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  13  <h1>
  14      <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/">Petter Reinholdtsen</a>
  15
  16  </h1>
  17
  18 </div>
  19
  20
  21
  22     <div class="entry">
  23       <div class="title"><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Speech_to_text__she_APTly_whispered__how_hard_can_it_be_.html">Speech to text, she APTly whispered, how hard can it be?</a></div>
  24       <div class="date">23rd April 2023</div>
  25       <div class="body"><p>While visiting a convention during Eastern, it occurred to me that
  26 it would be great if I could have a digital Dictaphone with
  27 transcribing capabilities, providing me with texts to cut-n-paste into
  28 stuff I need to write.  The background is that long drives often bring
  29 up the urge to write on texts I am working on, which of course is out
  30 of the question while driving.  With the release of
  31 <a href="https://github.com/openai/whisper/">OpenAI Whisper</a>, this
  32 seem to be within reach with Free Software, so I decided to give it a
  33 go.  OpenAI Whisper is a Linux based neural network system to read in
  34 audio files and provide text representation of the speech in that
  35 audio recording.  It handle multiple languages and according to its
  36 creators even can translate into a different language than the spoken
  37 one.  I have not tested the latter feature.  It can either use the CPU
  38 or a GPU with CODA support.  As far as I can tell, CODA in practice
  39 limit that feature to NVidia graphics cards.  I have few of those, as
  40 they do not work great with free software drivers, and have not tested
  41 the GPU option.  While looking into the matter, I did discover some
  42 work to provide CODA support on non-NVidia GPUs, and some work with
  43 the library used by Whisper to port it to other GPUs, but have not
  44 spent much time looking into GPU support yet.  I've so far used an old
  45 X220 laptop as my test machine, and only transcribed using its
  46 CPU.</p>
  47
  48 <p>As it from a privacy standpoint is unthinkable to use computers
  49 under control of someone else (aka a "cloud" service) to transcribe
  50 ones thoughts and personal notes, I want to run the transcribing
  51 system locally on my own computers.  The only sensible approach to me
  52 is to make the effort I put into this available for any Linux user and
  53 to upload the needed packages into Debian.  Looking at Debian Bookworm, I
  54 discovered that only three packages were missing,
  55 <a href="https://bugs.debian.org/1034307">tiktoken</a>,
  56 <a href="https://bugs.debian.org/1034144">triton</a>, and
  57 <a href="https://bugs.debian.org/1034091">openai-whisper</a>.  For a while
  58 I also believed
  59 <a href="https://bugs.debian.org/1034286">ffmpeg-python</a> was
  60 needed, but as its
  61 <a href="https://github.com/kkroening/ffmpeg-python/issues/760">upstream
  62 seem to have vanished</a> I found it safer
  63 <a href="https://github.com/openai/whisper/pull/1242">to rewrite
  64 whisper</a> to stop depending on in than to introduce ffmpeg-python
  65 into Debian.  I decided to place these packages under the umbrella of
  66 <a href="https://salsa.debian.org/deeplearning-team">the Debian Deep
  67 Learning Team</a>, which seem like the best team to look after such
  68 packages.  Discussing the topic within the group also made me aware
  69 that the triton package was already a future dependency of newer
  70 versions of the torch package being planned, and would be needed after
  71 Bookworm is released.</p>
  72
  73 <p>All required code packages have been now waiting in
  74 <a href="https://ftp-master.debian.org/new.html">the Debian NEW
  75 queue</a> since Wednesday, heading for Debian Experimental until
  76 Bookworm is released.  An unsolved issue is how to handle the neural
  77 network models used by Whisper.  The default behaviour of Whisper is
  78 to require Internet connectivity and download the model requested to
  79 <tt>~/.cache/whisper/</tt> on first invocation.  This obviously would
  80 fail <a href="https://people.debian.org/~bap/dfsg-faq.html">the
  81 deserted island test of free software</a> as the Debian packages would
  82 be unusable for someone stranded with only the Debian archive and solar
  83 powered computer on a deserted island.</p>
  84
  85 <p>Because of this, I would love to include the models in the Debian
  86 mirror system.  This is problematic, as the models are very large
  87 files, which would put a heavy strain on the Debian mirror
  88 infrastructure around the globe.  The strain would be even higher if
  89 the models change often, which luckily as far as I can tell they do
  90 not.  The small model, which according to its creator is most useful
  91 for English and in my experience is not doing a great job there
  92 either, is 462 MiB (deb is 414 MiB).  The medium model, which to me
  93 seem to handle English speech fairly well is 1.5 GiB (deb is 1.3 GiB)
  94 and the large model is 2.9 GiB (deb is 2.6 GiB).  I would assume
  95 everyone with enough resources would prefer to use the large model for
  96 highest quality.  I believe the models themselves would have to go
  97 into the non-free part of the Debian archive, as they are not really
  98 including any useful source code for updating the models.  The
  99 "source", aka the model training set, according to the creators
 100 consist of "680,000 hours of multilingual and multitask supervised
 101 data collected from the web", which to me reads material with both
 102 unknown copyright terms, unavailable to the general public.  In other
 103 words, the source is not available according to the Debian Free
 104 Software Guidelines and the model should be considered non-free.</p>
 105
 106 <p>I asked the Debian FTP masters for advice regarding uploading a
 107 model package on their IRC channel, and based on the feedback there it
 108 is still unclear to me if such package would be accepted into the
 109 archive.  In any case I wrote build rules for a
 110 <a href="https://salsa.debian.org/deeplearning-team/openai-whisper-model">OpenAI
 111 Whisper model package</a> and
 112 <a href="https://github.com/openai/whisper/pull/1257">modified the
 113 Whisper code base</a> to prefer shared files under <tt>/usr/</tt> and
 114 <tt>/var/</tt> over user specific files in <tt>~/.cache/whisper/</tt>
 115 to be able to use these model packages, to prepare for such
 116 possibility.  One solution might be to include only one of the models
 117 (small or medium, I guess) in the Debian archive, and ask people to
 118 download the others from the Internet.  Not quite sure what to do
 119 here, and advice is most welcome (use the debian-ai mailing list).</p>
 120
 121 <p>To make it easier to test the new packages while I wait for them to
 122 clear the NEW queue, I created an APT source targeting bookworm.  I
 123 selected Bookworm instead of Bullseye, even though I know the latter
 124 would reach more users, is that some of the required dependencies are
 125 missing from Bullseye and I during this phase of testing did not want
 126 to backport a lot of packages just to get up and running.</p>
 127
 128 <p>Here is a recipe to run as user root if you want to test OpenAI
 129 Whisper using Debian packages on your Debian Bookworm installation,
 130 first adding the APT repository GPG key to the list of trusted keys,
 131 then setting up the APT repository and finally installing the packages
 132 and one of the models:</p>
 133
 134 <p><pre>
 135 curl https://geekbay.nuug.no/~pere/openai-whisper/D78F5C4796F353D211B119E28200D9B589641240.asc \
 136   -o /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/pere-whisper.asc
 137 mkdir -p /etc/apt/sources.list.d
 138 cat > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pere-whisper.list &lt;&lt;EOF
 139 deb https://geekbay.nuug.no/~pere/openai-whisper/ bookworm main
 140 deb-src https://geekbay.nuug.no/~pere/openai-whisper/ bookworm main
 141 EOF
 142 apt update
 143 apt install openai-whisper
 144 </pre></p>
 145
 146 <p>The package work for me, but have not yet been tested on any other
 147 computer than my own.  With it, I have been able to (badly) transcribe
 148 a 2 minute 40 second Norwegian audio clip to test using the small
 149 model.  This took 11 minutes and around 2.2 GiB of RAM.  Transcribing
 150 the same file with the medium model gave a accurate text in 77 minutes
 151 using around 5.2 GiB of RAM.  My test machine had too little memory to
 152 test the large model, which I believe require 11 GiB of RAM.  In
 153 short, this now work for me using Debian packages, and I hope it will
 154 for you and everyone else once the packages enter Debian.</p>
 155
 156 <p>Now I can start on the audio recording part of this project.</p>
 157
 158 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
 159 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
 160 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
 161 </div>
 162       <div class="tags">
 163
 164
 165         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/multimedia">multimedia</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video</a>.
 166
 167
 168       </div>
 169     </div>
 170     <div class="padding"></div>
 171
 172     <div class="entry">
 173       <div class="title"><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/rtlsdr_scanner__software_defined_radio_frequency_scanner_for_Linux____nice_free_software.html">rtlsdr-scanner, software defined radio frequency scanner for Linux  - nice free software</a></div>
 174       <div class="date"> 7th April 2023</div>
 175       <div class="body"><p>Today I finally found time to track down a useful radio frequency
 176 scanner for my software defined radio.  Just for fun I tried to locate
 177 the radios used in the areas, and a good start would be to scan all
 178 the frequencies to see what is in use.  I've tried to find a useful
 179 program earlier, but ran out of time before I managed to find a useful
 180 tool.  This time I was more successful, and after a few false leads I
 181 found a description of
 182 <a href="https://www.kali.org/tools/rtlsdr-scanner/">rtlsdr-scanner
 183 over at the Kali site</a>, and was able to track down
 184 <a href="https://gitlab.com/kalilinux/packages/rtlsdr-scanner.git">the
 185 Kali package git repository</a> to build a deb package for the
 186 scanner.  Sadly the package is missing from the Debian project itself,
 187 at least in Debian Bullseye.  Two runtime dependencies,
 188 <a href="https://gitlab.com/kalilinux/packages/python-visvis.git">python-visvis</a>
 189 and
 190 <a href="https://gitlab.com/kalilinux/packages/python-rtlsdr.git">python-rtlsdr</a>
 191 had to be built and installed separately.  Luckily '<tt>gbp
 192 buildpackage</tt>' handled them just fine and no further packages had
 193 to be manually built.  The end result worked out of the box after
 194 installation.</p>
 195
 196 <p>My initial scans for FM channels worked just fine, so I knew the
 197 scanner was functioning.  But when I tried to scan every frequency
 198 from 100 to 1000 MHz, the program stopped unexpectedly near the
 199 completion.  After some debugging I discovered USB software radio I
 200 used rejected frequencies above 948 MHz, triggering a unreported
 201 exception breaking the scan.  Changing the scan to end at 957 worked
 202 better.  I similarly found the lower limit to be around 15, and ended
 203 up with the following full scan:</p>
 204
 205 <p><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/images/2023-04-07-radio-freq-scanning.png"><img src="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/images/2023-04-07-radio-freq-scanning.png" width="100%"></a></p>
 206
 207 <p>Saving the scan did not work, but exporting it as a CSV file worked
 208 just fine.  I ended up with around 477k CVS lines with dB level for
 209 the given frequency.</p>
 210
 211 <p>The save failure seem to be a missing UTF-8 encoding issue in the
 212 python code.  Will see if I can find time to send a patch
 213 <a href="https://github.com/CdeMills/RTLSDR-Scanner/">upstream</a>
 214 later to fix this exception:</p>
 215
 216 <pre>
 217 Traceback (most recent call last):
 218   File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/rtlsdr_scanner/main_window.py", line 485, in __on_save
 219     save_plot(fullName, self.scanInfo, self.spectrum, self.locations)
 220   File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/rtlsdr_scanner/file.py", line 408, in save_plot
 221     handle.write(json.dumps(data, indent=4))
 222 TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'
 223 Traceback (most recent call last):
 224   File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/rtlsdr_scanner/main_window.py", line 485, in __on_save
 225     save_plot(fullName, self.scanInfo, self.spectrum, self.locations)
 226   File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/rtlsdr_scanner/file.py", line 408, in save_plot
 227     handle.write(json.dumps(data, indent=4))
 228 TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'
 229 </pre>
 230
 231 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
 232 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
 233 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
 234 </div>
 235       <div class="tags">
 236
 237
 238         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nice free software">nice free software</a>.
 239
 240
 241       </div>
 242     </div>
 243     <div class="padding"></div>
 244
 245     <div class="entry">
 246       <div class="title"><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/OpenSnitch_available_in_Debian_Sid_and_Bookworm.html">OpenSnitch available in Debian Sid and Bookworm</a></div>
 247       <div class="date">25th February 2023</div>
 248       <div class="body"><p>Thanks to the efforts of the OpenSnitch lead developer Gustavo
 249 Iñiguez Goya allowing me to sponsor the upload,
 250 <a href="https://tracker.debian.org/pkg/opensnitch">the interactive
 251 application firewall OpenSnitch</a> is now available in Debian
 252 Testing, soon to become the next stable release of Debian.</p>
 253
 254 <p>This is a package which set up a network firewall on one or more
 255 machines, which is controlled by a graphical user interface that will
 256 ask the user if a program should be allowed to connect to the local
 257 network or the Internet.  If some background daemon is trying to dial
 258 home, it can be blocked from doing so with a simple mouse click, or by
 259 default simply by not doing anything when the GUI question dialog pop
 260 up.  A list of all programs discovered using the network is provided
 261 in the GUI, giving the user an overview of how the machine(s) programs
 262 use the network.</p>
 263
 264 <p>OpenSnitch was uploaded for NEW processing about a month ago, and I
 265 had little hope of it getting accepted and shaping up in time for the
 266 package freeze, but the Debian ftpmasters proved to be amazingly quick
 267 at checking out the package and it was accepted into the archive about
 268 week after the first upload.  It is now team maintained under the Go
 269 language team umbrella.  A few fixes to the default setup is only in
 270 Sid, and should migrate to Testing/Bookworm in a week.</p>
 271
 272 <p>During testing I ran into an
 273 <a href="https://github.com/evilsocket/opensnitch/issues/813">issue
 274 with Minecraft server broadcasts disappearing</a>, which was quickly
 275 resolved by the developer with a patch and a proposed configuration
 276 change.  I've been told this was caused by the Debian packages default
 277 use if /proc/ information to track down kernel status, instead of the
 278 newer eBPF module that can be used.  The reason is simply that
 279 upstream and I have failed to find a way to build the eBPF modules for
 280 OpenSnitch without a complete configured Linux kernel source tree,
 281 which as far as we can tell is unavailable as a build dependency in
 282 Debian.  We tried unsuccessfully so far to use the kernel-headers
 283 package.  It would be great if someone could provide some clues how to
 284 build eBPF modules on build daemons in Debian, possibly without the full
 285 kernel source.</p>
 286
 287 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
 288 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
 289 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
 290 </div>
 291       <div class="tags">
 292
 293
 294         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>.
 295
 296
 297       </div>
 298     </div>
 299     <div class="padding"></div>
 300
 301     <div class="entry">
 302       <div class="title"><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Is_the_desktop_recommending_your_program_for_opening_its_files_.html">Is the desktop recommending your program for opening its files?</a></div>
 303       <div class="date">29th January 2023</div>
 304       <div class="body"><p>Linux desktop systems
 305 <a href="https://specifications.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html">have
 306 standardized</a> how programs present themselves to the desktop
 307 system.  If a package include a .desktop file in
 308 /usr/share/applications/, Gnome, KDE, LXDE, Xfce and the other desktop
 309 environments will pick up the file and use its content to generate the
 310 menu of available programs in the system.  A lesser known fact is that
 311 a package can also explain to the desktop system how to recognize the
 312 files created by the program in question, and use it to open these
 313 files on request, for example via a GUI file browser.</p>
 314
 315 <p>A while back I ran into a package that did not tell the desktop
 316 system how to recognize its files and was not used to open its files
 317 in the file browser and fixed it.  In the process I wrote a simple
 318 debian/tests/ script to ensure the setup keep working.  It might be
 319 useful for other packages too, to ensure any future version of the
 320 package keep handling its own files.</p>
 321
 322 <p>For this to work the file format need a useful MIME type that can
 323 be used to identify the format.  If the file format do not yet have a
 324 MIME type, it should define one and preferably also
 325 <a href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml">register
 326 it with IANA</a> to ensure the MIME type string is reserved.</p>
 327
 328 <p>The script uses the <tt>xdg-mime</tt> program from xdg-utils to
 329 query the database of standardized package information and ensure it
 330 return sensible values.  It also need the location of an example file
 331 for xdg-mime to guess the format of.</p>
 332
 333 <pre>
 334 #!/bin/sh
 335 #
 336 # Author: Petter Reinholdtsen
 337 # License: GPL v2 or later at your choice.
 338 #
 339 # Validate the MIME setup, making sure motor types have
 340 # application/vnd.openmotor+yaml associated with them and is connected
 341 # to the openmotor desktop file.
 342
 343 retval=0
 344
 345 mimetype="application/vnd.openmotor+yaml"
 346 testfile="test/data/real/o3100/motor.ric"
 347 mydesktopfile="openmotor.desktop"
 348
 349 filemime="$(xdg-mime query filetype "$testfile")"
 350
 351 if [ "$mimetype" != "$filemime" ] ; then
 352     retval=1
 353     echo "error: xdg-mime claim motor file MIME type is $filemine, not $mimetype"
 354 else
 355     echo "success: xdg-mime report correct mime type $mimetype for motor file"
 356 fi
 357
 358 desktop=$(xdg-mime query default "$mimetype")
 359
 360 if [ "$mydesktopfile" != "$desktop" ]; then
 361     retval=1
 362     echo "error: xdg-mime claim motor file should be handled by $desktop, not $mydesktopfile"
 363 else
 364     echo "success: xdg-mime agree motor file should be handled by $mydesktopfile"
 365 fi
 366
 367 exit $retval
 368 </pre>
 369
 370 <p>It is a simple way to ensure your users are not very surprised when
 371 they try to open one of your file formats in their file browser.</p>
 372
 373 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
 374 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
 375 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
 376 </div>
 377       <div class="tags">
 378
 379
 380         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>.
 381
 382
 383       </div>
 384     </div>
 385     <div class="padding"></div>
 386
 387     <div class="entry">
 388       <div class="title"><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Opensnitch__the_application_level_interactive_firewall__heading_into_the_Debian_archive.html">Opensnitch, the application level interactive firewall, heading into the Debian archive</a></div>
 389       <div class="date">22nd January 2023</div>
 390       <div class="body"><p>While reading a
 391 <a href="https://sneak.berlin/20230115/macos-scans-your-local-files-now/">blog
 392 post claiming MacOS X recently started scanning local files and
 393 reporting information about them to Apple</a>, even on a machine where
 394 all such callback features had been disabled, I came across a
 395 description of the Little Snitch application for MacOS X.  It seemed
 396 like a very nice tool to have in the tool box, and I decided to see if
 397 something similar was available for Linux.</p>
 398
 399 <p>It did not take long to find
 400 <a href="https://github.com/evilsocket/opensnitch">the OpenSnitch
 401 package</a>, which has been in development since 2017, and now is in
 402 version 1.5.0.  It has had a
 403 <a href="https://bugs.debian.org/909567">request for Debian
 404 packaging</a> since 2018, but no-one completed the job so far.  Just
 405 for fun, I decided to see if I could help, and I was very happy to
 406 discover that
 407 <a href="https://github.com/evilsocket/opensnitch/issues/304">upstream
 408 want a Debian package too</a>.</p>
 409
 410 <p>After struggling a bit with getting the program to run, figuring
 411 out building Go programs (and a little failed detour to look at eBPF
 412 builds too - help needed), I am very happy to report that I am
 413 sponsoring upstream to maintain the package in Debian, and it has
 414 since this morning been waiting in NEW for the ftpmasters to have a
 415 look.  Perhaps it can get into the archive in time for the Bookworm
 416 release?</p>
 417
 418 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
 419 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
 420 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
 421 </div>
 422       <div class="tags">
 423
 424
 425         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>.
 426
 427
 428       </div>
 429     </div>
 430     <div class="padding"></div>
 431
 432     <div class="entry">
 433       <div class="title"><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/LinuxCNC_MQTT_publisher_component.html">LinuxCNC MQTT publisher component</a></div>
 434       <div class="date"> 8th January 2023</div>
 435       <div class="body"><p>I watched <a href="https://yewtu.be/watch?v=jmKUV3aNLjk">a 2015
 436 video from Andreas Schiffler</a> the other day, where he set up
 437 <a href="https://linuxcnc.org/">LinuxCNC</a> to send status
 438 information to the MQTT broker IBM Bluemix.  As I also use MQTT for
 439 graphing, it occured to me that a generic MQTT LinuxCNC component
 440 would be useful and I set out to implement it.  Today I got the first
 441 draft limping along and submitted as
 442 <a href="https://github.com/LinuxCNC/linuxcnc/pull/2253">a patch to the
 443 LinuxCNC project</a>.</p>
 444
 445 <p>The simple part was setting up the MQTT publishing code in Python.
 446 I already have set up other parts submitting data to my Mosquito MQTT
 447 broker, so I could reuse that code.  Writing a LinuxCNC component in
 448 Python as new to me, but using existing examples in the code
 449 repository and the extensive documentation, this was fairly straight
 450 forward.  The hardest part was creating a automated test for the
 451 component to ensure it was working.  Testing it in a simulated
 452 LinuxCNC machine proved very useful, as I discovered features I needed
 453 that I had not thought of yet, and adjusted the code quite a bit to
 454 make it easier to test without a operational MQTT broker
 455 available.</p>
 456
 457 <p>The draft is ready and working, but I am unsure which LinuxCNC HAL
 458 pins I should collect and publish by default (in other words, the
 459 default set of information pieces published), and how to get the
 460 machine name from the LinuxCNC INI file.  The latter is a minor
 461 detail, but I expect it would be useful in a setup with several
 462 machines available.  I am hoping for feedback from the experienced
 463 LinuxCNC developers and users, to make the component even better
 464 before it can go into the mainland LinuxCNC code base.</p>
 465
 466 <p>Since I started on the MQTT component, I came across
 467 <a href="https://yewtu.be/watch?v=Bqa2grG0XtA">another video from Kent
 468 VanderVelden</a> where he combine LinuxCNC with a set of screen glasses
 469 controlled by a Raspberry Pi, and it occured to me that it would
 470 be useful for such use cases if LinuxCNC also provided a REST API for
 471 querying its status.  I hope to start on such component once the MQTT
 472 component is working well.</p>
 473
 474 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
 475 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
 476 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
 477 </div>
 478       <div class="tags">
 479
 480
 481         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/linuxcnc">linuxcnc</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/robot">robot</a>.
 482
 483
 484       </div>
 485     </div>
 486     <div class="padding"></div>
 487
 488     <div class="entry">
 489       <div class="title"><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/ONVIF_IP_camera_management_tool_finally_in_Debian.html">ONVIF IP camera management tool finally in Debian</a></div>
 490       <div class="date">24th December 2022</div>
 491       <div class="body"><p>Merry Christmas to you all.  Here is a small gift to all those with
 492 IP cameras following the <a href="https://www.onvif.org/">ONVIF
 493 specification</a>.  There is finally a nice command line and GUI tool
 494 in Debian to manage ONVIF IP cameras.  After working with upstream for
 495 a few months and sponsoring the upload, I am very happy to report that
 496 the <a href="https://tracker.debian.org/libonvif">libonvif package</a>
 497 entered Debian Sid last night.</p>
 498
 499 <p>The package provide a C library to communicate with such cameras, a
 500 command line tool to locate and update settings of (like password) the
 501 cameras and a GUI tool to configure and control the units as well as
 502 preview the video from the camera.  Libonvif is available on Both
 503 Linux and Windows and the GUI tool uses the Qt library.  The main
 504 competitors are non-free software, while libonvif is GNU GPL licensed.
 505 I am very glad Debian users in the future can control their cameras
 506 using a free software system provided by Debian.  But the ONVIF world
 507 is full of slightly broken firmware, where the cameras pretend to
 508 follow the ONVIF specification but fail to set some configuration
 509 values or refuse to provide video to more than one recipient at the
 510 time, and the onvif project is quite young and might take a while
 511 before it completely work with your camera.  Upstream seem eager to
 512 improve the library, so handling any broken camera might be just <a
 513 href="https://github.com/sr99622/libonvif/">a bug report away</a>.</p>
 514
 515 <p>The package just cleared NEW, and need a new source only upload
 516 before it can enter testing.  This will happen in the next few
 517 days.</p>
 518
 519 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
 520 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
 521 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
 522 </div>
 523       <div class="tags">
 524
 525
 526         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/multimedia">multimedia</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/standard">standard</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/surveillance">surveillance</a>.
 527
 528
 529       </div>
 530     </div>
 531     <div class="padding"></div>
 532
 533     <div class="entry">
 534       <div class="title"><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Managing_and_using_ONVIF_IP_cameras_with_Linux.html">Managing and using ONVIF IP cameras with Linux</a></div>
 535       <div class="date">19th October 2022</div>
 536       <div class="body"><p>Recently I have been looking at how to control and collect data
 537 from a handful IP cameras using Linux.  I both wanted to change their
 538 settings and to make their imagery available via a free software
 539 service under my control.  Here is a summary of the tools I found.</p>
 540
 541 <p>First I had to identify the cameras and their protocols.  As far as
 542 I could tell, they were using some SOAP looking protocol and their
 543 internal web server seem to only work with Microsoft Internet Explorer
 544 with some proprietary binary plugin, which in these days of course is
 545 a security disaster and also made it impossible for me to use the
 546 camera web interface.  Luckily I discovered that the SOAP looking
 547 protocol is actually following <a href="https://www.onvif.org/">the
 548 ONVIF specification</a>, which seem to be supported by a lot of IP
 549 cameras these days.</p>
 550
 551 <p>Once the protocol was identified, I was able to find what appear to
 552 be the most popular way to configure ONVIF cameras, the free software
 553 Windows tool named
 554 <a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/onvifdm/">ONVIF Device
 555 Manager</a>.  Lacking any other options at the time, I tried
 556 unsuccessfully to get it running using Wine, but was missing a dotnet
 557 40 library and I found no way around it to run it on Linux.</p>
 558
 559 <p>The next tool I found to configure the cameras were a non-free Linux Qt
 560 client <a href="https://www.lingodigit.com/onvif_nvcdemo.html">ONVIF
 561 Device Tool</a>.  I did not like its terms of use, so did not spend
 562 much time on it.</p>
 563
 564 <p>To collect the video and make it available in a web interface, I
 565 found the Zoneminder tool in Debian.  A recent version was able to
 566 automatically detect and configure ONVIF devices, so I could use it to
 567 set up motion detection in and collection of the camera output.  I had
 568 initial problems getting the ONVIF autodetection to work, as both
 569 Firefox and Chromium <a href="https://bugs.debian.org/1001188">refused
 570 the inter-tab communication</a> being used by the Zoneminder web
 571 pages, but managed to get konqueror to work.  Apparently the "Enhanced
 572 Tracking Protection" in Firefox cause the problem.  I ended up
 573 upgrading to the Bookworm edition of Zoneminder in the process to try
 574 to fix the issue, and believe the problem might be solved now.</p>
 575
 576 <p>In the process I came across the nice Linux GUI tool
 577 <a href="https://gitlab.com/caspermeijn/onvifviewer/">ONVIF Viewer</a>
 578 allowing me to preview the camera output and validate the login
 579 passwords required.  Sadly its author has grown tired of maintaining
 580 the software, so it might not see any future updates.  Which is sad,
 581 as the viewer is sightly unstable and the picture tend to lock up.
 582 Note, this lockup might be due to limitations in the cameras and not
 583 the viewer implementation.  I suspect the camera is only able to
 584 provide pictures to one client at the time, and the Zoneminder feed
 585 might interfere with the GUI viewer.  I have
 586 <a href="https://bugs.debian.org/1000820">asked for the tool to be
 587 included in Debian</a>.</p>
 588
 589 <p>Finally, I found what appear to be very nice Linux free software
 590 replacement for the Windows tool, named
 591 <a href="https://github.com/sr99622/libonvif/">libonvif</a>.  It
 592 provide a C library to talk to ONVIF devices as well as a command line
 593 and GUI tool using the library.  Using the GUI tool I was able to change
 594 the admin passwords and update other settings of the cameras.  I have
 595 <a href="https://bugs.debian.org/1021980">asked for the package to be
 596 included in Debian</a>.</p>
 597
 598 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
 599 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
 600 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
 601
 602 <p><strong>Update 2022-10-20</strong>: Since my initial publication of
 603 this text, I got several suggestions for more free software Linux
 604 tools.  There is <a href="https://github.com/quatanium/python-onvif">a
 605 ONVIF python library</a> (already
 606 <a href="https://bugs.debian.org/824240">requested into Debian</a>) and
 607 <a href="https://github.com/FalkTannhaeuser/python-onvif-zeep">a python 3
 608 fork</a> using a different SOAP dependency.  There is also
 609 <a href="https://www.home-assistant.io/integrations/onvif/">support for
 610 ONVIF in Home Assistant</a>, and there is an alternative to Zoneminder
 611 called <a href="https://www.shinobi.video/">Shinobi</a>.  The latter
 612 two are not included in Debian either.  I have not tested any of these
 613 so far.</p>
 614 </div>
 615       <div class="tags">
 616
 617
 618         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/multimedia">multimedia</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/standard">standard</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/surveillance">surveillance</a>.
 619
 620
 621       </div>
 622     </div>
 623     <div class="padding"></div>
 624
 625     <div class="entry">
 626       <div class="title"><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Time_to_translate_the_Bullseye_edition_of_the_Debian_Administrator_s_Handbook.html">Time to translate the Bullseye edition of the Debian Administrator's Handbook</a></div>
 627       <div class="date">12th September 2022</div>
 628       <div class="body"><p align="center"><img align="center" src="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/images/2020-10-20-debian-handbook-nb-testprint.jpeg" width="60%"/></p>
 629
 630 <p>(The picture is of the previous edition.)</p>
 631
 632 <p>Almost two years after the previous Norwegian Bokmål translation of
 633 the "<a href="https://debian-handbook.info/">The Debian Administrator's
 634 Handbook</a>" was published, a new edition is finally being prepared.  The
 635 english text is updated, and it is time to start working on the
 636 translations.  Around 37 percent of the strings have been updated, one
 637 way or another, and the translations starting from a complete Debian Buster
 638 edition now need to bring their translation up from 63% to 100%.  The
 639 complete book is licensed using a Creative Commons license, and has
 640 been published in several languages over the years.  The translations
 641 are done by volunteers to bring Linux in their native tongue.  The
 642 last time I checked, it complete text was available in English,
 643 Norwegian Bokmål, German, Indonesian, Brazil Portuguese and Spanish.
 644 In addition, work has been started for Arabic (Morocco), Catalan,
 645 Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Croatian, Czech, Danish,
 646 Dutch, French, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Persian, Polish,
 647 Romanian, Russian, Swedish, Turkish and Vietnamese.</p>
 648
 649 <p>The translation is conducted on
 650 <a href="https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/debian-handbook/">the
 651 hosted weblate project page</a>.  Prospective translators are
 652 recommeded to subscribe to
 653 <a href="http://lists.alioth.debian.org/mailman/listinfo/debian-handbook-translators">the
 654 translators mailing list</a> and should also check out
 655 <a href="https://debian-handbook.info/contribute/">the instructions for
 656 contributors</a>.</p>
 657
 658 <p>I am one of the Norwegian Bokmål translators of this book, and we
 659 have just started.  Your contribution is most welcome.</p>
 660
 661 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
 662 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
 663 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
 664 </div>
 665       <div class="tags">
 666
 667
 668         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian-handbook">debian-handbook</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>.
 669
 670
 671       </div>
 672     </div>
 673     <div class="padding"></div>
 674
 675     <div class="entry">
 676       <div class="title"><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Automatic_LinuxCNC_servo_PID_tuning_.html">Automatic LinuxCNC servo PID tuning?</a></div>
 677       <div class="date">16th July 2022</div>
 678       <div class="body"><p>While working on a CNC with servo motors controlled by the
 679 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinuxCNC">LinuxCNC</a>
 680 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_controller">PID
 681 controller</a>, I recently had to learn how to tune the collection of values
 682 that control such mathematical machinery that a PID controller is.  It
 683 proved to be a lot harder than I hoped, and I still have not succeeded
 684 in getting the Z PID controller to successfully defy gravity, nor X
 685 and Y to move accurately and reliably.  But while climbing up this
 686 rather steep learning curve, I discovered that some motor control
 687 systems are able to tune their PID controllers.  I got the impression
 688 from the documentation that LinuxCNC were not.  This proved to be not
 689 true.</p>
 690
 691 <p>The LinuxCNC
 692 <a href="http://linuxcnc.org/docs/html/man/man9/pid.9.html">pid
 693 component</a> is the recommended PID controller to use.  It uses eight
 694 constants <tt>Pgain</tt>, <tt>Igain</tt>, <tt>Dgain</tt>,
 695 <tt>bias</tt>, <tt>FF0</tt>, <tt>FF1</tt>, <tt>FF2</tt> and
 696 <tt>FF3</tt> to calculate the output value based on current and wanted
 697 state, and all of these need to have a sensible value for the
 698 controller to behave properly.  Note, there are even more values
 699 involved, theser are just the most important ones.  In my case I need
 700 the X, Y and Z axes to follow the requested path with little error.
 701 This has proved quite a challenge for someone who have never tuned a
 702 PID controller before, but there is at least some help to be found.
 703
 704 <p>I discovered that included in LinuxCNC was this old PID component
 705 at_pid claiming to have auto tuning capabilities.  Sadly it had been
 706 neglected since 2011, and could not be used as a plug in replacement
 707 for the default pid component.  One would have to rewriting the
 708 LinuxCNC HAL setup to test at_pid.  This was rather sad, when I wanted
 709 to quickly test auto tuning to see if it did a better job than me at
 710 figuring out good P, I and D values to use.</p>
 711
 712 <p>I decided to have a look if the situation could be improved.  This
 713 involved trying to understand the code and history of the pid and
 714 at_pid components.  Apparently they had a common ancestor, as code
 715 structure, comments and variable names were quite close to each other.
 716 Sadly this was not reflected in the git history, making it hard to
 717 figure out what really happened.  My guess is that the author of
 718 <a href="https://github.com/LinuxCNC/linuxcnc/blob/master/src/hal/components/at_pid.c">at_pid.c</a>
 719 took a version of
 720 <a href="https://github.com/LinuxCNC/linuxcnc/blob/master/src/hal/components/pid.c">pid.c</a>,
 721 rewrote it to follow the structure he wished pid.c to have, then added
 722 support for auto tuning and finally got it included into the LinuxCNC
 723 repository.  The restructuring and lack of early history made it
 724 harder to figure out which part of the code were relevant to the auto
 725 tuning, and which part of the code needed to be updated to work the
 726 same way as the current pid.c implementation.  I started by trying to
 727 isolate relevant changes in pid.c, and applying them to at_pid.c.  My
 728 aim was to make sure the at_pid component could replace the pid
 729 component with a simple change in the HAL setup loadrt line, without
 730 having to "rewire" the rest of the HAL configuration.  After a few
 731 hours following this approach, I had learned quite a lot about the
 732 code structure of both components, while concluding I was heading down
 733 the wrong rabbit hole, and should get back to the surface and find a
 734 different path.</p>
 735
 736 <p>For the second attempt, I decided to throw away all the PID control
 737 related part of the original at_pid.c, and instead isolate and lift
 738 the auto tuning part of the code and inject it into a copy of pid.c.
 739 This ensured compatibility with the current pid component, while
 740 adding auto tuning as a run time option.  To make it easier to identify
 741 the relevant parts in the future, I wrapped all the auto tuning code
 742 with '#ifdef AUTO_TUNER'.  The end result behave just like the current
 743 pid component by default, as that part of the code is identical.  The
 744 <a href="https://github.com/LinuxCNC/linuxcnc/pull/1820">end result
 745 entered the LinuxCNC master branch</a> a few days ago.</p>
 746
 747 <p>To enable auto tuning, one need to set a few HAL pins in the PID
 748 component.  The most important ones are <tt>tune-effort</tt>,
 749 <tt>tune-mode</tt> and <tt>tune-start</tt>.  But lets take a step
 750 back, and see what the auto tuning code will do.  I do not know the
 751 mathematical foundation of the at_pid algorithm, but from observation
 752 I can tell that the algorithm will, when enabled, produce a square
 753 wave pattern centered around the <tt>bias</tt> value on the output pin
 754 of the PID controller.  This can be seen using the HAL Scope provided
 755 by LinuxCNC.  In my case, this is translated into voltage (+-10V) sent
 756 to the motor controller, which in turn is translated into motor speed.
 757 So at_pid will ask the motor to move the axis back and forth.  The
 758 number of cycles in the pattern is controlled by the
 759 <tt>tune-cycles</tt> pin, and the extremes of the wave pattern is
 760 controlled by the <tt>tune-effort</tt> pin.  Of course, trying to
 761 change the direction of a physical object instantly (as in going
 762 directly from a positive voltage to the equivalent negative voltage)
 763 do not change velocity instantly, and it take some time for the object
 764 to slow down and move in the opposite direction.  This result in a
 765 more smooth movement wave form, as the axis in question were vibrating
 766 back and forth.  When the axis reached the target speed in the
 767 opposing direction, the auto tuner change direction again.  After
 768 several of these changes, the average time delay between the 'peaks'
 769 and 'valleys' of this movement graph is then used to calculate
 770 proposed values for Pgain, Igain and Dgain, and insert them into the
 771 HAL model to use by the pid controller.  The auto tuned settings are
 772 not great, but htye work a lot better than the values I had been able
 773 to cook up on my own, at least for the horizontal X and Y axis.  But I
 774 had to use very small <tt>tune-effort<tt> values, as my motor
 775 controllers error out if the voltage change too quickly.  I've been
 776 less lucky with the Z axis, which is moving a heavy object up and
 777 down, and seem to confuse the algorithm.  The Z axis movement became a
 778 lot better when I introduced a <tt>bias</tt> value to counter the
 779 gravitational drag, but I will have to work a lot more on the Z axis
 780 PID values.</p>
 781
 782 <p>Armed with this knowledge, it is time to look at how to do the
 783 tuning.  Lets say the HAL configuration in question load the PID
 784 component for X, Y and Z like this:</p>
 785
 786 <blockquote><pre>
 787 loadrt pid names=pid.x,pid.y,pid.z
 788 </pre></blockquote>
 789
 790 <p>Armed with the new and improved at_pid component, the new line will
 791 look like this:</p>
 792
 793 <blockquote><pre>
 794 loadrt at_pid names=pid.x,pid.y,pid.z
 795 </pre></blockquote>
 796
 797 <p>The rest of the HAL setup can stay the same.  This work because the
 798 components are referenced by name.  If the component had used count=3
 799 instead, all use of pid.# had to be changed to at_pid.#.</p>
 800
 801 <p>To start tuning the X axis, move the axis to the middle of its
 802 range, to make sure it do not hit anything when it start moving back
 803 and forth.  Next, set the <tt>tune-effort</tt> to a low number in the
 804 output range.  I used 0.1 as my initial value.  Next, assign 1 to the
 805 <tt>tune-mode</tt> value. Note, this will disable the pid controlling
 806 part and feed 0 to the output pin, which in my case initially caused a
 807 lot of drift.  In my case it proved to be a good idea with X and Y to
 808 tune the motor driver to make sure 0 voltage stopped the motor
 809 rotation.  On the other hand, for the Z axis this proved to be a bad
 810 idea, so it will depend on your setup.  It might help to set the
 811 <tt>bias</tt> value to a output value that reduce or eliminate the
 812 axis drift.  Finally, after setting <tt>tune-mode</tt>, set
 813 <tt>tune-start</tt> to 1 to activate the auto tuning.  If all go well,
 814 your axis will vibrate for a few seconds and when it is done, new
 815 values for Pgain, Igain and Dgain will be active.  To test them,
 816 change <tt>tune-mode</tt> back to 0.  Note that this might cause the
 817 machine to suddenly jerk as it bring the axis back to its commanded
 818 position, which it might have drifted away from during tuning.  To
 819 summarize with some halcmd lines:</p>
 820
 821 <blockquote><pre>
 822 setp pid.x.tune-effort 0.1
 823 setp pid.x.tune-mode 1
 824 setp pid.x.tune-start 1
 825 # wait for the tuning to complete
 826 setp pid.x.tune-mode 0
 827 </pre></blockquote>
 828
 829 <p>After doing this task quite a few times while trying to figure out
 830 how to properly tune the PID controllers on the machine in, I decided
 831 to figure out if this process could be automated, and wrote a script
 832 to do the entire tuning process from power on.  The end result will
 833 ensure the machine is powered on and ready to run, home all axis if it
 834 is not already done, check that the extra tuning pins are available,
 835 move the axis to its mid point, run the auto tuning and re-enable the
 836 pid controller when it is done.  It can be run several times.  Check
 837 out the
 838 <a href="https://github.com/SebKuzminsky/MazakVQC1540/blob/bon-dev/scripts/run-auto-pid-tuner">run-auto-pid-tuner</a>
 839 script on github if you want to learn how it is done.</p>
 840
 841 <p>My hope is that this little adventure can inspire someone who know
 842 more about motor PID controller tuning can implement even better
 843 algorithms for automatic PID tuning in LinuxCNC, making life easier
 844 for both me and all the others that want to use LinuxCNC but lack the
 845 in depth knowledge needed to tune PID controllers well.</p>
 846
 847 <p>As usual, if you use Bitcoin and want to show your support of my
 848 activities, please send Bitcoin donations to my address
 849 <b><a href="bitcoin:15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b">15oWEoG9dUPovwmUL9KWAnYRtNJEkP1u1b</a></b>.</p>
 850 </div>
 851       <div class="tags">
 852
 853
 854         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/3d-printer">3d-printer</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/linuxcnc">linuxcnc</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/robot">robot</a>.
 855
 856
 857       </div>
 858     </div>
 859     <div class="padding"></div>
 860
 861     <p style="text-align: right;"><a href="index.rss"><img src="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/xml.gif" alt="RSS feed" width="36" height="14" /></a></p>
 862     <div id="sidebar">
 863
 864
 865
 866 <h2>Archive</h2>
 867 <ul>
 868
 869 <li>2023
 870 <ul>
 871
 872 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2023/01/">January (3)</a></li>
 873
 874 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2023/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 875
 876 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2023/04/">April (2)</a></li>
 877
 878 </ul></li>
 879
 880 <li>2022
 881 <ul>
 882
 883 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 884
 885 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 886
 887 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/04/">April (2)</a></li>
 888
 889 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 890
 891 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/07/">July (1)</a></li>
 892
 893 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 894
 895 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/10/">October (1)</a></li>
 896
 897 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/12/">December (1)</a></li>
 898
 899 </ul></li>
 900
 901 <li>2021
 902 <ul>
 903
 904 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 905
 906 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 907
 908 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/05/">May (1)</a></li>
 909
 910 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/06/">June (1)</a></li>
 911
 912 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/07/">July (3)</a></li>
 913
 914 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/08/">August (1)</a></li>
 915
 916 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 917
 918 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/10/">October (1)</a></li>
 919
 920 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/12/">December (1)</a></li>
 921
 922 </ul></li>
 923
 924 <li>2020
 925 <ul>
 926
 927 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/02/">February (2)</a></li>
 928
 929 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/03/">March (2)</a></li>
 930
 931 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/04/">April (2)</a></li>
 932
 933 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 934
 935 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 936
 937 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/07/">July (1)</a></li>
 938
 939 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 940
 941 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/10/">October (1)</a></li>
 942
 943 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/11/">November (1)</a></li>
 944
 945 </ul></li>
 946
 947 <li>2019
 948 <ul>
 949
 950 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/01/">January (4)</a></li>
 951
 952 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 953
 954 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 955
 956 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/05/">May (2)</a></li>
 957
 958 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/06/">June (5)</a></li>
 959
 960 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 961
 962 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/08/">August (1)</a></li>
 963
 964 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 965
 966 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/11/">November (1)</a></li>
 967
 968 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/12/">December (4)</a></li>
 969
 970 </ul></li>
 971
 972 <li>2018
 973 <ul>
 974
 975 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/01/">January (1)</a></li>
 976
 977 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/02/">February (5)</a></li>
 978
 979 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/03/">March (5)</a></li>
 980
 981 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/04/">April (3)</a></li>
 982
 983 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 984
 985 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/07/">July (5)</a></li>
 986
 987 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 988
 989 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/09/">September (3)</a></li>
 990
 991 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/10/">October (5)</a></li>
 992
 993 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/11/">November (2)</a></li>
 994
 995 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/12/">December (4)</a></li>
 996
 997 </ul></li>
 998
 999 <li>2017
1000 <ul>
1001
1002 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/01/">January (4)</a></li>
1003
1004 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/02/">February (3)</a></li>
1005
1006 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/03/">March (5)</a></li>
1007
1008 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/04/">April (2)</a></li>
1009
1010 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/06/">June (5)</a></li>
1011
1012 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/07/">July (1)</a></li>
1013
1014 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/08/">August (1)</a></li>
1015
1016 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/09/">September (3)</a></li>
1017
1018 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/10/">October (5)</a></li>
1019
1020 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/11/">November (3)</a></li>
1021
1022 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/12/">December (4)</a></li>
1023
1024 </ul></li>
1025
1026 <li>2016
1027 <ul>
1028
1029 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/01/">January (3)</a></li>
1030
1031 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/02/">February (2)</a></li>
1032
1033 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/03/">March (3)</a></li>
1034
1035 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/04/">April (8)</a></li>
1036
1037 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/05/">May (8)</a></li>
1038
1039 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/06/">June (2)</a></li>
1040
1041 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/07/">July (2)</a></li>
1042
1043 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/08/">August (5)</a></li>
1044
1045 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/09/">September (2)</a></li>
1046
1047 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/10/">October (3)</a></li>
1048
1049 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/11/">November (8)</a></li>
1050
1051 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/12/">December (5)</a></li>
1052
1053 </ul></li>
1054
1055 <li>2015
1056 <ul>
1057
1058 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/01/">January (7)</a></li>
1059
1060 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/02/">February (6)</a></li>
1061
1062 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/03/">March (1)</a></li>
1063
1064 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/04/">April (4)</a></li>
1065
1066 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/05/">May (3)</a></li>
1067
1068 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/06/">June (4)</a></li>
1069
1070 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/07/">July (6)</a></li>
1071
1072 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/08/">August (2)</a></li>
1073
1074 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/09/">September (2)</a></li>
1075
1076 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/10/">October (9)</a></li>
1077
1078 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/11/">November (6)</a></li>
1079
1080 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/12/">December (3)</a></li>
1081
1082 </ul></li>
1083
1084 <li>2014
1085 <ul>
1086
1087 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/01/">January (2)</a></li>
1088
1089 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/02/">February (3)</a></li>
1090
1091 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/03/">March (8)</a></li>
1092
1093 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/04/">April (7)</a></li>
1094
1095 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/05/">May (1)</a></li>
1096
1097 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/06/">June (2)</a></li>
1098
1099 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/07/">July (2)</a></li>
1100
1101 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/08/">August (2)</a></li>
1102
1103 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/09/">September (5)</a></li>
1104
1105 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/10/">October (6)</a></li>
1106
1107 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/11/">November (3)</a></li>
1108
1109 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/12/">December (5)</a></li>
1110
1111 </ul></li>
1112
1113 <li>2013
1114 <ul>
1115
1116 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/01/">January (11)</a></li>
1117
1118 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/02/">February (9)</a></li>
1119
1120 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/03/">March (9)</a></li>
1121
1122 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/04/">April (6)</a></li>
1123
1124 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/05/">May (9)</a></li>
1125
1126 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/06/">June (10)</a></li>
1127
1128 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/07/">July (7)</a></li>
1129
1130 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/08/">August (3)</a></li>
1131
1132 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/09/">September (5)</a></li>
1133
1134 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/10/">October (7)</a></li>
1135
1136 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/11/">November (9)</a></li>
1137
1138 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/12/">December (3)</a></li>
1139
1140 </ul></li>
1141
1142 <li>2012
1143 <ul>
1144
1145 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/01/">January (7)</a></li>
1146
1147 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/02/">February (10)</a></li>
1148
1149 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/03/">March (17)</a></li>
1150
1151 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/04/">April (12)</a></li>
1152
1153 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/05/">May (12)</a></li>
1154
1155 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/06/">June (20)</a></li>
1156
1157 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/07/">July (17)</a></li>
1158
1159 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/08/">August (6)</a></li>
1160
1161 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/09/">September (9)</a></li>
1162
1163 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/10/">October (17)</a></li>
1164
1165 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/11/">November (10)</a></li>
1166
1167 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/12/">December (7)</a></li>
1168
1169 </ul></li>
1170
1171 <li>2011
1172 <ul>
1173
1174 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/01/">January (16)</a></li>
1175
1176 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/02/">February (6)</a></li>
1177
1178 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/03/">March (6)</a></li>
1179
1180 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/04/">April (7)</a></li>
1181
1182 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/05/">May (3)</a></li>
1183
1184 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/06/">June (2)</a></li>
1185
1186 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/07/">July (7)</a></li>
1187
1188 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/08/">August (6)</a></li>
1189
1190 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/09/">September (4)</a></li>
1191
1192 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/10/">October (2)</a></li>
1193
1194 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/11/">November (3)</a></li>
1195
1196 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/12/">December (1)</a></li>
1197
1198 </ul></li>
1199
1200 <li>2010
1201 <ul>
1202
1203 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/01/">January (2)</a></li>
1204
1205 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/02/">February (1)</a></li>
1206
1207 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/03/">March (3)</a></li>
1208
1209 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/04/">April (3)</a></li>
1210
1211 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/05/">May (9)</a></li>
1212
1213 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/06/">June (14)</a></li>
1214
1215 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/07/">July (12)</a></li>
1216
1217 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/08/">August (13)</a></li>
1218
1219 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/09/">September (7)</a></li>
1220
1221 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/10/">October (9)</a></li>
1222
1223 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/11/">November (13)</a></li>
1224
1225 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/12/">December (12)</a></li>
1226
1227 </ul></li>
1228
1229 <li>2009
1230 <ul>
1231
1232 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/01/">January (8)</a></li>
1233
1234 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/02/">February (8)</a></li>
1235
1236 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/03/">March (12)</a></li>
1237
1238 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/04/">April (10)</a></li>
1239
1240 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/05/">May (9)</a></li>
1241
1242 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/06/">June (3)</a></li>
1243
1244 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/07/">July (4)</a></li>
1245
1246 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/08/">August (3)</a></li>
1247
1248 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/09/">September (1)</a></li>
1249
1250 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/10/">October (2)</a></li>
1251
1252 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/11/">November (3)</a></li>
1253
1254 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/12/">December (3)</a></li>
1255
1256 </ul></li>
1257
1258 <li>2008
1259 <ul>
1260
1261 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2008/11/">November (5)</a></li>
1262
1263 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2008/12/">December (7)</a></li>
1264
1265 </ul></li>
1266
1267 </ul>
1268
1269
1270
1271 <h2>Tags</h2>
1272 <ul>
1273
1274  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/3d-printer">3d-printer (19)</a></li>
1275
1276  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/amiga">amiga (1)</a></li>
1277
1278  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/aros">aros (1)</a></li>
1279
1280  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bankid">bankid (4)</a></li>
1281
1282  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/betalkontant">betalkontant (9)</a></li>
1283
1284  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bitcoin">bitcoin (12)</a></li>
1285
1286  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bootsystem">bootsystem (17)</a></li>
1287
1288  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bsa">bsa (2)</a></li>
1289
1290  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/chrpath">chrpath (2)</a></li>
1291
1292  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian (190)</a></li>
1293
1294  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian edu">debian edu (159)</a></li>
1295
1296  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian-handbook">debian-handbook (9)</a></li>
1297
1298  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/digistan">digistan (11)</a></li>
1299
1300  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/dld">dld (18)</a></li>
1301
1302  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/docbook">docbook (30)</a></li>
1303
1304  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/drivstoffpriser">drivstoffpriser (4)</a></li>
1305
1306  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english (446)</a></li>
1307
1308  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/fiksgatami">fiksgatami (23)</a></li>
1309
1310  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/fildeling">fildeling (14)</a></li>
1311
1312  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freeculture">freeculture (34)</a></li>
1313
1314  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freedombox">freedombox (9)</a></li>
1315
1316  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/frikanalen">frikanalen (20)</a></li>
1317
1318  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/h264">h264 (20)</a></li>
1319
1320  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/intervju">intervju (43)</a></li>
1321
1322  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/isenkram">isenkram (16)</a></li>
1323
1324  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/kart">kart (23)</a></li>
1325
1326  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/kodi">kodi (4)</a></li>
1327
1328  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ldap">ldap (9)</a></li>
1329
1330  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lego">lego (5)</a></li>
1331
1332  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lenker">lenker (8)</a></li>
1333
1334  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/linuxcnc">linuxcnc (4)</a></li>
1335
1336  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lsdvd">lsdvd (2)</a></li>
1337
1338  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ltsp">ltsp (1)</a></li>
1339
1340  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/madewithcc">madewithcc (3)</a></li>
1341
1342  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/mesh network">mesh network (8)</a></li>
1343
1344  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/multimedia">multimedia (45)</a></li>
1345
1346  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nice free software">nice free software (14)</a></li>
1347
1348  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/noark5">noark5 (23)</a></li>
1349
1350  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/norsk">norsk (320)</a></li>
1351
1352  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nuug">nuug (198)</a></li>
1353
1354  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/offentlig innsyn">offentlig innsyn (40)</a></li>
1355
1356  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/open311">open311 (2)</a></li>
1357
1358  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/opphavsrett">opphavsrett (75)</a></li>
1359
1360  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/personvern">personvern (114)</a></li>
1361
1362  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/raid">raid (2)</a></li>
1363
1364  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/reactos">reactos (1)</a></li>
1365
1366  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/reprap">reprap (11)</a></li>
1367
1368  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/rfid">rfid (3)</a></li>
1369
1370  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/robot">robot (17)</a></li>
1371
1372  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/rss">rss (1)</a></li>
1373
1374  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ruter">ruter (7)</a></li>
1375
1376  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/scraperwiki">scraperwiki (2)</a></li>
1377
1378  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sikkerhet">sikkerhet (59)</a></li>
1379
1380  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sitesummary">sitesummary (4)</a></li>
1381
1382  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/skepsis">skepsis (5)</a></li>
1383
1384  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/standard">standard (74)</a></li>
1385
1386  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/stavekontroll">stavekontroll (7)</a></li>
1387
1388  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/stortinget">stortinget (14)</a></li>
1389
1390  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/surveillance">surveillance (64)</a></li>
1391
1392  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sysadmin">sysadmin (5)</a></li>
1393
1394  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/usenix">usenix (2)</a></li>
1395
1396  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/valg">valg (9)</a></li>
1397
1398  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/verkidetfri">verkidetfri (20)</a></li>
1399
1400  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video (78)</a></li>
1401
1402  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/vitenskap">vitenskap (4)</a></li>
1403
1404  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/web">web (42)</a></li>
1405
1406 </ul>
1407
1408
1409     </div>
1410     <p style="text-align: right">
1411  Created by <a href="http://steve.org.uk/Software/chronicle">Chronicle v4.6</a>
1412 </p>
1413
1414   </body>
1415 </html>