blog/Automatically_upgrading_server_firmware_on_Dell_PowerEdge.html

   1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
   2           "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
   3 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" dir="ltr">
   4   <head>
   5     <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
   6     <title>Petter Reinholdtsen: Automatically upgrading server firmware on Dell PowerEdge</title>
   7     <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/style.css" />
   8     <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/vim.css" />
   9
  10
  11   </head>
  12   <body>
  13     <div class="title">
  14  <h1>
  15      <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/">Petter Reinholdtsen</a>
  16
  17  </h1>
  18
  19 </div>
  20
  21
  22     <div class="entry">
  23       <div class="title">Automatically upgrading server firmware on Dell PowerEdge</div>
  24       <div class="date">21st November 2011</div>
  25       <div class="body"><p>At work we have heaps of servers.  I believe the total count is
  26 around 1000 at the moment.  To be able to get help from the vendors
  27 when something go wrong, we want to keep the firmware on the servers
  28 up to date.  If the firmware isn't the latest and greatest, the
  29 vendors typically refuse to start debugging any problems until the
  30 firmware is upgraded.  So before every reboot, we want to upgrade the
  31 firmware, and we would really like everyone handling servers at the
  32 university to do this themselves when they plan to reboot a machine.
  33 For that to happen we at the unix server admin group need to provide
  34 the tools to do so.</p>
  35
  36 <p>To make firmware upgrading easier, I am working on a script to
  37 fetch and install the latest firmware for the servers we got.  Most of
  38 our hardware are from Dell and HP, so I have focused on these servers
  39 so far.  This blog post is about the Dell part.</P>
  40
  41 <p>On the Dell FTP site I was lucky enough to find
  42 <a href="ftp://ftp.us.dell.com/catalog/Catalog.xml.gz">an XML file</a>
  43 with firmware information for all 11th generation servers, listing
  44 which firmware should be used on a given model and where on the FTP
  45 site I can find it.  Using a simple perl XML parser I can then
  46 download the shell scripts Dell provides to do firmware upgrades from
  47 within Linux and reboot when all the firmware is primed and ready to
  48 be activated on the first reboot.</p>
  49
  50 <p>This is the Dell related fragment of the perl code I am working on.
  51 Are there anyone working on similar tools for firmware upgrading all
  52 servers at a site?  Please get in touch and lets share resources.</p>
  53
  54 <p><pre>
  55 #!/usr/bin/perl
  56 use strict;
  57 use warnings;
  58 use File::Temp qw(tempdir);
  59 BEGIN {
  60     # Install needed RHEL packages if missing
  61     my %rhelmodules = (
  62         'XML::Simple' => 'perl-XML-Simple',
  63         );
  64     for my $module (keys %rhelmodules) {
  65         eval "use $module;";
  66         if ($@) {
  67             my $pkg = $rhelmodules{$module};
  68             system("yum install -y $pkg");
  69             eval "use $module;";
  70         }
  71     }
  72 }
  73 my $errorsto = 'pere@hungry.com';
  74
  75 upgrade_dell();
  76
  77 exit 0;
  78
  79 sub run_firmware_script {
  80     my ($opts, $script) = @_;
  81     unless ($script) {
  82         print STDERR "fail: missing script name\n";
  83         exit 1
  84     }
  85     print STDERR "Running $script\n\n";
  86
  87     if (0 == system("sh $script $opts")) { # FIXME correct exit code handling
  88         print STDERR "success: firmware script ran succcessfully\n";
  89     } else {
  90         print STDERR "fail: firmware script returned error\n";
  91     }
  92 }
  93
  94 sub run_firmware_scripts {
  95     my ($opts, @dirs) = @_;
  96     # Run firmware packages
  97     for my $dir (@dirs) {
  98         print STDERR "info: Running scripts in $dir\n";
  99         opendir(my $dh, $dir) or die "Unable to open directory $dir: $!";
 100         while (my $s = readdir $dh) {
 101             next if $s =~ m/^\.\.?/;
 102             run_firmware_script($opts, "$dir/$s");
 103         }
 104         closedir $dh;
 105     }
 106 }
 107
 108 sub download {
 109     my $url = shift;
 110     print STDERR "info: Downloading $url\n";
 111     system("wget --quiet \"$url\"");
 112 }
 113
 114 sub upgrade_dell {
 115     my @dirs;
 116     my $product = `dmidecode -s system-product-name`;
 117     chomp $product;
 118
 119     if ($product =~ m/PowerEdge/) {
 120
 121         # on RHEL, these pacakges are needed by the firwmare upgrade scripts
 122         system('yum install -y compat-libstdc++-33.i686 libstdc++.i686 libxml2.i686 procmail');
 123
 124         my $tmpdir = tempdir(
 125             CLEANUP => 1
 126             );
 127         chdir($tmpdir);
 128         fetch_dell_fw('catalog/Catalog.xml.gz');
 129         system('gunzip Catalog.xml.gz');
 130         my @paths = fetch_dell_fw_list('Catalog.xml');
 131         # -q is quiet, disabling interactivity and reducing console output
 132         my $fwopts = "-q";
 133         if (@paths) {
 134             for my $url (@paths) {
 135                 fetch_dell_fw($url);
 136             }
 137             run_firmware_scripts($fwopts, $tmpdir);
 138         } else {
 139             print STDERR "error: Unsupported Dell model '$product'.\n";
 140             print STDERR "error: Please report to $errorsto.\n";
 141         }
 142         chdir('/');
 143     } else {
 144         print STDERR "error: Unsupported Dell model '$product'.\n";
 145         print STDERR "error: Please report to $errorsto.\n";
 146     }
 147 }
 148
 149 sub fetch_dell_fw {
 150     my $path = shift;
 151     my $url = "ftp://ftp.us.dell.com/$path";
 152     download($url);
 153 }
 154
 155 # Using ftp://ftp.us.dell.com/catalog/Catalog.xml.gz, figure out which
 156 # firmware packages to download from Dell.  Only work for Linux
 157 # machines and 11th generation Dell servers.
 158 sub fetch_dell_fw_list {
 159     my $filename = shift;
 160
 161     my $product = `dmidecode -s system-product-name`;
 162     chomp $product;
 163     my ($mybrand, $mymodel) = split(/\s+/, $product);
 164
 165     print STDERR "Finding firmware bundles for $mybrand $mymodel\n";
 166
 167     my $xml = XMLin($filename);
 168     my @paths;
 169     for my $bundle (@{$xml->{SoftwareBundle}}) {
 170         my $brand = $bundle->{TargetSystems}->{Brand}->{Display}->{content};
 171         my $model = $bundle->{TargetSystems}->{Brand}->{Model}->{Display}->{content};
 172         my $oscode;
 173         if ("ARRAY" eq ref $bundle->{TargetOSes}->{OperatingSystem}) {
 174             $oscode = $bundle->{TargetOSes}->{OperatingSystem}[0]->{osCode};
 175         } else {
 176             $oscode = $bundle->{TargetOSes}->{OperatingSystem}->{osCode};
 177         }
 178         if ($mybrand eq $brand && $mymodel eq $model && "LIN" eq $oscode)
 179         {
 180             @paths = map { $_->{path} } @{$bundle->{Contents}->{Package}};
 181         }
 182     }
 183     for my $component (@{$xml->{SoftwareComponent}}) {
 184         my $componenttype = $component->{ComponentType}->{value};
 185
 186         # Drop application packages, only firmware and BIOS
 187         next if 'APAC' eq $componenttype;
 188
 189         my $cpath = $component->{path};
 190         for my $path (@paths) {
 191             if ($cpath =~ m%/$path$%) {
 192                 push(@paths, $cpath);
 193             }
 194         }
 195     }
 196     return @paths;
 197 }
 198 </pre>
 199
 200 <p>The code is only tested on RedHat Enterprise Linux, but I suspect
 201 it could work on other platforms with some tweaking.  Anyone know a
 202 index like Catalog.xml is available from HP for HP servers?  At the
 203 moment I maintain a similar list manually and it is quickly getting
 204 outdated.</p>
 205 </div>
 206
 207       <div class="tags">Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>.</div>
 208
 209
 210     </div>
 211
 212
 213
 214
 215     <div id="sidebar">
 216
 217
 218
 219 <h2>Archive</h2>
 220 <ul>
 221
 222 <li>2022
 223 <ul>
 224
 225 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 226
 227 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/03/">March (2)</a></li>
 228
 229 </ul></li>
 230
 231 <li>2021
 232 <ul>
 233
 234 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 235
 236 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 237
 238 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/05/">May (1)</a></li>
 239
 240 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/06/">June (1)</a></li>
 241
 242 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/07/">July (3)</a></li>
 243
 244 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/08/">August (1)</a></li>
 245
 246 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 247
 248 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/10/">October (1)</a></li>
 249
 250 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/12/">December (1)</a></li>
 251
 252 </ul></li>
 253
 254 <li>2020
 255 <ul>
 256
 257 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/02/">February (2)</a></li>
 258
 259 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/03/">March (2)</a></li>
 260
 261 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/04/">April (2)</a></li>
 262
 263 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 264
 265 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 266
 267 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/07/">July (1)</a></li>
 268
 269 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 270
 271 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/10/">October (1)</a></li>
 272
 273 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/11/">November (1)</a></li>
 274
 275 </ul></li>
 276
 277 <li>2019
 278 <ul>
 279
 280 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/01/">January (4)</a></li>
 281
 282 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 283
 284 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 285
 286 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/05/">May (2)</a></li>
 287
 288 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/06/">June (5)</a></li>
 289
 290 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 291
 292 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/08/">August (1)</a></li>
 293
 294 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 295
 296 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/11/">November (1)</a></li>
 297
 298 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/12/">December (4)</a></li>
 299
 300 </ul></li>
 301
 302 <li>2018
 303 <ul>
 304
 305 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/01/">January (1)</a></li>
 306
 307 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/02/">February (5)</a></li>
 308
 309 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/03/">March (5)</a></li>
 310
 311 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/04/">April (3)</a></li>
 312
 313 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 314
 315 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/07/">July (5)</a></li>
 316
 317 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 318
 319 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/09/">September (3)</a></li>
 320
 321 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/10/">October (5)</a></li>
 322
 323 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/11/">November (2)</a></li>
 324
 325 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/12/">December (4)</a></li>
 326
 327 </ul></li>
 328
 329 <li>2017
 330 <ul>
 331
 332 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/01/">January (4)</a></li>
 333
 334 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 335
 336 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/03/">March (5)</a></li>
 337
 338 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/04/">April (2)</a></li>
 339
 340 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/06/">June (5)</a></li>
 341
 342 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/07/">July (1)</a></li>
 343
 344 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/08/">August (1)</a></li>
 345
 346 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/09/">September (3)</a></li>
 347
 348 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/10/">October (5)</a></li>
 349
 350 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 351
 352 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/12/">December (4)</a></li>
 353
 354 </ul></li>
 355
 356 <li>2016
 357 <ul>
 358
 359 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/01/">January (3)</a></li>
 360
 361 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/02/">February (2)</a></li>
 362
 363 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 364
 365 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/04/">April (8)</a></li>
 366
 367 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/05/">May (8)</a></li>
 368
 369 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 370
 371 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 372
 373 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/08/">August (5)</a></li>
 374
 375 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/09/">September (2)</a></li>
 376
 377 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/10/">October (3)</a></li>
 378
 379 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/11/">November (8)</a></li>
 380
 381 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/12/">December (5)</a></li>
 382
 383 </ul></li>
 384
 385 <li>2015
 386 <ul>
 387
 388 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/01/">January (7)</a></li>
 389
 390 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/02/">February (6)</a></li>
 391
 392 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/03/">March (1)</a></li>
 393
 394 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/04/">April (4)</a></li>
 395
 396 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 397
 398 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/06/">June (4)</a></li>
 399
 400 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/07/">July (6)</a></li>
 401
 402 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/08/">August (2)</a></li>
 403
 404 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/09/">September (2)</a></li>
 405
 406 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/10/">October (9)</a></li>
 407
 408 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/11/">November (6)</a></li>
 409
 410 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 411
 412 </ul></li>
 413
 414 <li>2014
 415 <ul>
 416
 417 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 418
 419 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 420
 421 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/03/">March (8)</a></li>
 422
 423 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/04/">April (7)</a></li>
 424
 425 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/05/">May (1)</a></li>
 426
 427 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 428
 429 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 430
 431 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/08/">August (2)</a></li>
 432
 433 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/09/">September (5)</a></li>
 434
 435 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/10/">October (6)</a></li>
 436
 437 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 438
 439 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/12/">December (5)</a></li>
 440
 441 </ul></li>
 442
 443 <li>2013
 444 <ul>
 445
 446 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/01/">January (11)</a></li>
 447
 448 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/02/">February (9)</a></li>
 449
 450 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/03/">March (9)</a></li>
 451
 452 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/04/">April (6)</a></li>
 453
 454 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 455
 456 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/06/">June (10)</a></li>
 457
 458 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/07/">July (7)</a></li>
 459
 460 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 461
 462 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/09/">September (5)</a></li>
 463
 464 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/10/">October (7)</a></li>
 465
 466 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/11/">November (9)</a></li>
 467
 468 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 469
 470 </ul></li>
 471
 472 <li>2012
 473 <ul>
 474
 475 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/01/">January (7)</a></li>
 476
 477 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/02/">February (10)</a></li>
 478
 479 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/03/">March (17)</a></li>
 480
 481 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/04/">April (12)</a></li>
 482
 483 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/05/">May (12)</a></li>
 484
 485 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/06/">June (20)</a></li>
 486
 487 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/07/">July (17)</a></li>
 488
 489 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/08/">August (6)</a></li>
 490
 491 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/09/">September (9)</a></li>
 492
 493 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/10/">October (17)</a></li>
 494
 495 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/11/">November (10)</a></li>
 496
 497 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/12/">December (7)</a></li>
 498
 499 </ul></li>
 500
 501 <li>2011
 502 <ul>
 503
 504 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/01/">January (16)</a></li>
 505
 506 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/02/">February (6)</a></li>
 507
 508 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/03/">March (6)</a></li>
 509
 510 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/04/">April (7)</a></li>
 511
 512 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 513
 514 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 515
 516 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/07/">July (7)</a></li>
 517
 518 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/08/">August (6)</a></li>
 519
 520 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/09/">September (4)</a></li>
 521
 522 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/10/">October (2)</a></li>
 523
 524 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 525
 526 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/12/">December (1)</a></li>
 527
 528 </ul></li>
 529
 530 <li>2010
 531 <ul>
 532
 533 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 534
 535 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 536
 537 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 538
 539 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/04/">April (3)</a></li>
 540
 541 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 542
 543 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/06/">June (14)</a></li>
 544
 545 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/07/">July (12)</a></li>
 546
 547 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/08/">August (13)</a></li>
 548
 549 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/09/">September (7)</a></li>
 550
 551 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/10/">October (9)</a></li>
 552
 553 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/11/">November (13)</a></li>
 554
 555 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/12/">December (12)</a></li>
 556
 557 </ul></li>
 558
 559 <li>2009
 560 <ul>
 561
 562 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/01/">January (8)</a></li>
 563
 564 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/02/">February (8)</a></li>
 565
 566 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/03/">March (12)</a></li>
 567
 568 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/04/">April (10)</a></li>
 569
 570 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 571
 572 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/06/">June (3)</a></li>
 573
 574 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/07/">July (4)</a></li>
 575
 576 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 577
 578 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 579
 580 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/10/">October (2)</a></li>
 581
 582 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 583
 584 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 585
 586 </ul></li>
 587
 588 <li>2008
 589 <ul>
 590
 591 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2008/11/">November (5)</a></li>
 592
 593 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2008/12/">December (7)</a></li>
 594
 595 </ul></li>
 596
 597 </ul>
 598
 599
 600
 601 <h2>Tags</h2>
 602 <ul>
 603
 604  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/3d-printer">3d-printer (17)</a></li>
 605
 606  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/amiga">amiga (1)</a></li>
 607
 608  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/aros">aros (1)</a></li>
 609
 610  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bankid">bankid (4)</a></li>
 611
 612  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/betalkontant">betalkontant (9)</a></li>
 613
 614  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bitcoin">bitcoin (12)</a></li>
 615
 616  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bootsystem">bootsystem (17)</a></li>
 617
 618  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bsa">bsa (2)</a></li>
 619
 620  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/chrpath">chrpath (2)</a></li>
 621
 622  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian (178)</a></li>
 623
 624  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian edu">debian edu (159)</a></li>
 625
 626  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian-handbook">debian-handbook (8)</a></li>
 627
 628  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/digistan">digistan (11)</a></li>
 629
 630  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/dld">dld (18)</a></li>
 631
 632  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/docbook">docbook (30)</a></li>
 633
 634  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/drivstoffpriser">drivstoffpriser (4)</a></li>
 635
 636  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english (432)</a></li>
 637
 638  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/fiksgatami">fiksgatami (23)</a></li>
 639
 640  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/fildeling">fildeling (14)</a></li>
 641
 642  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freeculture">freeculture (34)</a></li>
 643
 644  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freedombox">freedombox (9)</a></li>
 645
 646  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/frikanalen">frikanalen (20)</a></li>
 647
 648  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/h264">h264 (20)</a></li>
 649
 650  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/intervju">intervju (43)</a></li>
 651
 652  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/isenkram">isenkram (16)</a></li>
 653
 654  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/kart">kart (23)</a></li>
 655
 656  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/kodi">kodi (4)</a></li>
 657
 658  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ldap">ldap (9)</a></li>
 659
 660  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lego">lego (5)</a></li>
 661
 662  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lenker">lenker (8)</a></li>
 663
 664  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lsdvd">lsdvd (2)</a></li>
 665
 666  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ltsp">ltsp (1)</a></li>
 667
 668  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/madewithcc">madewithcc (3)</a></li>
 669
 670  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/mesh network">mesh network (8)</a></li>
 671
 672  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/multimedia">multimedia (42)</a></li>
 673
 674  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nice free software">nice free software (13)</a></li>
 675
 676  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/noark5">noark5 (23)</a></li>
 677
 678  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/norsk">norsk (319)</a></li>
 679
 680  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nuug">nuug (198)</a></li>
 681
 682  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/offentlig innsyn">offentlig innsyn (40)</a></li>
 683
 684  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/open311">open311 (2)</a></li>
 685
 686  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/opphavsrett">opphavsrett (75)</a></li>
 687
 688  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/personvern">personvern (113)</a></li>
 689
 690  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/raid">raid (2)</a></li>
 691
 692  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/reactos">reactos (1)</a></li>
 693
 694  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/reprap">reprap (11)</a></li>
 695
 696  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/rfid">rfid (3)</a></li>
 697
 698  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/robot">robot (14)</a></li>
 699
 700  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/rss">rss (1)</a></li>
 701
 702  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ruter">ruter (7)</a></li>
 703
 704  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/scraperwiki">scraperwiki (2)</a></li>
 705
 706  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sikkerhet">sikkerhet (59)</a></li>
 707
 708  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sitesummary">sitesummary (4)</a></li>
 709
 710  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/skepsis">skepsis (5)</a></li>
 711
 712  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/standard">standard (71)</a></li>
 713
 714  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/stavekontroll">stavekontroll (7)</a></li>
 715
 716  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/stortinget">stortinget (14)</a></li>
 717
 718  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/surveillance">surveillance (61)</a></li>
 719
 720  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sysadmin">sysadmin (5)</a></li>
 721
 722  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/usenix">usenix (2)</a></li>
 723
 724  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/valg">valg (9)</a></li>
 725
 726  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/verkidetfri">verkidetfri (20)</a></li>
 727
 728  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video (76)</a></li>
 729
 730  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/vitenskap">vitenskap (4)</a></li>
 731
 732  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/web">web (42)</a></li>
 733
 734 </ul>
 735
 736
 737     </div>
 738     <p style="text-align: right">
 739  Created by <a href="http://steve.org.uk/Software/chronicle">Chronicle v4.6</a>
 740 </p>
 741
 742   </body>
 743 </html>