blog/Teaching_vmdebootstrap_to_create_Raspberry_Pi_SD_card_images.html

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   6     <title>Petter Reinholdtsen: Teaching vmdebootstrap to create Raspberry Pi SD card images</title>
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  14  <h1>
  15      <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/">Petter Reinholdtsen</a>
  16
  17  </h1>
  18
  19 </div>
  20
  21
  22     <div class="entry">
  23       <div class="title">Teaching vmdebootstrap to create Raspberry Pi SD card images</div>
  24       <div class="date">27th October 2013</div>
  25       <div class="body"><p>The
  26 <a href="http://packages.qa.debian.org/v/vmdebootstrap.html">vmdebootstrap</a>
  27 program is a a very nice system to create virtual machine images.  It
  28 create a image file, add a partition table, mount it and run
  29 debootstrap in the mounted directory to create a Debian system on a
  30 stick.  Yesterday, I decided to try to teach it how to make images for
  31 <a href="https://wiki.debian.org/RaspberryPi">Raspberry Pi</a>, as part
  32 of a plan to simplify the build system for
  33 <a href="https://wiki.debian.org/FreedomBox">the FreedomBox
  34 project</a>.  The FreedomBox project already uses vmdebootstrap for
  35 the virtualbox images, but its current build system made multistrap
  36 based system for Dreamplug images, and it is lacking support for
  37 Raspberry Pi.</p>
  38
  39 <p>Armed with the knowledge on how to build "foreign" (aka non-native
  40 architecture) chroots for Raspberry Pi, I dived into the vmdebootstrap
  41 code and adjusted it to be able to build armel images on my amd64
  42 Debian laptop.  I ended up giving vmdebootstrap five new options,
  43 allowing me to replicate the image creation process I use to make
  44 <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/A_Raspberry_Pi_based_batman_adv_Mesh_network_node.html">Debian
  45 Jessie based mesh node images for the Raspberry Pi</a>.  First, the
  46 <tt>--foreign /path/to/binfm_handler</tt> option tell vmdebootstrap to
  47 call debootstrap with --foreign and to copy the handler into the
  48 generated chroot before running the second stage.  This allow
  49 vmdebootstrap to create armel images on an amd64 host.  Next I added
  50 two new options <tt>--bootsize size</tt> and <tt>--boottype
  51 fstype</tt> to teach it to create a separate /boot/ partition with the
  52 given file system type, allowing me to create an image with a vfat
  53 partition for the /boot/ stuff.  I also added a <tt>--variant
  54 variant</tt> option to allow me to create smaller images without the
  55 Debian base system packages installed.  Finally, I added an option
  56 <tt>--no-extlinux</tt> to tell vmdebootstrap to not install extlinux
  57 as a boot loader.  It is not needed on the Raspberry Pi and probably
  58 most other non-x86 architectures.  The changes were accepted by the
  59 upstream author of vmdebootstrap yesterday and today, and is now
  60 available from
  61 <a href="http://git.liw.fi/cgi-bin/cgit/cgit.cgi/vmdebootstrap/">the
  62 upstream project page</a>.</p>
  63
  64 <p>To use it to build a Raspberry Pi image using Debian Jessie, first
  65 create a small script (the customize script) to add the non-free
  66 binary blob needed to boot the Raspberry Pi and the APT source
  67 list:</p>
  68
  69 <p><pre>
  70 #!/bin/sh
  71 set -e # Exit on first error
  72 rootdir="$1"
  73 cd "$rootdir"
  74 cat &lt;&lt;EOF > etc/apt/sources.list
  75 deb http://http.debian.net/debian/ jessie main contrib non-free
  76 EOF
  77 # Install non-free binary blob needed to boot Raspberry Pi.  This
  78 # install a kernel somewhere too.
  79 wget https://raw.github.com/Hexxeh/rpi-update/master/rpi-update \
  80     -O $rootdir/usr/bin/rpi-update
  81 chmod a+x $rootdir/usr/bin/rpi-update
  82 mkdir -p $rootdir/lib/modules
  83 touch $rootdir/boot/start.elf
  84 chroot $rootdir rpi-update
  85 </pre></p>
  86
  87 <p>Next, fetch the latest vmdebootstrap script and call it like this
  88 to build the image:</p>
  89
  90 <pre>
  91 sudo ./vmdebootstrap \
  92     --variant minbase \
  93     --arch armel \
  94     --distribution jessie \
  95     --mirror http://http.debian.net/debian \
  96     --image test.img \
  97     --size 600M \
  98     --bootsize 64M \
  99     --boottype vfat \
 100     --log-level debug \
 101     --verbose \
 102     --no-kernel \
 103     --no-extlinux \
 104     --root-password raspberry \
 105     --hostname raspberrypi \
 106     --foreign /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static \
 107     --customize `pwd`/customize \
 108     --package netbase \
 109     --package git-core \
 110     --package binutils \
 111     --package ca-certificates \
 112     --package wget \
 113     --package kmod
 114 </pre></p>
 115
 116 <p>The list of packages being installed are the ones needed by
 117 rpi-update to make the image bootable on the Raspberry Pi, with the
 118 exception of netbase, which is needed by debootstrap to find
 119 /etc/hosts with the minbase variant.  I really wish there was a way to
 120 set up an Raspberry Pi using only packages in the Debian archive, but
 121 that is not possible as far as I know, because it boots from the GPU
 122 using a non-free binary blob.</p>
 123
 124 <p>The build host need debootstrap, kpartx and qemu-user-static and
 125 probably a few others installed.  I have not checked the complete
 126 build dependency list.</p>
 127
 128 <p>The resulting image will not use the hardware floating point unit
 129 on the Raspberry PI, because the armel architecture in Debian is not
 130 optimized for that use.  So the images created will be a bit slower
 131 than <a href="http://www.raspbian.org/">Raspbian</a> based images.</p>
 132 </div>
 133
 134       <div class="tags">Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freedombox">freedombox</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/mesh network">mesh network</a>.</div>
 135
 136
 137     </div>
 138
 139
 140
 141
 142     <div id="sidebar">
 143
 144
 145
 146 <h2>Archive</h2>
 147 <ul>
 148
 149 <li>2022
 150 <ul>
 151
 152 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 153
 154 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/03/">March (1)</a></li>
 155
 156 </ul></li>
 157
 158 <li>2021
 159 <ul>
 160
 161 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 162
 163 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 164
 165 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/05/">May (1)</a></li>
 166
 167 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/06/">June (1)</a></li>
 168
 169 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/07/">July (3)</a></li>
 170
 171 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/08/">August (1)</a></li>
 172
 173 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 174
 175 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/10/">October (1)</a></li>
 176
 177 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/12/">December (1)</a></li>
 178
 179 </ul></li>
 180
 181 <li>2020
 182 <ul>
 183
 184 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/02/">February (2)</a></li>
 185
 186 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/03/">March (2)</a></li>
 187
 188 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/04/">April (2)</a></li>
 189
 190 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 191
 192 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 193
 194 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/07/">July (1)</a></li>
 195
 196 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 197
 198 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/10/">October (1)</a></li>
 199
 200 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/11/">November (1)</a></li>
 201
 202 </ul></li>
 203
 204 <li>2019
 205 <ul>
 206
 207 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/01/">January (4)</a></li>
 208
 209 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 210
 211 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 212
 213 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/05/">May (2)</a></li>
 214
 215 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/06/">June (5)</a></li>
 216
 217 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 218
 219 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/08/">August (1)</a></li>
 220
 221 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 222
 223 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/11/">November (1)</a></li>
 224
 225 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/12/">December (4)</a></li>
 226
 227 </ul></li>
 228
 229 <li>2018
 230 <ul>
 231
 232 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/01/">January (1)</a></li>
 233
 234 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/02/">February (5)</a></li>
 235
 236 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/03/">March (5)</a></li>
 237
 238 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/04/">April (3)</a></li>
 239
 240 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 241
 242 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/07/">July (5)</a></li>
 243
 244 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 245
 246 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/09/">September (3)</a></li>
 247
 248 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/10/">October (5)</a></li>
 249
 250 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/11/">November (2)</a></li>
 251
 252 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/12/">December (4)</a></li>
 253
 254 </ul></li>
 255
 256 <li>2017
 257 <ul>
 258
 259 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/01/">January (4)</a></li>
 260
 261 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 262
 263 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/03/">March (5)</a></li>
 264
 265 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/04/">April (2)</a></li>
 266
 267 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/06/">June (5)</a></li>
 268
 269 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/07/">July (1)</a></li>
 270
 271 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/08/">August (1)</a></li>
 272
 273 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/09/">September (3)</a></li>
 274
 275 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/10/">October (5)</a></li>
 276
 277 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 278
 279 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/12/">December (4)</a></li>
 280
 281 </ul></li>
 282
 283 <li>2016
 284 <ul>
 285
 286 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/01/">January (3)</a></li>
 287
 288 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/02/">February (2)</a></li>
 289
 290 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 291
 292 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/04/">April (8)</a></li>
 293
 294 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/05/">May (8)</a></li>
 295
 296 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 297
 298 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 299
 300 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/08/">August (5)</a></li>
 301
 302 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/09/">September (2)</a></li>
 303
 304 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/10/">October (3)</a></li>
 305
 306 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/11/">November (8)</a></li>
 307
 308 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/12/">December (5)</a></li>
 309
 310 </ul></li>
 311
 312 <li>2015
 313 <ul>
 314
 315 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/01/">January (7)</a></li>
 316
 317 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/02/">February (6)</a></li>
 318
 319 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/03/">March (1)</a></li>
 320
 321 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/04/">April (4)</a></li>
 322
 323 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 324
 325 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/06/">June (4)</a></li>
 326
 327 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/07/">July (6)</a></li>
 328
 329 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/08/">August (2)</a></li>
 330
 331 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/09/">September (2)</a></li>
 332
 333 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/10/">October (9)</a></li>
 334
 335 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/11/">November (6)</a></li>
 336
 337 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 338
 339 </ul></li>
 340
 341 <li>2014
 342 <ul>
 343
 344 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 345
 346 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 347
 348 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/03/">March (8)</a></li>
 349
 350 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/04/">April (7)</a></li>
 351
 352 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/05/">May (1)</a></li>
 353
 354 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 355
 356 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 357
 358 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/08/">August (2)</a></li>
 359
 360 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/09/">September (5)</a></li>
 361
 362 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/10/">October (6)</a></li>
 363
 364 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 365
 366 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/12/">December (5)</a></li>
 367
 368 </ul></li>
 369
 370 <li>2013
 371 <ul>
 372
 373 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/01/">January (11)</a></li>
 374
 375 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/02/">February (9)</a></li>
 376
 377 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/03/">March (9)</a></li>
 378
 379 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/04/">April (6)</a></li>
 380
 381 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 382
 383 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/06/">June (10)</a></li>
 384
 385 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/07/">July (7)</a></li>
 386
 387 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 388
 389 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/09/">September (5)</a></li>
 390
 391 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/10/">October (7)</a></li>
 392
 393 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/11/">November (9)</a></li>
 394
 395 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 396
 397 </ul></li>
 398
 399 <li>2012
 400 <ul>
 401
 402 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/01/">January (7)</a></li>
 403
 404 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/02/">February (10)</a></li>
 405
 406 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/03/">March (17)</a></li>
 407
 408 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/04/">April (12)</a></li>
 409
 410 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/05/">May (12)</a></li>
 411
 412 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/06/">June (20)</a></li>
 413
 414 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/07/">July (17)</a></li>
 415
 416 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/08/">August (6)</a></li>
 417
 418 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/09/">September (9)</a></li>
 419
 420 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/10/">October (17)</a></li>
 421
 422 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/11/">November (10)</a></li>
 423
 424 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/12/">December (7)</a></li>
 425
 426 </ul></li>
 427
 428 <li>2011
 429 <ul>
 430
 431 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/01/">January (16)</a></li>
 432
 433 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/02/">February (6)</a></li>
 434
 435 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/03/">March (6)</a></li>
 436
 437 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/04/">April (7)</a></li>
 438
 439 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 440
 441 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 442
 443 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/07/">July (7)</a></li>
 444
 445 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/08/">August (6)</a></li>
 446
 447 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/09/">September (4)</a></li>
 448
 449 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/10/">October (2)</a></li>
 450
 451 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 452
 453 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/12/">December (1)</a></li>
 454
 455 </ul></li>
 456
 457 <li>2010
 458 <ul>
 459
 460 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 461
 462 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 463
 464 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 465
 466 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/04/">April (3)</a></li>
 467
 468 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 469
 470 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/06/">June (14)</a></li>
 471
 472 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/07/">July (12)</a></li>
 473
 474 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/08/">August (13)</a></li>
 475
 476 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/09/">September (7)</a></li>
 477
 478 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/10/">October (9)</a></li>
 479
 480 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/11/">November (13)</a></li>
 481
 482 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/12/">December (12)</a></li>
 483
 484 </ul></li>
 485
 486 <li>2009
 487 <ul>
 488
 489 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/01/">January (8)</a></li>
 490
 491 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/02/">February (8)</a></li>
 492
 493 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/03/">March (12)</a></li>
 494
 495 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/04/">April (10)</a></li>
 496
 497 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 498
 499 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/06/">June (3)</a></li>
 500
 501 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/07/">July (4)</a></li>
 502
 503 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 504
 505 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 506
 507 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/10/">October (2)</a></li>
 508
 509 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 510
 511 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 512
 513 </ul></li>
 514
 515 <li>2008
 516 <ul>
 517
 518 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2008/11/">November (5)</a></li>
 519
 520 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2008/12/">December (7)</a></li>
 521
 522 </ul></li>
 523
 524 </ul>
 525
 526
 527
 528 <h2>Tags</h2>
 529 <ul>
 530
 531  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/3d-printer">3d-printer (17)</a></li>
 532
 533  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/amiga">amiga (1)</a></li>
 534
 535  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/aros">aros (1)</a></li>
 536
 537  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bankid">bankid (4)</a></li>
 538
 539  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/betalkontant">betalkontant (9)</a></li>
 540
 541  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bitcoin">bitcoin (12)</a></li>
 542
 543  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bootsystem">bootsystem (17)</a></li>
 544
 545  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bsa">bsa (2)</a></li>
 546
 547  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/chrpath">chrpath (2)</a></li>
 548
 549  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian (178)</a></li>
 550
 551  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian edu">debian edu (159)</a></li>
 552
 553  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian-handbook">debian-handbook (8)</a></li>
 554
 555  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/digistan">digistan (11)</a></li>
 556
 557  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/dld">dld (18)</a></li>
 558
 559  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/docbook">docbook (30)</a></li>
 560
 561  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/drivstoffpriser">drivstoffpriser (4)</a></li>
 562
 563  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english (431)</a></li>
 564
 565  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/fiksgatami">fiksgatami (23)</a></li>
 566
 567  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/fildeling">fildeling (14)</a></li>
 568
 569  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freeculture">freeculture (34)</a></li>
 570
 571  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freedombox">freedombox (9)</a></li>
 572
 573  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/frikanalen">frikanalen (20)</a></li>
 574
 575  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/h264">h264 (20)</a></li>
 576
 577  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/intervju">intervju (43)</a></li>
 578
 579  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/isenkram">isenkram (16)</a></li>
 580
 581  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/kart">kart (23)</a></li>
 582
 583  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/kodi">kodi (4)</a></li>
 584
 585  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ldap">ldap (9)</a></li>
 586
 587  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lego">lego (5)</a></li>
 588
 589  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lenker">lenker (8)</a></li>
 590
 591  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lsdvd">lsdvd (2)</a></li>
 592
 593  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ltsp">ltsp (1)</a></li>
 594
 595  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/madewithcc">madewithcc (3)</a></li>
 596
 597  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/mesh network">mesh network (8)</a></li>
 598
 599  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/multimedia">multimedia (42)</a></li>
 600
 601  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nice free software">nice free software (13)</a></li>
 602
 603  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/noark5">noark5 (23)</a></li>
 604
 605  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/norsk">norsk (319)</a></li>
 606
 607  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nuug">nuug (198)</a></li>
 608
 609  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/offentlig innsyn">offentlig innsyn (40)</a></li>
 610
 611  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/open311">open311 (2)</a></li>
 612
 613  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/opphavsrett">opphavsrett (75)</a></li>
 614
 615  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/personvern">personvern (113)</a></li>
 616
 617  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/raid">raid (2)</a></li>
 618
 619  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/reactos">reactos (1)</a></li>
 620
 621  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/reprap">reprap (11)</a></li>
 622
 623  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/rfid">rfid (3)</a></li>
 624
 625  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/robot">robot (14)</a></li>
 626
 627  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/rss">rss (1)</a></li>
 628
 629  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ruter">ruter (7)</a></li>
 630
 631  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/scraperwiki">scraperwiki (2)</a></li>
 632
 633  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sikkerhet">sikkerhet (59)</a></li>
 634
 635  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sitesummary">sitesummary (4)</a></li>
 636
 637  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/skepsis">skepsis (5)</a></li>
 638
 639  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/standard">standard (71)</a></li>
 640
 641  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/stavekontroll">stavekontroll (7)</a></li>
 642
 643  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/stortinget">stortinget (14)</a></li>
 644
 645  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/surveillance">surveillance (61)</a></li>
 646
 647  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sysadmin">sysadmin (5)</a></li>
 648
 649  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/usenix">usenix (2)</a></li>
 650
 651  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/valg">valg (9)</a></li>
 652
 653  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/verkidetfri">verkidetfri (20)</a></li>
 654
 655  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video (76)</a></li>
 656
 657  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/vitenskap">vitenskap (4)</a></li>
 658
 659  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/web">web (42)</a></li>
 660
 661 </ul>
 662
 663
 664     </div>
 665     <p style="text-align: right">
 666  Created by <a href="http://steve.org.uk/Software/chronicle">Chronicle v4.6</a>
 667 </p>
 668
 669   </body>
 670 </html>