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  14  <h1>
  15      <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/">Petter Reinholdtsen</a>
  16
  17  </h1>
  18
  19 </div>
  20
  21
  22     <h3>Entries from July 2018.</h3>
  23
  24     <div class="entry">
  25       <div class="title">
  26         <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Sharing_images_with_friends_and_family_using_RSS_and_EXIF_XMP_metadata.html">Sharing images with friends and family using RSS and EXIF/XMP metadata</a>
  27       </div>
  28       <div class="date">
  29         31st July 2018
  30       </div>
  31       <div class="body">
  32         <p>For a while now, I have looked for a sensible way to share images
  33 with my family using a self hosted solution, as it is unacceptable to
  34 place images from my personal life under the control of strangers
  35 working for data hoarders like Google or Dropbox.  The last few days I
  36 have drafted an approach that might work out, and I would like to
  37 share it with you.  I would like to publish images on a server under
  38 my control, and point some Internet connected display units using some
  39 free and open standard to the images I published.  As my primary
  40 language is not limited to ASCII, I need to store metadata using
  41 UTF-8.  Many years ago, I hoped to find a digital photo frame capable
  42 of reading a RSS feed with image references (aka using the
  43 &lt;enclosure&gt; RSS tag), but was unable to find a current supplier
  44 of such frames.  In the end I gave up that approach.</p>
  45
  46 <p>Some months ago, I discovered that
  47 <a href="https://www.jwz.org/xscreensaver/">XScreensaver</a> is able to
  48 read images from a RSS feed, and used it to set up a screen saver on
  49 my home info screen, showing images from the Daily images feed from
  50 NASA.  This proved to work well.  More recently I discovered that
  51 <a href="https://kodi.tv">Kodi</a> (both using
  52 <a href="https://www.openelec.tv/">OpenELEC</a> and
  53 <a href="https://libreelec.tv">LibreELEC</a>) provide the
  54 <a href="https://github.com/grinsted/script.screensaver.feedreader">Feedreader</a>
  55 screen saver capable of reading a RSS feed with images and news.  For
  56 fun, I used it this summer to test Kodi on my parents TV by hooking up
  57 a Raspberry PI unit with LibreELEC, and wanted to provide them with a
  58 screen saver showing selected pictures from my selection.</p>
  59
  60 <p>Armed with motivation and a test photo frame, I set out to generate
  61 a RSS feed for the Kodi instance.  I adjusted my <a
  62 href="https://freedombox.org/">Freedombox</a> instance, created
  63 /var/www/html/privatepictures/, wrote a small Perl script to extract
  64 title and description metadata from the photo files and generate the
  65 RSS file.  I ended up using Perl instead of python, as the
  66 libimage-exiftool-perl Debian package seemed to handle the EXIF/XMP
  67 tags I ended up using, while python3-exif did not.  The relevant EXIF
  68 tags only support ASCII, so I had to find better alternatives.  XMP
  69 seem to have the support I need.</p>
  70
  71 <p>I am a bit unsure which EXIF/XMP tags to use, as I would like to
  72 use tags that can be easily added/updated using normal free software
  73 photo managing software.  I ended up using the tags set using this
  74 exiftool command, as these tags can also be set using digiKam:</p>
  75
  76 <blockquote><pre>
  77 exiftool -headline='The RSS image title' \
  78   -description='The RSS image description.' \
  79   -subject+=for-family photo.jpeg
  80 </pre></blockquote>
  81
  82 <p>I initially tried the "-title" and "keyword" tags, but they were
  83 invisible in digiKam, so I changed to "-headline" and "-subject".  I
  84 use the keyword/subject 'for-family' to flag that the photo should be
  85 shared with my family.  Images with this keyword set are located and
  86 copied into my Freedombox for the RSS generating script to find.</p>
  87
  88 <p>Are there better ways to do this?  Get in touch if you have better
  89 suggestions.</p>
  90
  91 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
  92 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
  93 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
  94
  95       </div>
  96       <div class="tags">
  97
  98
  99         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>.
 100
 101
 102       </div>
 103     </div>
 104     <div class="padding"></div>
 105
 106     <div class="entry">
 107       <div class="title">
 108         <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Simple_streaming_the_Linux_desktop_to_Kodi_using_GStreamer_and_RTP.html">Simple streaming the Linux desktop to Kodi using GStreamer and RTP</a>
 109       </div>
 110       <div class="date">
 111         12th July 2018
 112       </div>
 113       <div class="body">
 114         <p>Last night, I wrote
 115 <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Streaming_the_Linux_desktop_to_Kodi_using_VLC_and_RTSP.html">a
 116 recipe to stream a Linux desktop using VLC to a instance of Kodi</a>.
 117 During the day I received valuable feedback, and thanks to the
 118 suggestions I have been able to rewrite the recipe into a much simpler
 119 approach requiring no setup at all.  It is a single script that take
 120 care of it all.</p>
 121
 122 <p>This new script uses GStreamer instead of VLC to capture the
 123 desktop and stream it to Kodi.  This fixed the video quality issue I
 124 saw initially.  It further removes the need to add a m3u file on the
 125 Kodi machine, as it instead connects to
 126 <a href="https://kodi.wiki/view/JSON-RPC_API/v8">the JSON-RPC API in
 127 Kodi</a> and simply ask Kodi to play from the stream created using
 128 GStreamer.  Streaming the desktop to Kodi now become trivial.  Copy
 129 the script below, run it with the DNS name or IP address of the kodi
 130 server to stream to as the only argument, and watch your screen show
 131 up on the Kodi screen.  Note, it depend on multicast on the local
 132 network, so if you need to stream outside the local network, the
 133 script must be modified.  Also note, I have no idea if audio work, as
 134 I only care about the picture part.</p>
 135
 136 <blockquote><pre>
 137 #!/bin/sh
 138 #
 139 # Stream the Linux desktop view to Kodi.  See
 140 # https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Streaming_the_Linux_desktop_to_Kodi_using_VLC_and_RTSP.html
 141 # for backgorund information.
 142
 143 # Make sure the stream is stopped in Kodi and the gstreamer process is
 144 # killed if something go wrong (for example if curl is unable to find the
 145 # kodi server).  Do the same when interrupting this script.
 146 kodicmd() {
 147     host="$1"
 148     cmd="$2"
 149     params="$3"
 150     curl --silent --header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
 151          --data-binary "{ \"id\": 1, \"jsonrpc\": \"2.0\", \"method\": \"$cmd\", \"params\": $params }" \
 152          "http://$host/jsonrpc"
 153 }
 154 cleanup() {
 155     if [ -n "$kodihost" ] ; then
 156         # Stop the playing when we end
 157         playerid=$(kodicmd "$kodihost" Player.GetActivePlayers "{}" |
 158                             jq .result[].playerid)
 159         kodicmd "$kodihost" Player.Stop "{ \"playerid\" : $playerid }" > /dev/null
 160     fi
 161     if [ "$gstpid" ] && kill -0 "$gstpid" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
 162         kill "$gstpid"
 163     fi
 164 }
 165 trap cleanup EXIT INT
 166
 167 if [ -n "$1" ]; then
 168     kodihost=$1
 169     shift
 170 else
 171     kodihost=kodi.local
 172 fi
 173
 174 mcast=239.255.0.1
 175 mcastport=1234
 176 mcastttl=1
 177
 178 pasrc=$(pactl list | grep -A2 'Source #' | grep 'Name: .*\.monitor$' | \
 179   cut -d" " -f2|head -1)
 180 gst-launch-1.0 ximagesrc use-damage=0 ! video/x-raw,framerate=30/1 ! \
 181   videoconvert ! queue2 ! \
 182   x264enc bitrate=8000 speed-preset=superfast tune=zerolatency qp-min=30 \
 183   key-int-max=15 bframes=2 ! video/x-h264,profile=high ! queue2 ! \
 184   mpegtsmux alignment=7 name=mux ! rndbuffersize max=1316 min=1316 ! \
 185   udpsink host=$mcast port=$mcastport ttl-mc=$mcastttl auto-multicast=1 sync=0 \
 186   pulsesrc device=$pasrc ! audioconvert ! queue2 ! avenc_aac ! queue2 ! mux. \
 187   > /dev/null 2>&1 &
 188 gstpid=$!
 189
 190 # Give stream a second to get going
 191 sleep 1
 192
 193 # Ask kodi to start streaming using its JSON-RPC API
 194 kodicmd "$kodihost" Player.Open \
 195         "{\"item\": { \"file\": \"udp://@$mcast:$mcastport\" } }" > /dev/null
 196
 197 # wait for gst to end
 198 wait "$gstpid"
 199 </pre></blockquote>
 200
 201 <p>I hope you find the approach useful.  I know I do.</p>
 202
 203 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
 204 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
 205 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
 206
 207       </div>
 208       <div class="tags">
 209
 210
 211         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/kodi">kodi</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video</a>.
 212
 213
 214       </div>
 215     </div>
 216     <div class="padding"></div>
 217
 218     <div class="entry">
 219       <div class="title">
 220         <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Streaming_the_Linux_desktop_to_Kodi_using_VLC_and_RTSP.html">Streaming the Linux desktop to Kodi using VLC and RTSP</a>
 221       </div>
 222       <div class="date">
 223         12th July 2018
 224       </div>
 225       <div class="body">
 226         <p>PS: See
 227 <ahref="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Simple_streaming_the_Linux_desktop_to_Kodi_using_GStreamer_and_RTP.html">the
 228 followup post</a> for a even better approach.</p>
 229
 230 <p>A while back, I was asked by a friend how to stream the desktop to
 231 my projector connected to Kodi.  I sadly had to admit that I had no
 232 idea, as it was a task I never had tried.  Since then, I have been
 233 looking for a way to do so, preferable without much extra software to
 234 install on either side.  Today I found a way that seem to kind of
 235 work.  Not great, but it is a start.</p>
 236
 237 <p>I had a look at several approaches, for example
 238 <a href="https://github.com/mfoetsch/dlna_live_streaming">using uPnP
 239 DLNA as described in 2011</a>, but it required a uPnP server, fuse and
 240 local storage enough to store the stream locally.  This is not going
 241 to work well for me, lacking enough free space, and it would
 242 impossible for my friend to get working.</p>
 243
 244 <p>Next, it occurred to me that perhaps I could use VLC to create a
 245 video stream that Kodi could play.  Preferably using
 246 broadcast/multicast, to avoid having to change any setup on the Kodi
 247 side when starting such stream.  Unfortunately, the only recipe I
 248 could find using multicast used the rtp protocol, and this protocol
 249 seem to not be supported by Kodi.</p>
 250
 251 <p>On the other hand, the rtsp protocol is working!  Unfortunately I
 252 have to specify the IP address of the streaming machine in both the
 253 sending command and the file on the Kodi server.  But it is showing my
 254 desktop, and thus allow us to have a shared look on the big screen at
 255 the programs I work on.</p>
 256
 257 <p>I did not spend much time investigating codeces.  I combined the
 258 rtp and rtsp recipes from
 259 <a href="https://wiki.videolan.org/Documentation:Streaming_HowTo/Command_Line_Examples/">the
 260 VLC Streaming HowTo/Command Line Examples</a>, and was able to get
 261 this working on the desktop/streaming end.</p>
 262
 263 <blockquote><pre>
 264 vlc screen:// --sout \
 265   '#transcode{vcodec=mp4v,acodec=mpga,vb=800,ab=128}:rtp{dst=projector.local,port=1234,sdp=rtsp://192.168.11.4:8080/test.sdp}'
 266 </pre></blockquote>
 267
 268 <p>I ssh-ed into my Kodi box and created a file like this with the
 269 same IP address:</p>
 270
 271 <blockquote><pre>
 272 echo rtsp://192.168.11.4:8080/test.sdp \
 273   > /storage/videos/screenstream.m3u
 274 </pre></blockquote>
 275
 276 <p>Note the 192.168.11.4 IP address is my desktops IP address.  As far
 277 as I can tell the IP must be hardcoded for this to work.  In other
 278 words, if someone elses machine is going to do the steaming, you have
 279 to update screenstream.m3u on the Kodi machine and adjust the vlc
 280 recipe.  To get started, locate the file in Kodi and select the m3u
 281 file while the VLC stream is running.  The desktop then show up in my
 282 big screen. :)</p>
 283
 284 <p>When using the same technique to stream a video file with audio,
 285 the audio quality is really bad.  No idea if the problem is package
 286 loss or bad parameters for the transcode.  I do not know VLC nor Kodi
 287 enough to tell.</p>
 288
 289 <p><strong>Update 2018-07-12</strong>: Johannes Schauer send me a few
 290 succestions and reminded me about an important step.  The "screen:"
 291 input source is only available once the vlc-plugin-access-extra
 292 package is installed on Debian.  Without it, you will see this error
 293 message: "VLC is unable to open the MRL 'screen://'.  Check the log
 294 for details."  He further found that it is possible to drop some parts
 295 of the VLC command line to reduce the amount of hardcoded information.
 296 It is also useful to consider using cvlc to avoid having the VLC
 297 window in the desktop view.  In sum, this give us this command line on
 298 the source end
 299
 300 <blockquote><pre>
 301 cvlc screen:// --sout \
 302   '#transcode{vcodec=mp4v,acodec=mpga,vb=800,ab=128}:rtp{sdp=rtsp://:8080/}'
 303 </pre></blockquote>
 304
 305 <p>and this on the Kodi end<p>
 306
 307 <blockquote><pre>
 308 echo rtsp://192.168.11.4:8080/ \
 309   > /storage/videos/screenstream.m3u
 310 </pre></blockquote>
 311
 312 <p>Still bad image quality, though.  But I did discover that streaming
 313 a DVD using dvdsimple:///dev/dvd as the source had excellent video and
 314 audio quality, so I guess the issue is in the input or transcoding
 315 parts, not the rtsp part.  I've tried to change the vb and ab
 316 parameters to use more bandwidth, but it did not make a
 317 difference.</p>
 318
 319 <p>I further received a suggestion from Einar Haraldseid to try using
 320 gstreamer instead of VLC, and this proved to work great!  He also
 321 provided me with the trick to get Kodi to use a multicast stream as
 322 its source.  By using this monstrous oneliner, I can stream my desktop
 323 with good video quality in reasonable framerate to the 239.255.0.1
 324 multicast address on port 1234:
 325
 326 <blockquote><pre>
 327 gst-launch-1.0 ximagesrc use-damage=0 ! video/x-raw,framerate=30/1 ! \
 328   videoconvert ! queue2 ! \
 329   x264enc bitrate=8000 speed-preset=superfast tune=zerolatency qp-min=30 \
 330   key-int-max=15 bframes=2 ! video/x-h264,profile=high ! queue2 ! \
 331   mpegtsmux alignment=7 name=mux ! rndbuffersize max=1316 min=1316 ! \
 332   udpsink host=239.255.0.1 port=1234 ttl-mc=1 auto-multicast=1 sync=0 \
 333   pulsesrc device=$(pactl list | grep -A2 'Source #' | \
 334     grep 'Name: .*\.monitor$' |  cut -d" " -f2|head -1) ! \
 335   audioconvert ! queue2 ! avenc_aac ! queue2 ! mux.
 336 </pre></blockquote>
 337
 338 <p>and this on the Kodi end<p>
 339
 340 <blockquote><pre>
 341 echo udp://@239.255.0.1:1234 \
 342   > /storage/videos/screenstream.m3u
 343 </pre></blockquote>
 344
 345 <p>Note the trick to pick a valid pulseaudio source.  It might not
 346 pick the one you need.  This approach will of course lead to trouble
 347 if more than one source uses the same multicast port and address.
 348 Note the ttl-mc=1 setting, which limit the multicast packages to the
 349 local network.  If the value is increased, your screen will be
 350 broadcasted further, one network "hop" for each increase (read up on
 351 multicast to learn more. :)!</p>
 352
 353 <p>Having cracked how to get Kodi to receive multicast streams, I
 354 could use this VLC command to stream to the same multicast address.
 355 The image quality is way better than the rtsp approach, but gstreamer
 356 seem to be doing a better job.</p>
 357
 358 <blockquote><pre>
 359 cvlc screen:// --sout '#transcode{vcodec=mp4v,acodec=mpga,vb=800,ab=128}:rtp{mux=ts,dst=239.255.0.1,port=1234,sdp=sap}'
 360 </pre></blockquote>
 361
 362 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
 363 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
 364 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
 365
 366       </div>
 367       <div class="tags">
 368
 369
 370         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/kodi">kodi</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video</a>.
 371
 372
 373       </div>
 374     </div>
 375     <div class="padding"></div>
 376
 377     <div class="entry">
 378       <div class="title">
 379         <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/What_is_the_most_supported_MIME_type_in_Debian_in_2018_.html">What is the most supported MIME type in Debian in 2018?</a>
 380       </div>
 381       <div class="date">
 382          9th July 2018
 383       </div>
 384       <div class="body">
 385         <p>Five years ago,
 386 <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/What_is_the_most_supported_MIME_type_in_Debian_.html">I
 387 measured what the most supported MIME type in Debian was</a>, by
 388 analysing the desktop files in all packages in the archive.  Since
 389 then, the DEP-11 AppStream system has been put into production, making
 390 the task a lot easier.  This made me want to repeat the measurement,
 391 to see how much things changed.  Here are the new numbers, for
 392 unstable only this time:
 393
 394 <p><strong>Debian Unstable:</strong></p>
 395
 396 <pre>
 397   count MIME type
 398   ----- -----------------------
 399      56 image/jpeg
 400      55 image/png
 401      49 image/tiff
 402      48 image/gif
 403      39 image/bmp
 404      38 text/plain
 405      37 audio/mpeg
 406      34 application/ogg
 407      33 audio/x-flac
 408      32 audio/x-mp3
 409      30 audio/x-wav
 410      30 audio/x-vorbis+ogg
 411      29 image/x-portable-pixmap
 412      27 inode/directory
 413      27 image/x-portable-bitmap
 414      27 audio/x-mpeg
 415      26 application/x-ogg
 416      25 audio/x-mpegurl
 417      25 audio/ogg
 418      24 text/html
 419 </pre>
 420
 421 <p>The list was created like this using a sid chroot: "cat
 422 /var/lib/apt/lists/*sid*_dep11_Components-amd64.yml.gz| zcat | awk '/^
 423 - \S+\/\S+$/ {print $2 }' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr | head -20"</p>
 424
 425 <p>It is interesting to see how image formats have passed text/plain
 426 as the most announced supported MIME type.  These days, thanks to the
 427 AppStream system, if you run into a file format you do not know, and
 428 want to figure out which packages support the format, you can find the
 429 MIME type of the file using "file --mime &lt;filename&gt;", and then
 430 look up all packages announcing support for this format in their
 431 AppStream metadata (XML or .desktop file) using "appstreamcli
 432 what-provides mimetype &lt;mime-type&gt;.  For example if you, like
 433 me, want to know which packages support inode/directory, you can get a
 434 list like this:</p>
 435
 436 <p><blockquote><pre>
 437 % appstreamcli what-provides mimetype inode/directory | grep Package: | sort
 438 Package: anjuta
 439 Package: audacious
 440 Package: baobab
 441 Package: cervisia
 442 Package: chirp
 443 Package: dolphin
 444 Package: doublecmd-common
 445 Package: easytag
 446 Package: enlightenment
 447 Package: ephoto
 448 Package: filelight
 449 Package: gwenview
 450 Package: k4dirstat
 451 Package: kaffeine
 452 Package: kdesvn
 453 Package: kid3
 454 Package: kid3-qt
 455 Package: nautilus
 456 Package: nemo
 457 Package: pcmanfm
 458 Package: pcmanfm-qt
 459 Package: qweborf
 460 Package: ranger
 461 Package: sirikali
 462 Package: spacefm
 463 Package: spacefm
 464 Package: vifm
 465 %
 466 </pre></blockquote></p>
 467
 468 <p>Using the same method, I can quickly discover that the Sketchup file
 469 format is not yet supported by any package in Debian:</p>
 470
 471 <p><blockquote><pre>
 472 % appstreamcli what-provides mimetype  application/vnd.sketchup.skp
 473 Could not find component providing 'mimetype::application/vnd.sketchup.skp'.
 474 %
 475 </pre></blockquote></p>
 476
 477 <p>Yesterday I used it to figure out which packages support the STL 3D
 478 format:</p>
 479
 480 <p><blockquote><pre>
 481 % appstreamcli what-provides mimetype  application/sla|grep Package
 482 Package: cura
 483 Package: meshlab
 484 Package: printrun
 485 %
 486 </pre></blockquote></p>
 487
 488 <p>PS: A new version of Cura was uploaded to Debian yesterday.</p>
 489
 490 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
 491 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
 492 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
 493
 494       </div>
 495       <div class="tags">
 496
 497
 498         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/isenkram">isenkram</a>.
 499
 500
 501       </div>
 502     </div>
 503     <div class="padding"></div>
 504
 505     <div class="entry">
 506       <div class="title">
 507         <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Debian_APT_upgrade_without_enough_free_space_on_the_disk___.html">Debian APT upgrade without enough free space on the disk...</a>
 508       </div>
 509       <div class="date">
 510          8th July 2018
 511       </div>
 512       <div class="body">
 513         <p>Quite regularly, I let my Debian Sid/Unstable chroot stay untouch
 514 for a while, and when I need to update it there is not enough free
 515 space on the disk for apt to do a normal 'apt upgrade'.  I normally
 516 would resolve the issue by doing 'apt install &lt;somepackages&gt;' to
 517 upgrade only some of the packages in one batch, until the amount of
 518 packages to download fall below the amount of free space available.
 519 Today, I had about 500 packages to upgrade, and after a while I got
 520 tired of trying to install chunks of packages manually.  I concluded
 521 that I did not have the spare hours required to complete the task, and
 522 decided to see if I could automate it.  I came up with this small
 523 script which I call 'apt-in-chunks':</p>
 524
 525 <p><blockquote><pre>
 526 #!/bin/sh
 527 #
 528 # Upgrade packages when the disk is too full to upgrade every
 529 # upgradable package in one lump.  Fetching packages to upgrade using
 530 # apt, and then installing using dpkg, to avoid changing the package
 531 # flag for manual/automatic.
 532
 533 set -e
 534
 535 ignore() {
 536     if [ "$1" ]; then
 537         grep -v "$1"
 538     else
 539         cat
 540     fi
 541 }
 542
 543 for p in $(apt list --upgradable | ignore "$@" |cut -d/ -f1 | grep -v '^Listing...'); do
 544     echo "Upgrading $p"
 545     apt clean
 546     apt install --download-only -y $p
 547     for f in /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb; do
 548         if [ -e "$f" ]; then
 549             dpkg -i /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb
 550             break
 551         fi
 552     done
 553 done
 554 </pre></blockquote></p>
 555
 556 <p>The script will extract the list of packages to upgrade, try to
 557 download the packages needed to upgrade one package, install the
 558 downloaded packages using dpkg.  The idea is to upgrade packages
 559 without changing the APT mark for the package (ie the one recording of
 560 the package was manually requested or pulled in as a dependency).  To
 561 use it, simply run it as root from the command line.  If it fail, try
 562 'apt install -f' to clean up the mess and run the script again.  This
 563 might happen if the new packages conflict with one of the old
 564 packages.  dpkg is unable to remove, while apt can do this.</p>
 565
 566 <p>It take one option, a package to ignore in the list of packages to
 567 upgrade.  The option to ignore a package is there to be able to skip
 568 the packages that are simply too large to unpack.  Today this was
 569 'ghc', but I have run into other large packages causing similar
 570 problems earlier (like TeX).</p>
 571
 572 <p>Update 2018-07-08: Thanks to Paul Wise, I am aware of two
 573 alternative ways to handle this.  The "unattended-upgrades
 574 --minimal-upgrade-steps" option will try to calculate upgrade sets for
 575 each package to upgrade, and then upgrade them in order, smallest set
 576 first.  It might be a better option than my above mentioned script.
 577 Also, "aptutude upgrade" can upgrade single packages, thus avoiding
 578 the need for using "dpkg -i" in the script above.</p>
 579
 580 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
 581 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
 582 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
 583
 584       </div>
 585       <div class="tags">
 586
 587
 588         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>.
 589
 590
 591       </div>
 592     </div>
 593     <div class="padding"></div>
 594
 595     <p style="text-align: right;"><a href="07.rss"><img src="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/xml.gif" alt="RSS Feed" width="36" height="14" /></a></p>
 596     <div id="sidebar">
 597
 598
 599
 600 <h2>Archive</h2>
 601 <ul>
 602
 603 <li>2024
 604 <ul>
 605
 606 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2024/01/">January (1)</a></li>
 607
 608 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2024/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 609
 610 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2024/03/">March (2)</a></li>
 611
 612 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2024/04/">April (2)</a></li>
 613
 614 </ul></li>
 615
 616 <li>2023
 617 <ul>
 618
 619 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2023/01/">January (3)</a></li>
 620
 621 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2023/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 622
 623 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2023/04/">April (2)</a></li>
 624
 625 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2023/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 626
 627 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2023/06/">June (1)</a></li>
 628
 629 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2023/08/">August (1)</a></li>
 630
 631 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2023/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 632
 633 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2023/10/">October (1)</a></li>
 634
 635 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2023/11/">November (4)</a></li>
 636
 637 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2023/12/">December (1)</a></li>
 638
 639 </ul></li>
 640
 641 <li>2022
 642 <ul>
 643
 644 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 645
 646 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 647
 648 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/04/">April (2)</a></li>
 649
 650 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 651
 652 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/07/">July (1)</a></li>
 653
 654 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 655
 656 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/10/">October (1)</a></li>
 657
 658 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/12/">December (1)</a></li>
 659
 660 </ul></li>
 661
 662 <li>2021
 663 <ul>
 664
 665 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 666
 667 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 668
 669 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/05/">May (1)</a></li>
 670
 671 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/06/">June (1)</a></li>
 672
 673 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/07/">July (3)</a></li>
 674
 675 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/08/">August (1)</a></li>
 676
 677 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 678
 679 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/10/">October (1)</a></li>
 680
 681 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/12/">December (1)</a></li>
 682
 683 </ul></li>
 684
 685 <li>2020
 686 <ul>
 687
 688 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/02/">February (2)</a></li>
 689
 690 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/03/">March (2)</a></li>
 691
 692 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/04/">April (2)</a></li>
 693
 694 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 695
 696 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 697
 698 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/07/">July (1)</a></li>
 699
 700 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 701
 702 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/10/">October (1)</a></li>
 703
 704 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/11/">November (1)</a></li>
 705
 706 </ul></li>
 707
 708 <li>2019
 709 <ul>
 710
 711 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/01/">January (4)</a></li>
 712
 713 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 714
 715 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 716
 717 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/05/">May (2)</a></li>
 718
 719 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/06/">June (5)</a></li>
 720
 721 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 722
 723 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/08/">August (1)</a></li>
 724
 725 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 726
 727 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/11/">November (1)</a></li>
 728
 729 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/12/">December (4)</a></li>
 730
 731 </ul></li>
 732
 733 <li>2018
 734 <ul>
 735
 736 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/01/">January (1)</a></li>
 737
 738 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/02/">February (5)</a></li>
 739
 740 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/03/">March (5)</a></li>
 741
 742 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/04/">April (3)</a></li>
 743
 744 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 745
 746 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/07/">July (5)</a></li>
 747
 748 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 749
 750 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/09/">September (3)</a></li>
 751
 752 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/10/">October (5)</a></li>
 753
 754 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/11/">November (2)</a></li>
 755
 756 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/12/">December (4)</a></li>
 757
 758 </ul></li>
 759
 760 <li>2017
 761 <ul>
 762
 763 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/01/">January (4)</a></li>
 764
 765 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 766
 767 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/03/">March (5)</a></li>
 768
 769 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/04/">April (2)</a></li>
 770
 771 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/06/">June (5)</a></li>
 772
 773 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/07/">July (1)</a></li>
 774
 775 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/08/">August (1)</a></li>
 776
 777 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/09/">September (3)</a></li>
 778
 779 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/10/">October (5)</a></li>
 780
 781 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 782
 783 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/12/">December (4)</a></li>
 784
 785 </ul></li>
 786
 787 <li>2016
 788 <ul>
 789
 790 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/01/">January (3)</a></li>
 791
 792 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/02/">February (2)</a></li>
 793
 794 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 795
 796 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/04/">April (8)</a></li>
 797
 798 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/05/">May (8)</a></li>
 799
 800 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 801
 802 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 803
 804 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/08/">August (5)</a></li>
 805
 806 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/09/">September (2)</a></li>
 807
 808 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/10/">October (3)</a></li>
 809
 810 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/11/">November (8)</a></li>
 811
 812 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/12/">December (5)</a></li>
 813
 814 </ul></li>
 815
 816 <li>2015
 817 <ul>
 818
 819 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/01/">January (7)</a></li>
 820
 821 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/02/">February (6)</a></li>
 822
 823 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/03/">March (1)</a></li>
 824
 825 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/04/">April (4)</a></li>
 826
 827 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 828
 829 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/06/">June (4)</a></li>
 830
 831 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/07/">July (6)</a></li>
 832
 833 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/08/">August (2)</a></li>
 834
 835 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/09/">September (2)</a></li>
 836
 837 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/10/">October (9)</a></li>
 838
 839 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/11/">November (6)</a></li>
 840
 841 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 842
 843 </ul></li>
 844
 845 <li>2014
 846 <ul>
 847
 848 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 849
 850 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 851
 852 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/03/">March (8)</a></li>
 853
 854 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/04/">April (7)</a></li>
 855
 856 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/05/">May (1)</a></li>
 857
 858 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 859
 860 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 861
 862 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/08/">August (2)</a></li>
 863
 864 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/09/">September (5)</a></li>
 865
 866 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/10/">October (6)</a></li>
 867
 868 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 869
 870 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/12/">December (5)</a></li>
 871
 872 </ul></li>
 873
 874 <li>2013
 875 <ul>
 876
 877 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/01/">January (11)</a></li>
 878
 879 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/02/">February (9)</a></li>
 880
 881 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/03/">March (9)</a></li>
 882
 883 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/04/">April (6)</a></li>
 884
 885 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 886
 887 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/06/">June (10)</a></li>
 888
 889 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/07/">July (7)</a></li>
 890
 891 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 892
 893 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/09/">September (5)</a></li>
 894
 895 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/10/">October (7)</a></li>
 896
 897 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/11/">November (9)</a></li>
 898
 899 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 900
 901 </ul></li>
 902
 903 <li>2012
 904 <ul>
 905
 906 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/01/">January (7)</a></li>
 907
 908 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/02/">February (10)</a></li>
 909
 910 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/03/">March (17)</a></li>
 911
 912 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/04/">April (12)</a></li>
 913
 914 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/05/">May (12)</a></li>
 915
 916 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/06/">June (20)</a></li>
 917
 918 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/07/">July (17)</a></li>
 919
 920 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/08/">August (6)</a></li>
 921
 922 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/09/">September (9)</a></li>
 923
 924 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/10/">October (17)</a></li>
 925
 926 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/11/">November (10)</a></li>
 927
 928 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/12/">December (7)</a></li>
 929
 930 </ul></li>
 931
 932 <li>2011
 933 <ul>
 934
 935 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/01/">January (16)</a></li>
 936
 937 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/02/">February (6)</a></li>
 938
 939 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/03/">March (6)</a></li>
 940
 941 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/04/">April (7)</a></li>
 942
 943 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 944
 945 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 946
 947 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/07/">July (7)</a></li>
 948
 949 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/08/">August (6)</a></li>
 950
 951 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/09/">September (4)</a></li>
 952
 953 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/10/">October (2)</a></li>
 954
 955 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 956
 957 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/12/">December (1)</a></li>
 958
 959 </ul></li>
 960
 961 <li>2010
 962 <ul>
 963
 964 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 965
 966 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 967
 968 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 969
 970 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/04/">April (3)</a></li>
 971
 972 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 973
 974 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/06/">June (14)</a></li>
 975
 976 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/07/">July (12)</a></li>
 977
 978 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/08/">August (13)</a></li>
 979
 980 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/09/">September (7)</a></li>
 981
 982 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/10/">October (9)</a></li>
 983
 984 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/11/">November (13)</a></li>
 985
 986 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/12/">December (12)</a></li>
 987
 988 </ul></li>
 989
 990 <li>2009
 991 <ul>
 992
 993 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/01/">January (8)</a></li>
 994
 995 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/02/">February (8)</a></li>
 996
 997 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/03/">March (12)</a></li>
 998
 999 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/04/">April (10)</a></li>
1000
1001 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/05/">May (9)</a></li>
1002
1003 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/06/">June (3)</a></li>
1004
1005 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/07/">July (4)</a></li>
1006
1007 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/08/">August (3)</a></li>
1008
1009 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/09/">September (1)</a></li>
1010
1011 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/10/">October (2)</a></li>
1012
1013 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/11/">November (3)</a></li>
1014
1015 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/12/">December (3)</a></li>
1016
1017 </ul></li>
1018
1019 <li>2008
1020 <ul>
1021
1022 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2008/11/">November (5)</a></li>
1023
1024 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2008/12/">December (7)</a></li>
1025
1026 </ul></li>
1027
1028 </ul>
1029
1030
1031
1032 <h2>Tags</h2>
1033 <ul>
1034
1035  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/3d-printer">3d-printer (19)</a></li>
1036
1037  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/amiga">amiga (1)</a></li>
1038
1039  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/aros">aros (1)</a></li>
1040
1041  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bankid">bankid (4)</a></li>
1042
1043  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/betalkontant">betalkontant (9)</a></li>
1044
1045  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bitcoin">bitcoin (13)</a></li>
1046
1047  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bootsystem">bootsystem (17)</a></li>
1048
1049  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bsa">bsa (2)</a></li>
1050
1051  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/chrpath">chrpath (3)</a></li>
1052
1053  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian (198)</a></li>
1054
1055  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian edu">debian edu (159)</a></li>
1056
1057  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian-handbook">debian-handbook (9)</a></li>
1058
1059  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/digistan">digistan (11)</a></li>
1060
1061  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/dld">dld (18)</a></li>
1062
1063  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/docbook">docbook (32)</a></li>
1064
1065  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/drivstoffpriser">drivstoffpriser (4)</a></li>
1066
1067  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english (460)</a></li>
1068
1069  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/fiksgatami">fiksgatami (23)</a></li>
1070
1071  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/fildeling">fildeling (14)</a></li>
1072
1073  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freeculture">freeculture (34)</a></li>
1074
1075  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freedombox">freedombox (9)</a></li>
1076
1077  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/frikanalen">frikanalen (20)</a></li>
1078
1079  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/h264">h264 (20)</a></li>
1080
1081  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/intervju">intervju (43)</a></li>
1082
1083  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/isenkram">isenkram (18)</a></li>
1084
1085  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/kart">kart (23)</a></li>
1086
1087  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/kodi">kodi (6)</a></li>
1088
1089  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ldap">ldap (9)</a></li>
1090
1091  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lego">lego (5)</a></li>
1092
1093  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lenker">lenker (8)</a></li>
1094
1095  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/linuxcnc">linuxcnc (5)</a></li>
1096
1097  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lsdvd">lsdvd (2)</a></li>
1098
1099  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ltsp">ltsp (1)</a></li>
1100
1101  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/madewithcc">madewithcc (3)</a></li>
1102
1103  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/mesh network">mesh network (8)</a></li>
1104
1105  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/multimedia">multimedia (46)</a></li>
1106
1107  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nice free software">nice free software (15)</a></li>
1108
1109  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/noark5">noark5 (25)</a></li>
1110
1111  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/norsk">norsk (324)</a></li>
1112
1113  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nuug">nuug (199)</a></li>
1114
1115  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/offentlig innsyn">offentlig innsyn (41)</a></li>
1116
1117  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/open311">open311 (2)</a></li>
1118
1119  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/opensnitch">opensnitch (4)</a></li>
1120
1121  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/opphavsrett">opphavsrett (76)</a></li>
1122
1123  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/personvern">personvern (114)</a></li>
1124
1125  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/raid">raid (4)</a></li>
1126
1127  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/reactos">reactos (1)</a></li>
1128
1129  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/reprap">reprap (11)</a></li>
1130
1131  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/rfid">rfid (3)</a></li>
1132
1133  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/robot">robot (17)</a></li>
1134
1135  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/rss">rss (1)</a></li>
1136
1137  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ruter">ruter (7)</a></li>
1138
1139  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/scraperwiki">scraperwiki (2)</a></li>
1140
1141  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sikkerhet">sikkerhet (60)</a></li>
1142
1143  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sitesummary">sitesummary (4)</a></li>
1144
1145  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/skepsis">skepsis (5)</a></li>
1146
1147  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/standard">standard (76)</a></li>
1148
1149  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/stavekontroll">stavekontroll (7)</a></li>
1150
1151  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/stortinget">stortinget (14)</a></li>
1152
1153  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/surveillance">surveillance (65)</a></li>
1154
1155  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sysadmin">sysadmin (5)</a></li>
1156
1157  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/usenix">usenix (2)</a></li>
1158
1159  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/valg">valg (9)</a></li>
1160
1161  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/verkidetfri">verkidetfri (22)</a></li>
1162
1163  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video (80)</a></li>
1164
1165  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/vitenskap">vitenskap (4)</a></li>
1166
1167  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/web">web (42)</a></li>
1168
1169 </ul>
1170
1171
1172     </div>
1173     <p style="text-align: right">
1174  Created by <a href="http://steve.org.uk/Software/chronicle">Chronicle v4.6</a>
1175 </p>
1176
1177   </body>
1178 </html>