blog/The_many_definitions_of_a_open_standard.html

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   6     <title>Petter Reinholdtsen: The many definitions of a open standard</title>
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  14  <h1>
  15      <a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/">Petter Reinholdtsen</a>
  16
  17  </h1>
  18
  19 </div>
  20
  21
  22     <div class="entry">
  23       <div class="title">The many definitions of a open standard</div>
  24       <div class="date">27th December 2010</div>
  25       <div class="body"><p>One of the reasons I like the Digistan definition of
  26 "<a href="http://www.digistan.org/open-standard:definition">Free and
  27 Open Standard</a>" is that this is a new term, and thus the meaning of
  28 the term has been decided by Digistan.  The term "Open Standard" has
  29 become so misunderstood that it is no longer very useful when talking
  30 about standards.  One end up discussing which definition is the best
  31 one and with such frame the only one gaining are the proponents of
  32 de-facto standards and proprietary solutions.</p>
  33
  34 <p>But to give us an idea about the diversity of definitions of open
  35 standards, here are a few that I know about.  This list is not
  36 complete, but can be a starting point for those that want to do a
  37 complete survey.  More definitions are available on the
  38 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard">wikipedia
  39 page</a>.</p>
  40
  41 <p>First off is my favourite, the definition from the European
  42 Interoperability Framework version 1.0.  Really sad to notice that BSA
  43 and others has succeeded in getting it removed from version 2.0 of the
  44 framework by stacking the committee drafting the new version with
  45 their own people.  Anyway, the definition is still available and it
  46 include the key properties needed to make sure everyone can use a
  47 specification on equal terms.</p>
  48
  49 <blockquote>
  50
  51 <p>The following are the minimal characteristics that a specification
  52 and its attendant documents must have in order to be considered an
  53 open standard:</p>
  54
  55 <ul>
  56
  57 <li>The standard is adopted and will be maintained by a not-for-profit
  58 organisation, and its ongoing development occurs on the basis of an
  59 open decision-making procedure available to all interested parties
  60 (consensus or majority decision etc.).</li>
  61
  62 <li>The standard has been published and the standard specification
  63 document is available either freely or at a nominal charge. It must be
  64 permissible to all to copy, distribute and use it for no fee or at a
  65 nominal fee.</li>
  66
  67 <li>The intellectual property - i.e. patents possibly present - of
  68 (parts of) the standard is made irrevocably available on a royalty-
  69 free basis.</li>
  70
  71 <li>There are no constraints on the re-use of the standard.</li>
  72
  73 </ul>
  74 </blockquote>
  75
  76 <p>Another one originates from my friends over at
  77 <a href="http://www.dkuug.dk/">DKUUG</a>, who coined and gathered
  78 support for <a href="http://www.aaben-standard.dk/">this
  79 definition</a> in 2004.  It even made it into the Danish parlament as
  80 <a href="http://www.ft.dk/dokumenter/tingdok.aspx?/samling/20051/beslutningsforslag/B103/som_fremsat.htm">their
  81 definition of a open standard</a>.  Another from a different part of
  82 the Danish government is available from the wikipedia page.</p>
  83
  84 <blockquote>
  85
  86 <p>En åben standard opfylder følgende krav:</p>
  87
  88 <ol>
  89
  90 <li>Veldokumenteret med den fuldstændige specifikation offentligt
  91 tilgængelig.</li>
  92
  93 <li>Frit implementerbar uden økonomiske, politiske eller juridiske
  94 begrænsninger på implementation og anvendelse.</li>
  95
  96 <li>Standardiseret og vedligeholdt i et åbent forum (en såkaldt
  97 "standardiseringsorganisation") via en åben proces.</li>
  98
  99 </ol>
 100
 101 </blockquote>
 102
 103 <p>Then there is <a href="http://www.fsfe.org/projects/os/def.html">the
 104 definition</a> from Free Software Foundation Europe.</p>
 105
 106 <blockquote>
 107
 108 <p>An Open Standard refers to a format or protocol that is</p>
 109
 110 <ol>
 111
 112 <li>subject to full public assessment and use without constraints in a
 113 manner equally available to all parties;</li>
 114
 115 <li>without any components or extensions that have dependencies on
 116 formats or protocols that do not meet the definition of an Open
 117 Standard themselves;</li>
 118
 119 <li>free from legal or technical clauses that limit its utilisation by
 120 any party or in any business model;</li>
 121
 122 <li>managed and further developed independently of any single vendor
 123 in a process open to the equal participation of competitors and third
 124 parties;</li>
 125
 126 <li>available in multiple complete implementations by competing
 127 vendors, or as a complete implementation equally available to all
 128 parties.</li>
 129
 130 </ol>
 131
 132 </blockquote>
 133
 134 <p>A long time ago, SUN Microsystems, now bought by Oracle, created
 135 its
 136 <a href="http://blogs.sun.com/dennisding/resource/Open%20Standard%20Definition.pdf">Open
 137 Standards Checklist</a> with a fairly detailed description.</p>
 138
 139 <blockquote>
 140 <p>Creation and Management of an Open Standard
 141
 142 <ul>
 143
 144 <li>Its development and management process must be collaborative and
 145   democratic:
 146
 147          <ul>
 148
 149          <li>Participation must be accessible to all those who wish to
 150             participate and can meet fair and reasonable criteria
 151             imposed by the organization under which it is developed
 152             and managed.</li>
 153
 154          <li>The processes must be documented and, through a known
 155             method, can be changed through input from all
 156             participants.</li>
 157
 158          <li>The process must be based on formal and binding commitments for
 159             the disclosure and licensing of intellectual property rights.</li>
 160
 161          <li>Development and management should strive for consensus,
 162             and an appeals process must be clearly outlined.</li>
 163
 164          <li>The standard specification must be open to extensive
 165             public review at least once in its life-cycle, with
 166             comments duly discussed and acted upon, if required.</li>
 167
 168          </ul>
 169
 170 </li>
 171
 172 </ul>
 173
 174 <p>Use and Licensing of an Open Standard</p>
 175 <ul>
 176
 177 <li>The standard must describe an interface, not an implementation,
 178   and the industry must be capable of creating multiple, competing
 179   implementations to the interface described in the standard without
 180   undue or restrictive constraints.  Interfaces include APIs,
 181   protocols, schemas, data formats and their encoding.</li>
 182
 183 <li> The standard must not contain any proprietary "hooks" that create
 184   a technical or economic barriers</li>
 185
 186 <li>Faithful implementations of the standard must
 187   interoperate. Interoperability means the ability of a computer
 188   program to communicate and exchange information with other computer
 189   programs and mutually to use the information which has been
 190   exchanged. This includes the ability to use, convert, or exchange
 191   file formats, protocols, schemas, interface information or
 192   conventions, so as to permit the computer program to work with other
 193   computer programs and users in all the ways in which they are
 194   intended to function.</li>
 195
 196 <li>It must be permissible for anyone to copy, distribute and read the
 197   standard for a nominal fee, or even no fee. If there is a fee, it
 198   must be low enough to not preclude widespread use.</li>
 199
 200 <li>It must be possible for anyone to obtain free (no royalties or
 201   fees; also known as "royalty free"), worldwide, non-exclusive and
 202   perpetual licenses to all essential patent claims to make, use and
 203   sell products based on the standard.  The only exceptions are
 204   terminations per the reciprocity and defensive suspension terms
 205   outlined below. Essential patent claims include pending, unpublished
 206   patents, published patents, and patent applications. The license is
 207   only for the exact scope of the standard in question.
 208
 209       <ul>
 210
 211       <li> May be conditioned only on reciprocal licenses to any of
 212         licensees' patent claims essential to practice that standard
 213         (also known as a reciprocity clause)</li>
 214
 215       <li> May be terminated as to any licensee who sues the licensor
 216         or any other licensee for infringement of patent claims
 217         essential to practice that standard (also known as a
 218         "defensive suspension" clause)</li>
 219
 220       <li> The same licensing terms are available to every potential
 221         licensor</li>
 222
 223       </ul>
 224 </li>
 225
 226 <li>The licensing terms of an open standards must not preclude
 227   implementations of that standard under open source licensing terms
 228   or restricted licensing terms</li>
 229
 230 </ul>
 231
 232 </blockquote>
 233
 234 <p>It is said that one of the nice things about standards is that
 235 there are so many of them.  As you can see, the same holds true for
 236 open standard definitions.  Most of the definitions have a lot in
 237 common, and it is not really controversial what properties a open
 238 standard should have, but the diversity of definitions have made it
 239 possible for those that want to avoid a level marked field and real
 240 competition to downplay the significance of open standards.  I hope we
 241 can turn this tide by focusing on the advantages of Free and Open
 242 Standards.</p>
 243 </div>
 244
 245       <div class="tags">Tags: <a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/digistan">digistan</a>, <a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/standard">standard</a>.</div>
 246
 247
 248     </div>
 249
 250
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 253     <div id="sidebar">
 254
 255
 256
 257 <h2>Archive</h2>
 258 <ul>
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 312
 313 </ul></li>
 314
 315 <li>2022
 316 <ul>
 317
 318 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2022/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 319
 320 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2022/03/">March (3)</a></li>
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 322 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2022/04/">April (2)</a></li>
 323
 324 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2022/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 325
 326 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2022/07/">July (1)</a></li>
 327
 328 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2022/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 329
 330 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2022/10/">October (1)</a></li>
 331
 332 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2022/12/">December (1)</a></li>
 333
 334 </ul></li>
 335
 336 <li>2021
 337 <ul>
 338
 339 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2021/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 340
 341 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2021/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 342
 343 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2021/05/">May (1)</a></li>
 344
 345 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2021/06/">June (1)</a></li>
 346
 347 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2021/07/">July (3)</a></li>
 348
 349 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2021/08/">August (1)</a></li>
 350
 351 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2021/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 352
 353 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2021/10/">October (1)</a></li>
 354
 355 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2021/12/">December (1)</a></li>
 356
 357 </ul></li>
 358
 359 <li>2020
 360 <ul>
 361
 362 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2020/02/">February (2)</a></li>
 363
 364 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2020/03/">March (2)</a></li>
 365
 366 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2020/04/">April (2)</a></li>
 367
 368 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2020/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 369
 370 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2020/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 371
 372 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2020/07/">July (1)</a></li>
 373
 374 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2020/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 375
 376 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2020/10/">October (1)</a></li>
 377
 378 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2020/11/">November (1)</a></li>
 379
 380 </ul></li>
 381
 382 <li>2019
 383 <ul>
 384
 385 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2019/01/">January (4)</a></li>
 386
 387 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2019/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 388
 389 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2019/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 390
 391 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2019/05/">May (2)</a></li>
 392
 393 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2019/06/">June (5)</a></li>
 394
 395 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2019/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 396
 397 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2019/08/">August (1)</a></li>
 398
 399 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2019/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 400
 401 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2019/11/">November (1)</a></li>
 402
 403 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2019/12/">December (4)</a></li>
 404
 405 </ul></li>
 406
 407 <li>2018
 408 <ul>
 409
 410 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2018/01/">January (1)</a></li>
 411
 412 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2018/02/">February (5)</a></li>
 413
 414 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2018/03/">March (5)</a></li>
 415
 416 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2018/04/">April (3)</a></li>
 417
 418 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2018/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 419
 420 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2018/07/">July (5)</a></li>
 421
 422 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2018/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 423
 424 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2018/09/">September (3)</a></li>
 425
 426 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2018/10/">October (5)</a></li>
 427
 428 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2018/11/">November (2)</a></li>
 429
 430 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2018/12/">December (4)</a></li>
 431
 432 </ul></li>
 433
 434 <li>2017
 435 <ul>
 436
 437 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2017/01/">January (4)</a></li>
 438
 439 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2017/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 440
 441 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2017/03/">March (5)</a></li>
 442
 443 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2017/04/">April (2)</a></li>
 444
 445 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2017/06/">June (5)</a></li>
 446
 447 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2017/07/">July (1)</a></li>
 448
 449 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2017/08/">August (1)</a></li>
 450
 451 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2017/09/">September (3)</a></li>
 452
 453 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2017/10/">October (5)</a></li>
 454
 455 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2017/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 456
 457 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2017/12/">December (4)</a></li>
 458
 459 </ul></li>
 460
 461 <li>2016
 462 <ul>
 463
 464 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2016/01/">January (3)</a></li>
 465
 466 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2016/02/">February (2)</a></li>
 467
 468 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2016/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 469
 470 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2016/04/">April (8)</a></li>
 471
 472 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2016/05/">May (8)</a></li>
 473
 474 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2016/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 475
 476 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2016/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 477
 478 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2016/08/">August (5)</a></li>
 479
 480 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2016/09/">September (2)</a></li>
 481
 482 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2016/10/">October (3)</a></li>
 483
 484 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2016/11/">November (8)</a></li>
 485
 486 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2016/12/">December (5)</a></li>
 487
 488 </ul></li>
 489
 490 <li>2015
 491 <ul>
 492
 493 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2015/01/">January (7)</a></li>
 494
 495 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2015/02/">February (6)</a></li>
 496
 497 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2015/03/">March (1)</a></li>
 498
 499 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2015/04/">April (4)</a></li>
 500
 501 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2015/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 502
 503 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2015/06/">June (4)</a></li>
 504
 505 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2015/07/">July (6)</a></li>
 506
 507 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2015/08/">August (2)</a></li>
 508
 509 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2015/09/">September (2)</a></li>
 510
 511 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2015/10/">October (9)</a></li>
 512
 513 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2015/11/">November (6)</a></li>
 514
 515 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2015/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 516
 517 </ul></li>
 518
 519 <li>2014
 520 <ul>
 521
 522 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2014/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 523
 524 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2014/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 525
 526 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2014/03/">March (8)</a></li>
 527
 528 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2014/04/">April (7)</a></li>
 529
 530 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2014/05/">May (1)</a></li>
 531
 532 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2014/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 533
 534 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2014/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 535
 536 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2014/08/">August (2)</a></li>
 537
 538 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2014/09/">September (5)</a></li>
 539
 540 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2014/10/">October (6)</a></li>
 541
 542 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2014/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 543
 544 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2014/12/">December (5)</a></li>
 545
 546 </ul></li>
 547
 548 <li>2013
 549 <ul>
 550
 551 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2013/01/">January (11)</a></li>
 552
 553 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2013/02/">February (9)</a></li>
 554
 555 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2013/03/">March (9)</a></li>
 556
 557 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2013/04/">April (6)</a></li>
 558
 559 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2013/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 560
 561 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2013/06/">June (10)</a></li>
 562
 563 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2013/07/">July (7)</a></li>
 564
 565 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2013/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 566
 567 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2013/09/">September (5)</a></li>
 568
 569 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2013/10/">October (7)</a></li>
 570
 571 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2013/11/">November (9)</a></li>
 572
 573 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2013/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 574
 575 </ul></li>
 576
 577 <li>2012
 578 <ul>
 579
 580 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2012/01/">January (7)</a></li>
 581
 582 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2012/02/">February (10)</a></li>
 583
 584 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2012/03/">March (17)</a></li>
 585
 586 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2012/04/">April (12)</a></li>
 587
 588 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2012/05/">May (12)</a></li>
 589
 590 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2012/06/">June (20)</a></li>
 591
 592 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2012/07/">July (17)</a></li>
 593
 594 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2012/08/">August (6)</a></li>
 595
 596 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2012/09/">September (9)</a></li>
 597
 598 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2012/10/">October (17)</a></li>
 599
 600 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2012/11/">November (10)</a></li>
 601
 602 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2012/12/">December (7)</a></li>
 603
 604 </ul></li>
 605
 606 <li>2011
 607 <ul>
 608
 609 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2011/01/">January (16)</a></li>
 610
 611 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2011/02/">February (6)</a></li>
 612
 613 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2011/03/">March (6)</a></li>
 614
 615 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2011/04/">April (7)</a></li>
 616
 617 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2011/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 618
 619 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2011/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 620
 621 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2011/07/">July (7)</a></li>
 622
 623 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2011/08/">August (6)</a></li>
 624
 625 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2011/09/">September (4)</a></li>
 626
 627 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2011/10/">October (2)</a></li>
 628
 629 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2011/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 630
 631 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2011/12/">December (1)</a></li>
 632
 633 </ul></li>
 634
 635 <li>2010
 636 <ul>
 637
 638 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2010/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 639
 640 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2010/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 641
 642 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2010/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 643
 644 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2010/04/">April (3)</a></li>
 645
 646 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2010/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 647
 648 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2010/06/">June (14)</a></li>
 649
 650 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2010/07/">July (12)</a></li>
 651
 652 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2010/08/">August (13)</a></li>
 653
 654 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2010/09/">September (7)</a></li>
 655
 656 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2010/10/">October (9)</a></li>
 657
 658 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2010/11/">November (13)</a></li>
 659
 660 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2010/12/">December (12)</a></li>
 661
 662 </ul></li>
 663
 664 <li>2009
 665 <ul>
 666
 667 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2009/01/">January (8)</a></li>
 668
 669 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2009/02/">February (8)</a></li>
 670
 671 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2009/03/">March (12)</a></li>
 672
 673 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2009/04/">April (10)</a></li>
 674
 675 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2009/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 676
 677 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2009/06/">June (3)</a></li>
 678
 679 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2009/07/">July (4)</a></li>
 680
 681 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2009/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 682
 683 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2009/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 684
 685 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2009/10/">October (2)</a></li>
 686
 687 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2009/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 688
 689 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2009/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 690
 691 </ul></li>
 692
 693 <li>2008
 694 <ul>
 695
 696 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2008/11/">November (5)</a></li>
 697
 698 <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/archive/2008/12/">December (7)</a></li>
 699
 700 </ul></li>
 701
 702 </ul>
 703
 704
 705
 706 <h2>Tags</h2>
 707 <ul>
 708
 709  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/3d-printer">3d-printer (19)</a></li>
 710
 711  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/amiga">amiga (1)</a></li>
 712
 713  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/aros">aros (1)</a></li>
 714
 715  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/bankid">bankid (4)</a></li>
 716
 717  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/betalkontant">betalkontant (9)</a></li>
 718
 719  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/bitcoin">bitcoin (13)</a></li>
 720
 721  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/bootsystem">bootsystem (17)</a></li>
 722
 723  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/bsa">bsa (2)</a></li>
 724
 725  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/chrpath">chrpath (3)</a></li>
 726
 727  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/debian">debian (209)</a></li>
 728
 729  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/debian edu">debian edu (159)</a></li>
 730
 731  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/debian-handbook">debian-handbook (9)</a></li>
 732
 733  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/digistan">digistan (11)</a></li>
 734
 735  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/dld">dld (18)</a></li>
 736
 737  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/docbook">docbook (33)</a></li>
 738
 739  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/drivstoffpriser">drivstoffpriser (4)</a></li>
 740
 741  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/english">english (471)</a></li>
 742
 743  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/fiksgatami">fiksgatami (23)</a></li>
 744
 745  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/fildeling">fildeling (14)</a></li>
 746
 747  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/freeculture">freeculture (34)</a></li>
 748
 749  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/freedombox">freedombox (9)</a></li>
 750
 751  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/frikanalen">frikanalen (20)</a></li>
 752
 753  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/h264">h264 (20)</a></li>
 754
 755  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/intervju">intervju (43)</a></li>
 756
 757  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/isenkram">isenkram (21)</a></li>
 758
 759  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/kart">kart (23)</a></li>
 760
 761  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/kodi">kodi (6)</a></li>
 762
 763  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/ldap">ldap (9)</a></li>
 764
 765  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/lego">lego (5)</a></li>
 766
 767  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/lenker">lenker (8)</a></li>
 768
 769  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/linuxcnc">linuxcnc (8)</a></li>
 770
 771  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/lsdvd">lsdvd (3)</a></li>
 772
 773  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/ltsp">ltsp (1)</a></li>
 774
 775  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/madewithcc">madewithcc (3)</a></li>
 776
 777  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/mesh network">mesh network (8)</a></li>
 778
 779  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/multimedia">multimedia (48)</a></li>
 780
 781  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/nice free software">nice free software (15)</a></li>
 782
 783  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/noark5">noark5 (27)</a></li>
 784
 785  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/norsk">norsk (326)</a></li>
 786
 787  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/nuug">nuug (200)</a></li>
 788
 789  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/offentlig innsyn">offentlig innsyn (42)</a></li>
 790
 791  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/open311">open311 (2)</a></li>
 792
 793  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/opensnitch">opensnitch (4)</a></li>
 794
 795  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/opphavsrett">opphavsrett (76)</a></li>
 796
 797  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/personvern">personvern (114)</a></li>
 798
 799  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/raid">raid (4)</a></li>
 800
 801  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/reactos">reactos (1)</a></li>
 802
 803  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/reprap">reprap (11)</a></li>
 804
 805  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/rfid">rfid (3)</a></li>
 806
 807  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/robot">robot (17)</a></li>
 808
 809  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/rss">rss (1)</a></li>
 810
 811  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/ruter">ruter (7)</a></li>
 812
 813  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/scraperwiki">scraperwiki (2)</a></li>
 814
 815  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/sikkerhet">sikkerhet (60)</a></li>
 816
 817  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/sitesummary">sitesummary (4)</a></li>
 818
 819  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/skepsis">skepsis (5)</a></li>
 820
 821  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/standard">standard (80)</a></li>
 822
 823  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/stavekontroll">stavekontroll (7)</a></li>
 824
 825  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/stortinget">stortinget (14)</a></li>
 826
 827  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/surveillance">surveillance (65)</a></li>
 828
 829  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/sysadmin">sysadmin (6)</a></li>
 830
 831  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/usenix">usenix (2)</a></li>
 832
 833  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/valg">valg (9)</a></li>
 834
 835  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/verkidetfri">verkidetfri (23)</a></li>
 836
 837  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/video">video (82)</a></li>
 838
 839  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/vitenskap">vitenskap (4)</a></li>
 840
 841  <li><a href="http://www.hungry.com/~pere/blog/tags/web">web (42)</a></li>
 842
 843 </ul>
 844
 845
 846     </div>
 847     <p style="text-align: right">
 848  Created by <a href="http://steve.org.uk/Software/chronicle">Chronicle v4.6</a>
 849 </p>
 850
 851   </body>
 852 </html>