blog/Automatically_upgrading_server_firmware_on_Dell_PowerEdge.html

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   6     <title>Petter Reinholdtsen: Automatically upgrading server firmware on Dell PowerEdge</title>
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  14  <h1>
  15      <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/">Petter Reinholdtsen</a>
  16
  17  </h1>
  18
  19 </div>
  20
  21
  22     <div class="entry">
  23       <div class="title">Automatically upgrading server firmware on Dell PowerEdge</div>
  24       <div class="date">21st November 2011</div>
  25       <div class="body"><p>At work we have heaps of servers.  I believe the total count is
  26 around 1000 at the moment.  To be able to get help from the vendors
  27 when something go wrong, we want to keep the firmware on the servers
  28 up to date.  If the firmware isn't the latest and greatest, the
  29 vendors typically refuse to start debugging any problems until the
  30 firmware is upgraded.  So before every reboot, we want to upgrade the
  31 firmware, and we would really like everyone handling servers at the
  32 university to do this themselves when they plan to reboot a machine.
  33 For that to happen we at the unix server admin group need to provide
  34 the tools to do so.</p>
  35
  36 <p>To make firmware upgrading easier, I am working on a script to
  37 fetch and install the latest firmware for the servers we got.  Most of
  38 our hardware are from Dell and HP, so I have focused on these servers
  39 so far.  This blog post is about the Dell part.</P>
  40
  41 <p>On the Dell FTP site I was lucky enough to find
  42 <a href="ftp://ftp.us.dell.com/catalog/Catalog.xml.gz">an XML file</a>
  43 with firmware information for all 11th generation servers, listing
  44 which firmware should be used on a given model and where on the FTP
  45 site I can find it.  Using a simple perl XML parser I can then
  46 download the shell scripts Dell provides to do firmware upgrades from
  47 within Linux and reboot when all the firmware is primed and ready to
  48 be activated on the first reboot.</p>
  49
  50 <p>This is the Dell related fragment of the perl code I am working on.
  51 Are there anyone working on similar tools for firmware upgrading all
  52 servers at a site?  Please get in touch and lets share resources.</p>
  53
  54 <p><pre>
  55 #!/usr/bin/perl
  56 use strict;
  57 use warnings;
  58 use File::Temp qw(tempdir);
  59 BEGIN {
  60     # Install needed RHEL packages if missing
  61     my %rhelmodules = (
  62         'XML::Simple' => 'perl-XML-Simple',
  63         );
  64     for my $module (keys %rhelmodules) {
  65         eval "use $module;";
  66         if ($@) {
  67             my $pkg = $rhelmodules{$module};
  68             system("yum install -y $pkg");
  69             eval "use $module;";
  70         }
  71     }
  72 }
  73 my $errorsto = 'pere@hungry.com';
  74
  75 upgrade_dell();
  76
  77 exit 0;
  78
  79 sub run_firmware_script {
  80     my ($opts, $script) = @_;
  81     unless ($script) {
  82         print STDERR "fail: missing script name\n";
  83         exit 1
  84     }
  85     print STDERR "Running $script\n\n";
  86
  87     if (0 == system("sh $script $opts")) { # FIXME correct exit code handling
  88         print STDERR "success: firmware script ran succcessfully\n";
  89     } else {
  90         print STDERR "fail: firmware script returned error\n";
  91     }
  92 }
  93
  94 sub run_firmware_scripts {
  95     my ($opts, @dirs) = @_;
  96     # Run firmware packages
  97     for my $dir (@dirs) {
  98         print STDERR "info: Running scripts in $dir\n";
  99         opendir(my $dh, $dir) or die "Unable to open directory $dir: $!";
 100         while (my $s = readdir $dh) {
 101             next if $s =~ m/^\.\.?/;
 102             run_firmware_script($opts, "$dir/$s");
 103         }
 104         closedir $dh;
 105     }
 106 }
 107
 108 sub download {
 109     my $url = shift;
 110     print STDERR "info: Downloading $url\n";
 111     system("wget --quiet \"$url\"");
 112 }
 113
 114 sub upgrade_dell {
 115     my @dirs;
 116     my $product = `dmidecode -s system-product-name`;
 117     chomp $product;
 118
 119     if ($product =~ m/PowerEdge/) {
 120
 121         # on RHEL, these pacakges are needed by the firwmare upgrade scripts
 122         system('yum install -y compat-libstdc++-33.i686 libstdc++.i686 libxml2.i686 procmail');
 123
 124         my $tmpdir = tempdir(
 125             CLEANUP => 1
 126             );
 127         chdir($tmpdir);
 128         fetch_dell_fw('catalog/Catalog.xml.gz');
 129         system('gunzip Catalog.xml.gz');
 130         my @paths = fetch_dell_fw_list('Catalog.xml');
 131         # -q is quiet, disabling interactivity and reducing console output
 132         my $fwopts = "-q";
 133         if (@paths) {
 134             for my $url (@paths) {
 135                 fetch_dell_fw($url);
 136             }
 137             run_firmware_scripts($fwopts, $tmpdir);
 138         } else {
 139             print STDERR "error: Unsupported Dell model '$product'.\n";
 140             print STDERR "error: Please report to $errorsto.\n";
 141         }
 142         chdir('/');
 143     } else {
 144         print STDERR "error: Unsupported Dell model '$product'.\n";
 145         print STDERR "error: Please report to $errorsto.\n";
 146     }
 147 }
 148
 149 sub fetch_dell_fw {
 150     my $path = shift;
 151     my $url = "ftp://ftp.us.dell.com/$path";
 152     download($url);
 153 }
 154
 155 # Using ftp://ftp.us.dell.com/catalog/Catalog.xml.gz, figure out which
 156 # firmware packages to download from Dell.  Only work for Linux
 157 # machines and 11th generation Dell servers.
 158 sub fetch_dell_fw_list {
 159     my $filename = shift;
 160
 161     my $product = `dmidecode -s system-product-name`;
 162     chomp $product;
 163     my ($mybrand, $mymodel) = split(/\s+/, $product);
 164
 165     print STDERR "Finding firmware bundles for $mybrand $mymodel\n";
 166
 167     my $xml = XMLin($filename);
 168     my @paths;
 169     for my $bundle (@{$xml->{SoftwareBundle}}) {
 170         my $brand = $bundle->{TargetSystems}->{Brand}->{Display}->{content};
 171         my $model = $bundle->{TargetSystems}->{Brand}->{Model}->{Display}->{content};
 172         my $oscode;
 173         if ("ARRAY" eq ref $bundle->{TargetOSes}->{OperatingSystem}) {
 174             $oscode = $bundle->{TargetOSes}->{OperatingSystem}[0]->{osCode};
 175         } else {
 176             $oscode = $bundle->{TargetOSes}->{OperatingSystem}->{osCode};
 177         }
 178         if ($mybrand eq $brand && $mymodel eq $model && "LIN" eq $oscode)
 179         {
 180             @paths = map { $_->{path} } @{$bundle->{Contents}->{Package}};
 181         }
 182     }
 183     for my $component (@{$xml->{SoftwareComponent}}) {
 184         my $componenttype = $component->{ComponentType}->{value};
 185
 186         # Drop application packages, only firmware and BIOS
 187         next if 'APAC' eq $componenttype;
 188
 189         my $cpath = $component->{path};
 190         for my $path (@paths) {
 191             if ($cpath =~ m%/$path$%) {
 192                 push(@paths, $cpath);
 193             }
 194         }
 195     }
 196     return @paths;
 197 }
 198 </pre>
 199
 200 <p>The code is only tested on RedHat Enterprise Linux, but I suspect
 201 it could work on other platforms with some tweaking.  Anyone know a
 202 index like Catalog.xml is available from HP for HP servers?  At the
 203 moment I maintain a similar list manually and it is quickly getting
 204 outdated.</p>
 205 </div>
 206
 207       <div class="tags">Tags: <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>.</div>
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 294
 295 </ul></li>
 296
 297 <li>2016
 298 <ul>
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 300 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/01/">January (3)</a></li>
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 302 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/02/">February (2)</a></li>
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 315
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 319
 320 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/11/">November (8)</a></li>
 321
 322 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/12/">December (5)</a></li>
 323
 324 </ul></li>
 325
 326 <li>2015
 327 <ul>
 328
 329 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/01/">January (7)</a></li>
 330
 331 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/02/">February (6)</a></li>
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 344
 345 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/09/">September (2)</a></li>
 346
 347 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/10/">October (9)</a></li>
 348
 349 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/11/">November (6)</a></li>
 350
 351 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 352
 353 </ul></li>
 354
 355 <li>2014
 356 <ul>
 357
 358 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 359
 360 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 361
 362 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/03/">March (8)</a></li>
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 377
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 379
 380 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/12/">December (5)</a></li>
 381
 382 </ul></li>
 383
 384 <li>2013
 385 <ul>
 386
 387 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/01/">January (11)</a></li>
 388
 389 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/02/">February (9)</a></li>
 390
 391 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/03/">March (9)</a></li>
 392
 393 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/04/">April (6)</a></li>
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 395 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/05/">May (9)</a></li>
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 398
 399 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/07/">July (7)</a></li>
 400
 401 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 402
 403 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/09/">September (5)</a></li>
 404
 405 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/10/">October (7)</a></li>
 406
 407 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/11/">November (9)</a></li>
 408
 409 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 410
 411 </ul></li>
 412
 413 <li>2012
 414 <ul>
 415
 416 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/01/">January (7)</a></li>
 417
 418 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/02/">February (10)</a></li>
 419
 420 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/03/">March (17)</a></li>
 421
 422 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/04/">April (12)</a></li>
 423
 424 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/05/">May (12)</a></li>
 425
 426 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/06/">June (20)</a></li>
 427
 428 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/07/">July (17)</a></li>
 429
 430 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/08/">August (6)</a></li>
 431
 432 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/09/">September (9)</a></li>
 433
 434 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/10/">October (17)</a></li>
 435
 436 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/11/">November (10)</a></li>
 437
 438 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/12/">December (7)</a></li>
 439
 440 </ul></li>
 441
 442 <li>2011
 443 <ul>
 444
 445 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/01/">January (16)</a></li>
 446
 447 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/02/">February (6)</a></li>
 448
 449 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/03/">March (6)</a></li>
 450
 451 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/04/">April (7)</a></li>
 452
 453 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 454
 455 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 456
 457 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/07/">July (7)</a></li>
 458
 459 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/08/">August (6)</a></li>
 460
 461 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/09/">September (4)</a></li>
 462
 463 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/10/">October (2)</a></li>
 464
 465 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 466
 467 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/12/">December (1)</a></li>
 468
 469 </ul></li>
 470
 471 <li>2010
 472 <ul>
 473
 474 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 475
 476 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 477
 478 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 479
 480 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/04/">April (3)</a></li>
 481
 482 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 483
 484 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/06/">June (14)</a></li>
 485
 486 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/07/">July (12)</a></li>
 487
 488 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/08/">August (13)</a></li>
 489
 490 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/09/">September (7)</a></li>
 491
 492 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/10/">October (9)</a></li>
 493
 494 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/11/">November (13)</a></li>
 495
 496 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/12/">December (12)</a></li>
 497
 498 </ul></li>
 499
 500 <li>2009
 501 <ul>
 502
 503 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/01/">January (8)</a></li>
 504
 505 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/02/">February (8)</a></li>
 506
 507 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/03/">March (12)</a></li>
 508
 509 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/04/">April (10)</a></li>
 510
 511 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 512
 513 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/06/">June (3)</a></li>
 514
 515 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/07/">July (4)</a></li>
 516
 517 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 518
 519 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 520
 521 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/10/">October (2)</a></li>
 522
 523 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 524
 525 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 526
 527 </ul></li>
 528
 529 <li>2008
 530 <ul>
 531
 532 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2008/11/">November (5)</a></li>
 533
 534 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2008/12/">December (7)</a></li>
 535
 536 </ul></li>
 537
 538 </ul>
 539
 540
 541
 542 <h2>Tags</h2>
 543 <ul>
 544
 545  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/3d-printer">3d-printer (16)</a></li>
 546
 547  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/amiga">amiga (1)</a></li>
 548
 549  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/aros">aros (1)</a></li>
 550
 551  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bankid">bankid (4)</a></li>
 552
 553  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/betalkontant">betalkontant (8)</a></li>
 554
 555  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bitcoin">bitcoin (11)</a></li>
 556
 557  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bootsystem">bootsystem (17)</a></li>
 558
 559  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bsa">bsa (2)</a></li>
 560
 561  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/chrpath">chrpath (2)</a></li>
 562
 563  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian (168)</a></li>
 564
 565  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian edu">debian edu (158)</a></li>
 566
 567  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian-handbook">debian-handbook (4)</a></li>
 568
 569  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/digistan">digistan (11)</a></li>
 570
 571  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/dld">dld (17)</a></li>
 572
 573  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/docbook">docbook (26)</a></li>
 574
 575  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/drivstoffpriser">drivstoffpriser (4)</a></li>
 576
 577  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english (409)</a></li>
 578
 579  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/fiksgatami">fiksgatami (23)</a></li>
 580
 581  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/fildeling">fildeling (14)</a></li>
 582
 583  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freeculture">freeculture (34)</a></li>
 584
 585  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freedombox">freedombox (9)</a></li>
 586
 587  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/frikanalen">frikanalen (20)</a></li>
 588
 589  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/h264">h264 (20)</a></li>
 590
 591  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/intervju">intervju (42)</a></li>
 592
 593  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/isenkram">isenkram (16)</a></li>
 594
 595  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/kart">kart (22)</a></li>
 596
 597  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/kodi">kodi (4)</a></li>
 598
 599  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ldap">ldap (9)</a></li>
 600
 601  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lego">lego (4)</a></li>
 602
 603  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lenker">lenker (8)</a></li>
 604
 605  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lsdvd">lsdvd (2)</a></li>
 606
 607  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ltsp">ltsp (1)</a></li>
 608
 609  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/mesh network">mesh network (8)</a></li>
 610
 611  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/multimedia">multimedia (42)</a></li>
 612
 613  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nice free software">nice free software (12)</a></li>
 614
 615  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/noark5">noark5 (17)</a></li>
 616
 617  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/norsk">norsk (307)</a></li>
 618
 619  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nuug">nuug (196)</a></li>
 620
 621  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/offentlig innsyn">offentlig innsyn (37)</a></li>
 622
 623  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/open311">open311 (2)</a></li>
 624
 625  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/opphavsrett">opphavsrett (75)</a></li>
 626
 627  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/personvern">personvern (109)</a></li>
 628
 629  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/raid">raid (2)</a></li>
 630
 631  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/reactos">reactos (1)</a></li>
 632
 633  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/reprap">reprap (11)</a></li>
 634
 635  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/rfid">rfid (3)</a></li>
 636
 637  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/robot">robot (12)</a></li>
 638
 639  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/rss">rss (1)</a></li>
 640
 641  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ruter">ruter (7)</a></li>
 642
 643  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/scraperwiki">scraperwiki (2)</a></li>
 644
 645  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sikkerhet">sikkerhet (56)</a></li>
 646
 647  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sitesummary">sitesummary (4)</a></li>
 648
 649  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/skepsis">skepsis (5)</a></li>
 650
 651  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/standard">standard (66)</a></li>
 652
 653  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/stavekontroll">stavekontroll (6)</a></li>
 654
 655  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/stortinget">stortinget (12)</a></li>
 656
 657  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/surveillance">surveillance (56)</a></li>
 658
 659  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sysadmin">sysadmin (4)</a></li>
 660
 661  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/usenix">usenix (2)</a></li>
 662
 663  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/valg">valg (9)</a></li>
 664
 665  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/verkidetfri">verkidetfri (17)</a></li>
 666
 667  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video (73)</a></li>
 668
 669  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/vitenskap">vitenskap (4)</a></li>
 670
 671  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/web">web (42)</a></li>
 672
 673 </ul>
 674
 675
 676     </div>
 677     <p style="text-align: right">
 678  Created by <a href="http://steve.org.uk/Software/chronicle">Chronicle v4.6</a>
 679 </p>
 680
 681   </body>
 682 </html>