blog/archive/2018/07/index.html

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  14  <h1>
  15      <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/">Petter Reinholdtsen</a>
  16
  17  </h1>
  18
  19 </div>
  20
  21
  22     <h3>Entries from July 2018.</h3>
  23
  24     <div class="entry">
  25       <div class="title">
  26         <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Simple_streaming_the_Linux_desktop_to_Kodi_using_GStreamer_and_RTP.html">Simple streaming the Linux desktop to Kodi using GStreamer and RTP</a>
  27       </div>
  28       <div class="date">
  29         12th July 2018
  30       </div>
  31       <div class="body">
  32         <p>Last night, I wrote
  33 <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Streaming_the_Linux_desktop_to_Kodi_using_VLC_and_RTSP.html">a
  34 recipe to stream a Linux desktop using VLC to a instance of Kodi</a>.
  35 During the day I received valuable feedback, and thanks to the
  36 suggestions I have been able to rewrite the recipe into a much simpler
  37 approach requiring no setup at all.  It is a single script that take
  38 care of it all.</p>
  39
  40 <p>This new script uses GStreamer instead of VLC to capture the
  41 desktop and stream it to Kodi.  This fixed the video quality issue I
  42 saw initially.  It further removes the need to add a m3u file on the
  43 Kodi machine, as it instead connects to
  44 <a href="https://kodi.wiki/view/JSON-RPC_API/v8">the JSON-RPC API in
  45 Kodi</a> and simply ask Kodi to play from the stream created using
  46 GStreamer.  Streaming the desktop to Kodi now become trivial.  Copy
  47 the script below, run it with the DNS name or IP address of the kodi
  48 server to stream to as the only argument, and watch your screen show
  49 up on the Kodi screen.  Note, it depend on multicast on the local
  50 network, so if you need to stream outside the local network, the
  51 script must be modified.  Also note, I have no idea if audio work, as
  52 I only care about the picture part.</p>
  53
  54 <blockquote><pre>
  55 #!/bin/sh
  56 #
  57 # Stream the Linux desktop view to Kodi.  See
  58 # http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Streaming_the_Linux_desktop_to_Kodi_using_VLC_and_RTSP.html
  59 # for backgorund information.
  60
  61 # Make sure the stream is stopped in Kodi and the gstreamer process is
  62 # killed if something go wrong (for example if curl is unable to find the
  63 # kodi server).  Do the same when interrupting this script.
  64 kodicmd() {
  65     host="$1"
  66     cmd="$2"
  67     params="$3"
  68     curl --silent --header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  69          --data-binary "{ \"id\": 1, \"jsonrpc\": \"2.0\", \"method\": \"$cmd\", \"params\": $params }" \
  70          "http://$host/jsonrpc"
  71 }
  72 cleanup() {
  73     if [ -n "$kodihost" ] ; then
  74         # Stop the playing when we end
  75         playerid=$(kodicmd "$kodihost" Player.GetActivePlayers "{}" |
  76                             jq .result[].playerid)
  77         kodicmd "$kodihost" Player.Stop "{ \"playerid\" : $playerid }" > /dev/null
  78     fi
  79     if [ "$gstpid" ] && kill -0 "$gstpid" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
  80         kill "$gstpid"
  81     fi
  82 }
  83 trap cleanup EXIT INT
  84
  85 if [ -n "$1" ]; then
  86     kodihost=$1
  87     shift
  88 else
  89     kodihost=kodi.local
  90 fi
  91
  92 mcast=239.255.0.1
  93 mcastport=1234
  94 mcastttl=1
  95
  96 pasrc=$(pactl list | grep -A2 'Source #' | grep 'Name: .*\.monitor$' | \
  97   cut -d" " -f2|head -1)
  98 gst-launch-1.0 ximagesrc use-damage=0 ! video/x-raw,framerate=30/1 ! \
  99   videoconvert ! queue2 ! \
 100   x264enc bitrate=8000 speed-preset=superfast tune=zerolatency qp-min=30 \
 101   key-int-max=15 bframes=2 ! video/x-h264,profile=high ! queue2 ! \
 102   mpegtsmux alignment=7 name=mux ! rndbuffersize max=1316 min=1316 ! \
 103   udpsink host=$mcast port=$mcastport ttl-mc=$mcastttl auto-multicast=1 sync=0 \
 104   pulsesrc device=$pasrc ! audioconvert ! queue2 ! avenc_aac ! queue2 ! mux. \
 105   > /dev/null 2>&1 &
 106 gstpid=$!
 107
 108 # Give stream a second to get going
 109 sleep 1
 110
 111 # Ask kodi to start streaming using its JSON-RPC API
 112 kodicmd "$kodihost" Player.Open \
 113         "{\"item\": { \"file\": \"udp://@$mcast:$mcastport\" } }" > /dev/null
 114
 115 # wait for gst to end
 116 wait "$gstpid"
 117 </pre></blockquote>
 118
 119 <p>I hope you find the approach useful.  I know I do.</p>
 120
 121 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
 122 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
 123 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
 124
 125       </div>
 126       <div class="tags">
 127
 128
 129         Tags: <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video</a>.
 130
 131
 132       </div>
 133     </div>
 134     <div class="padding"></div>
 135
 136     <div class="entry">
 137       <div class="title">
 138         <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Streaming_the_Linux_desktop_to_Kodi_using_VLC_and_RTSP.html">Streaming the Linux desktop to Kodi using VLC and RTSP</a>
 139       </div>
 140       <div class="date">
 141         12th July 2018
 142       </div>
 143       <div class="body">
 144         <p>PS: See
 145 <ahref="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Simple_streaming_the_Linux_desktop_to_Kodi_using_GStreamer_and_RTP.html">the
 146 followup post</a> for a even better approach.</p>
 147
 148 <p>A while back, I was asked by a friend how to stream the desktop to
 149 my projector connected to Kodi.  I sadly had to admit that I had no
 150 idea, as it was a task I never had tried.  Since then, I have been
 151 looking for a way to do so, preferable without much extra software to
 152 install on either side.  Today I found a way that seem to kind of
 153 work.  Not great, but it is a start.</p>
 154
 155 <p>I had a look at several approaches, for example
 156 <a href="https://github.com/mfoetsch/dlna_live_streaming">using uPnP
 157 DLNA as described in 2011</a>, but it required a uPnP server, fuse and
 158 local storage enough to store the stream locally.  This is not going
 159 to work well for me, lacking enough free space, and it would
 160 impossible for my friend to get working.</p>
 161
 162 <p>Next, it occurred to me that perhaps I could use VLC to create a
 163 video stream that Kodi could play.  Preferably using
 164 broadcast/multicast, to avoid having to change any setup on the Kodi
 165 side when starting such stream.  Unfortunately, the only recipe I
 166 could find using multicast used the rtp protocol, and this protocol
 167 seem to not be supported by Kodi.</p>
 168
 169 <p>On the other hand, the rtsp protocol is working!  Unfortunately I
 170 have to specify the IP address of the streaming machine in both the
 171 sending command and the file on the Kodi server.  But it is showing my
 172 desktop, and thus allow us to have a shared look on the big screen at
 173 the programs I work on.</p>
 174
 175 <p>I did not spend much time investigating codeces.  I combined the
 176 rtp and rtsp recipes from
 177 <a href="https://wiki.videolan.org/Documentation:Streaming_HowTo/Command_Line_Examples/">the
 178 VLC Streaming HowTo/Command Line Examples</a>, and was able to get
 179 this working on the desktop/streaming end.</p>
 180
 181 <blockquote><pre>
 182 vlc screen:// --sout \
 183   '#transcode{vcodec=mp4v,acodec=mpga,vb=800,ab=128}:rtp{dst=projector.local,port=1234,sdp=rtsp://192.168.11.4:8080/test.sdp}'
 184 </pre></blockquote>
 185
 186 <p>I ssh-ed into my Kodi box and created a file like this with the
 187 same IP address:</p>
 188
 189 <blockquote><pre>
 190 echo rtsp://192.168.11.4:8080/test.sdp \
 191   > /storage/videos/screenstream.m3u
 192 </pre></blockquote>
 193
 194 <p>Note the 192.168.11.4 IP address is my desktops IP address.  As far
 195 as I can tell the IP must be hardcoded for this to work.  In other
 196 words, if someone elses machine is going to do the steaming, you have
 197 to update screenstream.m3u on the Kodi machine and adjust the vlc
 198 recipe.  To get started, locate the file in Kodi and select the m3u
 199 file while the VLC stream is running.  The desktop then show up in my
 200 big screen. :)</p>
 201
 202 <p>When using the same technique to stream a video file with audio,
 203 the audio quality is really bad.  No idea if the problem is package
 204 loss or bad parameters for the transcode.  I do not know VLC nor Kodi
 205 enough to tell.</p>
 206
 207 <p><strong>Update 2018-07-12</strong>: Johannes Schauer send me a few
 208 succestions and reminded me about an important step.  The "screen:"
 209 input source is only available once the vlc-plugin-access-extra
 210 package is installed on Debian.  Without it, you will see this error
 211 message: "VLC is unable to open the MRL 'screen://'.  Check the log
 212 for details."  He further found that it is possible to drop some parts
 213 of the VLC command line to reduce the amount of hardcoded information.
 214 It is also useful to consider using cvlc to avoid having the VLC
 215 window in the desktop view.  In sum, this give us this command line on
 216 the source end
 217
 218 <blockquote><pre>
 219 cvlc screen:// --sout \
 220   '#transcode{vcodec=mp4v,acodec=mpga,vb=800,ab=128}:rtp{sdp=rtsp://:8080/}'
 221 </pre></blockquote>
 222
 223 <p>and this on the Kodi end<p>
 224
 225 <blockquote><pre>
 226 echo rtsp://192.168.11.4:8080/ \
 227   > /storage/videos/screenstream.m3u
 228 </pre></blockquote>
 229
 230 <p>Still bad image quality, though.  But I did discover that streaming
 231 a DVD using dvdsimple:///dev/dvd as the source had excellent video and
 232 audio quality, so I guess the issue is in the input or transcoding
 233 parts, not the rtsp part.  I've tried to change the vb and ab
 234 parameters to use more bandwidth, but it did not make a
 235 difference.</p>
 236
 237 <p>I further received a suggestion from Einar Haraldseid to try using
 238 gstreamer instead of VLC, and this proved to work great!  He also
 239 provided me with the trick to get Kodi to use a multicast stream as
 240 its source.  By using this monstrous oneliner, I can stream my desktop
 241 with good video quality in reasonable framerate to the 239.255.0.1
 242 multicast address on port 1234:
 243
 244 <blockquote><pre>
 245 gst-launch-1.0 ximagesrc use-damage=0 ! video/x-raw,framerate=30/1 ! \
 246   videoconvert ! queue2 ! \
 247   x264enc bitrate=8000 speed-preset=superfast tune=zerolatency qp-min=30 \
 248   key-int-max=15 bframes=2 ! video/x-h264,profile=high ! queue2 ! \
 249   mpegtsmux alignment=7 name=mux ! rndbuffersize max=1316 min=1316 ! \
 250   udpsink host=239.255.0.1 port=1234 ttl-mc=1 auto-multicast=1 sync=0 \
 251   pulsesrc device=$(pactl list | grep -A2 'Source #' | \
 252     grep 'Name: .*\.monitor$' |  cut -d" " -f2|head -1) ! \
 253   audioconvert ! queue2 ! avenc_aac ! queue2 ! mux.
 254 </pre></blockquote>
 255
 256 <p>and this on the Kodi end<p>
 257
 258 <blockquote><pre>
 259 echo udp://@239.255.0.1:1234 \
 260   > /storage/videos/screenstream.m3u
 261 </pre></blockquote>
 262
 263 <p>Note the trick to pick a valid pulseaudio source.  It might not
 264 pick the one you need.  This approach will of course lead to trouble
 265 if more than one source uses the same multicast port and address.
 266 Note the ttl-mc=1 setting, which limit the multicast packages to the
 267 local network.  If the value is increased, your screen will be
 268 broadcasted further, one network "hop" for each increase (read up on
 269 multicast to learn more. :)!</p>
 270
 271 <p>Having cracked how to get Kodi to receive multicast streams, I
 272 could use this VLC command to stream to the same multicast address.
 273 The image quality is way better than the rtsp approach, but gstreamer
 274 seem to be doing a better job.</p>
 275
 276 <blockquote><pre>
 277 cvlc screen:// --sout '#transcode{vcodec=mp4v,acodec=mpga,vb=800,ab=128}:rtp{mux=ts,dst=239.255.0.1,port=1234,sdp=sap}'
 278 </pre></blockquote>
 279
 280 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
 281 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
 282 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
 283
 284       </div>
 285       <div class="tags">
 286
 287
 288         Tags: <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video</a>.
 289
 290
 291       </div>
 292     </div>
 293     <div class="padding"></div>
 294
 295     <div class="entry">
 296       <div class="title">
 297         <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/What_is_the_most_supported_MIME_type_in_Debian_in_2018_.html">What is the most supported MIME type in Debian in 2018?</a>
 298       </div>
 299       <div class="date">
 300          9th July 2018
 301       </div>
 302       <div class="body">
 303         <p>Five years ago,
 304 <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/What_is_the_most_supported_MIME_type_in_Debian_.html">I
 305 measured what the most supported MIME type in Debian was</a>, by
 306 analysing the desktop files in all packages in the archive.  Since
 307 then, the DEP-11 AppStream system has been put into production, making
 308 the task a lot easier.  This made me want to repeat the measurement,
 309 to see how much things changed.  Here are the new numbers, for
 310 unstable only this time:
 311
 312 <p><strong>Debian Unstable:</strong></p>
 313
 314 <pre>
 315   count MIME type
 316   ----- -----------------------
 317      56 image/jpeg
 318      55 image/png
 319      49 image/tiff
 320      48 image/gif
 321      39 image/bmp
 322      38 text/plain
 323      37 audio/mpeg
 324      34 application/ogg
 325      33 audio/x-flac
 326      32 audio/x-mp3
 327      30 audio/x-wav
 328      30 audio/x-vorbis+ogg
 329      29 image/x-portable-pixmap
 330      27 inode/directory
 331      27 image/x-portable-bitmap
 332      27 audio/x-mpeg
 333      26 application/x-ogg
 334      25 audio/x-mpegurl
 335      25 audio/ogg
 336      24 text/html
 337 </pre>
 338
 339 <p>The list was created like this using a sid chroot: "cat
 340 /var/lib/apt/lists/*sid*_dep11_Components-amd64.yml.gz| zcat | awk '/^
 341 - \S+\/\S+$/ {print $2 }' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr | head -20"</p>
 342
 343 <p>It is interesting to see how image formats have passed text/plain
 344 as the most announced supported MIME type.  These days, thanks to the
 345 AppStream system, if you run into a file format you do not know, and
 346 want to figure out which packages support the format, you can find the
 347 MIME type of the file using "file --mime &lt;filename&gt;", and then
 348 look up all packages announcing support for this format in their
 349 AppStream metadata (XML or .desktop file) using "appstreamcli
 350 what-provides mimetype &lt;mime-type&gt;.  For example if you, like
 351 me, want to know which packages support inode/directory, you can get a
 352 list like this:</p>
 353
 354 <p><blockquote><pre>
 355 % appstreamcli what-provides mimetype inode/directory | grep Package: | sort
 356 Package: anjuta
 357 Package: audacious
 358 Package: baobab
 359 Package: cervisia
 360 Package: chirp
 361 Package: dolphin
 362 Package: doublecmd-common
 363 Package: easytag
 364 Package: enlightenment
 365 Package: ephoto
 366 Package: filelight
 367 Package: gwenview
 368 Package: k4dirstat
 369 Package: kaffeine
 370 Package: kdesvn
 371 Package: kid3
 372 Package: kid3-qt
 373 Package: nautilus
 374 Package: nemo
 375 Package: pcmanfm
 376 Package: pcmanfm-qt
 377 Package: qweborf
 378 Package: ranger
 379 Package: sirikali
 380 Package: spacefm
 381 Package: spacefm
 382 Package: vifm
 383 %
 384 </pre></blockquote></p>
 385
 386 <p>Using the same method, I can quickly discover that the Sketchup file
 387 format is not yet supported by any package in Debian:</p>
 388
 389 <p><blockquote><pre>
 390 % appstreamcli what-provides mimetype  application/vnd.sketchup.skp
 391 Could not find component providing 'mimetype::application/vnd.sketchup.skp'.
 392 %
 393 </pre></blockquote></p>
 394
 395 <p>Yesterday I used it to figure out which packages support the STL 3D
 396 format:</p>
 397
 398 <p><blockquote><pre>
 399 % appstreamcli what-provides mimetype  application/sla|grep Package
 400 Package: cura
 401 Package: meshlab
 402 Package: printrun
 403 %
 404 </pre></blockquote></p>
 405
 406 <p>PS: A new version of Cura was uploaded to Debian yesterday.</p>
 407
 408 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
 409 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
 410 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
 411
 412       </div>
 413       <div class="tags">
 414
 415
 416         Tags: <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/isenkram">isenkram</a>.
 417
 418
 419       </div>
 420     </div>
 421     <div class="padding"></div>
 422
 423     <div class="entry">
 424       <div class="title">
 425         <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Debian_APT_upgrade_without_enough_free_space_on_the_disk___.html">Debian APT upgrade without enough free space on the disk...</a>
 426       </div>
 427       <div class="date">
 428          8th July 2018
 429       </div>
 430       <div class="body">
 431         <p>Quite regularly, I let my Debian Sid/Unstable chroot stay untouch
 432 for a while, and when I need to update it there is not enough free
 433 space on the disk for apt to do a normal 'apt upgrade'.  I normally
 434 would resolve the issue by doing 'apt install &lt;somepackages&gt;' to
 435 upgrade only some of the packages in one batch, until the amount of
 436 packages to download fall below the amount of free space available.
 437 Today, I had about 500 packages to upgrade, and after a while I got
 438 tired of trying to install chunks of packages manually.  I concluded
 439 that I did not have the spare hours required to complete the task, and
 440 decided to see if I could automate it.  I came up with this small
 441 script which I call 'apt-in-chunks':</p>
 442
 443 <p><blockquote><pre>
 444 #!/bin/sh
 445 #
 446 # Upgrade packages when the disk is too full to upgrade every
 447 # upgradable package in one lump.  Fetching packages to upgrade using
 448 # apt, and then installing using dpkg, to avoid changing the package
 449 # flag for manual/automatic.
 450
 451 set -e
 452
 453 ignore() {
 454     if [ "$1" ]; then
 455         grep -v "$1"
 456     else
 457         cat
 458     fi
 459 }
 460
 461 for p in $(apt list --upgradable | ignore "$@" |cut -d/ -f1 | grep -v '^Listing...'); do
 462     echo "Upgrading $p"
 463     apt clean
 464     apt install --download-only -y $p
 465     for f in /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb; do
 466         if [ -e "$f" ]; then
 467             dpkg -i /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb
 468             break
 469         fi
 470     done
 471 done
 472 </pre></blockquote></p>
 473
 474 <p>The script will extract the list of packages to upgrade, try to
 475 download the packages needed to upgrade one package, install the
 476 downloaded packages using dpkg.  The idea is to upgrade packages
 477 without changing the APT mark for the package (ie the one recording of
 478 the package was manually requested or pulled in as a dependency).  To
 479 use it, simply run it as root from the command line.  If it fail, try
 480 'apt install -f' to clean up the mess and run the script again.  This
 481 might happen if the new packages conflict with one of the old
 482 packages.  dpkg is unable to remove, while apt can do this.</p>
 483
 484 <p>It take one option, a package to ignore in the list of packages to
 485 upgrade.  The option to ignore a package is there to be able to skip
 486 the packages that are simply too large to unpack.  Today this was
 487 'ghc', but I have run into other large packages causing similar
 488 problems earlier (like TeX).</p>
 489
 490 <p>Update 2018-07-08: Thanks to Paul Wise, I am aware of two
 491 alternative ways to handle this.  The "unattended-upgrades
 492 --minimal-upgrade-steps" option will try to calculate upgrade sets for
 493 each package to upgrade, and then upgrade them in order, smallest set
 494 first.  It might be a better option than my above mentioned script.
 495 Also, "aptutude upgrade" can upgrade single packages, thus avoiding
 496 the need for using "dpkg -i" in the script above.</p>
 497
 498 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
 499 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
 500 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
 501
 502       </div>
 503       <div class="tags">
 504
 505
 506         Tags: <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>.
 507
 508
 509       </div>
 510     </div>
 511     <div class="padding"></div>
 512
 513     <p style="text-align: right;"><a href="07.rss"><img src="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/xml.gif" alt="RSS Feed" width="36" height="14" /></a></p>
 514     <div id="sidebar">
 515
 516
 517
 518 <h2>Archive</h2>
 519 <ul>
 520
 521 <li>2018
 522 <ul>
 523
 524 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/01/">January (1)</a></li>
 525
 526 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/02/">February (5)</a></li>
 527
 528 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/03/">March (5)</a></li>
 529
 530 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/04/">April (3)</a></li>
 531
 532 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 533
 534 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/07/">July (4)</a></li>
 535
 536 </ul></li>
 537
 538 <li>2017
 539 <ul>
 540
 541 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/01/">January (4)</a></li>
 542
 543 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 544
 545 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/03/">March (5)</a></li>
 546
 547 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/04/">April (2)</a></li>
 548
 549 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/06/">June (5)</a></li>
 550
 551 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/07/">July (1)</a></li>
 552
 553 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/08/">August (1)</a></li>
 554
 555 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/09/">September (3)</a></li>
 556
 557 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/10/">October (5)</a></li>
 558
 559 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 560
 561 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/12/">December (4)</a></li>
 562
 563 </ul></li>
 564
 565 <li>2016
 566 <ul>
 567
 568 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/01/">January (3)</a></li>
 569
 570 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/02/">February (2)</a></li>
 571
 572 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 573
 574 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/04/">April (8)</a></li>
 575
 576 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/05/">May (8)</a></li>
 577
 578 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 579
 580 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 581
 582 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/08/">August (5)</a></li>
 583
 584 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/09/">September (2)</a></li>
 585
 586 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/10/">October (3)</a></li>
 587
 588 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/11/">November (8)</a></li>
 589
 590 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/12/">December (5)</a></li>
 591
 592 </ul></li>
 593
 594 <li>2015
 595 <ul>
 596
 597 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/01/">January (7)</a></li>
 598
 599 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/02/">February (6)</a></li>
 600
 601 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/03/">March (1)</a></li>
 602
 603 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/04/">April (4)</a></li>
 604
 605 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 606
 607 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/06/">June (4)</a></li>
 608
 609 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/07/">July (6)</a></li>
 610
 611 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/08/">August (2)</a></li>
 612
 613 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/09/">September (2)</a></li>
 614
 615 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/10/">October (9)</a></li>
 616
 617 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/11/">November (6)</a></li>
 618
 619 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 620
 621 </ul></li>
 622
 623 <li>2014
 624 <ul>
 625
 626 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 627
 628 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 629
 630 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/03/">March (8)</a></li>
 631
 632 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/04/">April (7)</a></li>
 633
 634 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/05/">May (1)</a></li>
 635
 636 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 637
 638 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 639
 640 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/08/">August (2)</a></li>
 641
 642 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/09/">September (5)</a></li>
 643
 644 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/10/">October (6)</a></li>
 645
 646 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 647
 648 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/12/">December (5)</a></li>
 649
 650 </ul></li>
 651
 652 <li>2013
 653 <ul>
 654
 655 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/01/">January (11)</a></li>
 656
 657 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/02/">February (9)</a></li>
 658
 659 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/03/">March (9)</a></li>
 660
 661 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/04/">April (6)</a></li>
 662
 663 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 664
 665 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/06/">June (10)</a></li>
 666
 667 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/07/">July (7)</a></li>
 668
 669 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 670
 671 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/09/">September (5)</a></li>
 672
 673 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/10/">October (7)</a></li>
 674
 675 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/11/">November (9)</a></li>
 676
 677 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 678
 679 </ul></li>
 680
 681 <li>2012
 682 <ul>
 683
 684 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/01/">January (7)</a></li>
 685
 686 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/02/">February (10)</a></li>
 687
 688 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/03/">March (17)</a></li>
 689
 690 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/04/">April (12)</a></li>
 691
 692 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/05/">May (12)</a></li>
 693
 694 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/06/">June (20)</a></li>
 695
 696 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/07/">July (17)</a></li>
 697
 698 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/08/">August (6)</a></li>
 699
 700 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/09/">September (9)</a></li>
 701
 702 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/10/">October (17)</a></li>
 703
 704 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/11/">November (10)</a></li>
 705
 706 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/12/">December (7)</a></li>
 707
 708 </ul></li>
 709
 710 <li>2011
 711 <ul>
 712
 713 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/01/">January (16)</a></li>
 714
 715 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/02/">February (6)</a></li>
 716
 717 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/03/">March (6)</a></li>
 718
 719 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/04/">April (7)</a></li>
 720
 721 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 722
 723 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 724
 725 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/07/">July (7)</a></li>
 726
 727 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/08/">August (6)</a></li>
 728
 729 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/09/">September (4)</a></li>
 730
 731 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/10/">October (2)</a></li>
 732
 733 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 734
 735 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/12/">December (1)</a></li>
 736
 737 </ul></li>
 738
 739 <li>2010
 740 <ul>
 741
 742 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 743
 744 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 745
 746 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 747
 748 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/04/">April (3)</a></li>
 749
 750 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 751
 752 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/06/">June (14)</a></li>
 753
 754 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/07/">July (12)</a></li>
 755
 756 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/08/">August (13)</a></li>
 757
 758 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/09/">September (7)</a></li>
 759
 760 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/10/">October (9)</a></li>
 761
 762 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/11/">November (13)</a></li>
 763
 764 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/12/">December (12)</a></li>
 765
 766 </ul></li>
 767
 768 <li>2009
 769 <ul>
 770
 771 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/01/">January (8)</a></li>
 772
 773 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/02/">February (8)</a></li>
 774
 775 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/03/">March (12)</a></li>
 776
 777 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/04/">April (10)</a></li>
 778
 779 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 780
 781 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/06/">June (3)</a></li>
 782
 783 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/07/">July (4)</a></li>
 784
 785 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 786
 787 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 788
 789 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/10/">October (2)</a></li>
 790
 791 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 792
 793 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 794
 795 </ul></li>
 796
 797 <li>2008
 798 <ul>
 799
 800 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2008/11/">November (5)</a></li>
 801
 802 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2008/12/">December (7)</a></li>
 803
 804 </ul></li>
 805
 806 </ul>
 807
 808
 809
 810 <h2>Tags</h2>
 811 <ul>
 812
 813  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/3d-printer">3d-printer (16)</a></li>
 814
 815  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/amiga">amiga (1)</a></li>
 816
 817  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/aros">aros (1)</a></li>
 818
 819  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bankid">bankid (4)</a></li>
 820
 821  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bitcoin">bitcoin (9)</a></li>
 822
 823  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bootsystem">bootsystem (17)</a></li>
 824
 825  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bsa">bsa (2)</a></li>
 826
 827  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/chrpath">chrpath (2)</a></li>
 828
 829  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian (160)</a></li>
 830
 831  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian edu">debian edu (158)</a></li>
 832
 833  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian-handbook">debian-handbook (4)</a></li>
 834
 835  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/digistan">digistan (10)</a></li>
 836
 837  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/dld">dld (17)</a></li>
 838
 839  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/docbook">docbook (25)</a></li>
 840
 841  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/drivstoffpriser">drivstoffpriser (4)</a></li>
 842
 843  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english (378)</a></li>
 844
 845  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/fiksgatami">fiksgatami (23)</a></li>
 846
 847  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/fildeling">fildeling (13)</a></li>
 848
 849  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freeculture">freeculture (32)</a></li>
 850
 851  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freedombox">freedombox (9)</a></li>
 852
 853  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/frikanalen">frikanalen (18)</a></li>
 854
 855  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/h264">h264 (20)</a></li>
 856
 857  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/intervju">intervju (42)</a></li>
 858
 859  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/isenkram">isenkram (16)</a></li>
 860
 861  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/kart">kart (20)</a></li>
 862
 863  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ldap">ldap (9)</a></li>
 864
 865  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lego">lego (4)</a></li>
 866
 867  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lenker">lenker (8)</a></li>
 868
 869  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lsdvd">lsdvd (2)</a></li>
 870
 871  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ltsp">ltsp (1)</a></li>
 872
 873  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/mesh network">mesh network (8)</a></li>
 874
 875  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/multimedia">multimedia (41)</a></li>
 876
 877  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nice free software">nice free software (10)</a></li>
 878
 879  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/norsk">norsk (299)</a></li>
 880
 881  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nuug">nuug (190)</a></li>
 882
 883  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/offentlig innsyn">offentlig innsyn (33)</a></li>
 884
 885  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/open311">open311 (2)</a></li>
 886
 887  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/opphavsrett">opphavsrett (71)</a></li>
 888
 889  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/personvern">personvern (107)</a></li>
 890
 891  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/raid">raid (2)</a></li>
 892
 893  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/reactos">reactos (1)</a></li>
 894
 895  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/reprap">reprap (11)</a></li>
 896
 897  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/rfid">rfid (3)</a></li>
 898
 899  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/robot">robot (10)</a></li>
 900
 901  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/rss">rss (1)</a></li>
 902
 903  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ruter">ruter (6)</a></li>
 904
 905  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/scraperwiki">scraperwiki (2)</a></li>
 906
 907  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sikkerhet">sikkerhet (54)</a></li>
 908
 909  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sitesummary">sitesummary (4)</a></li>
 910
 911  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/skepsis">skepsis (5)</a></li>
 912
 913  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/standard">standard (55)</a></li>
 914
 915  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/stavekontroll">stavekontroll (6)</a></li>
 916
 917  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/stortinget">stortinget (12)</a></li>
 918
 919  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/surveillance">surveillance (55)</a></li>
 920
 921  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sysadmin">sysadmin (4)</a></li>
 922
 923  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/usenix">usenix (2)</a></li>
 924
 925  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/valg">valg (9)</a></li>
 926
 927  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/verkidetfri">verkidetfri (11)</a></li>
 928
 929  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video (66)</a></li>
 930
 931  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/vitenskap">vitenskap (4)</a></li>
 932
 933  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/web">web (41)</a></li>
 934
 935 </ul>
 936
 937
 938     </div>
 939     <p style="text-align: right">
 940  Created by <a href="http://steve.org.uk/Software/chronicle">Chronicle v4.6</a>
 941 </p>
 942
 943   </body>
 944 </html>