charles</primary></indexterm>
 finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Fried, Charles</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>constitutional powers of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>Commerce Clause of</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor
 general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give
 <para>
 Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor
 general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give


@@ -11609,6 +11689,8 @@ continue to have the right to control who did what with content they
 wanted to control.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Gershwin, George</primary></indexterm>
 wanted to control.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Gershwin, George</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>Porgy and Bess</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>pornography</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was
 better for the Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to
 <para>
 Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was
 better for the Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to


@@ -12964,6 +13046,7 @@ perspectives.  And WIPO was an ideal venue for this discussion, since
 WIPO is the preeminent international body dealing with intellectual
 property issues.
 </para>
 WIPO is the preeminent international body dealing with intellectual
 property issues.
 </para>

+<indexterm id='idxworldsummitontheinformationsocietywsis' class='startofrange'><primary>World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)</primary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact
 about WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a
 <para>
 Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact
 about WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a


@@ -12994,6 +13077,7 @@ had thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And
 thus the meeting about <quote>open and collaborative projects to create
 public goods</quote> seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda.
 </para>
 thus the meeting about <quote>open and collaborative projects to create
 public goods</quote> seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda.
 </para>

+<indexterm startref='idxworldsummitontheinformationsocietywsis' class='endofrange'/>

 <indexterm><primary>Apple Corporation</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 But there is one project within that list that is highly
 <indexterm><primary>Apple Corporation</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 But there is one project within that list that is highly


@@ -13108,7 +13192,10 @@ in understanding&mdash;the sort of mistake that is excusable in a
 first-year law student, but an embarrassment from a high government
 official dealing with intellectual property issues.
 </para>
 first-year law student, but an embarrassment from a high government
 official dealing with intellectual property issues.
 </para>

+<indexterm><primary>World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>drugs</primary><secondary>pharmaceutical</secondary></indexterm>

 <indexterm><primary>generic drugs</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>generic drugs</primary></indexterm>

+<indexterm><primary>patents</primary><secondary>on pharmaceuticals</secondary></indexterm>

 <para>
 Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to <quote>promote</quote>
 intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the
 <para>
 Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to <quote>promote</quote>
 intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the